CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Transport or transportation is the movement of people, animals and goods from one
location to another. Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and
space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations. Transport is
important since it enables trade between people, which in turn establishes civilizations.

Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport,

including roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines and terminals such as
airports, railway stations, bus stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots
(including fueling docks and fuel stations) and seaports. Terminals may be used both for
interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance.

Vehicles traveling on these networks may include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains,
trucks, people, helicopters and aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are
operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and
policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be
either public or private, depending on the country and mode.

Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or

private. Freight transport has become focused on container, although bulk transport is
used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic
growth and globalization, but most types cause air pollution and use large amounts of
land. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is
essential to make traffic flow and restrain urban sprawl. (Samuelson & Tilanus, 2002).

A transportation management system (TMS) is a subset of supply chain management

concerning transportation operations and may be part of an enterprise resource planning
system.

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A TMS usually "sits" between an ERP or legacy order processing and
warehouse/distribution module. A typical scenario would include both inbound
(procurement) and outbound (shipping) orders to be evaluated by the TMS Planning
Module offering the user various suggested routing solutions. These solutions are
evaluated by the user for reasonableness and are passed along to the transportation
provider analysis module to select the best mode and least cost provider. Once the best
provider is selected, the solution typically generates electronic load tendering and
track/trace to execute the optimized shipment with the selected carrier, and later to
support freight audit and payment (settlement process). Links back to ERP systems (after
orders turned into optimal shipments), and sometimes secondarily to WMS (Watershed
Modeling System) programs also linked to ERP are also common.

Transportation management systems manage four key processes of transportation

management:

1. Planning and decision making – TMS will define the most efficient transport
schemes according to given parameters, which have a lower or higher importance
according to the user policy: transport cost, shorter lead-time, fewer stops possible
to ensure quality, flows regrouping coefficient, etc.
2. Transportation Execution – TMS will allow for the execution of the
transportation plan such as carrier rate acceptance, carrier dispatching, EDI etc..
3. Transport follow-up – TMS will allow following any physical or administrative
operation regarding transportation: traceability of transport event by event
(shipping from A, arrival at B, customs clearance, etc.), editing of reception,
custom clearance, invoicing and booking documents, sending of transport alerts
(delay, accident, non-forecast stops…)
4. Measurement – TMS have or need to have a logistics Key Performance Indicator

(KPI) reporting function for transport.

However, this project work will focused on number (3) point (i.e. Transport follow-up)
which cover physical or administrative operation as stated above.

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Various functions of a TMS include but not limited to:

 Planning and optimizing of terrestrial transport rounds

 Inbound and outbound transportation mode and transportation provider selection
 Management of motor carrier, rail, air and maritime transport
 Real time transportation tracking
 Vehicle Load and Route optimization
 Transport costs and scheme simulation
 Shipment batching of orders

However, all the above logistical functions need to be scrutinized as to how each
parameter functions.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Many problems are associated with the present method (Manual Method) in used for the
administration/management of transportation in most garage, particularly in the case
study of this work (i.e. Poly Cab). However, these problems are the bases for the
designing of the new system. Some of the problems are;
 Poor administration: since the system is manual, the administrative part of it is
poor and thereby reduces the efficiency of the system.
 No database structure: due to the fact that every registration is done on paper, the
record can be easily lost.
 Lack of planning and optimization: This implies that there is no proper
organization in the garage.

1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

This project work will, as a matter of fact improve the efficiency of the operation, and as
well bring about reliability and accuracy. It will benefit all the stakeholder involves in
Transportation operation (such as Bus owner, drives and the passengers), it also keeps
proper record of all necessary information.

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1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The aim of this project is to develop a Transportation Management Software for

managing the operation of the Poly Cab. However, the objectives of the work includes;

 Planning and optimizing of terrestrial transport rounds.

 Adequate database for keeping bus,driver and owners record.
 Facility to trace/serach for a particular driver, bus,owner or event as the case may be.
 Inbound and outbound transportation mode and transportation provider selection
 Management of motor carrier, rail, air and maritime transport
 Service quality control.
 Vehicle Load and Route optimization
 Transport costs and scheme simulation
 Shipment batching of orders.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This project looks at the Transportation Management System as a new technology that
will enhanced the operation of Transportation Companies. This in broad term cover four
(4) areas (i.e. Planning and decision making, Transport Execution, Transport Follow-up,
Measurement), but the scope of this work will be limited to transport follow-up, which is
the physical and administrative operation as stated in the Introduction, and it will be for
the case study alone.

1.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Software development is a key concept in designing a new system, however, there are
certain things that must be put into consideration and there must be a system cycle in
which the method of gathering data is one of the most important stages. The appropriate
method that is used in gathering the data needed for the developed of this new project
work are as follows:

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  Interview method:- This has to do with carrying out one-one interview with those
involves, particularly, the students and the drivers, so as to know their opinion as
regards the system.
 Observation method:- This involve self observation by the researcher to
understand the current system, and identify the shortcomings of the system in
order to design the new system.
The method employ for implementing the task was the Interview and Observation
techniques. The drivers and students at the case study were interviewed, so as to gather
information. This was done in order to know the method (which is manual) they adopted
in transportation management.

1.6.1 THE SOFTWARE TO BE USED

The software or programming language that is to be used for the designing of this project
work is Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0, below are the reason for its uses.

1. A well interactive Integrated Development Environment (IDE).

2. Ability to work with a well structure database package (e.g. Ms Access).
3. Very easy to use.
4. Support Graphical User Interface (GUI) etc.
The second software use is Microsoft Access, and the reasons for its uses are;

It is a relational database that is capable of handling wide range of data. It also possess an
Integrated Development Environment (IDE) which allows the user to perform many
operations on data.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Biodiesel: This can be referred to as a vehicle that makes use of diesel to run their
engines.
2. Electric Vehicles: This is a new invention, they were vehicle that was designed
in such a way that electric power can run their engines, this can be achieve by
charging it battery.

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3. Human-powered transport: This can be referred to as transportation of goods or
human being from one place to another, this is can be achieve by trekking.
4. Animal-powered transport: This involves uses of some animals like horses,
camel to transport human being and goods from place to place.
5. Bikeways: A section on the road that is meant for bike alone, this is found in
some developed country, it benefits is reduction of accident.
6. Bus-ways: A section on the road that is meant for bus alone.
7. Railways: It is a form of road that constructed with iron/steel for the movement
of rail; it can be otherwise called rail-line.
8. Public transport: This is the type of transport service that are provide for the
general public, usually by the government.
9. Bus services: This are the services that are rendered by buses to the people, this
include transporting people as well as goods.
10. Rail transport: Transportation by rail, through railway.
11. Walking school bus: A bus that is meant to transport the student from place to
place.
12. IDE: Integrated Development Environment, a well interactive environment
provided by the OOPs (Object Oriented Program) that makes design more easy
and user friendly.
13. OOP: Object Oriented Programming, these are some programming language that
has some attribute such as encapsulation, inheritance, abstraction etc.
14. SQL: Structured Query Language, a language that use to question database.
15. ODBC: Open Data Base Connectivity, a method of establishing database
connections.
16. WMS: Watershed Management System.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Offering the greatest flexibility in terms of timings and destinations compared with other
modes, road transport dominants freight distribution in the UK (64.4% of all goods
transported (tonne-kms) in 2005 was carried by road) (Department for Transport, 2006a).
In moving this amount of freight by road, companies use 11 billion litres of fuel and
produce 28 million tonnes of CO2 each year (Freight Transport Association, 2003), or
approximately 5% of total CO2 emissions in the UK (McKinnon, 2007). Aside from the
direct negative effects of greenhouse-gas emissions, freight traffic contributes to
increased noise levels, congestion and accidents. Current forecasts suggest that the
number of truck-kms will increase by 10-11% between 2000 and 2010 (Department for
Transport, 2006a).
It is against this backdrop of projected growth and associated environmental impacts that
the government has set objectives for improving environmental performance of freight
transport by improving vehicle efficiency, minimizing congestion, making better use of
road infrastructure and reducing greenhouse gas emissions (Department for the
Environment, Transport and the Regions, 1999a).
Within this context, the European Commission highlights five main approaches to the
adoption of environmental concerns in freight transport (European Commission, 2001).
1. Reducing the impact of freight through cleaner, alternative fuels and improved truck
design;
2. Driver training and behaviour;
3. Improving vehicle utilisation by increasing load factors, utilising new information
technology, improving routing and collaboration between companies;
4. Switching to more environmentally-friendly modes;
5. City logistics.
This report considers the first three EC approaches, and will examine the optimisation of
transport, the utilisation of vehicles and associated transport management decisions.

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2.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

2.1.1 Transportation Mode

A mode of transport is a solution that makes use of a particular type of vehicle,

infrastructure and operation. The transport of a person or of cargo may involve one mode
or several modes, with the latter case being called intermodal or multimodal transport.
Each mode has its advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen for a trip on the
basis of cost, capability, route and speed. (McKinnon & Ge, 2006).

2.1.2 Human-powered

Human powered transport is the transport of people and/or goods using human muscle-
power, in the form of walking, running and swimming. Modern technology has allowed
machines to enhance human-power. Human-powered transport remains popular for
reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise and environmentalism. Human-powered
transport is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or
inaccessible regions. It is considered an ideal form of sustainable transportation.
(Samuelson & Tilanus, 2002).

Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced
through the use of roads, especially when using the human power with vehicles, such as
bicycles and inline skates. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for
difficult environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowing and skiing; even
the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft. (Böge, 1994; Allen, 1994).

2.1.3 Animal-powered

Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and
goods. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for
carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles.
(Copper et al., 1994)
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2.1.4 Air

A fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where

movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to
distinguish from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to
the air generates lift. A gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft
range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo
aircraft. (van Hoek & van Dierdonck, 2000)

Two things necessary for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift and an area for
landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive
maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and
passengers. While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are
capable of takeoff and landing on ice, snow and calm water. (Yang et al., 2004).

The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket. Commercial jets
can reach up to 955 kilometres per hour (593 mph), single-engine aircraft 555 kilometres
per hour (345 mph). Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of
cargo over longer distances, but incur high costs and energy use; for short distances or in
inaccessible places helicopters can be used. As of April 28, 2009 The Guardian article
notes that, "the WHO estimates that up to 500,000 people are on planes at any time."
( McKinnon & Campbell, 1997)

2.1.5 Rail

Rail transport is where a train runs along a set of two parallel steel rails, known as a
railway or railroad. The rails are anchored perpendicular to ties (or sleepers) of timber,
concrete or steel, to maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge. The rails and
perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made of concrete, or compressed earth
and gravel in a bed of ballast. Alternative methods include monorail and maglev.
(Department for Transport, 2003a).

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A train consists of one or more connected vehicles that run on the rails. Propulsion is
commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry
passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity
supplied by trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known
as a multiple unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and
gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved
roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships. (Meczes,
2005).

Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities; modern high-speed rail is
capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires specially built track.
Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while
intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, often
making up the backbone of a city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box
cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container
trains have become the dominant solution for general freight, while large quantities of
bulk are transported by dedicated trains. (Yang et al., 2004).

2.1.6 Road

A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. Roads are
typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel; though they need
not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal
construction or maintenance. In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and
be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.
(McKinnon, 2006).

The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that
carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles
and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles worldwide. (Penman,
1997),

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Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with high
energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow
for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility. Road transport by truck is often
the initial and final stage of freight transport. (AT Kearney, 1997).

2.1.7 Water

Water transport is movement by means of a watercraft such as a barge, boat, ship or

sailboat over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. The need for
buoyancy is common to watercraft, making the hull a dominant aspect of its construction,
maintenance and appearance. (Grant et al., 2006),

In the 19th century the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a
paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced in a boiler using
wood or coal and fed through a steam external combustion engine. Now most ships have
an internal combustion engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker
fuel. Some ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the steam.
Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use
internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an
inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop
fans. (Grant et al., 2006),

Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly efficient method of transporting large
quantities of goods. Commercial vessels, nearly 35,000 in number, carried 7.4 billion
tons of cargo in 2007. Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for
transcontinental shipping; short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.
(Grant et al., 2006),

2.1.8 Other modes

Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liquid and gases are sent,
but pneumatic tubes can also send solid capsules using compressed air. For liquids/gases,
any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems

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exist for sewage, slurry, water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for
petroleum and natural gas. (AT Kearney, 1997).

Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal
power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include
aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as
conveyor transport.

Spaceflight is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a

spacecraft. While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used
except to put satellites into orbit, and conduct scientific experiments. However, man has
landed on the moon, and probes have been sent to all the planets of the Solar System.
(AT Kearney, 1997).

Suborbital spaceflight is the fastest of the existing and planned transport systems from a
place on Earth to a distant other place on Earth. Faster transport could be achieved
through part of a Low Earth orbit, or following that trajectory even faster using the
propulsion of the rocket to steer it. (McKinnon, 2003a).

2.2 ELEMENTS

2.2.1 Infrastructure

Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists of a way,
a terminal and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road and cable
transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must be built up. Air and water craft are able
to avoid this, since the airway and seaway do not need to be built up. However, they
require fixed infrastructure at terminals. (Department for the Environment, Transport and
the Regions, 1999b).

Terminals such as airports, ports and stations, are locations where passengers and freight
can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another. For passenger transport,
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terminals are integrating different modes to allow riders to interchange to take advantage
of each mode's advantages. For instance, airport rail links connect airports to the city
centers and suburbs. The terminals for automobiles are parking lots, while buses and
coaches can operates from simple stops. For freight, terminals act as transshipment
points, though some cargo is transported directly from the point of production to the point
of use. (Department for the Environment, Transport and the Regions, 1999b).
The financing of infrastructure can either be public or private. Transport is often a natural
monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some countries railways and
airports are funded through taxation. New infrastructure projects can involve large
spendings, and are often financed through debt. Many infrastructure owners therefore
impose usage fees, such as landing fees at airports, or toll plazas on roads. Independent of
this, authorities may impose taxes on the purchase or use of vehicles. (Department for the
Environment, Transport and the Regions, 1999b).

2.2.2 Vehicles

A vehicle is any non-living device that is used to move people and goods. Unlike the
infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders. Unless being pulled by
a cable or muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this is most
commonly done through a steam engine, combustion engine, electric motor, a jet engine
or a rocket, though other means of propulsion also exist. Vehicles also need a system of
converting the energy into movement; this is most commonly done through wheels,
propellers and pressure.

Vehicles are most commonly staffed by a driver. However, some systems, such as people
movers and some rapid transits, are fully automated. For passenger transport, the vehicle
must have a compartment for the passengers. Simple vehicles, such as automobiles,
bicycles or simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a driver. (Gorick, 2006,
pp.26)

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2.2.3 Operation

Private transport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle
themselves. For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through
private enterprise or by governments. The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned and
operated by the same company, or they may be operated by different entities.
Traditionally, many countries have had a national airline and national railway. Since the
1980s, many of these have been privatized. International shipping remains a highly
competitive industry with little regulation, but ports can be public owned. (Grant et al.,
2006),

2.4 FUNCTION

Relocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of transport. However, other
uses exist, such as the strategic and tactical relocation of armed forces during warfare, or
the civilian mobility construction or emergency equipment.

2.5 PASSENGER

Passenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and private transport. Public
transport is scheduled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad
hoc services at the riders desire. The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity,
and a higher environmental impact. Travel may be as part of daily commuting, for
business, leisure or migration.

Short-haul transport is dominated by the automobile and mass transit. The latter consists
of buses in rural and small cities, supplemented with commuter rail, trams and rapid
transit in larger cities. Long-haul transport involves the use of the automobile, trains,
coaches and aircraft, the last of which have become predominantly used for the longest,
including intercontinental, travel. Intermodal passenger transport is where a journey is
performed through the use of several modes of transport; since all human transport
normally starts and ends with walking, all passenger transport can be considered

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intermodal. Public transport may also involve the intermediate change of vehicle, within
or across modes, at a transport hub, such as a bus or railway station. (Gorick, 2006,
pp.26)
Taxis and Buses can be found on both ends of Public Transport spectrum, whereas Buses
remain the cheaper mode of transport but are not necessarily flexible, and Taxis being
very flexible but more expensive. In the middle is Demand responsive transport offering
flexibility whilst remaining affordable. (Gorick, 2006, pp.26)

International travel may be restricted for some individuals due to legislation and visa
requirements.

2.6 FREIGHT

Freight transport, or shipping, is a key in the value chain in manufacturing. With

increased specialization and globalization, production is being located further away from
consumption, rapidly increasing the demand for transport. While all modes of transport
are used for cargo transport, there is high differentiation between the nature of the cargo
transport, in which mode is chosen. Logistics refers to the entire process of transferring
products from producer to consumer, including storage, transport, transshipment,
warehousing, material-handling and packaging, with associated exchange of information.
Incoterm deals with the handling of payment and responsibility of risk during transport.

Containerization, with the standardization of ISO containers on all vehicles and at all
ports, has revolutionized international and domestic trade, offering huge reduction in
transshipment costs. Traditionally, all cargo had to be manually loaded and unloaded into
the haul of any ship or car; containerization allows for automated handling and transfer
between modes, and the standardized sizes allow for gains in economy of scale in vehicle
operation. This has been one of the key driving factors in international trade and
globalization since the 1950s.

Bulk transport is common with cargo that can be handled roughly without deterioration;
typical examples are ore, coal, cereals and petroleum. Because of the uniformity of the

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product, mechanical handling can allow enormous quantities to be handled quickly and
efficiently. The low value of the cargo combined with high volume also means that
economies of scale become essential in transport, and gigantic ships and whole trains are
commonly used to transport bulk. Liquid products with sufficient volume may also be
transported by pipeline.

Air freight has become more common for products of high value; while less than one
percent of world transport by volume is by airline, it amounts to forty percent of the
value. Time has become especially important in regards to principles such as
postponement and just-in-time within the value chain, resulting in a high willingness to
pay for quick delivery of key components or items of high value-to-weight ratio. In
addition to mail, common items sent by air include electronics and fashion clothing.

2.7 HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION

Humans' first means of transport were walking and swimming. The domestication of
animals introduces a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures,
allowing heavier loads to be hauled, or humans to ride the animals for higher speed and
duration. Inventions such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more
efficient through the introduction of vehicles. Also water transport, including rowed and
sailed vessels, dates back to time immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport
large quantities or over large distances prior to the Industrial Revolution. ( Samuelson &
Tilanus, 1997)
The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods over
dirt tracks that often followed game trails. Paved roads were built by many early
civilizations, including Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley Civilization. The Persian and
Roman empires built stone-paved roads to allow armies to travel quickly. Deep roadbeds
of crushed stone underneath ensured that the roads kept dry. The medieval Caliphate later
built tar-paved roads. The first watercraft were canoes cut out from tree trunks. Early
water transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for
( Samuelson & Tilanus, 1997)

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propulsion, or a combination of the two. The importance of water has led to most cities,
that grew up as sites for trading, being located on rivers or at sea, often at the intersection
of two bodies of water. Until the Industrial Revolution, transport remained slow and
costly, and production and consumption were located as close to each other as feasible.

The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century saw a number of inventions fundamentally
change transport. With telegraphy, communication became instant and independent of
transport. The invention of the steam engine, closely followed by its application in rail
transport, made land transport independent of human or animal muscles. Both speed and
capacity increased rapidly, allowing specialization through manufacturing being located
independent of natural resources. The 19th century also saw the development of the
steam ship, that sped up global transport. (Department for Transport, 2003a).

With the development of the combustion engine and the automobile at the turn into the
20th century, road transport became more viable, allowing the introduction of mechanical
private transport. The first highways were constructed during the 19th century with
macadam. Later, tarmac and concrete became the dominant paving material. In 1903, the
first controllable airplane was invented, and after World War I, it became a fast way to
transport people and express goods over long distances. (Department for Transport,
2003a).

After World War II, the automobile and airlines took higher shares of transport, reducing
rail and water to freight and short-haul passenger. Spaceflight was launched in the 1950s,
with rapid growth until the 1970s, when interest dwindled. In the 1950s, the introduction
of containerization gave massive efficiency gains in freight transport, permitting
globalization. International air travel became much more accessible in the 1960s, with the
commercialization of the jet engine. Along with the growth in automobiles and
motorways, this introduced a decline for rail and water transport. After the introduction
of the Shinkansen in 1964, high-speed rail in Asia and Europe started taking passengers
on long-haul routes from airlines. (Department for Transport, 2003a).

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Early in U.S. history, most aqueducts, bridges, canals, railroads, roads, and tunnels were
owned by private joint-stock corporations. Most such transportation infrastructure came
under government control in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, culminating in the
nationalization of inter-city passenger rail service with the creation of Amtrak. Recently,
however, a movement to privatize roads and other infrastructure has gained some ground
and adherents.

2.8 IMPACT

Transport is a key component of growth and globalization, such as in Seattle,

Washington, United States
Transport is a key necessity for specialization allowing production and consumption of
products to occur at different locations. Transport has throughout history been a spur to
expansion; better transport allows more trade and a greater spread of people. Economic
growth has always been dependent on increasing the capacity and rationality of transport.
But the infrastructure and operation of transport has a great impact on the land and is the
largest drainer of energy, making transport sustainability a major issue. (Samuelson &
Tilanus, 1997).
Modern society dictates a physical distinction between home and work, forcing people to
transport themselves to places of work or study, as well as to temporarily relocate for
other daily activities. Passenger transport is also the essence of tourism, a major part of
recreational transport. Commerce requires the transport of people to conduct business,
either to allow face-to-face communication for important decisions or to move specialists
from their regular place of work to sites where they are needed. (Samuelson & Tilanus,
1997)

2.9 PLANNING

Transport planning allows for high utilization and less impact regarding new
infrastructure. Using models of transport forecasting, planners are able to predict future
transport patterns. On the operative level, logistics allows owners of cargo to plan
transport as part of the supply chain. Transport as a field is studied through transport

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economics, the backbone for the creation of regulation policy by authorities. Transport
engineering, a sub-discipline of civil engineering, and must take into account trip
generation, trip distribution, mode choice and route assignment, while the operative level
is handled through traffic engineering. (Copper et al., 1994).

The engineering of this roundabout in Bristol, United Kingdom, attempts to make traffic
flow free-moving because of the negative impacts made, transport often becomes the
subject of controversy related to choice of mode, as well as increased capacity.
Automotive transport can be seen as a tragedy of the commons, where the flexibility and
comfort for the individual deteriorate the natural and urban environment for all. Density
of development depends on mode of transport, with public transport allowing for better
spacial utilization. Good land use keeps common activities close to peoples homes and
places higher-density development closer to transport lines and hubs; minimize the need
for transport. There are economies of agglomeration. Beyond transportation some land
uses are more efficient when clustered. Transportation facilities consume land, and in
cities, pavement (devoted to streets and parking) can easily exceed 20 percent of the total
land use. An efficient transport system can reduce land waste. (Böge, 1994; Allen, 1994).
Too much infrastructure and too much smoothing for maximum vehicle throughput
means that in many cities there is too much traffic and many—if not all—of the negative
impacts that come with it. It is only in recent years that traditional practices have started
to be questioned in many places, and as a result of new types of analysis which bring in a
much broader range of skills than those traditionally relied on—spanning such areas as
environmental impact analysis, public health, sociologists as well as economists who
increasingly are questioning the viability of the old mobility solutions. European cities
are leading this transition. (McKinnon and Ge, 2004).

2.10 ENVIRONMENT

Transport is a major use of energy and burns most of the world's petroleum. This creates
air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a significant contributor to
global warming through emission of carbon dioxide, for which transport is the fastest-
growing emission sector. By subsector, road transport is the largest contributor to global
19
warming. Environmental regulations in developed countries have reduced individual
vehicles' emissions; however, this has been offset by increases in the numbers of vehicles
and in the use of each vehicle. Some pathways to reduce the carbon emissions of road
vehicles considerably have been studied. Energy use and emissions vary largely between
modes, causing environmentalists to call for a transition from air and road to rail and
human-powered transport, as well as increased transport electrification and energy
efficiency. ( Department for the Environment, Transport and the Regions, 1999b).

Other environmental impacts of transport systems include traffic congestion and

automobile-oriented urban sprawl, which can consume natural habitat and agricultural
lands. By reducing transportation emissions globally, it is predicted that there will be
significant positive effects on Earth's air quality, acid rain, smog and climate change.
( Department for the Environment, Transport and the Regions, 1999b).

20
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 SYSTEM INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS

System Investigation and System Analysis are responsibilities that are needed to
be carried out by the system analysts in order to effectively know the basic principles that
guide the operation(s) of the existing system and all the problems that the existing system
is currently facing. In this project work, the system analyst will deal with the existing
short comings and the advantages of the proposed system over the existing system.

3.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE CASE STUDY

The history of the polytechnic Ibadan dates back to 1969 when the international working
party was set up by the western state government to advertise her on the establishment of
a polytechnic. The working party recommended, among other things the establishment of
a polytechnic in the western state whose general objective should be to produce
technicians who will make an important contribution to the social economic
development of the country and the western state in particular. The western state
government, accept the recommendation and the polytechnic, Ibadan was established
under the provisions of a principal Edict cited as the polytechnic, Ibadan Edict 1970 and
under the subsequent provisions of;

Polytechnic, Ibadan [Amendment] Edict 1971

Polytechnic, Ibadan [Amendment and consequential provision] Edict 1971

Polytechnic, Ibadan [Amendment] no 2 Edict, 1971

Polytechnic, Ibadan [Amendment] Edict 1972 and

Polytechnic, Ibadan [Amendment] Edict 1972 by its establishment. The polytechnic.

Ibadan became a successor of the east while technical college, Ibadan which was founded
in 1960, the year of Nigeria’s independence to provide for student’s training and
development of techniques in applied science, environmental science, engineering and
commerce as well as in other spheres of learning. The polytechnic has been producing

21
major middle level manpower that has been making valuable contributions to the social
and economic development of the country.

The Polytechnic also offer a wide range of specialized short courses not only for the
purpose of improving vocational competence of technical and commercial workers, but
also to provide an opportunity for presenting the most recent advances in knowledge and
in techniques to specialist groups. It is also provides opportunities for creative
development and research related to the needs of teaching and industry and the business
community, particularly in its service area.

In 1975/76 session, the polytechnic adopted the faculty system of structuring the
academic department’s hitter to run, solely on department basis. The conception was to
make for easier work co-ordination and management. At present, the five faculties
namely: Engineering, Science, Environmental studies, Financial and management studies
and business and communication studies. By the amendment to the principal Edict of the
polytechnic which came into effect on 17 th march, 1987, four satellite campuses of the
polytechnic were created. They took off during 1981/82 session and were sited at Eruwa,
Saki Iree and Esa-Oke. Each of the campuses is headed by a director who is responsible
to the Rector for the administration and discipline of the campus. However, with the
creation of osun state, the campus at Iree and Esa-Oke has become the property of osun
state polytechnic Iree and Osun state college of technology Esa-Oke. The student
enrolment of the institution has continued to grow. At present, there are about 15,000
students in the polytechnic, both at the main and the two satellite campuses.

3.2 OPERATION OF EXISTING SYSTEM

Transportation system of The Polytechnic Ibadan (Project case study) is been manage
manually, this implies that there is poor database structure for the record, which leads to
loss of record and some other useful information. The operations involve in
Transportation Management System are;

22
3.2.1 DRIVER REGISTRATION

This is done manually, it involves taking down the information of the drivers that are
ready to operate a particular bus. This is done in order to make it easy to track down any
drivers when the need arise. It also help to know the characters of the drivers before
assign the job to them, so as to ensure the safety of the student within the campus.

3.2.2 VEHICLE REGISTRATION

This is also essential, it involves taking down the information of the vehicles. It will help
to track down the vehicles, since both the drivers and the vehicle information has been
taken down, it will be very easy to identify any vehicles and the drivers whenever the
case arises.

All the above operation are been carried out manually, this makes it prone to loss of
information, which lead to inaccuracy and inefficiency of the system in place.

3.3 SYSTEM ANALYSIS

The analysis of findings deals with finding out how the existing system operates, by
using the same operation to perform the new proposed electronic system.

Since there is no computer put in place in the existing system, it is quite manifest that the
existing system is basically manual. The analysis is as follows:

For the fact that the transportation system of the school is handled by the Student Union
Government (SUG), the task carried out includes;

 Vehicle registration
 Driver registration

For vehicle registration

1. Driver will get a bus by himself for the operation.

2. The driver will move towards the registration officers.
3. Examine the driver’s character, so as to ensure that he is of good behavior.

23
 4. The registration officer will take down the information of the driver for proper
documentation.
5. An ID card will be provided for the driver, which authenticates him as a registered
member of the union.
For transaction

1. After acquisition of bus by the bus owner.

2. Move the bus towards the registration officer.
3. Pay a particular amount as registration fees.
4. Take down the information of the bus.
5. Print a registration details for the bus owner, which serve as the evidence of
registration.
For the registered drivers with their buses, they have to make themselves available at the
garage, (Sango and North Campus), they follow a given order in order to carry
passengers, and buses are in queue form, meaning that one go after the other. When the
passengers arrives at the pack, they have to board the available bus, after the maximum
number of passenger to be carried by the bus is reached, the driver had to move the bus to
the destination of the passengers, which usually within North Campus and Sango garage.
Passengers are to pay a certain amount (usually N30) for the bus fees.

(a) OUTPUT FROM THE SYSTEM

The outputs required from the new system are:

1) The output of driver registration form.

2) Driver Identification Card, which is generated from the information given down by
the drivers.
3) Vehicle registration report.

(b) INPUT TO THE SYSTEM

The inputs required for generation of output required are as follows:

24
1.) The drivers information (such as, name, address, phone number etc )
2.) Vehicle details (such as, Vehicle Type, Color, Plate Number, No of Passenger etc)
3.4 PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED FROM ANALYSIS

The problems facing the existing systems are as below:

1.) Inefficiency: The existing system is not efficient enough in that,

it consume more time and it is not accurate.
2.) Poor Storage: Since there is no database structure for the
existing system, the information taken down can be loss easily.
3.) The existing system requires much cost to run it.
4.) The existing system is prone to risk.

3.5 SOLUTION PROFERRED BY THE NEW SYSTEM

The solution that seems to be available to the entire above problem is to develop a
computerized system, which will be more accurate, efficient, safe time and provide a
solid database for the information.

25
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 SYSTEM DESIGN

The system design gives an automated and well-explained computer based design
and requirement for the new system designed. This requirement involves the input
requirement, which shows the detailed or complete information needed for processing in
the succeeding process and output requirement.

The proposed computer based system is an automation of death and birth registration in
Ibadan Southwest Local Government.

4.1 OUTPUT DESIGN

(a) REPORT TO BE GENERATED

The output design brought about the result that would be generated from the system
designed. The summaries of the output result that will be generated by the automated
system include the following.

(1) Vehicle Registration Report

(2) Vehicle maintenance report
(3) Vehicle operator report
(4) Operator assessment report
(5) Operator’s ID Card
(6) Ticket generated
(7) Vehicle Route

(b) SCREEN FORMS OF REPORT

Screen form can be described a form that determines or analyze how the report is
likely to appear. It also determines the content of the report to be generated.

26
Fig. 4.1: SCREEN FORM OF VEHICLE REGISTRATION REPORT

Fig. 4.2: SCREEN FORM OF VEHICLE MAINTENANCE REPORT

Fig. 4.3: SCREEN FORM OF VEHICLE OPERATOR REPORT

Fig. 4.4: SCREEN FORM OF OPERATOR ASSESSOR REPORT

Fig. 4.5: SCREEN FORM OF DRIVER ID CARD

Fig. 4.6: SCREEN FORM OF TICKET REPORT

(c) FILES USED TO PRODUCE REPORTS

In the case of this project, file is refers to as the database table that are used to hold the
input made to the system, however, the files used to produce output are;

Tblvehiclereg.slq

Tbloperator.sql

Tblticketing.sql

Tblroute.sql

The above files are Microsoft Access Database table which were created for the
production of report.

4.2 INPUT DESIGN

The input design allows the information or data needed to be entered into the system in
order to take the vehicle, operators and ticket information.

The input designed serves as a prerequisite to the output designed.

27
(a) LIST OF INPUT ITEMS REQUIRED
The list of items required are placed on the forms, which are:

1. Vehicle Information, (such as, Vehicle Reg No, Maker, Model, Type,
Engine capacity, fuel type, engine no, chassis no etc.)
2. Operator’s Information; (such as, operators name, staff number, date,
address).
(b) DATA CAPTURED SCREEN FORMS FOR INPUTS
Fig. 4.3: DATA CAPTURE OF VEHICLE REGISTRATION

Fig. 4.4: DATA CAPTURE OF VEHICLE MAINTENANCE REGISTRATION

Fig. 4.5: DATA CAPTURE OF OPERATORS REGISTRATION

(c) FILES USED TO RETAIN INPUTS

Vehicle Registration
Storage: Hard Disk
Database Name : tms.Mdb
Table Name : tblvehicle
Input Device = Keyboard
Purpose: Storing and retrieving of vehicle information
S/ N FIELD NAME FIELD FIELD EXAMPLE
TYPE LENGHT
1 Vehicle Reg. No Text 10 VEH/001
2 Maker & Model Text 50 Peugeot 406
28
 3 Vehicle type Text 20 Bus
4 Engine capacity Text 20 Wide
5 Fuel type Text 20 PMS
6 Engine No Number 20 1243442
7 Chassis No Number 20 001234
8 Key No Number 20 012
9 Supplied Date Date 10 12/12/2003
10 Received Date Date 10 12/12/2005
11 Expiry Date Date 10 12/12/2050

Table 4.1: A table showing the record structure of vehicle registration table

Vehicle Operators

Storage: Hard Disk

Database Name : tmsDb.Mdb
Table Name : tbloperators
Input Device = Keyboard
Purpose: Storing and retrieving of operators information
S/ N FIELD NAME FIELD FIELD EXAMPLE
TYPE LENGHT
1 Staff No Text 10 STA-001
2 Full Name Text 50 50
3 Location/Address Text 100 Sango, Ibadan
4 Date Date 10 10/02/2001
5 Vehicle type Text 30 Bus
6 Phone Number Number 20 080345533743

29
Table 4.2: record structure of operator registration table

Vehicle route

Storage: Hard Disk

Database Name : tmsDb.Mdb
Table Name : tblroute
Input Device = Keyboard
Purpose: Storing and retrieving of route information
S/ N FIELD NAME FIELD FIELD EXAMPLE
TYPE LENGHT
1 Route name Text 50 Sango-Poly
2 From (place) Text 50 Sango
3 To (Place) Text 50 North Campus
4 No of Vehicles Text 10 10

Table 4.3: record structure of route registration table

Vehicle Ticket

Storage: Hard Disk

Database Name : tmsDb.Mdb
Table Name : tblticket
Input Device = Keyboard
Purpose: Storing and retrieving of ticket information
S/ N FIELD NAME FIELD FIELD EXAMPLE
TYPE LENGHT
1 Ticket No Number 20 00001
2 Price Currency 20 N30
3 Date generated Date 10 01/08/2013

30
 4 Date expire Date 10 05/08/2013

Table 4.4: record structure of ticket registration table

4.3 PROCESS DESIGN

Process design is made up of three (3) steps and these three steps include input of data,
processing of data and the output of processed data inform of reports. Data to be
processed by the computer has to be entered into the computer system in such a way that
it will be readable and acceptable by the computer. i.e. the data should be tested in order
to avoid errors that might come up in any form. This process is known as data
preparation.

4.3.1 LIST OF PROGRAMMING ACTIVITIES NECESSARY

(i) Login Form

(ii) Splash Screen
(iii) Main Menu
(iv) Vehicle
a. Vehicle Registration
b. Vehicle maintenance

(v) Operator
a. Operator registration
b. Assessment form
(vi) Route
(vii) Ticket
(viii) Report
a. Vehicle registration report
b. Operator registration report
c. Operator ID card

31
 (vi) Quit

4.3.2 IDENTIFY PROGRAM MODULE

The newly designed system is made up of diverse of modules. These modules are just
like sub programs that are coordinated under one main program. There are five basic
program modules, which are:
1. Log in module: This contains a password, this module provide a space for the
user to enter his/her password. This is a password that allows or enables access into the
main menu. If the correct password is entered, it will display the main menu of the
package, which consists of sub-modules under the command of menu editor.

iii. Main menu modules

This program module coordinates together all other program modules to work as a
complete package. This main program display options for the user to pick from any of
the options that can involve the exact module to perform the required functions.
iii Vehicle Registration Module

This program module is used to capture the vehicle information, so as to keep proper
record, and as well provide vehicle registration certificate.

iv Operator Registration Module

This is the module that design for the accepting the vehicle operator information. This is
useful for proper record keeping and as well to produce driver’s ID card for the
registered operators.

v Operators Assessor Module: This module is designed to assess the quality of the
operators, it help check for the validity of his driver’s license and other relevant
documents.

vii Report Module

This program module is used to generate the output of the data processed, and it usually
in form of reports. It gives room for printing of report out on a hardcopy by the user. It
32
 display the options, so that the user will select the report he/she intend to generate out of
the available reports.

vi. Ticket Module

This module is design to generate ticket for the passenger, this is quite significant, as it
eliminate the problem of change collection.

4.3.3 VISUAL TABLE OF CONTENT (VTOC)

Login

Splash Screen

Main Menu

Files Reports Reports Quit

Death Birth Death Birth

Report Report Report Report

Death Birth Registration

Registration Form
4.4
Form STORAGE DESIGN

The storage design tells or describes how the system helps to store or organize all the
records or information that are being entered.

4.4.1 DESCRIPTION OF DATABASE USED

33
The database used is majorly Microsoft access database. Microsoft access database was
linked with Microsoft visual basic 6.0. The linking was done in the Visual Basic 6.0
environment.

4.4.2 DESCRIPTION OF FILES USED

The files used refer to the tables created to hold several records that are being created.
The files used in this project are;

a) Vehicle Registration File

b) Operator Registration File
c) Route file
d) Ticket file

4.4.3 RECORD STRUCTURE OF ALL FILES USED

Each file are structured in such a way that it will be able to accept more data to be
captured, to be able to delete any unwanted record and be able to retrieve any saved file
by making use of index key created in such table to call for the data for re-accessing of
the records in the files.

4.4 DESIGN SUMMARY

4.4.1 SYSTEM FLOWCHART

4.4.2 HIERARCHICAL INPUT PROCESS AND OUTPUT (HIPO Chart)

34
 CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION

System development is a process of making a thing visible to work and to make it

developed. The system itself contains sub system development to form complete system.
In this section the structure is to give a clear picture of the controls routine. How one
program is linked with the other to form a more or less network system which is the focus
of the section.

5.1 PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY

The program development activity is the process of developing all the program
activity.

5.1.1 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE USED

The programming language used in developing this project is VISUAL BASIC 6.0,
which is an object, oriented programming language. That is meant for the designing and
implementation of software.

Visual basic 6.0 is a programming language that was introduced by “Microsoft

Inc. USA” it is a language for professional programmers.

The goal of ‘’Visual Basic 6.0 designer was to develop a language whereby the
programmer could write the code once and run it anywhere, anytime. This success with
these goals changes the look of software programming. It is also an object oriented cross
platform; this means that the program can run across several plat form such as Microsoft
window etc.

5.1.2 ENVIRONMENT USED FOR DEVELOPMENT

Visual Basic Environment was the environment used to develop this new system.

5.1.3 SOURCE CODE

The source codes are the codes written to generate the new system designed. These codes
are attached in appendix b, which is at the back of the project.

35
5.2 PROGRAM TESTING
5.2.1 CODING PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
The problems encountered during the running of this program are listed below:

(1) SYNTAX ERROR:This is the misuse of programming language e.g. not

including ENDSUB after writing the code which will automatically prompt what is
known as syntax error.

(ii) COMPILE ERROR: Compile errors occur when you make use of IF
statement without ending the IF statement. i.e. making use of incomplete control
statement like IF statement, loop statement etc.
There is another type of error that was encountered which is the type mismatch.

5.2.2 USE OF SAMPLE DATA

The sample data is just the examples of data that are entered into the forms designed. One
of the examples of this sample data is attached to appendix at the back of the project.

5.3 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

The process of developing a new system is a herculean task. It consumes a lot of time,
energy, and money.

However, a beautiful designed and developed system can fail to meet its objective If not
properly implemented.

5.3.1 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

The system requirement are made up of two parts which includes

(1) Hard ware Requirements

(2) Soft ware Requirements
Hardware requirement

Pentium III processor and above

512MB(RAM) and 2.0 MHz of processor speed

36
VGA monitor

Keyboard (PS2 or USB)

Mouse (PS2 or USB)

CD-ROM drive

Printer is required to print the hard copies.

UPS (uninterrupted power supply), for safeguard storage of data, and to shut down
properly in the event of power failure in order to prevents corruption of window i.e.
operating system.

31/2-inch floppy diskette for external storage device.

Stabilizer to stabilized the electricity.

80GB hard disk.

(ii) SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

The software requirement are the needed software for the smooth working of the
application, however, the software requirement of this system are;

Operating system (e.g. Window XP, Vista, Win7 etc.).

5.3.2 TASKS PRIOR TO IMPLEMENTATION

This involves all the necessary arrangement needed in order to secure a site where the
computer equipment will be physically placed. The site must be centrally located so that
the entire department that needs the service of this new system can reach it easily. The
computer room should be situated in such a way as to exclude rays of sunlight from the
hardware component and likewise the eyes of the operator. The computer room should be
provided with air conditioner in order to keep the computer cool, always raised floor
otherwise called “Rug” to prevent dust and electric shock, burglary proof, lightening

37
arrestor in order to divert lightening charges current away from the building, convenient
sitting arrangement etc.

(I) HARDWARE/ SOFTWARE ACQUISITION

SOFTWARE

The software acquisitions for the implementation are as follows:

 Windows operating system (window 2000, XP and above version) is used to

initialize the system.
 Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0; this is the main application software that is used to
developed this new package.
 Microsoft Access: This is the database management package used to design the
file structure for the new developed package.

HARDWARE

 Pentium III processor and above.

 128 MB (RAM) and 499MHz processor speed.
 20 GB hard disk.
 An interrupted power supply (UPS).
 VGA monitor.
 An enhance keyboard (either PS2 / USB).
 An enhance mouse (either PS2 / USB).
 CD drive.
Note: all the above listed hardware and software may be more than the specified

(ii) PROGRAM INSTALLATION

The program installation deals with the installation of the new proposed system. The
procedure to install the system is as follows:

- Insert the CD (software)

- On the desktop, double click on my computer
38
- In the new environment, double click on drive D (i.e. CD drive)
- Double click on the folder (TMS)
- Click on tms.exe to run the application
5.3.4 STAFF TRAINING

It is essential that the designer of a new or proposed system to involve the user
department management and staff in the process of system designed and investigate so
that they can have the understanding and the idea of what the designer is trying to do.

Staff training is important because it is used to captivate the user department staff
that the new system is effective and efficient, to enable them to carry out the task
required of them in support of the new system and to make the staff overcome their fear
of change and the feelings that they will not be able to cope with the new system. In the
case study those that needed to be trained for the implementation of the proposed system
are the staffs. I.e. the registration officers.

5.3.5 CHANGING OVER

This s the process of switching from one system to another, and it can be divided into
three categories, which are:

(1) DIRECT CHANGEOVER: This is when the new system is introduced without any
reference to the old system. This is used when there is no relationship between the
old and new system or when the management cannot afford running the old and new
system concurrently.
(2) PARALLEL CHANGEOVER: This is when the old system is running
concurrently with the new system. This is used to ensure that the new system is
functioning and also to serve as standby incase the new system breaks down.
(3) PILOT CHANGEOVER: There are two types of pilot changeover which include:
(a) The use of new system but using the previous specification used by the designer
in the manual processing.
(b) By introducing the new system bit by bit so that the staff we be able to understand
the new system perfectly.
39
NOTE: Parallel changeover is used so that the output from the two systems is compare
and reason for different resolved. Output from continues to be distributed until the new
system takes its place. The following are reasons for chosen the parallel changeover
procedure.

- In case the new system fails, the old system is there to be reserved to and vice versa.
- There is enough time to test the efficiency of the new system over the old system.
- Little error arising from the new system are corrected and improved upon before
discarding the old system.

40
 CHAPTER SIX

SYSTEM DOCUMENTATION

6.1 FUNCTION OF PROGRAM MODULES

The function of the program module includes the modules that are needed or used in
making the package to run smoothly or effectively. Below are the modules
(1) Login module
(2) Splash screen
(3) Main menu

6.1.1 LOGIN MODULE

The login module is the authorized user name which is given a particular password and
user name which enables the user to have access into the system .More so, this modules is
used to guide against unauthorized person and data corruption.

6.1.2 SPLASH SCREEN

Splash screen is used to introduce the program. It contains the name of the supervisor,
name of student and matriculation number and also there is a progress bar component at
the bottom of the splash screen that will lead to the next module.

6.1.3 MAIN MENU

This stage is the most important stage in the package in which the sub menus are listed.
The sub menu modules are:

(a) Forms: This is the modules that contain all the forms in the package. The forms
are;
(1) Vehicle Registration
(2) Vehicle maintenance
(3) Operators Registration
(4) Operator assessment form
(5) Ticket generation form
41
(6) Route registration form
(7) Reports: This module is under the sub menu. It display report on the forms i.e. the
vehicle registration form, and the operator registration form.

6.2 USER MANUAL

The package used in developing this system is easy as it requires the user to have basic
computer skills, even if he or she is not expected to do any programming work. The step
to follow is to switch on the computer and allow it to boot.

6.2.1 USING THE HARD DISK

Click on start, select program / Microsoft visual basic which takes you to Visual Basic
environment.

Select the file name used to save the program

Press f5 to run the program.

42
 CHAPTER SEVEN

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

7.1 SUMMARY
Registration of birth and death in Local Government Areas is in no direct way affiliated
to or connected with the administration of Local Government Council of which the case
study of this project is a model example. With reference to registration of birth and death
concluded by the National Population Commission in Ibadan Southwest Local
Government, certain data were collected on each cases of births and deaths before such
are registered with certificate duly issued out effectively. The registration does not
actually terminate there the data collected are further compiled and made available in
such form that will make it readily comprehensive to personnel in higher level of
administration and operations where such information.

7.2 CONCLUSION
Automation of death and birth registration is an attempt to know the rate or the number of
deceased people and also to know the number of newly born babies. This way we know
whether the population is increasing or decreasing.

7.3 RECOMMENDATION
Automation of a particular system will drastically reduce the problem encountered by the
manual process. This project work implements the automation of birth and death rate.
This will actually benefit the case study. However, for this project to work perfectly, the
following recommendations were made.

For the case study;

i. There should be an in-house training to train the personnel involve, so as to

enhance the effectiveness of the software.
43
 ii. Adequate hardware and software requirement should be provided.
iii. Should employ expert that will handle the system.
For the forthcoming researchers;

i. The scope can be burdened.

ii. Photograph should be included.
iii. A statistical graph e.g bar chart or histograph may be included to show the level of
death rate against the birth rate.

44