Chapter 9 Resonance

9
Resonance
9.1 Introduction
A circuit is said to be in resonance if the current drawn by the circuit becomes in phase with
the source voltage at resonance circuit starts behaving like a purely resistive network and
power factor of the circuit becomes unity.
At resonance imaginary part of impedanc,
Im {Z} = 0
& Im {Y} = 0
where Z = impedance of the network
Y = Admittance of the network
9.2 Series Resonant circuit
Consider a RLC network shown below with voltage source v and current i.
L
R
VL
VR
V ~ VC C
i
Impedance of network
V 1
= Z = R + jωL +
I jωC
 1 
 Z = R + j  ωL  
 ωC 
Z = R + j (XL – XC)
1
where, XL = L, and XC =
C
 V = IR + j (XL – XC) I
= IR + j (XL I – XCI)
V = VR + j(VL – VC)
|V| = VR2  (VL  VC ) 2
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Resonance NETWORK THEORY 2
where, Q is Quality factorand V is input voltage.

V V
Source current, I = =
|Z| R + (X L  X C )2
2
At resonance XL = XC
and Z = R
V = VR and VL = VC = QV
V V
Current, I = = = I max at resonant condition.
Z R
Note : At resonance current in RLC network is maximum and impedance is minimum.
9.2.1 Condition of Resonansce
Let o is resonent frequency and n is Natural frequency then,
At resonance,  = o
XL = XC
1
 oL =
o C
1
 o =
LC
9.2.2 Variation of Impedance as Function of Frequency
2
2 1 
|Z| = R   L  
 C 
|Z|
jXL

-jXC
where, XL = L
1
XC =
C
Note : I.   o | XC | > | XL |
Network behaves like a capacitive network and power factor is Leading
II.  = o | XC | = | XL |
Network behaves like a pure resistive network and power factor is unity.
III.  > o , | XC| < | XL |
Network behaves like a inductive network and power factor is lagging.
9.2.3 Variation of Source Current Function of Frequency
Imax
At resonant frequency the impedance of network is Z = R. Then the current supplied by

source at resonant frequency will be maximum which is given by,
V
Imax =
R
Power drawn by circuit at resonance,
Pmax = (Imax)2 R
Power drawn by circuit at1 and 2,
2
 Imax  Pmax
2
P = (I) R =   R
 2  2
As power drawn at 1 and2 is half of the maximum power therefore, 1 and2 are called
half power frequencies. These frequencies are also called 3dB cutoff frequencies.
Impedence of series RLC circuit at half power frequencies:
Current drawn by series RLC circuit
V
I = .......(i)
2

2 1 
R   L  
 C 
At half power frequency,

I max V
I =  ......(ii)
2 2R
V V
From (i) & (ii), =
2R 2
 1 
R 2   L  
  C
V
2R = 2
 1 
R 2   L  
  C
2
 1 
2R2 = R2 +  L  
 C 
2
 1 
 L   = R2
 C 
 1 
 L   = ±R .....(i)
 C 
Then the impedence of circuit at half power frequency
 1 
Z = R + j  L  
 C 
= R ± jR
Case I :-
As  = 1 = lower cut off frequency the circuit behaves like capacitive network with
negative reactance
 Z =R–jR ......(ii)
–1
R
Z = R 2  R 2  –tan R
Z = 2 R  – 45° ......(iii)
Power factor at lower cutoff frequency:
1
Power factor = cos 45° = = 0.707 (leading)
2
Case II:- At  = 2 = upper cutoff frequency, the circuit behaves like inductive network
with the reactance.
 Z = R +jR
–1
R
Z = R 2  R 2  +tan R
Z = 2 R  + 45°
Power factor at upper cut off frequency :
1
Power factor = cos 45° = = 0.707 (lagging)
2
Note :- Magnitude of impedance at cutoff frequency, | Z| = 2R
Expression of half power frequencies:-
 1 
At half power frequency,  L   =±R
 C 
Case I :- At lower cut off frequency,  =1
1
1L  = –R
1C
 12 LC –1 = –1CR
R 1
 12  1  = 0
L LC
R 1 R2 1
 l =    4
2L 2 L2 LC
R R2 1
 l =   2

2L 4L LC
Since frequency can’t be negative, so,
R R2 1
l =   2

2L 4L LC
Case II :- At upper cut off frequency,  =2
1
2 L  = +R
2 C
 22 LC –1 = 2CR
R 1
 22  2  = 0
L LC
R R2 1
 2 =   2
 4
L L LC
R R2 1
 2 =   2

2L 4L LC
Freequency can’t be negative, so,
R R2 1
2 =   2

2L 4L LC
Note : Resonant frequency of circuit is geometric mean of half power cutoff frequencies.
o = 12
Bandwidth of series RLC network
Bandwidth = 2 – 1
 R R2 1   R R2 1 

=  2L       
 4L2 LC  –  2L
 4L2 LC 
R
Bandwidth =
L
Characteristic equation of series RLC network
R 1
s2  s = 0
L LC
Note: Coefficient of ‘s’ in characteristic equations gives the bandwidth of the network.
Note: Impedence of series RLC network is minimum at resonance frequency therefore current
drawn by ir is maximum at resonance
9.2.4 Variation of Voltages Across Inductor And Capacitor as Functions of Frequency
Frequency at which vC is maximum is given by,
1 R2
 = 
LC 2 L2
Frequency at which vL is maximum is given by,
1
 =
C2 R 2
LC 
2
Souce current at resonant frequency is given by,

V
I =
R
Then the voltage across capacitor ,
V 1
V C = IXC = 
R o C
1
 VC = V
o CR
 V C = QV
The voltage across indcuctor ,
V
V L = IXL = o L
R
o L
 VL = V
R
 V L = Q.V
Thus, at resonance, |V L| = |VC| = QV
9.2.4 Quality Factor of Series Resonant Circuit
Quality factor of a circuit is ratio of maximum energy stored to power dissipated per cycle.
Mathematically it is given by,
 maximum energy stored 
Q = 2π  
 power dissipated per cycle 
Note : Q represents the capability of an inductor to store energy. Q factor will be high if energy
loss in the coil is low.
Mathematically at resonant frequency of series RLC circuit,
o L 1
Q = 
R o CR
1 L 1 L
 Q = × =
LC R R C
9.2.5 Relationship between quality factor and Bandwidth :

ωo
Q =
BW
ωo
 BW =
Q
9.2.6 Relationship between Q factor and damping ratio  :

s 2  2s  o2 = 0 .........(i)
s 2  2n s  2n = 0 .........(ii)

for series RLC
R 1
s2  s = 0
L LC
o ωn 1
 Qo = = =
BW 2ξωn 2
1
 Qo =
2
o o
 Qo = =
BW 2
o
 Qo =
2
9.2.8 Impendance of network in terms of Q-factor :
 1 
Z = R+ j  L  
 jC 
 o L o 
 Z = R + j     L 
 o o 
 o L o 
 Z = R+ jR   R   CR 
 o o 
 Q o 
 Z = R + jR     Q 
 o 
   o  
 Z = R 1  jQ      
  o  
   o 
 Z = R 1  j Q   
  o  
o L
where, Q =
R
9.2.8 Selectivity
9.3 Parallel Resonant circuits

Consider the parallel RLC network circuit with the input current source I(s) and V(s) response
voltage.
V
IR IL
IC
I R L C
From KCL, we have

I = IR  IL  IC
V V V
 =  
R j L 1
j C
V V
 I = + jωCV – j×
R ωL
 I = I R + j (IC – IL)
 |I| = I 2R  (IC  I L ) 2
V 1
 Z = =
I 1 1
 j C  j
R L
1
 Z =
1  1 
 j  C  
R  L 
1
 Z =
G  j (YC  YL )
9.3.1 Condition of Resonance
At resonance the imaginary part of admittance reduces to zero.
 Im {Y} = 0
 YC = Y L
1
 o C =
o L
1
 o =
LC
 o = resonant frequency
Note :- I. Current at resonance is minimum and is given as
I = V/Z = V/R = Imin
II. Impedance at resonance is maximum
Z = Zmax = R
Note : In parallel RLC network current is minimum and impendance is maximum at resonant
frequency where as in series RLC network current is maximum and impedance is minimum
at resonant frequency.
9.3.2 Variation of Admittance as Function of Frequency.
9.3.4 Q-factor of Parallel Resonant Circuit

R
Qo = = oRC
o L
R C
 Qo = = R
1 L
×L
LC
R R
 Q = = for parallel resonance circuit.
X L XC
9.3.5 Bandwidth of Parallel Resonant Circuit
Bandwidth of a circuit is given by,
o
BW =
Q
1
LC 1 1 L
 BW = = × ×
C R LC C
R
L
1
 BW =
RC
Characteristic equation for parallel RLC circuit,
1 1
s2  s = 0
RC LC
Coefficient of s in characteristic equation gives the bandwidth of the parallel RLC circuit.
Standard equation for and order systems is,
s 2 + 2ξωn s + ωn2 = 0
s 2 + 2αs + ωo2 = 0
Current through inductor and capacitor at resonance frequency is given as,
|IC| = |IL| = QI
9.4 Anti-Resonant or Practical Resonant Circuit
When inductor has some finite resistance the circuit is called antiresonance circuit.
I
V ~ L
C
1
Admittance of network, Y = j C  R  j L
R – jωL
 Y = jωC + (R + jωL) (R – jωL)
R  ωL 
 Y = + j  ωC – 2 2 2 
R 2 + ω 2 L2  R + ω L 
At resonant frequency  = o ,
Iim {Y} = 0
o L
 o C  = 0
R + 02 L2
2
L
 R 2 + 02 L2 = C
1 R2
 o =  2
LC L
Admittance at resonant frequency,
R
Yo =
R + 02 L2
2
R R
 Yo = =
 1 R 2
 2 L
R2 +   2 R2 +  R2
L C
 LC L 
RC
 Yo =
L
Thus impedance at resonant frequency,
1 L
Zo = 
Yo RC
Zo is also called as dynamic resistance.
Q-factor of anti resonance circuit :
o L 1
Q = =  CR
R o
X L XC
Q = =
R R
9.4 Resonant Circuit Consisting of Parallel Combination of RL and RC
circuit
A network circuit consisting of parallel combination of RL and RC is given below :
I
R1 R2
V ~ C
L
Admittance of network,
1 1
Y = +
R1 + jωL R + 1
2
jωC
1
R2 + j
R1 – jωL ωC
 Y = 2 +
R1 + ω2 L2 R 2 + 1
2
ω2C2
 1 
R1 R2  – ωL ωC 
 Y = 2 + + j 2 2 2
+ 
2 2
R1 + ω C 1  R1 + ω L 1
R 22 + 2 2 R 22 + 2 2 
ωC  ω C 
At resonant frequency  = o ,
Iim {Y} = 0
1
ω L ωo C
 – 2 o 2 2 + =0
R1 + ω L 1
R 22 + 2 2
ω0 C
L 2 
1  C – R1 
 o = L 
LC  – R 22 
C 
Special Cases:
Case-I: when R1 = R2
1
o =
LC
L
Case-II: when R 1 2 = R22 =
C
Resonant fequency is indeterminate and circuit resonates at all the frequency.
Example :
A series RLC circuit has R = 25 , L = 0.02 H, C = 0.01F. Find the resonant frequency if
a 1 volt source of same frequency as resonant frequency is applied to this circuit. Also
calculate the frequencies at which the voltage across L and C are maximum and voltages
across L and C at resonance.
Solution :
I. Resonance frequency for circuit network is given by,
1 1
o = = = 70710 rad
LC 0.02  0.01  106
II. Voltage across inductor will be maximum at,
1 R2
 =  2 = 70705 rad
LC 2 L
III. Voltage across capacitor will be maximum at,
C2 R 2
 = LC  = 70716 rad
2
IV. Voltage across C & L at resonance is given by,
 C
| VL | = | VC | = QV =  R   V = 0.01767V
 L 
Example :
Find the resonance frequency from circuit given below.
L
+ R C
–
R  dielectric loss of ‘C’.

Solution :
1
R
j C
Z = j L 
1
R
j C
R
 Z = jωL +
1+jωRC
R(– jωRC + 1)
 Z = jωL +
1+ω2 R 2 C 2
R  ωR 2 C 
 Z = + j  ωL – 
1 + ω2 C 2 R 2  1 + ω2 C2 R 2 
At resonant frequency  = o
Im|Z| = 0
ωo CR 2
ωo L – = 0
1 + ωo2 C2 R 2
CR 2 = L + ωo2 R 2 C 2 L
CR 2 L
 o = 2 2
 2 2
CR L CR L
1 1
 o =  2 2
LC C R

16
Resonance NETWORK THEORY
GATE Practic Questions
1. The resonant frequency of the series circuit
shown in Fig. is I0
M=1H
2H 2H 2F
0 0 
1 1
(a) Hz (b) Hz 3. For the series R-L-C circuit of Fig. (a), the partial
4 5 4
phasor diagram at a certain frequency is shown
1 1 in Fig. (b). The operating frequency of the circuit
(c) Hz (d) Hz
2 10 4 2 is
GATE(EC/ + – + – VR
+ VR VL
+
V VC V
–
1. Ans.(b) – VC
M=1H Fig. (a) Fig. (b)
(a) equal to the resonance frequency
2H 2H 2F (b) less than the resonance frequency
As both coils are differentially coupled, the (c) greater than resonance frequency
equivalent inductance of both coils can be (d) not zero.
given as, Leq = L1 + L2 – 2M GATE(EC/
 Leq = 2 + 2 – 2  1 = 2 H
Resonant frequency,
1 1 3. Ans.(b)
f o = 2 L C  2 2  2 + – + –
eq
+
VR VL +
1 VC
 fo = Hz V I –
4 –
2. In a series RLC high Q circuit, the current peaks
at a frequency
VL VR
(a) equal to the resonant frequency
(b) greater than the resonant frequency V
(c) less than the resonant frequency
(d) none of the above. VC –VL
GATE(EC/ VC
2. Ans.(a)
For series RLC circuit current always peaks at Applying KVL in loop,
resonant frequency (o). The variation of current
as function of frequency in series RLC circuit is  1 
V = IR  I  jL  j 
as shown below,  C 
1
V = VR  jI L  j I
C
V = V R  jVL  jVC
17
Here V R leads V C by 90 ° and lags V L by 90°. XLeq = XL1 + XL2 + 2K X L1 X L 2
So, V C and V L are in phase opposition. When
 XLeq = 2 + 8 + 2K 2  8 = 10 +
V C  V L resultant voltage lags V R and phasor 8K
diagram becomes as shown below and network Impedance of the circuit,
behaves as capacitive circuit. Thus V lags VR Z = R + j(XLeq – XC) = 18 + j (10 + 8K – 12)
Imaginary part of impedance becomes zero at
when | V C | | V L | resonance.
 At resonance,
I
  IL XLeq – XC = 0
C 10 + 8K – 12 = 0
1 1
   K = = 0.25
LC 4
  < o 5. The parallel RLC circuit shown in figure is in
1 resonance. In this circuit
where o = = resonant frequency (a) |IR| < 1 mA (b) |IR + IL| < 1mA
LC
(c) |IR + IC| < 1mA (d) |IR + IC| > 1mA
Note : For series RLC circuit, we know the curve
between |VC| & |VL| IR IL IC
VS( 1 mA
RMS R L
|VC| |VL|
Q.Vs
GATE(EC/
0 0 
It is clear that the V C phasor has greater
magnitude than the VL phasor so, we can say 5. Ans.(d)
that the operating frequency is less than resonance In resonance, the current through resistor is equal
frequency. to same as the value of current source.
4. In the series circuit shown in figure for series
resonance, the value of the coupling coefficient + I IL IC
R
K will be Is=1 mA C
V R
K RMS L
–
18 –j12 j2 j8 V V

(a) 0.25 (b) 0.5 IR = , IL = ,
j L I C
R
(c) 0.999 (d) 1.0
= jCV
GATE(EC/
At resonance, | IL |  | IC |
but the current through inductor and capacitor
4. Ans.(a) are not zero.
K Phasor diagram,
R –jXC jXL1 jXL2
18  –j12 j2  j8 
Equivalent Inductive reactance of series
connected coupled coils,
18
(b) Both S1 and S2 is TRUE
IC (c) S1 is TRUE and S2 is FALSE
IC + IR
(d) Both S1 and S2 are FALSE
IR = IS GATE(EC/
V
IL + IR
IL 7. Ans.(d)
Statement, S1:
At resonance, I R = 1 mA At resonance the total impedance of series RLC
circuit is equal to resistance of the circuit and
From phasor, | IR  I L |  1 mA imaginery part becomes zero. So statement S1 is
and false.
| IR  IC |  1 mA
Statement, S2 :
6. A series RLC circuit has a resonance frequency The Q factor of parallel G.-L-C circuit is given
of 1 kHz and a quality factor Q = 100. If each of as,
R, L and C is doubled from its original value, the
R
n e w Q = = CR
Q of the circuit is L
(a) 25 (b) 50 1 C
(c) 100 (d) 200 or Q = 
LG G
GATE(EC/ 1
 Q
G
6. Ans.(b) So, Q. factor of parallel GLC circuit reduces with
1 L increase in G. Therefore, statement S2 is also
Q-factor of series RLC are given by, Q  false.
R C
If each component is doubled then, V0  s 
L 1 = 2L, C1 = 2C & R1 = 2R 8. The transfer function H(s  V s of an R-L-C
i 
The new Q-factor of circuit,
circuit is given by
1 L1
Q = R C 106
1 1 H  s 
s  20 s  106
2
1 2L 1  1 L  1 The Quality factor (Q-factor) of this circuit is

 Q= 2 R 2C  2  R C  = Q (a) 25 (b) 50
  2
(c) 100 (d) 5000
Given, Q = 100
100 GATE(EC/
 Q = = 50
2
Refer Networks and Systems by D. Roy
Choudhary, second edition, pg. 505(10.2.4) 8. Ans.(b)
Transfer function of the circuit,
7. Consider the following statements S1 and S2 Vo  s  106
S1: At the resonant frequency the impedance of H(s) = V s = 2
i  s  20 s  106
a series R-L-C circuit is zero.
S2: In a parallel G-L-C circuit, increasing the Characteristic equation,
condutance G results in increase in its Q factor. s2 + 20s + 106 = 0 .....
Which one of the following is correct ? (i)
(a) S1 is FALSE and S2 is TRUE Standred characteristic equation is
19
s2 + 2ns + n2 = 0 ..... Facts about parallel RLC circuit,
(ii) Comparing (i) and (ii), we have, 1. Bandwidth of parallel RLC circuit is
n = 1000 rad/sec
1
2n = 20 BW =
 2 = 0.02 RC
Q-factor of RLC circuit in terms of damping ratio i) Bandwidth of the circuit decreases, if R
is given by, is increased.
ii) Bandwidth of circuit is independent of
1 L.
Q =
2 iii) Bandwidth of circuit decreases if C is
1 increased.
 Q = = 50 2. At resonance, input impedance is a real
0.02
quantity.
Refer Networks and Systems by D. Roy 3. At resonance, the magnitude of input
Choudhary, second edition, pg. 5056(Eq.
impedance attains maximum value.
10.40)
So statement ‘d’ is not correct.
9. In a series RLC circuit R = 2 k L = 1 H, and
1. The following circuit shown in figure resonates
C = 1/400 F. The resonant frequency is at
1
(a) 2  104 Hz (b)  104 Hz 10
 4H 1F
4 4
(c) 10 Hz (d) 2 × 10 Hz
1F
GATE(EC/
~
(a) all frequencies (b) 0.5 rad/sec
9. Ans.(b) (c) 5 rad/sec (d) 1 rad/sec
Resonant frequency of series RLC circuit is given GATE(EE/1993 | 1 Mark
by,
1
 o = 1. Ans.(b)
LC
C1 = 1 F
1 10 
 f = 4H
1
2 1   106
400
C2 = 1 F
4
10
= Hz

Impedance of circuit,
10. For a parallel RLC circuit, which one of the
following statements is NOT correct?  
Z = R   X L  X C1 || X C2 
(a) The bandwidth of the circuit decreases if R
is increased X L 
 X C1 . X C2
(b) The bandwidth of the circuit remains same if  Z = 10 
X L  X C1  X C2
L is increased.
(c) At resonance, input impedance is a real  1  1
quantity  j 4  .
 j  j
(d) At resonance, the magnitude of input 10 
= 1 1
impedance attains its minimum value j 4  
j j
GATE(EC/
10. Ans.(d)
20
Zo is inversely proportional to R so value of Zo is
 1  not equal to R. Normally a capaciitor is in F
4  2 
 
10   and inductor in mH so, there is possiblity that Zo
 Z =  2 is more than R.
j  4  
  3. A coil (which can be modeled as a series RL
circuit) has been designed for high Q-
performance at a rated voltage and a specified
 1 
4  2  frequency. If the frequency of operation is
 
10  j  doubled, and the coil is operated at the same rated
=  2 voltage, then the Q-factor and the active power
 4  
  P consumed by the coil will be affected as follows:
(a) P is doubled, Q is halved
Imaginary part of impedance becomes zero at
resonance. (b) P is halved, Q is doubled
(c) P remains constant, Q is doubled
1 (d) P decreased 4 times Q is doubled
 4
02 = 0 GATE(EE/1996| 2 Marks
1
  = =0.5 rad/s
2 3. Ans.(d)
2. At resonance, the parallel circuit of figure below Q-factor of series RLC circuit is given by,
constituted by an iron-cored coil and a capacitor
VL X L  L
behaves like Q = V  R  R
s
 Q  
R Thus Q-factor is doubled when frequency of
C operation is doubled.
L
Power consumed by series RL circuit is the power
consumed by resistance only because inductor is
energy storing element it does not consume any
(a) an open-circuit
power.
(b) a short-circuit
Current through R,
(c) a pure resistor of value R
(d) a pure resistor of value much higher than R V
|I| =
GATE(EE/1994| 1 Markk R  2 L2
2
Power consumed by ‘R’

2
2. Ans.(d) P = |I| R
V2
 P = R
R R 2   2 L2
C
L
V2  1 
 P =
R 1  Q 2 
At resonance the circuit will always behave like V2

As Q is high so, P 
a pure resistor. But at resonance the dynamic RQ 2
impedance of the circuit is given as 1 1
 P  2  2
L Q f
Z0 
RC So, P becomes one fourth when frequency of
As impedance of the circuit is finite it behaves operation is doubled.
neither like open circuit nor like short circuit. As 4. A circuit with a resistor, inductor and capacitor in
21
series is resonant at f0 Hz. If all the component it is 90o out of phase with the input voltage
values are now doubled, the new resonant (d) can be greater than the input voltage, and is
frequency is in phase with the input voltage
(a) 2 f0 (b) f 0 GATE(EE/2001|1M)
(c) f0/4 (d) f0/2 6. Ans.(c)
GATE(EE/1998|1M) Voltage across capacitor in series RLC circuit at
4. Ans.(d) resonance is given as,
Resonant frequency of series resonant circuit is V C = QV S
given by,
I
1
fo = + VR – + VL –
2 LC + +
If L1 = 2L, C1 = 2C, R1 =2R then new resonant VS
–
~ V
– C
frequency,
1 At resonance, VL = VC = QVS. The magnitudes
f0´ = 2 L1 C1 of V L & V C are equal but both are in phase
1 1 fo opposition. The voltage V R leads V C by 90° and
=   Hz.
2 LC 2 2 lags V L by 90°. The phasor diagram of
5. A series R-L-C circuit when excited by a 10V V R ,V L & VC is as shown below,,
sinusoidal voltage source of variable frequency,
exhibits resonance at 100 Hz and has a 3 dB VL
bandwidth of 5 Hz. The voltage across the + 90°
inductor L at resonance is I
– 90° VR, Vs
(a) 10 V (b) 10 2V VC
(c) 10 / 2V (d) 200 V.
Conclusion : As VC = QVS. So, | V C | can be
GATE(EE/1999|1M)
5. Ans.(d) more than | V S | but | V C | lags VS by 90°.
Given, Resonant frequency, Refer Networks and Systems by D. Roy
o = 100 Hz Choudhary, second edition, pg. 505(10.2.4)
3 dB Bandwidth, B.W 7. A series RLC circuit has R = 50 ; L = 100
= 5 Hz
Q-factor of circuit can be given by,
 H and C  1 F . The lower half power
frequency of the circuit is
o (a) 30.55 kHz (b) 3.055 kHz
Q =
B.W. (c) 51.92 kHz (d) 1.92 kHz
100 GATE(EE/2002|2M)
 Q = = 20 7. Ans.(b)
5
Given, R = 50  L = 100 H,
Voltage across the inductor at resonance, C = 1 F
V L = Q.V s At lower half power frequency in series RLC
 V L = 20 × 10 = 200 V circuit,
Choudhary, second edition, pg. 505(10.2.4) 1
L L 
6. In a series RLC circuit at resonance, the L C = –R, where L = lower half
magnitude of the voltage developed across the power frequency.
capacitor L2 LC – 1 = – LRC
(a) is always zero L2 LC + L.RC – 1 = 0
(b) can never be greater than the input voltage
(c) can be greater than the input voltage, however,
22
 Y = j100C + 0.025 – j0.02142
 RC  R 2 C 2  4 LC  Y =– 0.025 + j(100C –
 L =
2 LC 0.02142)
L = At resonance imaginary part of admittance
becomes zero.
50  106  2500  10 12  400  106  10 6 100C – 0.02142 = 0
200  106  10 6
0.02142
 C = = 68.181 F
50  2500  400 100
 L = 9. The value of Z in figure which is most appropriate
200  106
Frequency of the signal is always positive. to cause parallel resonance at 500 Hz is
5
So, L = 50  53.852 ~ 2H Z
200  106
= 0.0193 × 106
(a) 125.00 H (b) 304.20 F
0.0193 (c) 2.0 F (d) 0.05 F
 fL =  106
2 GATE(EE/2004 | 1 Mark
 f L = 3.055 kHz 9. Ans.(d)
5
Choudhary, second edition, pg. 507(Eq. 10.55)
8. In the circuit shown in figure what value of C will ~ 2H Z
cause a unity power factor at the ac source?

The circuit can be in parallel resonance if and
230 V C ZL = 3040° only if Z is capacitive.
50 Hz
1
 Z =
jC
(a) 68.1F (b) 165 F
Admittance of circuit,
(c) 0.681F (d) 6.81 F
1 1   2 C 
2
GATE(EE/2002|2M)
Y = 
5 j 2
8. Ans.(a)
1
=  j
  2 2 C  1
230 V C ZL = 3040° 5 2
50 Hz
Imaginary part of admittance becomes zero at
resonance. Therefore at resonance,
Frequency of input signal, f = 50 Hz 2C021 = 0
  = 2f = 2 × 50  2C02 = 1
= 100 rad/sec 1
Impedance of RL branch,  C =
2  500  500  4  9.86
Z L = 3040° = 22.98 + j = 0.05 F
19.28 Short-cut :
Admittance of circuit, For resonance of parallel LC branch,
1 1
Y = jC  Z o =
L LC
1 1
= j100C   – 40  C = L2
30 0
23
10. The circuit shown in the figure is energized by a GATE(EE/2006| 2 Marks
sinusoidal voltage source V1 at a frequency which 11. Ans.(b)
causes resonance with a current of I. Equivalent circuit in s-domain,
I – 1 + I(s)
+ sC
VC(s) sL
V2 Vo +
s –
V1 –
VC
Current through capacitor,
The Phasor diagram which is applicable to this
circuit is Vo / s
I(s) =
1
 sL
sC
V2 I
I V2 V1
(a) (b) V1 Here, voltage across capacitor is same as
VC voltage across inductor
VC
sL Vo
V1 VC(s) = sLI(s) = 
VC
V2
1 s
 sL
V1 sC
I
(c) V2 I (d)
sVo
VC =
1
s2 
GATE(EE/2006|2M) LC
10. Ans.(a)
Taking inverse Laplace transform, we have,
I vc(t) = Vocos ot
R2
R1 1
V2 where, o =
LC
~ V1
Vc 12. The R-L-C series circuit shown is supplied from
a variable frequency voltage source. The
At resonance, X L = X C and voltage across admittance-locus of the R-L-C network at
capacitor and inductor in phase opposition. Then terminals AB for increasing freequency  is
the voltage across R2 will be V2 and it will be in
phase with I. At resonance the circuit becomes
A R
resistive and supply voltage is in phase with I.
Voltage VC across capacitor lags the supply  ~ C
L
voltage by 90°.The phasor diagram of the circuit B
at resonance becomes as under,
I V2 V1
Vc Im
11. An ideal capacitor is charged to a voltage Vo and Re
(a)
connected at t = 0 across an ideal inductor, L.
(The circuit now consists of a capacitor and 
inductor alone). If we let 0=1/ LC , the voltage

across the capacitor at time t > 0 is given by
(a) Vo (b) V0 cos (ot)
(c) V0 sin (ot) (d) V0 e0t cos(0 t )
24
1
 1 
R  j  L  
Im  C 
(b) Re  1 
j  L  
R   C
 YAB = 2
 2
  1   1 
R 2   L   R 2   L  
 C   C 
 YAB = x + iy
Im R
where, x = 2
 1 
R 2   L  
   C
(c) L  1/ C
and y =  2
 1 
Re R 2   L  
 C 
Conclusions :
i) When  = o = resonant frequency.
Im 1
x =
R
 y = 0
So, imaginary part is zero at resonant
(d) frequency.
(ii) When 0 <  < 0
Re x is positive and y is positive.
(iii) When 0 <  < 
GATE(EE/2007|2M) x is positive and y is also negative.
The curve meeting all above condition is given in
option ‘b’.
12. Ans.(b)
Im
A R Y-plane
0 <  < 0
 ~ L
=0  = 0
Re
B C
0 <  < 
1  13. In the figure given below all phasors are with

Z AB = R  j  L   reference to the potential at point “O”. The locus
 C 
of voltage phasorVYX as R is varied from zero to
Admittance of circuit, infinity is shown by
1
YAB = =
ZAB
25
1
VY = I
R
jC
V0° ~
VYX 2V 1
VY = 
j j C
X Y R
C
V0° ~ C 2V
=
1  jCR
O
2V 1  jCR
O 2V  V Y = 1  jCR  1  jCR
2V(1  jCR)
(a) =
1  2 C2 R 2
Locus of VYX
VY =
Locus of VYX 2V 2VC
j
1  2 C 2 R 2  1 
R  2  2 C 2 
R 
(b)
When, R = 0 ; VX = V,
O 2V VY = 2V, VYX = +V
When, R =  ; VX = V,
VY = 0, VYX = –V
O 2V
The locus of VX, VY and VYX can be drawn as
under,
(c)
Im
Locus of VYX
Locus of VYX
R=
 VX  V R=0
(d) O VY 2V Re
O 2V VYX
GATE(EE/2007|2M)
13. Ans.(a) 14. The resonant frequency for the given circuit will
be
V0° ~ R
X I Y
0.1H
V0° ~ C
1F 1
Applying KVL in the loop, we have,
 j 
2V0  I  R   =0
 C
(a) 1 rad/s (b) 2 rad/s
2V0 (c) 3 rad/s (d) 4 rad/s
I = R  j/ C GATE(EE/2008|2M)
14. Ans.(c)
From above circuit,
VX = V
26
0.1H  V  V0  V0
(a)   (b)
 V  V
1F 1 (V  V0 ) V
(c) (d)
V0 V0
GATE(IN/
1
1
j C 1. Ans.(b)
Z = j L  1
1 R L
j C Vo
1
= jL 
1  jC
V C
1  jC
 Z = jL 
1  (C) 2
Z =
Voltage across capaciteor in series RLC circuit
1  C  at resonce is given as,
2
 j 2
 L 
1  (C)  1  (C)  V C = QV
At resonance imaginary part of impedance of Where , Q is quality factor of circuit at reso-
circuit becomes zero. nance and V is supply voltage.
o C  V 0 = QV
   L = 0 V0
1  (o C)2  Q =
V
oC Refer Networks and Systems by D. Roy
 =  L
1  ( o C)2 Choudhary, second edition, pg. 505(10.2.4)
Statement for Linked Answer Questions
C 2 and 3:
 = 1 + (oC)2
L A coil having an inductance (L) of 10 mH and
resistance R is connected in series with an ideal
1 C 1 1 100 µF capacitor (C). When excited by a voltage
 o = 1 = 1
C L 1 0.1
source of value 10 2 cos (1000t) V, the series
= 3 rad/sec
RLC circuit draws 20 W of power.
1. Figure shows a circuit which has a coil of
2. The value of the coil resistance R is
resistance R and inductance L. At resonace, the
(a) 1  (b) 2 
Q-factor of the coil is given by
(c) 4  (d) 5 
R L GATE(IN/
Vo
2. Ans.(d)
10 mH R 100 µF
V ~ C
VS
Given, source voltage VS = 10 2 cos(1000t)
www.digcademy.com = 2Vrms cos t

digcademy@gmail.com
where, Vrms = 10 V and  = 1000 rad/
27
sec
Now XL = L = 1000 × 10 × 10–3
1 1
= 10 
jC j
1 b
1
and XC =
C
1 ZN
=  10 
10  100  106
3
jL j0.5
As XL=XC so the given circuit is in resonance.
Vrms
Current drawn by circuit at resonance, Irms = b'
R
Power drawn by circuit P=
20 W = I 2rms R =
2
Vrms 1 j0.5 1
ZN = 
R j 1  j0.5
10 2 1 j0.5 1  j0.5
 20 = ZN =  j  
R  1  j0.5 1  j0.5
 R = 5
Refer Networks and Systems by D. Roy 1 j0.5  0.252
Choudhary, second edition, pg. 502(10.2.2) =  
j 1  0.252
3 The Q factor of the coil at an angular frequency
of 1000 rad/s is 0.252  1 0.5 
(a) 1 (b) 2 = 2
 j   2 
(c) 4 (d) 5 1  0.25   1  0.25 
The frequency at which the Norton’s equivalent
GATE(IN/
impedance seen across bb becomes purely
3. Ans.(b) resistive can be otained by putting imaginary part
Q-factor of series RLC circuit at resonance is of ZN equal to zero
given by,
Thus ZN becomes punely resistive if,
0 L
Q = 1 0.5
R   =0
 1  0.252
1000  10  103
 Q = 2  0.52 = 1  0.252
5
Refer Networks and Systems by D. Roy  0.252 = 1
Choudhary, second edition, pg. 505(10.2.4)   = 2 rad/sec
30. A series LCR circuit is operated at a frequency
32. In the circuit shown in the figure, the angular diffrent from its resonant frequency. The
frequency  (in rad/s), at which the Norton operating frequency is such that the current leads
equivalent impedance as seen from terminals b-b the supply voltage.The magnitude of current is
is purely resistive, is_________ half the value at resonance. If the values of L, C
and R are 1 H, 1 F and 1, respectively, the
1 1F
b operating angular frequency (in rad/s) is______
+ 2014(EC-II) 2 Mark
10 cos t 0.5H
(Volts)
30. Ans.: 0.45 to 0.47
–
b'
2014(EC-III)-2 Marks
32. Ans.: 1.9 to 2.1
Short circuiting the voltage source to get Norton’s
equivalent impedance, the circuit becomes as
under,
28
I R L 7 3
 1 =  0.457
2
32. A series RLC circuit is observed at two
frequencies. AT 1 = 1 krad/s, we note that
+ Vs 0° C source voltage V1 = 1000º V results in a current
–
I1 = 0.0331º A. At 2 = 2 krad/s, the source
voltage V2 = 1000º V results in a current I2 =
20º A. The closest values for R, L, C out of the
following options are
Magnitude of current, (a) R = 50; L = 25 mH; C = 10 F;
Vs (b) R = 50; L = 10 mH; C = 25 F;
I = 2 (c) R = 50; L = 50 mH; C = 5 F;
 1  (d) R = 50; L = 5 mH; C = 50 F;
R 2   L  
 C  2014(EE-III) - 2 Mark
Current in the circuit at resonance, 32. Ans (b)
Vs i R L
I0 =
R
Io Vs +
Let at  = 1, I = 
2 2R v C
Vs Vs –
 = 2
2R  1 
R 2   1 L  
 1 C  A series RLC circuit behaves like a purely
2
resistive network when source voltage and
 2 1  2 current are in phase and circuit is in resonance.
 R   1L   = 4R
 1C  Given, At 2 = 2 krad/sec.
Source voltage, V 2 = 1000 and
1 and
 1L   3R
1C = Source current I 2 = 20A .
Current in series RLC circuit leads the voltage As V 2 and I2 are in phase so, circuit is in
1 resonance.
when  L At resonance circuit is purely resistive and
C
imaginary part of impedance of the circuit is zero.
1
 1 L   3R V2 1000
1 C = R =   50
I2  0
1 R
 12   3 1 1
LC = L And 2 =
LC
2 R 1
   3 1 
1 =0 1
L LC
 LC  ....(i)
Given , R = 1, L = 1H and C = 1F 4  106
 12  3 1  1 = 0 Impedance of series RLC circuit,
 1 
 1 =
 3  3 4 Z = R  j  L  
 C 
2
Frequency cannot be negative, At, 1 = 1 krad/sec,
29
V 1 = 1000
A
I 1 = 0.0331
Current supplied by the source,
4
V1
I1 = 60 V
Z ~ 50 Hz
1000 j1 
 0.0331 =  1 
50  j 103 L  3 
 10 C
B
 3 1 
 10 L  3  2014(IN)-2 Marks
1 10 C
  tan   = 31° 30. Ans.: 186 to 188
 50 
  A
1
  103 L = 50 tan 31°
103 C 4
1
  103 L = 30 60V
103 C 50 Hz C
 1 
L 3  103  = 30 j1
 10 LC 
Putting value of LC from equation (i), we have,
L × 3 × 103 = 30 B
L = 10 mH
1 The power factor of above circuit becomes unity
 C = =25 µF at resonance and imaginary part of admittance
4  10  10  103
6
seen by source becomes zero.

So, closest values of R, L and C are The resonant frequency of the given circuit is,
R = 50 , o = 2f = 2 × 50
L = 10 mH = 100  rad/s
and C = 25 µF Admittance of circuit,
1
30. A capacitor ‘C’ is to be connected across the Y = jo C 
4  j1
terminals ‘A’ and ‘B’ as shown in the figure so
that the power factor of the parallel combination 4  j1
becomes unity. The value of the capacitance  Y = jo C  2 2
 4  1
required in µF is____________
4  1
 Y =  j  o C  
17  17 
The imaginary part of admittance becomes zero
at resonance,
1
 oC  0
17
1
 oC =
17
30
1 1 across capacitor in series RLC cirucit is given by
 C = 17  17  100 o L
O
V c = QVs   Vs
 C = 187.24 µF R
55. A symmetrical square wave of 50% duty cycle Amplitude of nth harmonic component of input
has amplitude of ± 15 V and time period of 0.4  square wave is given by
ms. This square wave is applied across a series
RLC circuit with R = 5 , L = 10 mH, and C = 4 4V
V sn =
F. The amplitude of the 5000 rad/s component n
of the capacitor voltage (in Volt) is ........... where V is amplitude of square wave.
The order of harmonic with  = 5000 rad/sec.
L C
 5000
n =   5000  1
o
+ R Amplitude of harmonic with, n = 1,

–
4  15
V sn =

 At resonance,
2015(EE-II) - 2 Mark
r L
Vc = Vsn
55. Ans.: 190 to 192V R
5000  10  103 4  15
 Vc = 
5 
L C  V c = 190.98V
30. An inductor is connected in parallel with a
+ capacitor as shown in the figure.
– R
i L
C
Z
Given, R = 5, As the frequency of current i is increased, the

L = 10 mH, impedance (Z) of the network varies as
C = 4 µF
Amplitude of input square wave = 15V
Time period, T = 0.4 (a )
Inductive
Fundamental frequency,
Z
2 2
o =
  5000 rad/s
T 0.4 f
Resonant frequency of circuit
1 1 capacitive
r = 
3 6
LC 10  10  4  10
= 5000 rad/sec
Given frequency,
 = 5000 rad/sec.
At resonant frequency amplitude of voltage
31
1
j L 
(b ) j C L
Inductive Z= j
1 1  2 LC
j L 
Z j C
f

 Z = j
 1 
C  2  
capacitive  LC 
Let at  = 0
1
02  =0
(c ) LC
1
Inductive  0 =
capacitive LC
Z
1
Case-I :  <
LC
f

Z = j 1
 2
LC
Z = 0 at = 0
(d) Z is and purely imagnary which is a inductive
reactance.
Z Inductive 1
Case-II : When  =
f LC
capacitive Z = ±
1
Case-III : When,  >
LC
2015(EE-I) - 1 Mark 
30. Ans.(b) Z = j
1
2 
LC
jL
Z = 0 at  = 
So, Z is and purely imginary which is an capacitive
i reactance
So, variation of Z w.r.t.  can be drawn as under,,
1/jC
Impedance of the network,
32
Z jL 1  2 LC 
Z1 =
Inductive 1  22 LC
Current I becomes zero if Z1 = 
 1 –22 LC = 0
1
  C =
22 L
Capacitive 1
 C = 2
 5000   1  103
 C = 20 µF
40. An LC tank circuit consists of an ideal capacitor
40. In the circuit shown, the current I flowing through C connected in parallel with a coil of inductance
the 50  resistor will be zero if the value of L having an internal resistance R. The resonant
capacitor C(in F) is .......... frequency of the tank circuit is
50 1mH 1mH 1

(a)
2 LC
I
1 C
1  R2
5 sin
(5000t)
~ 1mH C (b)
2 LC L
1 L
(c) 1
2 LC R2 C
2015(EC-III) - 2 Mark
40. Ans. : 20 1  2 C
(d) 1  R 
2 LC  L
5 1mH 1mH
a 2015(EC-II) - 2 Mark
I L L 40. Ans.(b)
+
R
5 sin (5000t) L C +
–
C
L
b –
Z1
Admitance of the network,
Frequency of input,
 = 5000 rad/s 1
Y = jC 
Impedance of part of network to the right of R  jL
terminals ‘a’ and ‘b’,
R  jL
 1  = jC 
jL  jL   R 2  2 L2
 jC 
Z1 = 1 R  L 
jL  jL  = 2 2 2
 j  C  2 2 2 
jC R  L  R  L 
At resonance,imaginery part of Y becomes zero.
33
o L 105  0.1  103
 o C  =0 Vc =  10
R  o 2 L2
2
4
 V c = 25 V
 L = CR2 + o2 L2 C
42. The circuit shown in the figure is in series
2
R 2C resonance at frequency fc Hz. The value of Vc
 o LC = 1  in volts is ................. V.
L
0.1H
1 R 2C
 o = 1
LC L 10
1 R 2C
1V
fc Hz
~ 0.1F Vc
 fo = 1 
2 LC L
16. In the circuit shown, at resonance, the amplitude
of the sinusoidal voltage (in Volts) across the 2015(IN) - 2 Mark
capacitor is ..........
42. Ans.: 98 to 102
4 0.1mH
10 0.1H
10 cos t +
(Volts)
–
~ 1F
2015(EC-I) - 1 Mark 1V 0.1µF Vc

fc Hz
16. Ans.: 24 to 26
4 0.1mH
Resonant frequency of the given series RLC

+
circuit,
10 cos t V 1µF 1 1
o =  = 104 rad/s
LC 0.1 0.1  106
–
Voltage across capacitor at resonance in a series
RLC circuit is given by
0 L
Resonant frequency of the circuit, V c = QVs   Vs
R
1 1
o =  = 105 rad/s where Vs is source voltage.
LC 0.1  103  106 Given, Vs = 1 V
104  0.1
Voltage across capacitor is series RLC circuit at  Vc =  1 = 100V
10
resonance is given by,
32. In the circuit shown below, Vs = 1010o V,
o L R = 10  and L= 100 . The current Is is in
V c = QVs   Vs
R phase with Vs. The magnitude of Is in milliam-
where Vs is supply voltage. pere is ...............
Given, amptitude of supply voltage, Vs = 10V
 Amplitude of capacitor voltage,
34
tor R will be minimum if the value of the capaci-
IS tor C in microfarad is ..............
R v1+v2 100 H 100 H

R
VS ~ L
C ~
C 2.53 F I
v1= 1 sin (2 10000t)V

v2= 1 sin (2 30000t)V
2016(IN) - 2 Mark
2016(IN) - 1 Mark
32. Ans.: 99.5 to 100.5
10. Ans.(2.80 to 2.83)
IS 100 µH 100 µH
v1 + v2
R
R C 2.53 µF
C I
VS
Branch-1 Branch-2
L
Given, v1 = 1 sin (2 10000 t) V
v2 = 1 sin (2 30000 t) V
Frequency of v1, f1 = 10000 Hz
Frequency of v2, f2 = 30000 Hz
Current I through R will be minimum when both
1 LC branches of the circuit are at resonance
Y = jC  because impedance of parallel LC branch is
R  jL
maximum at resonace.
R  L  Resonant frequency of branch 2,
= 2 2 2
 j C  2 2 2 
R  L  R   L  1 1
f 02  =
The imaginary part of admittance becomes zero 2 LC 2 100  106  2.53  106
at resonant frequency,  and the source current
= 10005.98 Hz
Is becomes in phase with source voltage Vs.
So, the admittance at resonance is, Frequency of v1 is close to resonant frequency
of branch 2. Therefore, the impedance of branch
R 2 is at its maximum value.
Yo =
R  2 L2
2
For minimum current through R the branch 1
The impedance at resonance, should be at resonant at frequency of v2.
1 R 2  2 L2 (10) 2  (100) 2 1
Zo= Y = =  2  30000 =
o R 10 100  106  C
 Z o = 1010   C = 2.81 µF
Current supplied by the source when IS is in phase
with VS, 9. In the RLC circuit shown in the figure, the input
VS 101 voltage is given by
IS = Z = = 100 mA vi (t) = 2 cos(200t) + 4 sin(500t)
o 1010
The output voltage vo(t) is
10. In the circuit shown below
(v1+v2) = [1 sin(210000t) + 1 sin(230000t)] V
The RMS value of the current through the resis-
35
under,
0.25H 100F
+ +
2 10F
0.4H
v i (t ) vo (t) vi (t) vo(t)
2
– –
 Output voltage at resonance of given circuit,

(A) cos(200t) + 2 sin(500t) vo(t) = vi(t) = 2 cos 200t + 4 sin 500t
(b) 2cos(200t) + 4 sin(500t) 8. The figure shows an RLC circuit with a sinusoidal
(c) sin(200t) + 2 cos(500t) current source.
(d) 2sin(200t) + 4 cos(500t)
2016(EC-III) - 1 Mark
9. Ans.(b) IR IL IC
0.25H 100µF Imsin t R L C

10 10 mH 10F
+ +
2
0.4H 10µF | IL |
vi (t) vo(t) At resonance, the ratio , i.e., the ratio of
| IR |
the magnitudes of the inductor current phasor
2 and the resistor current phasor, is .........
– –
2016(EC-II) - 1 Mark
8. Ans.(*)
Given, vi(t) = 2 cos 200 t + 4 sin 500t
Resonant frequency of series LC branch,
IR IL IC
1 1
s = 
Ls C p 0.25  100  106 R L
Im sin t 10 10mH C
= 200 rad/s 10µF
Resonant frequency of parallel LC branch,
1 1
p = 
Lp Cp 0.4  100  10 6
In a parallel RLC circuit at resonance,
= 500 rad/s
|IR| = | IS |  I m
Input signal vi, has frequency of 200 rad/s and
500 rad/s. At  = 200 series LC branch is in Current through inductor at resonance is given
resonance and at  = 500 rad/s parallel LC branch o L L
is in resonace. At resonace series LC branch by, | I L | = Q | IS |  | IS | o I m
R R
behaves like a short circuit and parallel LC branch
behaves like an open circuit because imaginary | IL | o L
 =
part of impeance is sereis LC branch and | IR | R
imagenary part of admittance in parallel LC Resonant frequency of parallel RLC network,
branch becomes zero. Therefore, equivalent
circuit at given frequencies can be drawn as
36
1  1 
o =  
LC  C L
 j  2 2 2 
| IL | 1 L 1 L  R 2  21 2 R   L 
 =    C 
| IR | LC R R C
When admittance of circuit becomes pure
| IL | 1 10  103 conductance
 =   3.16
| IR | 10 10  106 1
Note :- Given range of answer as per answer C L
 0
key is 0.30 to 0.34 which is incorrect. 2 1 R 2  2 L2
R  2 2
54. The circuit below is excited by a sinusoidal source. C
The value of R, in  for which the admittance of
the circuit becomes a pure conductance at all 2 2 2 1  2 1 
frequencies is ..............   R   L   = L   R  2 2  
C   C 
100 F R L
2 2
R2 + 2L2 =  LCR 
C
L
0.02H R  2 [L2 – LCR2] =  R2
C
~ L
 R2
2016(EE-I) - 2 Mark   = C
54. Ans.(14.0 to 14.2) L2  LCR2
C = 100µF R L
 R2
1 C
  = L
LC  R2
C
 Admittance of circuit becomes purely
L = 0.02 H R
conductive when,
L
= R2
C
L
as R =
C
Admitance of the cirucit,
Given, L = 0.02 H, C = 100µF
1 1
Y=  0.02
R  j L R  1  R =  14.14
jC 100  106
36. In the balanced 3-phase, 50 Hz, circuit shown
1 below, the value of inductance (L) is 10 mH. The
Rj
R  jL  C value of the capacitance (C) for which all the
Y= 2 
2 2
R   L R2  1 line currents are zero, in millifarads, is .........
2 C2
R R
Y= 2 2 2

R   L R2  1
2 C 2
37
L L
C L C L
C
C LC C
L
2016(EE-II) - 2 Mark
36. Ans.(2.9 to 3.1)
Thus each branch of delta connection is parallel

LC circuits. A parallel LC circuit behaves as open
circuit under resonance. Thus, line currents in
L C L given network become zero if parallel LC
branches of equivalent delta connection are in
C
C resonance. The resonant frequency of parallel
LC branch is given as
L 1
f = .....(ii)
2 LC
From equation (i) and (ii),
Equivalent impedance in delta cannection is 3 time
1
the impedance of star connection when all  f =
impedance are same in star connection. C
2 L
Converting star connection of capacitances to - 3
connection we have,
XC() = 3XC (star) 1 3
 f =
1 3 2 LC
 = Gvien, L = 10 mH, f = 50 Hz
jC jCY
CY C 1 3
  50 = 
 C = .....(i) 2 10  103 C
3 3
3
Thus equivalent capacitance of delta connection  C = 2
is one third of capacitance of star connection 100   10  103
 C = 3.04 mF
52. In the circuit shown below, the supply voltage is
10 sin(1000t) volts. The peak value of the steady
state current through the 1  resistor, in amperes,
is ............
38
4 4
2F
I
250F 1 500mH
1
5
4mH
~ 5
10 sin(1000t)
2016(EE-I) - 2 Mark
52. Ans.(1.0)
10 sin (1000t)
2µF
 Current in 1 resistance at steady state,
4 b
10 sin 1000t 
I = (4  1  5)
500 mH = 1 sin (1000t)
1
 Peak value of current = 1A
250µF
5
31. A series R-L-C circuit is excited with an a.c.
a d
c voltage source. The quality factor (Q) of the
circuit is given as Q = 30. The amplitude of
4 mH
current in ampere at upper half-power frequency
will be ________.
10 sin (1000t)
R() L = 10 mH
Resonant frequency LC branches of the circuit,
15 V 4 µF
1
ab =
4  103  250  106
= 1000 rad/s
1
bd = 2017(IN) - 2 Mark
500  10  2  106
3
31. Ans. : 6 to 7
= 1000 rad/s
Frequency of supply voltage,  = 1000 rad/s
The supply frequency is same as resonance R() L = 10 mH
frequency of both parallel branches of circuit and
parallel LC branch offers on infinite impedance 15 V 4 µF
and zero admittance at resonace. So parallel LC
branches of the given circuit behave as open
circuit. In such conditions the equivalent circuit
at steady state becomes as shown below.
Given, Q = 30
Resonant frequency of the circuit,
39
1 1 5 5H
o =  I
LC 10 10  4 106
3
+ VL –
1 +
 o =  5  103 rad / s
2  104 V VC 5F
–
Q-factor of series RLC circuit is given by,
0 L
Q= If current I is in phase with the source valtage
R
then the given circuit is in resonance.
0 L 5  103  10  103 At resonance, |VL| = |Vc|
 R= 
Q 30
1
5 or I o L =
 R=  o C
3
Current in the circuit at resonance, 1
o =
LC
V 15
I0 =   9A The ratio of amplitude of voltage across
R 5/3
resistance and capacitor can be given as,
Amplitude of current at half power frequency is
given as, 1
I
VR o C 1
I0 
I= VR = IR o CR
2
9 VR 1 LC
 I=  6.36A  
2 VR = R C
5. In the circuit shown, V is a sinusoidal voltage VR 1 L 1 5

 =  = 0.2
source. The current I is in phase with voltage V. VR R C 5 5
amplitude of voltage across 55. The voltage v(t) across the terminals a and b as
the capacitor shown in the figure, is a sinusoidal voltage having
The ratio is a frequency  = 100 radian/s. When the inductor
amplitude of voltage across
current i(t) is in phase with the voltage v(t), the
the resistor
magnitude of the impedance Z (in ) seen
______. between the terminals a and b is ________ (up
to 2 decimal places).
5 5H I
i(t)
5F v(t) +
V a L
Z
100 
100 µF
2017(EC-II) - 1 Mark
–
b
5. Ans. : 0.19 to 0.21
GATE(EE/2018/2M)
40
55. Ans.(50.0 to 50.0)
p
i(t)
j100
+
v(t) a L
10
Z 100 q
100µF C
R
b GATE(IN/2018/1M)
–
8. Ans.(1009 to 1011)
Impedance of the circuit,
p
1
R j100 L
j C
Z = j L  1 C
R 10 R
j c q
R Let is excitation frequency .

 Z = jL 
1  jCR
R CR 1
 Z = jL  1  jC2 R 2  j 1  2 C2 R 2 Y = jC 
R  jL
R  L 
R  CR   Y= 22 2
 j C  2 2 2 
 Z= 2 2 2
 j  L   R  L  R  L 
1  C R  1  2 C2 R2 
The imaginary part of Y becomes zero at
The circuit becomes purely resistive when v(t) resonance. So, the admittance at resonance is,
and i(t) are in phase with each other.
R
Yo =
R R  2 L2
2
 Z= The impedance at resonance,

1  2 C2 R 2
1 R 2  2 L2 (10) 2  (100) 2
100 Zo= Y = =
 Z= 2 2 2 o R 10
1  100  100  106  100 
 Z o = 1010 
45. In the circuit shown below, the angular
 Z = 50
frequency od at which the current is in phase
8. A coil having an impedance of (10 + j100)  is with the voltage is rad/s.
connected in parallel to a variable capacitor as
shown in figure. Keeping the excitation frequency Iosin(t)
unchanged, the value of the capacitor is changed
so that parallel resonance occurs. The impedance
across terminals p-q at resonance (in ) is Vosin(t) 5mH 50
500 nF
______.
GATE(IN/2019/2M)
45. Ans.(20000 to 20000)
41
Iosin(t) Q
 Q =
2
Thus Q-factor of series RLC circuit reduces
Vosin(t) 5mH 50 by factor of 2 when Rs L & C are doubled.
500 nF
Given circuit is a parallel resonant circuit. The

input current is in phase with supply voltage at
resonance and the resonant frequency of the
circuit is given by,
1 1
o = 
LC 5  103  500  109
106 100
o =   104  20000 rad/s
50 50
9. If each of the values of inductance, capacitance
and resistance of a series LCR circuit are
doubled, the Q-factor of the circuit would
(a) reduce by a factor 2
(b) reduce by a factor 2
(c) increase by a factor 2
(d) increase by a factor 2
GATE(IN/2019/1M)
9. Ans.(b)
Q factor of a series RLC circuit is given by
o L
Q =
R
Where, o is resonant frequency.
The resonant frequency of series RLC circuit
is given by,
1
o =
LC
1 L
 Q = 
LC R
1 L
 Q =
R C
If R, L and C are doubled then new Q-factor
becomes,
1 2L 1 1 L
Q =  
2R 2C 2 R C

Chapter 9 Resonance

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Chapter 9 Resonance

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Chapter 9 Resonance

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9

where, Q is Quality factorand V is input voltage.

At resonant frequency the impedance of network is Z = R. Then the current supplied by

At half power frequency,

Frequency at which vC is maximum is given by,

Souce current at resonant frequency is given by,

9.2.5 Relationship between quality factor and Bandwidth :

9.2.6 Relationship between Q factor and damping ratio  :

s 2  2n s  2n = 0 .........(ii)

9.3 Parallel Resonant circuits

From KCL, we have

9.3.4 Q-factor of Parallel Resonant Circuit

R  dielectric loss of ‘C’.

18 –j12 j2 j8 V V

1 2L 1  1 L  1 The Quality factor (Q-factor) of this circuit is

Power consumed by ‘R’

At resonance the circuit will always behave like V2

cause a unity power factor at the ac source?

inductor alone). If we let 0=1/ LC , the voltage

Given, source voltage VS = 10 2 cos(1000t)

www.digcademy.com = 2Vrms cos t

seen by source becomes zero.

+ R Amplitude of harmonic with, n = 1,

Given, R = 5, As the frequency of current i is increased, the

Impedance of the network,

50 1mH 1mH 1

2015(EC-I) - 1 Mark 1V 0.1µF Vc

Resonant frequency of the given series RLC

R v1+v2 100 H 100 H

v1= 1 sin (2 10000t)V

 Output voltage at resonance of given circuit,

0.25H 100µF Imsin t R L C

Thus each branch of delta connection is parallel

5. In the circuit shown, V is a sinusoidal voltage VR 1 L 1 5

R Let is excitation frequency .

 Z= The impedance at resonance,

Given circuit is a parallel resonant circuit. The

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