1.

Describe the basic principles of marine echo-sounding equipment (3 pts)

 A pulse or short pulse of energy travels and transmit vertically downward
 The pulse having reflected from the seabed returns to ship in the form of
an echo.
 The Time it travels for the return, depending to the depth, and velocity of
the sound as if in the water.
 It depends on the performance of the Sonar System’s accuracy in which
the velocity of the source propagation is measured.

2. Identify the main components on a simple block diagram of an echo-sounder, and

states the function of each. (3 pts)
 RECORDER- This sends a signal to pulse generator in which it triggers
the pulse and at the same time start the tracing, the less depth, the faster
the repetitions of the frequency.
 PULSE GENERATOR- the instrument who sends pulse vertically to
activate the transmitter, and sends a powerful electric pulse to ;
 TRANSDUCER- Converts the electric energy into a sound energy that
produce a pulse, it converts the receive sound energy into an electric
pulse and it will send it to the;
 RECEIVER- the component who accepts or receive the pulse
 AMPLIFIER- the one who amplifies the pulse going back to the recorder.

3. Describe the accepted value of the velocity of sound in seawater and the limits within
which the true value may lie.(2 pts)

The velocity of sound travels in water about 1500 m/s in a standard of 13

degrees Celsius and standard atmospheric pressure. The velocity of the
sound in water is no constant, it may factor of a small amount from other
seabed or to conditions of place, and with water depth.

4. Describe the physical factors which affect the velocity sound in seawater. (2 pts)
The variations of the speed of sound are not quite large but has effects on how
the sound travels in the depth of the ocean, it affects by means of Oceanographic
variables like, TEMPERATURE- the speed of sound in water will increase with
increase of the temperature, SALINITY- it will affect the transmission of the signal
to measure the depth of seabed and PRESSURE- as if the signal will deep dive
and the impulse travels vertically down.

5. Differentiate between range and phase, and describe how to identify an awareness
of the dangers of using the wrong phase. (2 pts)
Ranging is a kind of technique where the scale of the echo sounder is keeping
constant and the stylus is varied according to the depth scale chose. E.g.- 0-100,
0-200, 0-300 m and so on
 Phasing: Phasing is a method used in echo sounder to determine depth of the
sea bottom. In this method the speed of the stylus is kept constant and the range
scale is changed from 0-100 m, 100-200 m, 200-300 m and so on. It is important
that the echo sounder range changed and regularly checked

6. Distinguish between inaccuracies caused by instrument and point out how to scale
error and those caused by false echoes .(2 pts)
The velocity error is caused by instrument inaccuracies, and the velocity
increases as the salinity, pressure, and temperature increase. The most important
setting is the salinity, which is followed by the temperature. False bottom echoes and
false echoes with multiple echoes. Multiple echoes occur when an echo is reflected
several times between the keel and the seabed, resulting in multiple depth marks or
multiple echoes

7. Explain the causes of inaccuracies to instrument or scale error and state their likely
magnitude and measures that may be taken to eliminate them.(2 pts)
Scale error and stylus speed error occur when the time it takes for the stylus to
travel from top to bottom is precisely the same as the time it takes for the
acoustic pulse to travel twice the distance of the range selected. Because of
voltage fluctuations, the speed of the stylus motor changes, causing the depth
recorded to be inaccurate. It should be checked regularly and adjusted according
to the manual's instructions.
8. Determine the various types of "false" echo that may be observed, describe their
formation and states the possible action to remove them from the trace (2 pts)

When the range setting is less than the overall depth, false bottom echoes occur.
The echo arrives at the echo sounder after the stylus has finished one of its traces
runs and has started the next. This will result in significant under-reading. The echo
may be reflected several times between the keel and the seabed, resulting in
multiple depth marks or echoes. In these cases, the first echo corresponds to the
correct depth.

9. Describe the potential errors due to trim, heel and transducer separation (2 pts)
If the transducer of the echo sounder is in the 'high' part of the list or trim, the
transducer will provide a deeper reading than if the vessel was listed or trimmed the
other way, or if it was on an even kill with no list