Agustin, Heather - Full Paper

La Consolacion University Philippines
Valenzuela St., Capitol View Park

Subdivision, Bulihan City of Malolos,
Philippines
Disaster Preparedness and Management of the

Residents in the Municipality of Bulakan, Bulacan
Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering

3rd Year College–Practicum
Submitted by:
Agustin, Heather T.
Submitted to:
Engr. John Paolo Isip
August 2021
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Abstract
The aim of the study to examine the community preparedness of the residents in the
Municipality of Bulakan, Bulacan as well as the likelihood of a disaster to affect the area, disaster
preparedness, and disaster management. Data were collected online for the survey questionnaire
for Disaster Management is to collect data to identify public knowledge about disasters and what
are the procedures they undertake to respond to disasters. The study had a population size of N =
81,232. The researcher used Solvin’s formula to get the sample size of n = 383. The Snowball
sampling was used in the study to gather respondents. The results of the study shows that there
was moderate positive relationship for the factors that affect disaster preparedness which is
typhoon knowledge (r = 0.601) and flood knowledge (r = 0.612). There were also weak positive
to the factors typhoon likelihood (r = 0.466) and flood likelihood (r = 0.424).
Keywords: Disaster Management, Disaster Preparedness
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Table of Contents
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION……………........................…………………….…………….6
1.1 Background of the Study……………………...…………………………………,………6
1.2 Problem Statement………………………………………………………………,……….9
1.3 The objective of the Study…………………….………………….……………...,..…….11
1.4 Significance of the Study…………………………………………………………,……..11
1.5 Scope and Delimitation of the Study……………………………………………,……...12
1.6 Rationale…………………………………………………………………………………12
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE…………………………….……...14
2.1 Related Literature…………………………………..……….…………………….….…14
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………….…..24
3.1 Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………………….…...24
3.2 Methodological Framework……………………………………………………….…....26
3.3 Research Instrument……………….……………………………………………...…….27
3.4 Sampling Procedure….…………………………………………………………..……...27
3.5 Ethical Consideration…………………………………………………………………....27
3.6 Methods of Data Collection………...……………………………………………….…...28
3.7 Methods of Data Analysis…………...……………………………………………….…..28
3.8 Statistical Treatment………………………………………..………………………..….28
3.9 Methods of Data Presentation……………………………………………………….......29
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS OF DATA & RESULTS………………………………….….....30
4.1 Survey Questionnaire…………………………………..………………………………..30
4.2 Respondents’ Demographic Profile…………………………………………….…..…..31
4.3 Disaster Management Survey………………………………….………………….…….33
4.4 Generated Values for Spearman’s rho & P-value………………………...……………36
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS……………...……….…….…..38
5.1 Conclusions………………………………………………………..…………….……….38
5.2 Recommendations………………………………………………...…………….……….44
5.3 Interventions…….………………………………………………...…………….……….47
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List of Figures
CHAPTER 1
Figure 1: Ishikawa Diagram………………………………………………..………..…………..9
Figure 2: Control Impact Matrix………………………………………………...….…………10
CHAPTER 3
Figure 3: Conceptual Framework……………………………………………………………..24
Figure 4: Methodological Framework………………………………………………...………26
CHAPTER 4
Figure 5: Disaster Management Question 1…………………………….……..………………33
Figure 10: Disaster Management Question 6…………………..……….……..………………35
CHAPTER 5
Figure 11: Information Dissemination………………………………………………………...43
Figure 12: Disaster Preparedness Plan………………………………………………………..44
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List of Tables
CHAPTER 4
Table 1: Respondents’ Age Frequency Table……………………………..………….……….31
Table 2: Respondents’ Gender Frequency Table…………………………………….…….....31
Table 3: Respondents’ Barangay Frequency Table…………………………………………..32
Table 4: Generated Values for Spearman’s rho and P-value ……………………...………....36
CHAPTER 5
Table 5.1: Disaster Likelihood Table……………………………….………………….……....39
Table 5.2: Disaster Likelihood Table…………………….…………………………….……....39
Table 6.1: Disaster Knowledge Table………...………………...………………………………41
Table 6.2: Disaster Knowledge Table………...………………...………………………………41
Table 7: Factors that contribute to Disaster Preparedness ………………………………….42
Table 8: Disaster Preparedness Table………………………………………………………….43
Table 9: Alert Level Warning…………………………………………………………………..50
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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
The Philippines is an archipelago of 7,107 islands that stretches 1,850 kilometers from
north to south. Its overall land area is around 299,764 square kilometers, and its coastline is
approximately 36,000 kilometers long, making it the world's longest coastline. It is bordered on
three sides by major bodies of water: the West Philippine Sea on the west and north, the Pacific
Ocean on the east, and the Celebes Sea and Borneo's coastal waters on the south. The country
experiences an average of 20 earthquakes per day, or 100 to 200 earthquakes per year, due to its
placement along two major tectonic plates of the Earth — the Eurasian and Pacific Plates. In the
last 400 years, the country has had 90 catastrophic earthquakes (Commission on Audit, 2014).
Disasters are severe disruptions to a community's or society's ability to function, resulting
in widespread human, material, economic, or environmental losses and impacts that surpass the
afflicted community's or society's ability to manage using its own resources. Disasters are
frequently described as the outcome of a combination of factors including: exposure to a danger;
existing conditions of vulnerability; and a lack of capability or actions to mitigate or cope with the
possible negative repercussions. Loss of life, injury, disease, and other negative effects on human,
physical, mental, and social well-being may occur as a result of disasters, as well as property
damage, asset destruction, loss of services, social and economic upheaval, and environmental
degradation.
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The Philippine government has been unable to reduce poverty and the amount of people
and assets vulnerable to natural disasters due to the regular occurrence of catastrophes in the
country, as seen by recent occurrences. It is stated by (Commission on Audit, 2014) in their
Assessment of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) at the Local Level that
typhoons, also known as tropical cyclones, are a constant threat to the country. Because of its
location along the typhoon belt on the North Pacific Basin in the Pacific, where 75 percent of
typhoons originate, the country is hit by 20 to 30 typhoons per year on average, with five to seven
of them potentially destructive. One-fourth of these typhoons have winds above 200 kilometers
per hour.
Disasters can be extremely devastating and have a huge impact. They will leave a path of
injuries, deaths, livestock losses, property losses, and economic losses in their wake. According to
an article of (Hurst, 2014) on BBC News, The Boxing Day tsunami in Southeast Asia, which killed
220,000 people, was the event with the largest death toll since 1980. In 2017, 335 natural disasters
affected 95.6 million people, resulting in 9697 deaths and a $335 billion cost. Floods and storms
are the most common catastrophes in Asia, accounting for 44 percent of all disasters, 58 percent
of total deaths, and 70 percent of total persons impacted. Despite this, the United States has
suffered the most economic losses, accounting for 88 percent of the total cost of 94 disasters.
In an article by the (Departmant of Health, 2013), on November 8, 2013 Yolanda hit the
Philippines with winds of 195 mph, and has been described as the strongest tropical cyclone to
make landfall in recorded history. It made six landfalls: The first one on Guiuan, Eastern Samar at
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4:40 am of November 8; Second on Tolosa, Leyte at 7 am; Third at Daang Bantayan, Cebu at 10
am; Fourth at Bantayan Island, Cebu at 10:40 am; The fifth one on Concepcion, Iloilo at 12 noon;
and lastly on Busuanga, Palawan around 8 pm. Yolanda was accompanied by monstrous winds
that uprooted trees and tore roofs off buildings, while storm surges as high as 10-20 feet smashed
into coastal communities. Because the survivors' urgent fundamental requirements were food,
water, temporary shelter, and medicines, health issues arose loudly in the first two weeks after the
typhoon. The Department of Health is one of the government's first responders to disasters and
health emergencies.
The aim of the study is to collect data on the effects of disasters on communities, as well
as the actions they take to respond to disasters and how the risk might be decreased. This study
also aims to identify public knowledge about disasters and what are the procedures they undertake
to respond to disasters.
The study could be used by the Government and could be useful in times of disasters such
as typhoons and massive floods. Once a disaster has started, it is difficult to control it. As a result,
precautions must be taken prior to, during, and after disasters. Control over the catastrophic event
is generally lost during its occurrence if the community is not sufficiently prepared. If each
individual in the community is aware of how to cope and take precautions in the event of a disaster,
the disruption caused by the disaster can be minimized.
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1.2 Problem Statement
Figure 1: Ishikawa Diagram
Ideally, the community facing natural disasters such as typhoons can cope up with the
situation if each household has their own disaster management plan and is always prepared
whenever a natural disaster will happen. Also, if the community is working well together with
them. Currently, the local government is facing many problems and disaster risk reduction and
management is not the priority in the situation right now because of the current virus strain
COVID-19 along the other variants and other economic problems. The following are the possible
impacts of typhoons to communities:
• Loss of lives and property
• Injuries
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• Disruption of public services and utilities, including communications, transportation of
all types, electrical power, water supply and sanitation
• Damage to roads, bridges, dams, runways and harbors
• Damage and total destruction to agricultural farms
• Massive floods and flash floods
The possible impacts are based off on a Community-Based Disaster Risk Management for
Local Authorities by Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) and United Nations Economic
and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific (UNESCAP) written by (Kafle & Murshed, 2006).
The researcher seeks to investigate to identify public knowledge about disasters and what are the
procedures they undertake to respond to disasters and propose a household disaster management
plan for the families living in the community.
High Impact Low Impact
In Control
• Loss of lives and
property
• Injuries
• Disruption of public
services and utilities,
including
communications,
transportation of all Vital “X”
Out of Control types, electrical Control
power, water supply
and sanitation
• Damage to roads,
bridges, dams,
runways and harbors
• Damage and total
destruction to
agricultural farms
• Massive floods and
flash floods
Vital “X” Impact
Figure 2: Control Impact Matrix
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1.3 Objective of the Study
The primary objective of the study is to examine the community preparedness of the
residents in the Municipality of Bulakan, Bulacan. The study also specifically aims to:
1. To determine the likelihood of a disasters such as flood and typhoon to affect the residents of
Bulakan as whole and per barangay.
2. To determine the level of knowledge of the residents of Bulakan as a whole and per barangay
with regards to disasters such as flood and typhoon.
3. To determine the factors that affect the preparedness of the residents of Bulakan.
4. To determine the residents’ preferred mode of information dissemination.
5. To determine the preparedness of the residents of Bulakan as a whole and per barangay.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The study may give the following people knowledge and benefits to know about the
importance of disaster awareness and preparedness as well as disaster management.
The households and citizens of the community may benefit from this to help them prepare
whenever a typhoon comes. It could also help them prepare for the essential things they need in
advance as being prepared can help avoid mishaps.
The NDRRMC and Red Cross could benefit from the study and could use the study as a
reference for their future operations. The study could also add awareness to the organizations on
the current situation of the municipality.
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The Local Government may benefit from the study as it can add awareness on the current
situation of the preparedness of the citizens living in the municipality. The study could also help
to communicate risks effectively with populations, communities, families and individuals as it is
essential for everyone to be better prepared when disaster and crisis hit.
The future researchers, the study would attribute an additional knowledge and gain
information in this research by a lot of data was being learned. And the information presented may
be used as reference data in conducting new research. This study will also serve as their reference
that will give them a background and overview
1.5 Scope and Delimination of the Study
The study was carried out during Summer for 1 month of the academic year 2020-2021.
The researcher collected the data needed through the use of questionnaire through online survey.
The questionnaire was put on Google forms to avoid physical interaction due to health protocols.
The study focuses solely on the residents of Bulakan, Bulacan and the resident’s knowledge with
regards to disaster management within their municipality.
1.6 Rationale
A study by (Tyagi & Pande, 2012) had explains causes and effects of different disasters
and their risk assessment in Baliya nala catchment of Uttarakhand. The study captures disaster
assessment, vulnerability assessment, capacity assessment and risk assessment and interpretations
of the variations in various disasters attributes on the basis of risk assessment. The study has shown
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a lack of recommendation and the researcher wanted to help the community in the study to be
prepared whenever a disaster arises.
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Chapter II: Review of Related Literature
This chapter primarily presents the different researchers and other literatures which have
significant bearings on the research and it focuses on several aspects that will help in the
development of the study. The study is generally concentrating on assessing the awareness of the
residents in Bulakan, Bulacan towards a natural disaster specifically typhoons. The literature in
this study came from books, journals, articles, and electronic materials, existing theses, and
dissertations that are believed to be useful in the advancement of awareness concerning the study.
2.1 Related Literature
In order to stimulate innovative creation and implementation of more effective evidence-
based techniques, there has never been a greater need for expanded application of innovation and
technology in disaster risk reduction (DRR). For many years, tremendous DRR efforts have been
underway; however, additional improvements and new DRR methods beyond the conventional
and traditional initiatives are urgently needed, particularly for serious underlying causes like
climate change, poverty, urbanization, population density, and environmental degradation. In a
book authored by (Izumi et al., 2019) the innovative products and procedures regarded to be
particularly effective, as well as those that have already contributed to decreasing disaster risks,
are included in the 30 Innovations for DRR. They were discovered during discussions among
experts from Keio University, the University of Tokyo, the United Nations University, CWS
Japan, and Tohoku University's IRIDeS. This does not suggest that there have only been thirty
innovations to date, but that there have been many more. In discussion among experts, they were
recognized as the best of several inventions.
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Many technological breakthroughs have occurred in recent years in areas where they were
least expected. Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) most commonly referred to as drones, for
example, have evolved from primarily defense-related applications to a wide range of commercial
applications that span industries. In large-scale disaster zones, aerial images are extremely useful.
Drones, which are designed to be nimble, fast, and sturdy, give reaction teams a significant
advantage without costing as much as manned flight operations. Drones can visit difficult-to-reach
regions and undertake data-gathering operations that would be dangerous or impossible for people
if they were not autonomously flown. Over the years, several disaster management protocols have
been put to the test. While several of these tactics have proven to be effective, they also have
significant drawbacks. In catastrophe response, the most critical factor is time. This becomes even
more important when disaster-affected territory, particularly in mountainous areas, becomes
inaccessible. Drones can play a critical role in obtaining first-hand images of the disaster-affected
areas in the critical first few hours. When a disaster is on a vast scale, a drone can be useful in
providing an aerial picture of the damage. It can also aid in other surveying processes, particularly
in the reduction of landslide danger in mountainous places. Drones are thus one of the eight new
emergent technologies that have revolutionized disaster management. However, there must be
effective aviation legislation in place, as well as the development of expertise.
Rainwater has always been an important aspect of human life in many ways. Rain fed
agriculture, which is still popular in most underdeveloped nations, is one of the direct applications
of rain water. Rainwater, on the other hand, is increasingly becoming a source of drinking water
in water-scarce locations, both in arid climates and in coastal zones, where safe drinking water is
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becoming an increasingly difficult problem due to rising salt and other freshwater scarcity issues.
Rainwater collection is conducted at the household level in many dry places, and it becomes the
family's primary source of drinking water. The modern rainwater harvesting system is built on the
same old and basic idea, with minor advancements in the roof's slope and water collection method.
Rainwater harvesting systems have become part of the public construction code in some arid
locations, and they are used in schools, offices, and other government structures. In many dry
cities, rainwater harvesting is also an important part of green retrofitting of private houses.
The book 30 Innovations for Disaster Risk Reduction authored by (Izumi et al., 2019)
contains approaches and one of them is community-based disaster risk reduction or management.
Governments are charged with key obligations such as disaster response, recovery, and risk
reduction. However, it is clearly clear that government support and involvement alone are unable
to address the world's growing disaster challenges. In addition, the need to address small- and
medium-scale hazards that affect local people every year is getting increasingly important.
Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction (CBDRR) or Community-Based Disaster Risk
Management (CBDRM) is a community- and people-centered approach that emphasizes the
involvement of local stakeholders who are familiar with the primary issues and resources on the
ground. The CBDRR or CBDRM approach is crucial because it creates a local ownership that
leads to sustainability, addresses local hazards, and maximizes local resources. Without a clear
knowledge of DRR, it will never become ingrained in a community's culture and lessen
vulnerability, which necessitates sustained and long-term efforts. CBDRR/DRM focuses on
community capacity building and will serve as a foundation for long-term and sustainable DRR
operations. Although large-scale disasters draw a lot of attention from the media and the public,
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the effects of small- and medium-scale risks are more noticeable on a local level due to their
frequency. It is critical for communities to take action in order to respond to and prepare for these
threats. This is because people are in the best position to reduce risks because they are familiar
with local issues, vulnerabilities, and those who require more assistance, such as children, the
elderly, and persons with disabilities. Communities can be a valuable resource for DRR since they
understand the pattern of dangers, have knowledge of which assets may or may not be useful based
on local stories and the history of the area, and the like. Furthermore, by empowering communities,
international organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) can develop and sustain
their programs and projects.
A disaster management plan is a proactive strategy for reducing the negative consequences
of a disaster such as a hurricane or severe storm. People may prepare their company for a crisis by
drafting a disaster management strategy ahead of time, before a disaster occurs. It saves time and
resources, both of which are in short supply following a calamity. In an article by (EHS Insight
Resources, 2019), it is stated that it's all about planning when it comes to disaster management
preparations. People must consider what might go wrong in a disaster and devise processes to deal
with such difficulties. It makes no difference how good the squad is or how composed they are
under duress. People who do not have a plan in place will be unable to adequately deal with
challenges if a true crisis occurs. As a result, if they wish to build an efficient disaster management
plan, they must do it well in advance of a disaster. Managing people is one of the most pressing
challenges. After all, in an emergency situation, individuals will work together to safeguard and
utilize resources. As a result, it's vital that you figure out who's in charge of what in an emergency.
If setting up a disaster recovery site as part of the plan, work through considerations early. For
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example, location. How far is the disaster recovery site from the original site. If it’s far away from
the original site, people may have trouble getting to it.
In the event of a disaster, communities are the first responders. As a result, every risk
reduction strategy should include community-based disaster risk reduction (CBDRR). The aim of
disaster risk reduction is on lowering underlying risk and encouraging proactive action prior to a
disaster. According to (Shaw, 2016), he stated these important things as part of community-based
disaster risk reduction.
• People’s participation is important
• Priorities are set for the most vulnerable groups, families, and people in the
community
• Risk reduction measures are community-specific
• Existing capacities and coping mechanisms are recognized
• Disaster risk reduction is linked with development
• Outsiders have supporting and facilitating roles
The major actors are the members of the community, who are participating not only in the
process but also in the content. They benefit or gain from increased catastrophe risk reduction and
development in equal measure. In the end, this will result in safer conditions, more secure
livelihoods, and long-term development. For disaster risk reduction, participation from all sectors
is required, but the most vulnerable groups are given priority—in urban areas, the poor or informal
settlers, and in rural areas, farmers, fisherfolk, and indigenous people. The elderly, differently
abled, children, and women are among the most vulnerable. Community-specific risk-reduction
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measures are mostly established following an assessment of the community's disaster risk.
CBDRR's strength comes from the community members' existing capacities and coping strategies.
They frequently lack tangible assets, relying instead on traditional wisdom, local knowledge and
resources, social structures, shared values, cooperative coping strategies, deep familial ties,
perseverance, and ingenuity. The goal of CBDRR is to strengthen the capacities of individuals,
families, and communities in order to reduce people's vulnerabilities. It addresses vulnerabilities
as well as the root causes of them, such as poverty, social inequity, and the depletion and
degradation of natural resources. In the end, the goal is to create a development that is both people-
centered and equitable and sustainable. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) support
community people in CBDRR, while the government's engagement is critical to the process'
institutionalization. In order to reduce disaster risk, partnerships with less vulnerable groups and
other communities are formed.
In recent years, floods have become more common, and men have been blamed. Although
floods do occur naturally, man-made disasters such as dam bursts, urban flooding, and debris flow
in densely populated regions have taken a high toll on lives and property. Man's attempt to mitigate
flood damage appears counterproductive, especially when they have chosen to live on flood plains,
where they have essentially chosen to fight nature. A study by (Islam et al., 2016) stated the review
of flood catastrophe management mechanisms in Asia was attempted to be analyzed. Flood is one
of the most prevalent natural disasters, and its consequences are one of the most devastating in the
world. The authors of the paper discuss flood disaster management in a number of Asian countries,
including Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Japan, and China. The
authors investigated flood disaster risk, pre- and post-disaster programs and participants,
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emergency response and recovery, flood mitigation and management, relief and preparedness
machinery, flood forecasting and warning system, policy, planning, and strategic considerations
for these countries. The study can help the disaster management systems in the aforementioned
nations better respond to and handle disaster risks, as well as lessen the social and economic losses
caused by disasters. It was also necessary to improve data availability and evaluation, as well as
the possibility of combining it with other forms of data to increase its relevance for policymaking.
Flooding is one of the most devastating natural disasters on the planet. Asia accounts for more than
half of all global flood losses. Floods are caused by natural factors such as excessive rainfall, high
floods, and high tides, as well as human ones such as channel blocking or aggravation, incorrect
land use, deforestation in headwater regions, and so on. Floods may result in the death of people
and the destruction of property.
The possibility of hardship or loss as a result of the interplay between natural or other
hazards and vulnerable households exposed to them is referred to as disaster risk. All policies,
actions, and efforts that reduce vulnerabilities and disaster risks, including prevention, mitigation,
and preparedness, are referred to as disaster risk reduction. A community risk assessment is a
crucial step in informing development measures based on local risk dynamics in order to ensure
that interventions and service delivery programs are sustainable. Participatory risk assessment is a
methodology that has been created to engage communities through bottom-up approaches that are
highly participatory. It elucidates how hazards arise and how they might be mitigated. A
community report by (Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, 2013) used a
community risk assessment (CRA) that uses participatory methodologies has as its central
principle the desire to put local communities at the center of the risk and vulnerability identification
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process, allowing local inhabitants to own and manage the assessment. In this way, a CRA aids in
the development of a framework for the sharing of information and strategies between local
governments, important stakeholders, and members of the community. After being recognized as
a high-risk area by Disaster Management, the Fairyland informal community in Paarl was chosen
for a Community Risk Assessment short course training exercise. These short courses, which are
held twice a year by the Disaster Mitigation for Sustainable Livelihoods Programme (DiMP), are
designed to train disaster management staff, humanitarian aid workers, community NGOs, and
researchers in participatory research methods in order to conduct a community-led risk assessment
in accordance with the principles of Community-based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM). The
purpose of the assessment was to involve Fairyland community volunteers in a risk assessment of
their own living environment in order to empower them. As well as to provide the Drakenstein
Municipality and local community leaders with a risk assessment report that will be shared with
service delivery and government stakeholders in order to ensure successful disaster risk
management/disaster risk reduction. And lastly, to improve the short course participants' field
research capacity and community interaction skills.
Residents in the community have more to lose in the event of a disaster because they are
the ones who are immediately affected by disasters, whether severe or little. They are the first to
be exposed to the consequences of such dangerous situations. On the other hand, if they can
decrease the impact of disasters on their community, they stand to gain the most. This approach
spawned the concept of community-based disaster management, in which communities are
prioritized. People's capacity to respond to catastrophes can be improved through the CBDM by
giving them better access to and control over resources and basic social services. Using a
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community-based approach to disaster relief provides a lot of benefits. Communities are expected
to be strengthened as a result of CBDM, allowing them to participate in any development program,
including disaster preparedness and mitigation. It is indicated in a study by (Tyagi & Pande, 2012)
that in the Baliya nala watershed of Uttarakhand, discusses the concept of community-based
disaster management (CBDM) and describes the origins and impacts of various catastrophes, as
well as their risk assessment. The author used PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) techniques and
secondary sources to acquire data. The research includes disaster assessment, vulnerability
assessment, capacity assessment, and risk assessment, as well as interpretations of differences in
various disaster qualities based on risk assessment.
Community-based disaster risk management (CBDRM) is a way for reducing local disaster
risks by using participatory assessment and planning techniques. It's a practical bridging technique
that combines local development initiatives on the one hand with disaster risk reduction strategies
on the other. At-risk communities are actively involved in the identification, analysis, treatment,
monitoring, and evaluation of disaster risks in order to reduce their vulnerabilities and strengthen
their capacities. People are at the center of disaster risk management decision-making and
implementation. A study by (Thinda, 2009) was conducted using the progression of vulnerability
model, develop a community-based hazard and vulnerability framework to identify the root causes
(problems) and underlying pressures within the Lusaka informal settlement's community. The
study's findings were meant to aid in the identification of hazards and vulnerabilities, as well as
the development of disaster-resilient communities by sharing local risks and forming community
structures. Combining the findings of the theoretical framework and research findings with the
dissertation's argument about community-based disaster risk management; Through the use of the
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"Progression of Safety" model and community participation in disaster risk management activities,
it was discovered that hazard risks and vulnerability to disasters can be reduced. The CBDRM
clearly entails implementing preventative and timely efforts to reduce the consequences of risks
and vulnerabilities on the community. As a result, this strategy is people-centered in character, and
it necessitates the complete cooperation and active participation of the “At Risk” communities in
the development and implementation of this process.
A disaster risk assessment is a collaborative process that evaluates a community's dangers,
vulnerabilities, and capacity. The chance of occurrence, intensity, and duration of particular
dangers are estimated by hazard assessment. The probability of experiencing harm and loss as a
result of a hazardous event is known as disaster risk. It is very dependent on how something is
exposed to a hazard. Risk analysis usually produces an estimate of the risk situations. In a book
authored by (Kafle & Murshed, 2006) it says that the vulnerability assessment determines which
elements are at risk and the factors that contribute to their vulnerability. A hazard's most vulnerable
households and groups are determined. Physical, geographical, economic, social, and political
elements that make some people sensitive to the threats of a given hazard are all included in the
assessment. The capacity evaluation identifies the community's resources and coping techniques.
The disaster risk assessment yields a ranking of the community's disaster risks, which can be used
to plan for risk reduction. Local governments are expected to play a key role in developing
necessary policies, plans, and legal instruments, as well as providing financial and technical
resources, coordination and linkage development, and community capacity building in areas such
as early warning, preparedness, relief, rescue, shelter management, first aid, and damage
assessments.
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Chapter III: Methodology
This chapter will discuss the interpretations of the analysis of data obtained from the survey
questionnaire and the other acquired data. From the acquired data, the researchers will assess and
analyze the factors that affect the preparedness of the residents in face of a disaster.
3.1 Conceptual Framework
Input Process Output
- Survey
- Planning - Results of the study
- Statistical Treatment
- Related Literature - Recommendations
- Analysis
Figure 3: Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework of the study consists of input, process and output. Under the
input of the conceptual framework is planning and related literature. Planning includes
brainstorming for the topic and mapping through how the study will proceed. In the related
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literature are the studies, articles and other literatures that is related to the topic. It could serve as
a guide on how the study will be done. Under the process are survey, statistical treatment, and
analysis. The survey includes set of questions helped with the study to progress and the
demographics of the respondents. The statistical treatment that is used on the study will provide
draw meaning to the data sets that will be gathered through the survey. The analysis will help
organize and interpret the data gathered and also uncover patterns. Under the output is the results
of the study, assessment on the level of awareness of the residents with regards to disasters, and
recommendations. The results of the study and the assessment on the level of awareness of the
residents with regards to disaster will be the natural result by the process. The recommendations
of the study will be for the residents and the local government and NGOs.
25
3.2 Methodological Framework
Input
Process Ishikawa Diagram
Related Literature
Objectives
Formulate Research Determine Research

questions Purposes
Data Gathering
Determine the
target respondents
Output
Figure 4: Methodological Framework
The methodological framework shows how the flow of the study was done. The first step
is the input. It is where the planning and brainstorming is. After that is the process where the
researcher used Ishikawa diagram to show potential causes of a specific event. Followed by the
data gathering where the researcher based the study on related literatures and then after formulated
research question which includes the objective of the study, research purpose, and the target
respondents. Lastly is the output, which is the whole paper that is made throughout the study.
26
3.3 Research Instrument
The researcher used online survey questionnaires via Google Forms in order to collect data
that will be used in the study. The questionnaire includes demographics, questions regarding
knowledge about typhoons and other questions regarding disaster management.
3.4 Sampling Procedure
The researcher used Slovin’s formula to calculate the sample size given with the
population.
The population of the Municipality of Bulakan according to the 2020 census is 81,232. The
researcher used 5% margin of error and 95% confidence level. The sample size in the study used
a total of 383 respondents from different age groups ranging from below eighteen (18) year old to
sixty-five (65) year old. Snowball sampling to generate respondents. Snowball Sampling is a non-
probability sampling strategy in which the researcher starts with a small group of known people
and then asks those people to select others who should be included in the study.
3.5 Ethical Consideration
The researchers informed the respondents about the study, containing the purpose and
reason for conducting the study. The researchers also informed the respondents that the given
information will be kept confidential and consent is taken before giving the survey. The
respondents will not be forced to participate in the study, it must be voluntarily. All the data that
27
will be gathered on the respondents would only be used in this study and it will remain confidential
to protect the privacy of the respondents.
3.6 Methods of Data Collection
The researchers will use a survey using Google forms in collecting the data. The
respondents of the study are residents of Bulakan, Bulacan from different age groups and different
Barangays. The questionnaire will be distributed online to the respondents using Google forms.
The respondents’ consent was asked before getting information.
3.7 Methods of Data Analysis
The methods of data analysis is descriptive analysis as it will answer what happened in the
data. The use of descriptive analysis allows to display the data in a relevant way. Although the
analysis will not help anticipate future events or provide answers to queries such as why something
occurred, it will organize the data and make it suitable for further research.
3.8 Statistical Treatment
Descriptive Statistics will be used by the researcher to describe the demographics in the
collected data and to describe the results in the questionnaire and correlation statistics to know the
relationship between the preparedness of the residents with regards to disasters and its factors.
Also basic statistics is used for Likert scale.
28
3.9 Methods of Data Presentation
The researchers also used tables for correlation statistics to present to measure to what
extent the variables are linearly related. Tables were also used for descriptive statistics to describe
the basic features of the data in the study.
29
Chapter 4: Analysis of Data and Results
This chapter will discuss the interpretation of the analysis of data obtained from the survey
questionnaire, and other data acquired from the residents of Bulakan. From the acquired data, the
researchers will assess and analyze the demographics and questions related to the residents
preparedness and knowledge regarding disaster management.
4.1 Survey Questionnaire
The researcher used a survey questionnaire for disaster management. The questionnaire
was used to collect data on the impact of disasters on communities, as well as the actions they take
to respond to disasters and how the risk might be decreased. This study attempts to find out how
much the general public knows about disasters and what methods they use to respond to them. The
questionnaire was composed of the following segments:
• Respondent Information
• General Survey Questions
• To what level have you prepared yourself for any disasters that might occur?
• Disaster Management
• Have you arranged for the following, in case of an emergency or a disaster?
• Suggestions
30
4.2 Respondents’ Demographic Profile
Respondents' Age Frequency Percentage
Below 18 years old 21 5.50%

18-24 years old 102 26.60%
25-34 years old 85 22.20%
35-44 years old 95 24.80%
45-54 years old 56 14.60%
55-64 years old 16 4.20%
65+ years old 8 2.10%
Total 383 100.00%
Table 1: Respondents’ Age Frequency Table
The table above shows the age of the respondents from different age groups, 21 (5.5%) of
the respondents were aged below eighteen, 102 (26.6%) of the respondents were aged 18- to 24-
year-old, 85 (22.2%) of the respondents were aged 25- to 34-year-old, 95 (24.8%) of the
respondents were aged 35- to 44-year-old, and 56 (14.6%) of the respondents were aged 45- to 54-
year-old. From the results, 16 (4.2%) of the respondents were aged 55- to 64-year-old and 8 (2.1%)
of the respondents were aged 65+ years of age.
Gender Frequency Percentage
Female 185 48.30%

Male 190 49.60%
Other 8 2.10%
Total 383 100.00%
Table 2: Respondents’ Gender Frequency Table
The table above shows the gender frequency table of the respondents. From the results 185
(48.3%) of the respondents were female and 190 (49.6%) were male. Also, 8 (2.1%) belonged to
other gender.
31
Barangay Frequency Percentage
Bagumbayan 17 4.40%
Balubad 19 5%
Bambang 38 9.90%
Matungao 37 9.70%
Maysantol 26 6.80%
Perez 28 7.30%
Pitpitan 59 15.40%
San Francisco 31 8.10%
San Jose 20 5.20%
San Nicolas 20 5.20%
Santa Ana 29 7.60%
Santa Ines 16 4.20%
Taliptip 25 6.50%
Tibig 18 4.70%
Total 383 100.00%
Table 3: Respondents’ Barangay Frequency Table
The table above shows the barangay frequency table of the respondents. It is shown that 17
(4.4%) of the respondents live in barangay Bagumbayan. 19 (5%) of the respondents live in
barangay Balubad, while 38 (9.9%) of the respondents live in Bambang. On the other hand, 37
(9.7%) of the respondents live in barangay Matungao and 26 (6.8%) of the respondents live in
barangay Maysantol. 28 (7.3%) of the respondents live in Perez while 59 (15.4%) of the
respondents live in barangay Pitpitan which has the highest frequency count on the table. Barangay
San Francisco had 31 (8.1%) number of respondents meanwhile barangay San Jose and barangay
San Nicolas had the same frequency count which is 20 (5.2%). 29 (7.6%) of the respondents live
in barangay Santa Ana while 16 (4.2%) of the respondents live in barangay Santa Ines which is
the lowest frequency count on the table. Lastly, barangay Taliptip with 25 (6.5%) number of
respondents and barangay Tibig with 18 (4.7%) number of respondents.
32
4.3 Disaster Management Survey Answers
IS THERE A DISASTER MANAGEMENT OR EMERGENCY

PLAN FOR THE AREA YOU STAY IN?
Don't Know
28%
No Yes
10% 62%
Figure 5: Disaster Management Question 1
The respondents answered the question “Is there a disaster management or emergency plan
for the area you stay in?” with 239 (62.4%) answered yes, 107 (27.9%) answered don’t know, 37
(9.7%) answered no.
ARE THERE LAWS OR POLICIES THAT DEAL WITH DISASTER

MANAGEMENT IN YOUR COUNTRY?
Don't Know
16%
No
6%
Yes
78%
The respondents answered the question “Are there laws or policies that deal with disaster
management in your country?” with 297 (77.5%) answered yes, 62 (16.2%) answered don’t know,
24 (6.3%) answered no.
33
HAS THE COMMUNITY CREATED ITS OWN LAWS OR
POLICIES FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT?
Don't Know
31%
Yes
57%
No
12%
The respondents answered the question “Has the community created its own laws or
policies for disaster management?” with 220 (57.4%) answered yes, 118 (30.8%) answered don’t
know, 45 (11.7%) answered no.
HAS YOU OR YOUR FAMILY EVER BEEN AFFECTED BY A

DISASTER?
Don't Know
6%
No
24%
Yes
70%
The respondents answered the question “Has you or your family ever been affected by a
disaster?” with 269 (70.2%) answered yes, 93 (24.3%) answered no, 25 (5.5%) answered don’t
know.
34
IS THERE ANOTHER PERSON IN YOUR FAMILY WHO CAN
CARRY OUT THE EMERGENCY PLAN, APART FROM YOU?
Don't Know
10%
No
18%
Yes
72%
The respondents answered the question “Is there another person in your family who can
carry out the emergency plan, apart from you?” with 220 (57.4%) answered yes, 118 (30.8%)
answered no, 45 (11.7%) answered don’.
DO YOU LIVE IN AN AREA WHICH IS HEAVILY CROWDED?
Don't Know
7%
Yes
37%
No
56%
The respondents answered the question “Do you live in an area which is heavily crowded?”
with 213 (55.6%) answered no, 143 (37.3%) answered yes, 27 (7%) answered don’t know.
35
4.4 Generated Values for Spearman’s rho and P-value
Spearman's rho P-value

Disaster Preparedness,
0.466 0.001
Typhoon Likelihood
Disaster Preparedness, Flood
0.424 0.001
Likelihood
0.601 0.001
Typhoon Knowledge
Disaster Preparedness, Flood
0.612 0.001
Knowledge
Disaster Preparedness, Age 0.048 0.349
Table 4: Spearman’s rho and P-value Table
The table shows the generated values for Spearman’s rho and P-value by Minitab 19. The
Spearman’s rho for disaster preparedness and typhoon likelihood is 0.466 which indicates that
there is a weak positive relationship between the variables. The P-value of the set of data is 0.001.
To determine if it is statistically significant, the researchers compared the significance level
(denoted as 𝛼 or alpha which is 0.05) and the p-value generated.
To determine if it is statistically significant, it should satisfy the condition:
𝑃 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 ≤ α: The correlation is statistically significant
𝑃 – 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 > α: The correlation is not statistically significant
Because the p-value is 0.001 which is less than the significance level of 0.05. It can be concluded
that the data is statistically significant. The Spearman’s rho for disaster preparedness and flood
likelihood is 0.424 which indicates there is a weak positive relationship between the variables. The
p-value is 0.001 which means that the data is statistically significant. The Spearman’s rho for
typhoon knowledge and disaster preparedness is 0.601 which means there is a moderate positive
36
relationship between the variables. The p-value is 0.001 which means that the data is statistically
significant. The Spearman’s rho for disaster preparedness and flood knowledge is 0.612 which
means that there is a moderate positive relationship between the variables the p-value for the 0.001
which means that the data is statistically significant. Lastly, the Spearman’s rho for disaster
preparedness and age is 0.048 meaning there is no relationship between the variables and the p-
value is 0.349 which is higher than the significance level meaning that the data is not statistically
significant.
37
Chapter V: Conclusions & Recommendations
This chapter covers the summary of the findings, analyzed data, and results from the
previous chapters. All recommendations and areas of opportunities for further studies would be
discussed and further clarified.
5.1 Conclusions
Objective 1: To determine the likelihood of a disaster such as flood and typhoon to affect the
residents of Bulakan as a whole and per barangay.
The likelihood of a disaster to affect the residents is measured through the use of Likert
scale. The likelihood is measured with the numbers one (1) to five (5) with the corresponding
equivalent:
1 = Definitely not
2 = Probably not
3 = Possibly
4 = Probably
5 = Definitely
In Likert scales, the response categories have a rank order, but the intervals between values
cannot be assumed to be equal. The statistics the researcher used was mode since the researcher
cannot use mean as it is ordinal scale data. The mode is the most suitable for interpretation
(McLeod, 2019).
38
Likelihood of a disaster to affect the area
Mode Likelihood
the residents live in
Typhoon 3 Possibly
Flood 3 Possibly
Table 5.1: Disaster Likelihood Table
The table above shows the likelihood of disaster to affect the area the residents live in. For
disasters such as typhoon and flood, both had the mode of 3 which means there is possible
likelihood of typhoon and flood to affect the area the residents live in.
Barangay Typhoon Likelihood Flood Likelihood
Bagumbayan Possibly Possibly

Balubad Possibly Possibly
Bambang Definitely Definitely
Matungao Probably Probably
Maysantol Possibly Possibly
Perez Definitely Definitely
Pitpitan Possibly Possibly
San Francisco Possibly Probably Not
San Jose Possibly Probably
San Nicolas Probably Possibly
Santa Ana Definitely Definitely
Santa Ines Definitely Probably
Taliptip Definitely Definitely
Tibig Possibly Possibly
Table 5.2: Disaster Likelihood Table
The barangays that have a definite chance of getting hit by typhoons and floods are
barangay Bambang, Perez, Santa Ana, and Taliptip while barangay Santa Ines has a definite chance
of getting hit by a typhoon. The barangays that have a definite chance of experiencing floods and
typhoons are those near the rivers and fisheries.
39
The barangays that have a probable chance of getting hit by typhoons are barangay
Matungao and barangay San Nicolas while the barangays that have a probable chance of
experiencing floods are barangay Matungao, San Jose, and barangay Santa Ines. The barangays
that have a possible chance of experiencing typhoons are barangay Bagumbayan, Balubad,
Maysantol, Pitpitan, San Francisco, San Jose, and barangay Tibig. The barangays that have a
possible chance of experiencing flood are barangay Bagumbayan, Balubad, Maysantol, Pitpitan,
San Nicolas, and barangay Tibig. The barangay that has a low probability of experiencing flood is
barangay San Francisco. (See appendix I for the values of table 5.2)
Objective 2: To determine the level of knowledge of the residents of Bulakan as a whole and per
barangay with regards to disasters such as flood and typhoon.
The level of knowledge of the residents of Bulakan with regards to disasters such as flood
and typhoon is measured through the use of Likert scale. The quality is measured with the numbers
one (1) to five (5) with the corresponding equivalent:
1 = Very Poor
2 = Poor
3 = Fair
4 = Good
40
5 = Excellent
The level of knowledge of the residents of

Mode Quality
Bulakan with regards to disasters
Typhoon 4 Good
Flood 3 Fair
Table 6.1: Disaster Knowledge Table
The table above shows the level of knowledge of the residents of Bulakan with regards to
disasters. The residents’ level of knowledge with regards to typhoon is good with the mode of 4
while the residents’ level of knowledge with regards to flood is fair with the mode of 3.
Barangay Typhoon Knowledge Flood Knowledge
Bagumbayan Good Fair

Balubad Fair Good
Bambang Good Good
Matungao Good Good
Maysantol Fair Fair
Perez Excellent Excellent
Pitpitan Good Fair
San Francisco Good Good
San Jose Good Fair
San Nicolas Fair Fair
Santa Ana Excellent Excellent
Santa Ines Good Fair
Taliptip Excellent Excellent
Tibig Good Good
Table 6.2: Disaster Knowledge Table
The table shows the barangay that have an excellent knowledge regarding flood and
typhoons which are barangay Perez, Santa Ana, and barangay Taliptip which are those near rivers
and fisheries. The barangays that have a good knowledge regarding typhoons are barangay
Bagumbayan, Bambang, Matungao, Pitpitan, San Francisco, San Jose, Santa Ines, and barangay
41
Tibig. The barangays that have a good knowledge regarding floods are barangay Balubad,
Bambang, Matungao, San Francisco, and barangay Tibig. The barangays that have a fair
knowledge regarding typhoons are barangay Balubad, Maysantol, and Barangay San Nicolas while
the barangays that have a fair knowledge regarding floods are Bagumbayan, Maysantol, Pitpitan,
San Jose, San Nicolas, and Santa Ines. (See appendix I for the values of table 6.2)
Objective 3: To determine the factors that affect the preparedness of the residents of Bulakan.
Factors Correlation Significance

Typhoon Likelihood weak positive significant
Flood Likelihood weak positive significant
Typhoon Knowledge moderate positive significant
Flood Knowledge moderate positive significant
Age no relationship not significant
Table 7: Factors that contribute to Disaster Preparedness
For the study, the significant factors that contribute to the disaster preparedness of the
residents of Bulakan, Bulacan were typhoon knowledge and flood knowledge which both had
moderate positive relationship. Also, the typhoon likelihood and flood likelihood were significant
which both had weak positive relationship. One factor is not significant which is age which had
no relationship between the variables. (See appendix II to see values and correlation factors per
barangay)
Objective 4: To determine the residents’ preferred mode of information dissemination.
Most of the residents of Bulakan, Bulacan voted for cellphones (text messages) as their
preferred way of receiving information for disaster management which had 299 (78.1%) votes.
42
The second highest preferred way of receiving information is social media which had 284 (74.2%)
votes. The third highest is television which had 224 (58.5%) and the fourth one is radio which had
220 (57.4%) votes. Note that all the respondents can vote all their preferred way of receiving
information for disaster management.
How do you prefer to receive information about

disaster management
Cellphones
Social Media
Television
Radio
Emails
Public Meetings
Brochures
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
How do you prefer to receive information about disaster management
Figure 11: Information Dissemination
Poll
Objective 5: To determine the preparedness of the residents of Bulakan as a whole and per
Disaster
barangay. Disaster
Barangay Preparedness
Preparedness
(Mean)
The residents of Bulakan got fair as
Bagumbayan 3.227841 Fair
an overall rating in disaster preparedness Balubad 3.447368 Fair
Bambang 3.029605 Fair
with an x̄̄ = 3.21061925. Matungao 3.006757 Fair
Maysantol 3.235577 Fair
Perez 4.084821 Good
The table shows the level of disaster Pitpitan 2.78178 Fair
San Francisco 2.951613 Fair
preparedness of the residents of Bulakan per San Jose 3.23125 Fair
San Nicolas 2.825 Fair
barangay. The barangays that have a good Santa Ana 3.737069 Good
Santa Ines 2.96875 Fair
rating on Disaster Preparedness are barangay Taliptip 3.835 Good
Tibig 3.31944 Fair
Perez, Santa Ana, and Taliptip. The x̄̄ = 3.21061925 Fair
Table 8: Disaster Preparedness Table 43

barangays that got a fair rating on disaster preparedness are barangay Bagumbayan, Balubad,
Bambang, Matungao, Maysantol, Pitpitan, San Francisco, San Jose, San Nicolas, Santa Ines, and
Tibig.
5.2 Recommendations
Recommendations for the Residents: Disaster Preparedness Plan
A Family Disaster Plan is a customized action plan that informs each family member on
what to do in specific disaster situations and how to prepare ahead of time. In the event of a disaster,
having a workable Family Emergency Plan can help relieve anxieties about future disasters, make
real disaster situations less stressful, and save time. Residents can create a family disaster
preparedness emergency plan with the help of American Red Cross’ disaster preparedness plan.
It includes the following:

• Household Address
• Household Contact Information
• Pet Information
• Plan of Action
Figure 12: Disaster Preparedness Plan 44

Recommendations for the Residents: Prepare basic necessities and essentials
The most crucial aspect of surviving a crisis is being prepared for the most basic needs.
The most vital things are food, water, shelter, and clothing. People can go for several days without
power, services, or assistance if they prepared the following. Here are some of the basic necessities
that the residents can prepare in case of a disaster by Asian Disaster Preparedness Center and
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific:
• Minimum of 72 hours water supply
• Minimum of 72 hours food supply
• Mode of communication which is not dependent on electricity
• Flashlight or Light Sources
• First Aid Kits
• Hygiene and Sanitation products
• Necessary Medication
Recommendations for the Local Government: Sand Bagging
Sandbagging is a flood-prevention practice that has been used for hundreds of years. Sand
bags can be used to create a barrier that will assist redirect and prevent water from getting inside
vulnerable doorways and around foundations. Traditional sandbags, the most familiar of which is
burlap, can be used for sandbagging. Traditional sand bags are an effective way to deflect water
and help protect structures from flooding. Sand bags can be made of burlap, polypropylene,
polyethylene and nylon. Sand Bagging is inexpensive and very effective (Valerie, 2021).
450 sandbag is needed per 25 ft in length with the following assumptions:
45
• Sandbags are being laid length-wise end to end
• The sandbag wall is 2-3 sandbags wide
• Sandbag wall is rectangular
Sandbags can last at least 3-6 months under direct sunlight and in high-heat places. They
have 1600 hours of UV protection. A standard 14" x 26" sandbag is recommended to be filled by
40 pounds of sand or around 18 kilos. 1 complete sand bag cost is estimated at around 58 pesos, 1
cubic meter of sand or 1600 kg of sand is 700 pesos. 1 polypropylene sandbag cost around 50
pesos. 18 kg of sand is required per bag and it cost around 8 php. The estimated cost per 25 ft is
26,100 pesos.
• 1 cubic meter of sand = Php 700.00
• 1 14” x 26” Polypropylene bag = Php 50.00
• 1 Sandbag Estimate Cost = Php 58.00
• ft tall x 25 ft long sandbag wall = 450 sandbags
• Estimated Cost per 25 ft = Php 26,100.00
Recommendations for the Local Government: Drones
Drones can be used to do pre-disaster surveys, particularly in agriculture and forestry, and
can assist in determining pre-disaster readiness. It can also assist in other survey processes. Drones
are thus one of the eight new emergent technologies that have revolutionized disaster management.
However, adequate aviation regulations are required. However, there needs to have proper aviation
46
regulation and expertise to be developed. Drones are extremely good for cost effectiveness and
they have no negative impact on the environment (Izumi et al., 2019).
Estimated Cost per Unit:
• Php 25,000.00 – Php 50,000.00
5.3 Interventions
The following are interventions that are expected to raise the level of preparedness of the
Municipality of Bulakan, Bulacan when faced with natural disasters such as floods and typhoons.
Intervention 1
Seminars and Training for the Local Authorities and Residents regarding Disaster
Management and Disaster Preparedness
Measures done to prepare for and mitigate the effects of disasters are referred to as disaster
preparedness. That is, to anticipate and, if feasible, avert them, limit their impact on vulnerable
people, and effectively respond to and cope with their repercussions (International Federation of
Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 2000). Seminars and training for disaster preparedness and
management can help lessen the casualties when the local authorities who are in charge of the
safety of the residents are properly trained. Due to the current virus strain mass gathering is not
allowed. If scheduled training per barangay will be allowed that would be ideal. The trained
barangay authorities can then give the residents seminar regarding disaster management and
47
disaster preparedness but with strict protocols and proper physical distancing. It will also be
scheduled to avoid overcrowding of the venue.
Disaster Risk Reduction Training
1. Orientation on disaster reduction
This training will focus on the concepts, approaches, principles, and processes of disaster
reduction. This will help the residents to know what are disasters, how and why it occurs. The
residents will also be able to understand the different hazards. This will equip the residents with
basic information on disaster reduction that could be useful in the development of each barangays’
disaster risk reduction.
2. Disaster risk assessment
This training will help the residents understand the interaction of hazards, exposure, and
vulnerability which is crucial to effective disaster prevention. Risk assessment allows for the
assessment of the acceptable level of risk, defined as the number of losses that are acceptable
without destroying lives, the national economy, or personal finances, in addition to the estimation
of prospective losses and their impact.
3. Action planning
This training can help the residents evaluate situations. Residents may be able to consider all
the possibilities that could happen during a disaster, identify the problems and analyze the
situations. The training will also help the residents to know which problem they will prioritize if
any arises. It could help address the problems and implement solutions.
4. Disaster Risk communication
48
This training could help prevent and mitigate harm from disasters. It could also prepare the
residents before a disaster and help with information dissemination during disasters and to aid
subsequent recovery. Communication is crucial in disaster risk reduction efforts. In order to build
more resilient communities and nations, information must reach important target groups.
5. Flood and Typhoon Mitigation
This training could help the residents who are near rivers and those who live with the threats
of floods. The residents are vulnerable to floods as they live in an area, which can experience
different levels of flooding. The residents can reduce the loss of life and property by taking this
training.
Intervention 2
Early Warning by Local Authorities
Early warning is about provision of information to individuals, households, groups or a
community about the existence of a danger or hazard, and what can be done to prevent, avoid or
minimize the danger (Kafle & Murshed, 2006). Early warning informs the individuals, households,
groups and the community about an impending danger and what to do to prevent, avoid or
minimize damage from the hazard.
Different ways of giving warning and/or receiving warning include:
• Village/community meetings • Radio
• Notices/posters/billboards • Films
• Verbal or pictorial messages • Other indigenous forms and channels
49
Inform or update the evacuees/community of the forecast and the warning of agencies or
community monitoring team using sounds that everybody can understand.
Typhoon Warning Sound To Do

Alert Level 1 Whistle Monitor weather condition
Alert Level 2 Bell Alert for possible evacuation
Alert Level 3 Recorder Announcement on Prepare for possible evacuation
Speaker
Alert Level 4 Siren with Recorded Evacuate to designated centers
Announcement on Speaker
Alert Level 5 Siren with Recorded Forced evacuation
Announcement on Speaker
Table 9: Alert Level Warning
The table shows how the residents should respond per alert level. On Alert Level 1, the
residents will hear a whistle, meaning they still to monitor the weather condition outside of their
houses. On Alert Level 2, the residents will hear a bell that means that they should be alert for
possible evacuation. On Alert Level 3, the residents will hear a recorded announcement on speaker
that they should prepare for possible evacuation. On Alert Level 4, the residents will hear a siren
with recorded announcement on speaker that they could evacuate to the designated evacuation
center on their own will. On Alert Level 5, the residents will hear a siren with recorded
announcement that will force them to evacuate to the nearest evacuation centers especially those
living in flood prone areas.
50
Appendix
I. Disaster Preparedness Mode and Mean Table

Disaster
Typhoon Likelihood Flood Likelihood Typhoon Knowledge Flood Knowledge
Barangay Preparedness
(Mode) (Mode) (Mode) (Mode)
(Mean)
Bagumbayan 3 3 4 3 3.227841
Balubad 3 3 3 4 3.447368
Bambang 5 5 4 4 3.029605
Matungao 4 4 4 4 3.006757
Maysantol 3 3 3 3 3.235577
Perez 5 5 5 5 4.084821
Pitpitan 3 3 4 3 2.78178
San Francisco 3 2 4 4 2.951613
San Jose 3 4 4 3 3.23125
San Nicolas 4 3 3 3 2.825
Santa Ana 5 5 5 5 3.737069
Santa Ines 5 4 4 3 2.96875
Taliptip 5 5 5 5 3.835
Tibig 3 3 4 4 3.31944
II. Spearman and P-values for Factors that affect Disaster Preparedness
Disaster Preparedness, Disaster Preparedness, Flood Disaster Preparedness, Flood
Barangay Typhoon Likelihood Spearman's
Typhoon Likelihood P-Value Likelihood Spearman's Rho Likelihood P-Value
Rho
Bagumbayan 0.538 0.026 0.544 0.024

Balubad 0.664 0.002 0.510 0.026
Bambang 0.121 0.470 0.035 0.836
Matungao 0.313 0.059 0.311 0.061
Maysantol 0.442 0.024 0.631 0.001
Perez 0.581 0.001 0.468 0.012
Pitpitan -0.003 0.984 0.000 0.999
San Francisco 0.403 0.025 0.317 0.082
San Jose 0.532 0.016 0.602 0.005
San Nicolas 0.122 0.608 0.218 0.356
Santa Ana 0.640 0.001 0.358 0.056
Santa Ines 0.438 0.090 0.239 0.373
Taliptip 0.614 0.001 0.514 0.009
Tibig 0.634 0.005 0.522 0.026
51
Barangay Typhoon Knowledge
Typhoon Knowledge P-Value Knowledge Spearman's Rho Knowledge P-Value
Spearman's Rho
Bagumbayan 0.418 0.095 0.539 0.026

Balubad 0.570 0.011 0.469 0.043
Bambang 0.328 0.044 0.319 0.051
Matungao 0.641 0.001 0.600 0.001
Maysantol 0.532 0.005 0.543 0.004
Perez 0.675 0.001 0.718 0.001
Pitpitan 0.633 0.001 0.582 0.001
San Francisco 0.333 0.067 0.513 0.003
San Jose 0.391 0.088 0.655 0.002
San Nicolas 0.827 0.001 0.678 0.001
Santa Ana 0.671 0.001 0.704 0.001
Santa Ines 0.878 0.001 0.481 0.059
Taliptip 0.823 0.001 0.785 0.001
Tibig 0.510 0.031 0.511 0.030
Barangay Typhoon Likelihood Spearman's
Typhoon Likelihood P-Value Likelihood Spearman's Rho Likelihood P-Value
Rho
Bagumbayan moderate positive significant moderate positive significant

Balubad moderate positive significant moderate positive significant
Bambang no relationship not significant no relationship not significant
Matungao weak positive not significant weak positive not significant
Maysantol weak positive significant moderate positive significant
Perez moderate positive significant weak positive significant
Pitpitan no relationship not significant no relationship not significant
San Francisco weak positive significant weak positive not significant
San Jose moderate positive significant moderate positive significant
San Nicolas no relationship not significant no relationship not significant
Santa Ana moderate positive significant weak positive not significant
Santa Ines weak positive not significant no relationship not significant
Taliptip moderate positive significant moderate positive significant
Tibig moderate positive significant moderate positive significant
Barangay Typhoon Knowledge
Typhoon Knowledge P-Value Knowledge Spearman's Rho Knowledge P-Value
Spearman's Rho
Bagumbayan weak positive not significant moderate positive significant

Balubad moderate positive significant weak positive significant
Bambang weak positive significant weak positive not significant
Matungao moderate positive significant moderate positive significant
Maysantol moderate positive significant moderate positive significant
Perez moderate positive significant strong positive significant
Pitpitan moderate positive significant moderate positive significant
San Francisco weak positive not significant moderate positive significant
San Jose weak positive not significant moderate positive significant
San Nicolas strong positive significant moderate positive significant
Santa Ana moderate positive significant strong positive significant
Santa Ines strong positive significant weak positive not significant
Taliptip strong positive significant strong positive significant
Tibig moderate positive significant moderate positive significant
52
III. Survey Results
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
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Do you have any comments/suggestions to improve disaster management preparedness?
• Proper free Seminars/ training for the community about disaster management
preapredness
• I suggest to people that we should be highly alert and always be active when there is an
incoming typhoon that may highly affect our lives so that we can always be ready to
evacuate.
63
• Continuous training in the barangay level and information dissemination to the
community.
• Pahukay ng ilog at palaisdaan pati narin mga patubig
• Seasonal trainings
• Daily reminder for the public
• Announce the situation early
• Provide relevant disaster preparedness information on your department/agency Web site.
Ensure that this information is up to date and relevant by updating the Web site at least
once a year. Develop a citizen advisory board to help you review the content and make
recommendations for improvements.
• Give proper.dissemination of info.
• A disaster is managed in two phases: Pre-disaster phase: It includes the policies,
strategies and measures to prevent disasters or reduce the risk of disasters. Disaster
managers and policy makers must lay down effective plan for resource planning,land use
zoning,disaster reduction building bye-laws etc. Various science and technological
innovations should be used to reduce disaster risk. One of them is establishing early
warning systems. Projects planned for future in the high disaster prone areas must follow
the rules and guidelines issued by the government for disaster management and
protecting development gains. Government must ensure the designs and implementation
of the plans and policies laid by them for disaster management, especially in the private
sector Community awareness program mes are essential among youth Post-disaster
phase:It includes the response to a disaster, recovery, reconstruction and rehabilitation.
Training and capacity building is crucial for managing disasters effectively.Mock drills at
local and national level are conducted for this purpose which helps to know about do's
and don'ts when any disaster happens The National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council (NDRRMC) has played a pivotal role in quick disaster response.
They are the ones who carry out operations during a disaster to rescue stucked people,
provide medical aid to victims, extricate victims and carry out various relief measures
and rehabilitation program-mes. For a quick and active disaster response, these forces
needs to be strengthened and trained. Government should also integrate with stakeholders
to come up with a more effective plan Also, Nowadays,Focus has shifted from disaster
management to disaster risk management since it helps in the reduction of no. of deaths
from disaster,no. of people affected, economic and infrastructure losses. Thank you!!
• Nayyy
• Magkaroon sila ng training or brochure for guidance in case of disaster
• Barangay officials must be more visible and equipped in times like this.
• Proper information about disaster management, via facebook or text message
• There are many types of disasters, but basics for survival are consistent. One must protect
themselves from others, and survive. Staying warm is important for survival as is water
and food. Personally having a water filtration device, a way to start fires, and ways to
obtain food are important. A person can live many days without food but not water, so a
filter, or a way to purify water can be very important. Also small things like fishing line,
64
a knife, and hooks can help to obtain food such as fish, or in making traps for small
animals. and in making shelter. My most important survival tip is, take care of yourself
first. This may sound selfish, but if your dead, you can’t help others. So know what to do,
have the right tools, and help others as quickly as you can. I’m not saying don’t be a hero,
just don’t be a dead hero who saved 3. Be the alive hero who saved thousands.
• There is no one-size-fits-all answer here. Effective disaster management requires a
structured approach that is appropriate to the type of emergency, the affected population,
and available resources. “Disaster management” itself is a distinct professional field with
a large body of knowledge regarding how communities can prepare and mobilize
resources, address legal risks and concerns, as well as ensure community compliance
with disaster response. At the risk of pointing out the obvious - preparation and practice
(“dry runs”) is key, as is knowledge of particular risks specific to the affected
community. E.g., a management strategy for populated flood-prone areas in SE Asia will
have to take into account dengue and other mosquito-borne communicable diseases that
will proliferate due to standing water. A management strategy for densely populated
urban centers will have to consider reliance on transport routes and impact of the disaster
on the power grid.
• No
• I think its for the people in community on how they will apply their knowledges in times
of calamity.
• training
• No comment
• need some disaster management or emergency plan here in the baranggay..
• For me, We need a signal disaster preparedness just like a horn, bell or a brgy member
that needed to say that we need to prepare to upcoming calamity disasters.
• All I can suggest is that we need a meeting about the incoming typhoons that will enter
the Philippines. We should be prepared for the worst case that will happen.
• Information dissemination, encourage all family to prepare emergency plan.
• modernization
• Local dissemination of info
• N/A
• Better late to be ready than not
• Expedite.
• People participation in the drill is not enough
• Prepare go bag(food and water)
• Concrete and early decision is a must in this kind of situation.
• Brgy. Initiative training or seminar disaster management preparedness
• Everyone should expect the unexpected when it comes to disasters. No one can predict
what exactly will happen so we should always be prepared.
• Barangay announcements
• community head should conduct seminars or provide first aid kits in each household
(kung may budget, or iinclude sa budget)
65
• Dapat magtayo ng mga megaphone ang mga bayan sa kanilang mga barangay. Para
maipahatid ng mabilis ang mga paalala o impormasyon sa mga nasasakupan nila.
• NONE
• There should have drills and communication plan within the barangay to easily
disseminate information.
• Need to have sufficient knowledge /info for the people.. (ahead of time)
• magkaroon ng karagdagan at tamang kaalaman ang mga tao tungkol s disaster at
management preparation.
• Insightful
• Keep on posting to make people awareness and prepare for coming typoon heavy rain
and earthquake.
• Always update in social media have a page where people can be noticed and be updated
to the news etc.
• To have more community training and infomation awareness.
• Flood warning system.
• People in the community should be educated
• provide manual booklet for everyone for disaster preparedness
• More resources
• Communication and awareness
• N/a
• Intensify seminars/workshops/trainings on Disaster Management Preparedness
• Always prepared
• Be active & be on time
• For me disaster management preparedness should begin with the LGU, they should guide
their constituents and make themselves visible in times of disasters.
• To improve our disaster management preparedness,We need to give importance and give
seriousness about the knowledge about the steps how we lessen the effect of a calamity or
disaster.Be ready and alert always.
• Give more seminars ang trainings to people in order for them to learn and be inform
about the topic.
• quick dissimination of information
• Always be prepared.
• Always prepared
• Identify Potential Threats
• Be updated always to spread the news about it
• Always ready
• Always be prepared....
• Keep safe everyone
• Imprive the communication at least in the barangay level
• provision of disaster awareness for each household and survival kit if the brgy can
provide
66
• People in the community should follow different guidelines and protocols in order to be
safe .
• Always be prepared
• Properly manage information dissimination, proper use of funds, PRACTICAL use of
funds,
• Sana maging alerto ang lahat lalo na ang nammhala pag dating ng kalamidad walang
pinipili magtulungan abg bawat isa maraming salamat po
• The information should be atleast ahead of time to announce before the disaster comes.
• Be educate about to the climate change.
67
IV. Matrix Plot Graph
68
69
70
References
Commission on Audit. (2014). Assessment of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM)
at the Local Level.
https://www.coa.gov.ph/phocadownloadpap/userupload/DRRM/Assessment_of_DRRM_at
_the_Local_Level.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1rQIgXEgWRqN81CzFzxWPNBuVXOipMRmOQeA
Lic1R0Uc86oJUhNR3ljMY.
Department of Geography & Environmental Studies. (2013). Community Risk Assessment

Report.
http://lib.riskreductionafrica.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/899/Fairyland%20Informal%
20Settlement,%20Paarl%20Community%20Risk%20Assessment%20Report_Final.pdf?se
quence=1&isAllowed=y&fbclid=IwAR0a5NqjfFFIZny6Ggy7kluooi1gP1TmwJJ
J26UZbtWdAYz6FObMJH1qKSI.
Department of Health. (2013). Super Typhoon Yolanda: Department of Health website. Super
Typhoon Yolanda | Department of Health website. https://doh.gov.ph/Top-Health-
Stories/Super-Typhoon-Yolanda.
EHS Insight Resources. (2019, August 19). How to prepare and implement a disaster
management plan. EHS Software. https://www.ehsinsight.com/blog/how-to-prepare-and-
implement-a-disaster-management-
plan?fbclid=IwAR2Tsiqor5zOMjaNZrmT8BPQETtpEKocrrBvp4JawTLNe7QK8a2quGC
WBps.
Hurst, D. (2014, December 26). Boxing Day Tsunami: A survivor's story. BBC News.
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-30537152.
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. (2000, June). Introduction to
Disaster Preparedness. https://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/disasters/all.pdf.
Islam, R., Kamaruddin, R., Ahmad, S. A., Jan, S. J., & Anuar, A. R. (2016). A Review on
Mechanism of Flood Disaster Management in Asia.
https://www.proquest.com/openview/35ab71984a7e82b659e4e0d30008d510/1?pq-
origsite=gscholar&cbl=816339&fbclid=IwAR2BE8QyEXjW6g7S71cNW68nPt
0xK2maZLYB9iW5S_Jp3oY-FN5hXrgE8aM.
Izumi, T., Shaw, R., Ishiwatari, M., Djalante, R., & Komino, T. (2019, March). 30 Innovations
for Disaster Risk Reduction. Disaster risk reduction and innovations.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334228526_Disaster_risk_reduction_and_innova
tions.
Kafle, S. K., & Murshed, Z. (2006). COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT

FOR LOCAL AUTHORITIES. www.unisdr.org.
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https://www.unisdr.org/files/3366_3366CBDRMShesh.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3V5vmhGiPzcxT
i71JLLoDuSXYBtv09vmCoeH3WAUJwuFYreDxMHEqiL1s.
McLeod, S. (2019). Likert scale definition, examples and analysis. Likert Scale Definition,
Examples and Analysis | Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/likert-
scale.html.
Shaw, R. (2016, August 31). Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction. Oxford Research
Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science.
https://oxfordre.com/naturalhazardscience/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.001.000
1/acrefore-9780199389407-e-
47?fbclid=IwAR063KxNYgCI5gBaeHD9ajskH6QUS04pgmAGkllW4zjiZOhrQArL5FH5
-gc.
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in Lusaka Informal Settlement, City of Tshwane. www.ufs.ac.za.
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education-centre-for-africa-(dimtec)-
documents/dissertations/2278.pdf?sfvrsn=2&fbclid=IwAR37aYWOrS9DKEPwbxCNgSM
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72

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La Consolacion University Philippines

Valenzuela St., Capitol View Park

Disaster Preparedness and Management of the

Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering

to the factors typhoon likelihood (r = 0.466) and flood likelihood (r = 0.424).

Keywords: Disaster Management, Disaster Preparedness

1.1 Background of the Study

Disasters are severe disruptions to a community's or society's ability to function, resulting

frequently described as the outcome of a combination of factors including: exposure to a danger;

country, as seen by recent occurrences. It is stated by (Commission on Audit, 2014) in their

the disruption caused by the disaster can be minimized.

Figure 1: Ishikawa Diagram

impacts of typhoons to communities:

• Loss of lives and property

all types, electrical power, water supply and sanitation

• Damage to roads, bridges, dams, runways and harbors

• Damage and total destruction to agricultural farms

• Massive floods and flash floods

plan for the families living in the community.

High Impact Low Impact

Figure 2: Control Impact Matrix

Bulakan as whole and per barangay.

with regards to disasters such as flood and typhoon.

4. To determine the residents’ preferred mode of information dissemination.

1.4 Significance of the Study

importance of disaster awareness and preparedness as well as disaster management.

advance as being prepared can help avoid mishaps.

the current situation of the municipality.

to communicate risks effectively with populations, communities, families and individuals as it is

that will give them a background and overview

1.5 Scope and Delimination of the Study

regards to disaster management within their municipality.

prepared whenever a disaster arises.

2.1 Related Literature

In order to stimulate innovative creation and implementation of more effective evidence-

climate change, poverty, urbanization, population density, and environmental degradation. In a

recognized as the best of several inventions.

more important when disaster-affected territory, particularly in mountainous areas, becomes

effective aviation legislation in place, as well as the development of expertise.

Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction (CBDRR) or Community-Based Disaster Risk

Management (CBDRM) is a community- and people-centered approach that emphasizes the

vulnerability, which necessitates sustained and long-term efforts. CBDRR/DRM focuses on

their programs and projects.

the original site, people may have trouble getting to it.

disaster risk reduction.

• People’s participation is important

• Risk reduction measures are community-specific

• Existing capacities and coping mechanisms are recognized

• Disaster risk reduction is linked with development

• Outsiders have supporting and facilitating roles

families, and communities in order to reduce people's vulnerabilities. It addresses vulnerabilities

centered and equitable and sustainable. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) support

other communities are formed.

and the destruction of property.

community report by (Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, 2013) used a

researchers in participatory research methods in order to conduct a community-led risk assessment

research capacity and community interaction skills.

spawned the concept of community-based disaster management, in which communities are

to be strengthened as a result of CBDM, allowing them to participate in any development program,

assessment, capacity assessment, and risk assessment, as well as interpretations of differences in

various disaster qualities based on risk assessment.

the development and implementation of this process.

A disaster risk assessment is a collaborative process that evaluates a community's dangers,