RESEARCH 2020 Legit

BACOOR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
MOLINO MAIN
Special Science Curriculum
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract 04
Acknowledgements 05
Research Plan 06
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study 14
1.2 Conceptual Framework 17
1.3 Statement of the Problem 18
1.4 Hypotheses 18
1.5 Scope and Limitations 19
1.6 Significance of the Study 20
1.7 Definition of Terms 22
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Conceptual Literature 24
2.2 Related Studies 27
2.3 Justification of the Study 35
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design 36
3.2 Research Setting 37
3.3 Materials and Procedures 37
3.4 Experimental Design 41
3.5 Variables 42
3.6 Data Gathering and Statistical Treatment 42
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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Results 43
4.2 Discussion 46
CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary 49
5.2 Conclusion 49
5.3 Recommendation 51
BIBLIOGRAPHY 52
APPENDICES
A. Taxonomic Classification 55
B. Raw Data 57
C. Materials and Procedure 59
D. Photo Documentation 64
E. Certifications 71
F. Timetable / Logbook 76
G. Curriculum Vitae 80
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FEASIBILITY OF Jagora asperata (SUSONG PILIPIT)
SHELL CHITIN AND Sansevieria bacularis (SNAKE PLANT)
CELLULOSE FIBER AS BIOPLASTIC
A SCIENCE INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
Proponents:
ALCANTARA, MARIA AMOR M.
BACUD, JETHRO P.
DE LEON, ANGELLE CHARLEZE D.
PAÑARES, KATHY C.
SABADO, NATALIE IVY G.
MRS. LILIBETH M. MAYOR
Research Adviser
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ABSTRACT
The widespread problem of pollution caused by petroleum-based
plastics posed a significant threat in the environment and have resulted in the
need for eco-friendly products. Producing an alternative and improved
bioplastic from organic resources will help reduced the harmful effects of
plastics. The research aims to determine the effectiveness of Jagora asperata
(Susong pilipit) shell chitin and cellulose fiber from Sansevieria bacularis
(Snake plant) as bioplastic. In order to extract the cellulose fibers, it underwent
the decortication process and then treated with NaOH (hydrolysis) and NaCl
(bleaching step) while the chitin was obtained through deproteinization and
demineralization processes using NaOH and HCl. Water absorption and
biodegradability test were used where bioplastic shows a significant result.
Keywords: bioplastic, chitin, cellulose fiber, Jagora asperata,
Sansevieria bacularis
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research proposal is an amalgamation of the efforts by a number
of people who in one way or another extended their expertise, comments,
suggestions, time, support, friendship, and love. The researcher expresses
their indebtedness and profound gratitude to the following who became very
instrumental in the completion of this paper.
Of course, to God who gives the researchers strength, perseverance
and knowledge. To the research adviser, who helped the researchers by
giving them advices and helping them in making their research paper. To the
family who is always supportive. And lastly, to the classmates who are
considered as a helping hand in times of difficulty.
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RESEARCH PLAN
Title: Feasibility of Jagora asperata (Susong pilipit) shell chitin and cellulose
fiber from Sansevieria bacularis (Snake plant) as Bioplastic
Proponents: (1) Alcantara, Maria Amor M.
(2) Bacud, Jethro P.
(3) De Leon, Angelle Charleze D.
(4) Pañares, Kathy C.
(5) Sabado, Natalie Ivy G.
School: Bacoor National High School- Molino Main
Molino I, Bacoor City, Cavite
A. Rationale
Plastic pollution is still a problem around the world. This is mostly
because of petroleum-based plastics. Because of this problem, the
researchers thought of creating a bio-based polymer as alternative to
harmful traditional plastics.
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Jagora asperata (Susong pilipit) snail shell has chitin that can be used
in enhancing bioplastic. This snail shell is a common delicacy in the
Philippines which makes it easy to find in Luzon.
Sansevieria bacularis (Snake plant) contains fibers that are known as
one of the major components in the yield of bio-based polymer. It is highly
available since it can be found around the Philippines and can be bought in
the local garden stores.
The bioplastic can also be a potential innovation in helping the
industry for giving idea of using it instead of the petroleum-based plastics
that are dangerous in the environment. This study will use Jagora asperata
(Susong pilipit) snail shell and cellulose fibers from Sansevieria bacularis
(Snake plant) to produce a bioplastic and evaluate its water absorption and
biodegradability.
B. Questions or Problems being Addressed
This study aims to determine the feasibility of chitin from Jagora
asperata (Susong pilipit) shell and cellulose fiber from Sansevieria bacularis
(Snake plant) as bioplastic.
Specifically, the study seeks to answer the following questions:
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1.) Is there a significant effect in the application of chitin from Jagora
asperata (Susong pilipit) snail shell and cellulose fiber from
Sansevieria bacularis (Snake plant) in terms of:
a. Water absorption; and
b. Biodegradability.
2.) Is there a significant difference in varying amount of chitin from
Jagora asperata (Susong pilipit) snail shell and cellulose fiber from
Sansevieria bacularis (Snake plant)?
C. Hypotheses
The following research hypotheses will be tested to comprehend the
feasibility of chitin from Jagora asperata (Susong pilipit) snail shell and
cellulose fiber from Sansevieria bacularis (Snake plant) as bioplastic.
1.) There is no significant effect in the application of chitin from Jagora
asperata (Susong pilipit) snail shell and cellulose fiber from
Sansevieria bacularis (Snake plant) in terms of:
a. water absorption; and
b. biodegradability.
2.) There is no significant difference in varying amount of chitin from
Jagora asperata (Susong pilipit) snail shell and cellulose fiber from
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D. Procedures
Sansevieria bacularis (Snake plant) was bought from a garden store
along Molino Road, Bacoor City, Cavite and the Jagora asperata (Susong
pilipit) shell was bought from the Imus Market. The glycerol was bought in
a drugstore while starch was extracted from potatoes, conducted in the
proponent’s house. Through the decortication process, the fiber of the
Snake plant will be extracted. It will undergo the hydrolysis process using
NaOH and bleaching step using NaCl to extract the cellulose fibers. On the
other hand, the snail shells will undergo deproteinization and
demineralization processes using NaOH and HCl to extract the chitin. For
the production of the bioplastic, each replicate will contain distilled water,
potato starch, glycerol and vinegar. The only difference between the
replicates are the addition of fiber and chitin.
E. Data Gathering and Analysis
The four trials of the film production containing chitin from the Jagora
asperata (Susong pilipit) shell, cellulose fibers from Sansevieria bacularis
(Snake plant), glycerol, vinegar and potato starch will be used, tested and
compared to determine its effectiveness as bioplastic. The Snake plant
fibers will undergo tensile strength test. The plastic films produced will
undergo water absorption test and biodegradability test. One-way ANOVA
will be used to determine the significant differences in varying amounts of
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Jagora asperata (Susong pilipit) shell and cellulose fibers from Sansevieria
bacularis (Snake plant).
F. Cited References
Morán, J. I., Alvarez, V. A., Cyras, V. P., & Vázquez, A. (2008). Extraction of
cellulose and preparation of nanocellulose from sisal
fibers. Cellulose, 15(1), 149–159.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-007-9145-9
Yang, B., Dai, Z., Ding, S. Y., & Wyman, C. E. (2011, July). Enzymatic
hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass. Biofuels.
https://doi.org/10.4155/bfs.11.116
Puvvada, Vankayalapati, and Sukhavasi (2012). Extraction of chitin from
chitosan from exoskeleton of shrimp for application in the
pharmaceutical industry. International Current Pharmaceutical Journal
2012, 1(9),258-263.
Agustin, M. B., Ahmmad, B., Alonzo, S. M. M., & Patriana, F. M. (2014).
Bioplastic based on starch and cellulose nanocrystals from rice
straw. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 33(24), 2205–
2213. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684414558325
Isroi, Cifriadi, A., Panji, T., Wibowo, N. A., & Syamsu, K. (2017). Bioplastic
production from cellulose of oil palm empty fruit bunch. In IOP
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Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 65). Institute
of Physics Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/65/1/012011
Kasmuri and Zait (2018). Enhancement of bio-plastic using eggshells and
chitosan on potato starch based. International Journal of Engineering &
Technology, 7, 110-115.
Quimno, M. J. (2016). Chitin In Lobster Shells As A Biodegradable Plastic.
Mandaue City Comprehensive National High School - Senior High
Department (Science and Technology, Engineering and Mathematics),
1(2016), 51.
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BUDGET PLAN
MATERIALS/ TEST QUANTITY UNIT COST TOTAL COST

Cellulose content 1 2,500 2,500
analysis
Tensile strength test 1 976 976
Sansevieria Bacularis 5 200 1,000
(Snake) Plant (kg)

Jagora asperata 4 140 560
(Susong pilipit)
(kg)
Potato (kg) 5 100 500
Glycerol 1 240 240
Sodium Hydroxide 1 240 240
Sodium Hypochlorite 1 240 240
Hydrochloric acid 1 280 280
Distilled water (Liters) 3 75 225
TOTAL 22 4, 991 6, 761
TIMETABLE
MONTH STAGES OF THE STUDY PLANNED ACTION

September 2019 Preparation Went to DOST-
Taguig City
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September 2019 Preparation Collection of Snake

plant, extraction of fiber
from Snake plant
(Decortication) and
extraction of starch from
potatoes
January 2019 Experimentation Extraction of Chitin,

extraction of cellulose
fiber from Snake plant
fiber, cellulose
purification
and production of
bioplastic
January- February Testing Water Absorption and
2020 biodegradability test
February 2019 Revision of Paper Tensile strength test
Revision of Chapter 1-3
and finalizing the
results
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
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1.1 Background of the Study
Plastic pollution caused by waste plastics is one of the global problems.
Atkin (2018) stated that scientists across the globe are increasingly finding
wildlife that has been killed after ingesting or becoming entangled in plastic.
Ninety percent of sea birds, for example, have been found to have plastic in
their bellies. And the problem is only getting worse. At the year 2025,
estimated 19 billion pounds of plastic in the ocean were expected to double.
Aside from this, plastics can also destroy coral reefs, and damage human
health as microplastics enter the food chain. They’ll create more and bigger
danger zones where nothing can live, harm biodiversity, and change
ecosystems. According to Dimacali (2017), the Philippines is the third top
producer of plastic wastes in the world. An article of Greenpeace Philippines
(2013) also reported that the waters of Manila Bay are the most polluted in the
country, serving as a giant waste-dump for the metropolis. And because of
pollution, marine species in the bay intake harmful plastics that is toxic and
cause death. Dr. Romeo Quijano, Professor in the Department of
Pharmacology and Toxicology, UP College of Medicine, says that once
ingested by humans, these pollutants may cause cancer, immune system
disease, endocrine disruption, reproductive toxicity, congenital malformation
and developmental disorders, and many other diseases. Plastics have been
life-threatening to humans, wildlife, and wildlife habitat. These plastics are
man-made polymer petroleum-based products from non-renewable sources.
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However, due to modern technology, bio-based polymers are developed. The
use of bio-based polymer from organic compounds will help lessen
environmental problems caused by petroleum-based plastics. It has
biodegradable property and reduces the effect of greenhouse gases. Hence, it
is from this sight that the study is conceptualized. The research proponents
have considered the use of cellulose from Snake plant and chitin from snail
shells as an effective material in production of bio-based polymer.
Moreover, an article of Science Clarified Encyclopedia, stated that
cellulose is the substance that makes up most of a plant's cell walls and can
be found in plant’s fibers. It is perhaps the most abundant organic compound
on Earth due to the reason that it is found in all plants. Cellulose from fibers
are also defined as natural polymers that are used to manufacture bio-based
products. Cellulose has also several uses such as to make paper, film, plastics
and other industrial uses besides being the primary building material for
plants. The fibers to be used will be extracted from Sansevieria bacularis
(Snake plant).
On the other hand, eating snail is common here in the Philippines,
especially in the provinces and is considered as a delicacy. Jagora asperata
commonly known as susong pilipit is an edible snail found in Luzon. It is a
gastropod mollusk that can be found in freshwater. The shells were used
because it is considered as waste by many since the flesh of the snail is the
only one that can be eaten and the shells were put into waste and
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disregarded. The study aims to convert it into something useful and beneficial
for all.
Furthermore, Yan and Chen stated that chitin is a linear polymer and
the second most abundant natural biopolymer on earth – after cellulose.
According to Mati-Baouche et al. (2014), chitin was identified in the shells of
insects and the exoskeletons of mollusks. One of the main sources of chitin
are mollusks with 26%. Additionally, a study of Coltelli et al. (2018) stated that
wastes from seafood industry are great source of chitin, because it represents
the fiber-based composite constituting the exoskeleton.
In that case, the chitin will be extracted from Jagora asperata (Susong
pilipit) shells and the cellulose fibers will be from Sansevieria bacularis (Snake
plant) to produce an improved bio-based polymer that aims to help reduce
adverse effects of pollution and avoid health problems for many individuals
caused by petroleum-based plastics.
1.2 Conceptual Framework
The study will create a bioplastic which can help the environment to
minimize the spreading problem in pollution. The independent variable is the
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amount of cellulose fiber will be gathered from the Sansevieria bacularis
(Snake plant) and chitin from Jagora asperata (Susong pilipit) shell.
The dependent variable, biodegradability and water absorption are
tests to determine the effectiveness of the bioplastics.
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Amount of cellulose fiber Feasibility of the bio-based

from Sansevieria bacularis polymer in terms of:
(Snake plant)
 Biodegradability; and
Amount of chitin from  water absorption
Jagora asperata (susong
pilipit) shell
Figure 1.6.1 Based on the figure, the bioplastic made from chitin of
Jagora asperata (Susong pilipit) shell and cellulose fiber from Sansevieria
bacularis (Snake plant) will be tested using biodegradability test and water
absorption test.
1.3 Statement of the Problem
This study aims to determine the feasibility of chitin from Jagora
asperata (Susong pilipit) shell and cellulose fiber from Sansevieria bacularis
(Snake plant) as bioplastic.
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Specifically, the study seeks to answer the following questions:
1.) Is there a significant effect in the application of chitin from Jagora
asperata (Susong pilipit) shell and cellulose fiber from Sansevieria
bacularis (Snake plant) in terms of:
a. Water absorption; and
b. Biodegradability.
2.) Is there a significant difference in varying amount of chitin from
Jagora asperata (Susong pilipit) shell and cellulose fiber from
1.4 Research Hypotheses
The following research hypotheses will be tested to comprehend the
feasibility of chitin from Jagora asperata (Susong pilipit) shell and cellulose
fiber from Sansevieria bacularis (Snake plant) as bioplastic.
1.) There is no significant effect in the application of chitin from Jagora
asperata (Susong pilipit) shell and cellulose fiber from Sansevieria
bacularis (Snake plant) in terms of:
a. water absorption; and
b. biodegradability.
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2.) There is no significant difference in varying amount of chitin from
Jagora asperata (Susong pilipit) shell and cellulose fiber from
Sansevieria bacularis (Snake) plant?
1.5 Scope and Limitations
The focus of the study is on the production of bioplastic from
Sansevieria bacularis (Snake plant) cellulose fiber and chitin from Jagora
asperata (Susong pilipit) shell. The Snake plant fibers will undergo tensile
strength test. The four different trials (starch only, starch with fiber, starch with
chitin, starch with both fiber and chitin) will all undergo water absorption test
and biodegradability test and the results will be compared with each other.
The study will be tested in the Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
and in the Bacoor National High School’s laboratory. It will be conducted from
June 2019 – February 2020.
The research intent was not to compare the bioplastic with the
traditional petroleum-based plastics, but in a commercial bioplastic. The
bioplastic will not be further extended to other testing except on the water
absorption test and biodegradability test. The study is not intended for
business purposes.
1.6 Significance of the Study
Developing an accurate and reliable understanding on the feasibility of
chitin from Jagora asperata (Susong pilipit) shell and cellulose fiber from
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Sansevieria bacularis (Snake plant) as bioplastic that will help lessen
environmental problems such as pollution caused by petroleum-based
plastics. This study will be of great help and will benefit the following:
Community. The study will benefit the community by reducing the bad
effects of petroleum-based plastic. It will help minimize the use of petroleum-
based plastics.
Environment. As well as the environment, in which it will reduce fossil
depletion and improve wildlife and wildlife habitat that are commonly affected
by the production of petroleum-based plastic. By the use of bioplastic in daily
life, it will help lessen pollution in land, water and air. Marine life as well as
animals on land would be restored with the use of bioplastic, since it is quick to
decompose than petroleum-based plastic and it reduces fossil depletion.
Industry. Industries that manufacture products will have an idea of
using bioplastic as packaging. It can be an alternative in the use of petroleum-
based plastic and possibly create bioplastics rather than petroleum-based
plastic.
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). The
study will help the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
by finding possible solution to the growing problems of plastic in the
Philippines.
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Department of Health (DOH). The Department of Health (DOH) will
also benefit from this study as for the production of bio-based polymers helps
reduced greenhouse gases that can be dangerous to the health of people.
The rate of diseases will also lessen.
Department of Science and Technology (DOST). The Department of
Science and Technology will benefit on this study since the researchers will
conduct the experiment on the DOST.
Philippine Plastic Association Industry (PPIA). It can benefit the
Philippine Plastic Association Industry (PPIA) by promoting eco-friendly
activities of plastics and development in the plastic industry.
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR). It can also
benefit the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) in helping in
the management and development of aquatic resources by using bio-based
polymer that is far safer than the petroleum-based plastics.
Future Researchers. And last, the outcome of the study can be used
as basis for future researchers to come up with comprehensive studies related
to this topic. Also to further enhance the knowledge about bio-based polymers
and create a reliable source for researchers.
1.7 Definition of Terms
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Bio-based polymer– The product outcome in which it is created form raw-
materials specifically the cellulose fiber from Sansevieria bacularis (Snake
plant) and chitin from Jagora asperata (Susong pilipit) shell. Can also be
reffered as bioplastic.
Biodegradability – This test will help determine the life expectancy of the
bio-based polymer.
Cellulose Fiber – The insoluble substance which will be used in making
bio-based polymer. The one that will be extracted from the Sansevieria
Chitin- A biopolymer derived from snail shells. The one that will be
extracted from Jagora asperata (Susong pilipit) snail shell.
Deproteinization- A process in which it dissolves the protein and sugar,
isolation the crude chitin. This process was used in the extraction of chitin.
Demineralization- A process in which to reduce the content of minerals.
This process was also used in the extraction of chitin.
Decortication process – The Snake plant will undergo this process in
order to extract its fibers.
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Tensile Strength test- The fibers will undergo this test. It measures how
much bending or shaping a material can withstand without breaking.
Water Absorption test –This is where the product will undergo testing to
determine if the plastic will possibly absorb high amount of water.
Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
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2.1 Conceptual Literature
Bio-based polymer
A bio-based polymer is usually from natural materials such as plants
(Bilec, Hottle, & Landis, 2013). This is used as alternative for petroleum-based
plastics that are one of the main causes of pollution in the environment. Bio-
based polymer is commonly referred as bioplastic (Rudin & Choi, 2013). There
are materials that are commonly used to produce the bio-based polymer and
these are starch and cellulose fiber (Meraldo, 2016).
Sansevieria bacularis (Snake plant)
Sansevieria bacularis (Snake plant) from the genus of Sansevierias, is
known as a houseplant or decorative plant. It is best classified as indoor plant
for its high tolerance of low light levels and irregular watering. It contains fibers
in which cellulose is found. According to the chemical testing conducted by the
Philippine Textile Research Institute (PTRI), the test report shows that the
Sansevieria bacularis (Snake plant) has a total cellulose of 64.7 %. The fibers
containing the high amount of cellulose will be used in the study.
Cellulose
Cellulose is the most abundant natural polymer on Earth that almost all
plants contained and it is known for making bio-based polymers (Dai, Ding,
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Wyman, & Yang, 2011). It is mainly derived from the cell walls or fibers of a
plant. Cellulose can be extracted through fermentation and chemical
solubilization. (Rudin & Choi, 2013). It is used to create bioreactor, biofilms,
textiles, packaging and of course bioplastics (Meraldo, 2016).
Jagora asperata (Susong pilipit)
Jagora is a genus of freshwater snails which is an aquatic gastropod
mollusks in the family Pachychilidae. In the study of Nistic ó (2017), they used
aquatic species for the production of biomaterials. They also investigated the
importance of the shellfish industry biowaste for the production of useful
materials, which is especially focusing on chitin and its derived byproducts.
Poulicek (2003) studied the operculi of 114 species of gastropods
representing 38 families including Jagora asperata to determine the presence
of chitin and it showed that this contain chitin.
Chitin
According to Coltelli et al, (2018), Chitin is the second most abundant
biopolymer on earth. Moreover, waste from the seafood industry is an
excellent source of chitin, representing the matrix of the fiber-based
composite. But this polymer is not soluble for some solvents and when used,
chemical modifications are needed (Patil and Satam, 2002). The chitin is also
popular as an important ingredient in making an effective bioplastic.
Water absorption of bioplastic
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Water absorption is a type of test to measure the amount of water
absorb by a specific material. This test determines the moisture content of the
material being tested (Encyclopedia of Ecology, 2004).
Biodegradability of bioplastic
Biodegradability is a test to measure the life span of the material being
tested (Funabashi, Ninomiya, & Kunioka, 2009). This test will help determine
the biodegradability of the bioplastic. To see if the bioplastic is effective and
degrades fast.
2.2 Related Studies
Foreign Studies
Bio-based Polymer
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As stated by Castanas and Kampa, (2008) the hazardous chemicals
from the petroleum-based plastics escape to the environment by a number of
natural and/or anthropogenic activities and may cause adverse effects on
human health and the environment. For that being said, the research
proponents had grasped the idea to create bio-based polymers.
On the other hand, Bilec, Hottle, and Landis (2013) reported that the
bio-based polymers from plants are commonly known as an alternative to
petroleum-based plastics. Rudin and Choi (2013) also stated that polymers
are more commonly referred to as bioplastics. Aside from not contributing to
global warming and pollution, these can also reduce the fossil depletion that is
used in the production of petroleum-based plastics. Bio-based polymers
exhibit similarities, but improved qualities compared to traditional plastics. To
support this idea, the study of Creven (2016), shows that the replacement of
petroleum-based plastics to bio-based plastics will lead to a decrease in
greenhouse gases emissions caused by its manufacturing process. Aside from
that, it will also help lessen plastic wastes that are difficult to decompose and
requires a long period of time.
As concluded by Ghuttora (2016), the increase in usage of biopolymers
contributes to the sustainability of the environment. Additionally, it helps in the
yield of eco-friendly products. Due to its biodegradable property and its
renewability, it contributes to lessen pollution and supply lesser toxic products
compared to the traditional plastics. Moreover, as acknowledged by Imre and
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Pukánszky (2013), modifications of biopolymers are widely practiced
nowadays. These modifications improve and develop the qualities of
biopolymers that can be used as packaging. Therefore, it can successfully
maximize their uses by blending biopolymers to other properties or materials.
On a review by Garrison, Murawski, and Quirino (2016), they stated
that another bio-based plastic of great interest is Polylactic Acid (PLA) which is
widely used in multiple commercial applications nowadays and
biodegradability studies are therefore crucial in order to assess the long-term
environmental impact of such materials.
The cellulose will be extracted from snake plant. These are mostly
found in homes, parks, and woodlands. The leaves are dark green, rough and
leathery in texture. Aside from that, Snake plant has some properties alike with
the Espada plant which is used to create ropes, packaging materials, etc. for a
fact that they came from the same genus (Sansevieria). In addition, Prasad,
Ramanaiah, and Reddy (2011) stated that the mechanical properties of the
fiber plant improved after alkali treatment.
Based on the testing conducted in the Philippine Textile Research
Institute (PTRI), Sansevieria bacularis (Snake plant) resulted a 64.7 % total
cellulose count.
Cellulose
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Cellulose that is a natural polymer usually extracted from almost all
plants were proved to possess properties that can be utilized into numbers of
applications through some advancements. Bohn, Fink, Heublein, and Klemm
(2005), described that cellulose is used as building materials in manufacturing
bio-based polymer. The use of cellulose leads to the development of cellulose
research that can help to pursue future aims and addition to the existing
knowledge about it.
In further explanation by Becer and Isikgor (2015), cellulose is the most
abundant natural polymer on earth. This polymer was discovered to have the
potential in the production of bio-based polymer. These Bio-based polymers
can be used as an alternative to petroleum-based plastics. Prior to this,
according to Dean, Li, and Yu (2006), the abundance of natural polymers
made it one of the possible materials in the production of eco-friendly products
and discoveries.
Kalia, Dufresne, Cherian et al. (2011) stated in there study that due to
biodegradability, stiffness and strength in the development of composites,
cellulose have move to the spotlight and gained the attention of the people.
According to the research of Alvarez, Cyras, Morán, and Vázquez
(2008), Cellulose is commonly found on plant cell walls but can also be found
in plant fibers. The extraction requires chemical processes such as acid
hydrolysis, chlorination, alkaline extraction, and bleaching. By performing
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some possible procedures, you can produce pure cellulose. Hence, as a
conclusion by Dai, Ding, Wyman, and Yang (2011) the hydrolysis was
established to extract cellulose from plants and to make the higher yield of it.
Through this process, the uses of cellulose from plants are maximized into the
development of beneficial products. The study shows that there are many
possible uses and advantages of using cellulose for they are the most
abundant biomass on earth. Based on a study by Kant & Alagh (2013)
different types of plants have cellulose.
A study of Isroi, Panji, Cifriadi, Wibowo, and Syamsu (2017) used the
cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch for the production of bioplastic. In
their study, they started the experimentation on the isolation and purification
cellulose, then modified the cellulose, where they isolated the cellulose using
sodium hydroxide methods and bleaching using sodium hypochlorite. Also,
they used glycerol as their plasticizer while cassava starch as matrix. This
research successfully produced bioplastic.
Jagora asperata (Susong pilipit)
In the study of Oyekunle and Omoleye (2019), they extracted chitin
from the snail shells by the process of demineralization and deproteinization.
Similarly, the study of Kaewboonruang,
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Phatrabuddha, Sawangwong, and Pitaksanurat (2016) have also used
snail shells in extracting chitin, specifically, Golden Apple Snail Shells.
Moreover, an article by Steffen (2019) reported that scientists have
turned seafood shell waste into biodegradable plastic. The potential of chitin
from shells is much better than other forms of biomass since chitin contains
nitrogen, as reported in a journal of Yan and Chen (2015). Furthermore,
Poulicek (2003) studied the operculi of 114 species of gastropods
representing 38 families to determine the presence of chitin and it showed
that this contain chitin.
Chitin
Vani and Stanley (2013) described chitin as a natural biopolymer with a
chemical structure that is similar to cellulose, and also contributes to the
composition of the exoskeleton of invertebrates. In that sense, the different
shelled aquatic organisms will undergo chemical extraction method in order to
obtain chitin. Hence, the existence of chitin was verified after several
processes and testings.
In a study by Adeosun, Gbenebor, Akpan and Olaleye (2017), they
have analyzed thermal stability of chitin present in snail shell samples using
different concentrations of HCl and NaOH. In addition, the study of Puvvada et
al. (2012) also used HCl and NaOH to extract chitin in the process of
demineralization and deacetylation.
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Local Studies
Bio-based Polymer
On the other hand, the study of Agustin, De Leon, Buenaobra, Alonzo,
Patriana, Hirose, and Ahmmad, (2014) have used Cellulose nanocrystals
(CNCs) from garlic stalks and rice straws, two common agricultural residues in
the Philippines, which were isolated and used to reinforce starch-based
biocomposite films. The study shows potential of cellulose to reinforce a
bioplastic.
While, Suseno and Savitri (2012) studied the effect of plasticizer on
mechanical properties and chemical structure of Chitosan-Starch film
composites. In which they stated that up to this point, there have been done a
lot of researches to make an environmental friendly polymer material or
biodegradable polymer product, so one of which is modified by combining
materials from synthetic-natural or both natural materials such as composites
based on chitosan-starch.
In another study by Duhovic, Peterson, and Jayaraman (2008) they
have conceptualized about the natural fiber biodegradable polymer
composites used for packaging where they stated that natural fibers when
combined with biodegradable polymers will allow the biodegradability of the
packaging material to be maintained.
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Snake plant is a stemless succulent plant with two cylindrical leaves as
stated by Philippine listed. Chan (2015) describe the snake plant a decorative
plant indoors. He also concluded that the plant can also tolerate low light
intensity. It has the same Genus with the Sansevieria trifasciata (Espada
plant) that is widely known in producing ropes, packaging materials, etc. and
also used by early Filipinos as bowstrings (Business Diary Philippines, 2019).
Cellulose
According to Mari (2016), the cellulose that was used in her study were
from Abaca fiber. For that being stated, cellulose is present in plant fibers and
not just in cell walls where they are commonly found. The extraction of
cellulose is also possible. As cited by Macuja, Nueva España, and Ruedas
(2015), the cellulose that was used in their study were also extracted from the
plant fiber. The amount of cellulose that you can get depends on the type of
plant that you used and your method of extraction.
A study by Agustin, Ahmmad, De Leon, Buenaobra, Salazar, and
Hirose (2013) stated that the study was conducted to reinforce starch‐based
biocomposite films using cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from garlic stalks. In
which an average yield of 4.6% by mass based from air‐dried garlic stalks was
obtained through alkali delignification, acid hydrolysis and sonication. Results
show the improvement in tensile strength and modulus was at maximum. The
thermal stability of the films, on the other hand, decreased with the addition of
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CNC. Finally, CNC‐reinforced films had lower moisture uptake than non-
reinforced films.
Chitin
On a study of Poblete and Diaz (2014), they have incorporated the two
most abundant naturally-occurring biodegradable polymers, which are chitin
and cellulose, to produce a polymer film. The results showed that the samples
formed after 24 hours are relatively thinner, softer and more flexible.
While in the study of Fernando, Poblete, Ongkiko, and Diaz (2016), they
have considered the use of the Philippine Blue Swimming Crab shells in the
chitin extraction and for the synthesis of chitin-based polymer films. Supporting
this, results showed that the films from the extracted chitin at different
conditions have greater tensile strengths in comparison with the commercial
bioplastic films.
2.3 Justification of the study
Petroleum-based plastics is detrimental to our health and the
environment. And because of this, the researchers had thought of making
bioplastic to help minimize the environmental problems. Bioplastic is a good
solution to the problem because it is an eco-friendly product and is derived
from natural resources which mean that it is faster to biodegrade. This study
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can be of great help to many people and the environment since using eco-
friendly plastics instead of harmful ones can help prevent pollution and far
more safer since no harmful chemicals are used and depletion of fossil fuels
can be reduced.
This study aims to produce a bioplastic with the use of cellulose fiber
from the Snake plant and chitin from the Susong pilipit shells. It is proven that
Espada plant is an effective alternative to create plastic. Since the Snake plant
showed a significant high amount of cellulose (64.7 %) the snake plant has the
potential of being an effective bioplastic as well as the chitin that is already
known to possess excellent performance in production of bio-based materials.
This study aim is to create a product that will be beneficial to others especially
in reducing the widespread problem regarding pollution and health problems
caused by commercial-used plastics.
Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
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The feasibility of chitin from Jagora asperata (Susong pilipit) shell and
cellulose fiber from Sansevieria bacularis (Snake plant) as bioplastic will be
examined in this experiment.
Two-group design is used with three experimental group and one
positive control group which has three replicates each.
Table 3.1.1 Two-group Design
Control Experimental
Potato Potato starch- Potato Potato starch-
starched- based starch-based based

Materials
based bioplastic with bioplastic bioplastic with
bioplastic cellulose fiber with chitin cellulose fiber
and chitin
Distilled 60 mL 60 mL 60 mL 60 mL
water
Potato starch 10 g 10 g 10 g 10 g
Glycerol 5 mL 5 mL 5 mL 5 mL
Vinegar 5 mL 5 mL 5 mL 5 mL
Cellulose 0 2.5 g 0 2.5 g
fiber
Chitin 0 0 2.5 g 2.5 g
3.2 Research Setting
The whole experimentation and observation takes place in the school’s
laboratory. While the testings were done at home and in the Department of
Science and Technology (DOST) Taguig.
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3.3 Materials and Procedures
Collection of Materials
Sansevieria bacularis plant was bought from a garden store along
Molino Road, Bacoor City, Cavite and Jagora asperata (Susong pilipit) were
bought from Imus market. The glycerol was bought in a drugstore while starch
will be obtained from potatoes bought in the market.
Production of Starch (NileRed, 2015)
The potatoes will be grated using a grater and then add some water
just enough to cover the grated potatoes. Squeeze the grated potatoes so that
all the starch will come out. Wait for 2 min. and drained the grated potatoes
using a strainer. The water you drained from the bowl will be placed to another
container and wait for 24 hrs for the starch to settle at the bottom. Remove the
excess liquids from the container and add some distilled water to make the
starch clean then transfer the starch to a tissue paper and wait until it is dried.
Extraction of Fiber (Mckeil, 2017)
Snake plant underwent decortication process wherein it was placed
inside the machine where it was brushed away through rotating wheels with
blunt knives so that only the fibers will remain. After that, it was dried.
Extraction of Cellulose Fiber (Ahmmad et al, 2017)
Cellulose fibers were extracted from the Snake plant. These fibers were
cut into small pieces of 5 cm (30 g) and then treated with NaOH solution (0.25
M). The hydrolysis process lasted for 6 h at room temperature. After the
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cellulose fibers separation, the solution was sieved. Then, the solid phase (the
cellulose fiber) was recovered. The fibers were first washed with distilled water
and then rewashed with sodium hypochlorite solution at 5 % for 24 h. After this
bleaching step, the fibers were finally washed with distilled water then dried at
room temperature.
Extraction of Chitin (Puvvada et al, 2012)
The snail shells were wash using distilled water and crushed into
smaller pieces then it will be air dried. The shells underwent deproteinization
process in which crushed shells were placed in 1000 mL beaker and soaked
in 4% sodium hydroxide for 1 h while being heated. The next process was the
demineralization in which the crushed shells were soaked in 1% HCL with four
times its quantity for 24 hrs. The demineralized shells samples were then
treated for 1 hour with 50 mL of a 2% NaOH solution.
Film Production (Kasmuri et al, 2018)
For the first trial, 60 mL distilled water was put in a 500 mL beaker with
10 g of potato starch and mixed together using glass rod. After that, 5 mL
glycerol and 5 mL vinegar were put in the mixture and stirred. The final mixture
was subjected into the hot plate in 70 o C and after mixing, it will be spread in
an aluminum foil and air dried for 2 days. For the 2 nd trial, the process in the 1 st
trial will be repeated but this time, 2.5 g of cellulose fiber will be added. The 3 rd
trial will undergo the same process as the 1 st trial but 2.5 g of chitin will be
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added. In the 4th trial, the same process was repeated but 2.5 g of cellulose
fiber and 2.5 g of chitin will be added.
Data Gathering and Testings
After the experimentation, the bioplastics underwent two testings which
include water absorption and biodegradability test. For the water absorption,
15mm width by 75 mm length sample bioplastic is needed. The bioplastic will
be weighed from the start then it will be submerged in 1L distilled water for 24
h at room temperature. After that, wipe the bioplastic with tissue to remove
excess water then weigh the plastic. For the biodegradability test, 15 mm
width by 75 mm length bioplastic will also be used. The bioplastic will be
weighed first then will be buried into a fertilized soil. After one week, the weight
loss of the bioplastic will be measured. After all the testings, data will be
gathered, compared and presented. To determine the significant difference in
the varying amounts of cellulose fiber from Sansevieria bacularis (Snake plant)
and chitin from Jagora asperata (Susong pilipit).
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3.4 Experimental Design
The flowchart below shows the sequence of procedure.
Collection of Materials
Production of Potato Starch
Extraction of cellulose fiber from Sansevieria bacularis (Snake plant)

(Decortication process)
Extraction of cellulose
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Extraction of Chitin from Jagora asperata (Susong pilipit) shell

Film Production
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Data Gathering and Testings
(\water absorption and biodegradability)
Analysis of Results
Figure 3.1: Experimental Design
3.5 Variables
1. The cellulose fiber from the Sansevieria bacularis (Snake plant) and
chitin from Jagora asperata (Susong pilipit) shell will be the independent
variable.
2. It will undergo the testing of water absorption and biodegradability
which are the dependent variable.
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3.6 Statistical Analysis
After the
testing method of the samples, the data gathered was analyzed using
inferential statistics. The statistical treatment that was used in analyzing the
data gathered is the One-way ANOVA (F-test) to address whether the means
of the samples are statistically different. This study had used a significance
level equal to 0.05. The results were then interpreted and discussed.
Chapter IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Results
Table 4.1.1 Tensile strength of Sansevieria bacularis plant fiber
Test Test Result (%)
Average Elongation at Break 4.8 %
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Table 4.1.2 Water absorption

Bioplastics Weight before Weight after Water uptake
(grams) (grams) (%)
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
A
(starch only) 0.66 0.64 0.61 0.84 0.82 0.78 21.43 21.95 21.79
B
(starch and 0.64 0.68 0.67 1.02 1.05 1.03 37.25 35.24 34.95
cellulose fiber)
C
(starch and 0.79 0.77 0.74 0.90 0.86 0.83 12.22 10.47 10.84
chitin)
(starch with 0.94 0.93 0.96 1.43 1.39 1.48 34.27 33.09 35. 14
both cellulose
fiber and chitin
Water absorption test was conducted to determine the total water uptake of
each bioplastic after being soaked in distilled water for 24 h. The results
obtained before and after the water absorption test were all recorded and
analyzed. Each result was compared and showed significant difference with
the application of Snake plant and Susong pilipit.
Table 4.1.3 One-way ANOVA Results for Water absorption
ANOVA Summary
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Degrees of Sum of Mean

Source Freedom Squares Squares F-Stat P-Value
DF SS MS
Between
3 1202.1079 400.7026 451.5983 0
Groups
Within
8 7.0984 0.8873
Groups
Total: 11 1209.2063
The One-way Analysis of Variance was used to determine the significant
difference in varying amounts of cellulose fiber from Sansevieria bacularis
Table 4.1.4 Biodegradability
Bioplastics Weight before Weight after Weight loss

(grams) (grams) (%)
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
A
(starch only) 0.48 0.52 0.61 0.43 0.48 0.56 10.42 7.69 8.20
B
(starch and 0.69 0.66 0.67 0.65 0.62 0.64 5.80 6.06 4.48
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cellulose fiber)
C
(starch and 0.72 0.77 0.74 0.67 0.72 0.71 6.94 6.49 4.05
chitin)
D
(starch with 0.82 0.87 0.84 0.74 0.79 0.75 9.76 9.20 10.71
both cellulose
fiber and chitin
The weight before and after the testing were both recorded. The results were
presented and the weight losses of bioplastics were compared. Each
bioplastic showed a decrease in weight after seven days of soil burial.
Table 4.1.5 One-way ANOVA Results for Biodegradability
ANOVA Summary
Degrees of Sum of Mean

Source Freedom Squares Squares F-Stat P-Value
DF SS MS
Between
3 43.0196 14.3399 9.8467 0.0046
Groups
Within
8 11.6505 1.4563
Groups
Total: 11 54.6701
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The One-way Analysis of Variance was used to determine the significant
difference in varying amounts of cellulose fiber from Sansevieria bacularis
4.2 Discussions
4.2.1 Tensile Strength test of Sansevieria bacularis plant fiber

The Snake plant shows low percentage of average elongation at break
with 4.8 %. Elongation at break is inversely proportional to the strength of a
material. Since the percentage is low, it indicates that the fibers are strong and
less deformable. It means that fibers can withstand bending or shaping without
easily breaking.
4.2.2 Water absorption test

Table 4.1.2 shows that the average optimum reading of potato starch-based
bioplastic with maximum rate of water absorption after 24 h is 21.72 %, potato
starch-based with cellulose fiber bioplastic is 35.81 %, potato starch-based
with chitin bioplastic is 11.18 %, and potato starch-based with both cellulose
fiber and chitin bioplastic is 34.17 %.
The results indicated that by adding chitin, the water absorption in the
bioplastic was able to reduce. It is because the chitin acts as filler that is
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capable of covering up the pores contained in the bioplastic. Hence, it reduced
the rate of water absorption. In that case, even if the cellulose fibers gradually
increased the water uptake, the addition of chitin helps to lower and balance
the absorption that made bioplastic with both chitin and fiber reached
equilibrium.
By comparing the bioplastics above, the addition of chitin was far better due to
the lowest rate of water absorption. The chitin filler has a film-forming based
which absorbed less water.
Formula used for water absorption:
Water absorption (%) = [(Wafter - Wbefore) / Wafter] x 100
4.2.3 Biodegradability test

The biodegradability test of bioplastics were determined after 7 days.
The test showed the result of bioplastic weight reduction in compost soil. After
the test, potato-starch bioplastic showed an average optimum weight loss of
8.77 %, potato-starch with cellulose fiber bioplastic of 5.45 %, potato-starch
with chitin bioplastic of 5.83 % and potato-starch with both cellulose fiber and
chitin bioplastic of 9.89 %. Therefore, potato-starch with both cellulose fiber
and chitin bioplastic weight loss indicated that it has a good ability to degrade
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faster compared to other bioplastics for it showed greater percentage of
weight loss.
Formula used for biodegradability:
Water loss (%) = [(Wbefore - Wafter) / Wbefore] x 100
Chapter V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
Cellulose fiber from Sanseveria bacularis plant and chitin from Jagora
asperata shell was used to create a bioplastic with vinegar, a starch matrix
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and glycerol as plasticizer. The Snake plant was first decorticated to obtain the
fiber, then the cellulose fiber was extracted using NaOH and NaCI. The chitin
was extracted from the crushed Susong pilipit shell through deproteinization
process using NaOH and demineralization process using HCl. There are three
experimental groups and one control group. Each bioplastic film contained
same ingredients and the only difference between the plastic films are the
addition of cellulose fiber and chitin in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th trial. The plastic films
were left to dry in room temperature for 3 days. The bioplastic films were then
cut and subjected to water absorption test and biodegradability test.
5.2 Conclusion
The computed results show that Jagora asperata (Susong pilipit) shell
chitin and cellulose fiber from Sanseveria bacularis (Snake plant) is effective
to create a bioplastic. Tensile strength test was conducted for the Snake plant
fibers and showed the capability of the material as an effective ingredient for
bioplastic. Addition of cellulose fibers increased the strength of the material.
The use of One-way ANOVA proved that there are significant
differences in varying amount of chitin from Jagora asperata (Susong pilipit)
shell and cellulose fiber from Sansevieria bacularis (Snake plant). With the
computed value of 451.5983 for water absorption test compared to the F-
tabular value of 4.07 at 0.05 level of significance with 3 and 8 degrees of
freedom, the null hypothesis is rejected which means that there is a significant
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difference in the varying amount of chitin from Jagora asperata (Susong pilipit)
shell and cellulose fiber from Sansevieria bacularis (Snake plant).
On the other hand, for the biodegradability test with computed value of
9.8467 compared to the F-tabular value of 4.07 at 0.05 level of significance
with 3 and 8 degrees of freedom, the null hypothesis is also rejected which
means that there is a significant difference in the varying amount of chitin from
Jagora asperata (Susong pilipit) shell and cellulose fiber from Sansevieria
Therefore, the conducted study proved that the bioplastic produced
from the chitin of Jagora asperata (Susong pilipit) shell and cellulose fiber from
Sansevieria bacularis (Snake plant) showed significant results.
5.3 Recommendations
After the completion of the study, the researchers suggested the
following methods and ideas to improve the study:
 Conduct further research by comparing the bioplastic in the
commercial-used plastics.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Morán, J. I., Alvarez, V. A., Cyras, V. P., & Vázquez, A. (2008). Extraction of
cellulose and preparation of nanocellulose from sisal
fibers. Cellulose, 15(1), 149–159.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-007-9145-9
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Yang, B., Dai, Z., Ding, S. Y., & Wyman, C. E. (2011, July). Enzymatic
hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass. Biofuels.
https://doi.org/10.4155/bfs.11.116
Puvvada, Vankayalapati, and Sukhavasi (2012). Extraction of chitin from
chitosan from exoskeleton of shrimp for application in the
pharmaceutical industry. International Current Pharmaceutical Journal
2012, 1(9),258-263.
Agustin, M. B., Ahmmad, B., Alonzo, S. M. M., & Patriana, F. M. (2014).
Bioplastic based on starch and cellulose nanocrystals from rice
straw. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 33(24), 2205–
2213. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684414558325
Isroi, Cifriadi, A., Panji, T., Wibowo, N. A., & Syamsu, K. (2017). Bioplastic
production from cellulose of oil palm empty fruit bunch. In IOP
Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 65). Institute
of Physics Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/65/1/012011
Kasmuri and Zait (2018). Enhancement of bio-plastic using eggshells and
chitosan on potato starch based. International Journal of Engineering &
Technology, 7, 110-115.
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Quimno, M. J. (2016). Chitin In Lobster Shells As A Biodegradable Plastic.
Mandaue City Comprehensive National High School - Senior High
Department (Science and Technology, Engineering and Mathematics),
1(2016), 51.
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APPENDICES
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Appendix A
Taxonomic Classification
Sansevieria bacularis
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Angiosperms
Class: Magnoliophyta
Order: Asparagales
Family: Dracaenaceae
Genus: Sansevieria
Species: Sansevieria bacularis Pfennig ex A.Butler & Jankalski
Sansevieria bacularis is a perennial stemless succulent plant with one,
sometimes two thin cylindrical upstanding slender leaves up to 1.7 metres tall,
but only 12 mm in diameter, and quite stiff in good light conditions.
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Jagora asperata
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Order: Solanales Caenogastropoda
Family: Pachychilidae
Genus: Jagora
Species: J. asperata
Jagora asperata, also known as Susong pilipit, is a freshwater snail,
which is commonly cooked and eaten. The shell of the snail is brownish in
color. It is found in the northern part of the Philippines, mostly located in small
mountain rivers.
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Appendix B
Raw Data
Table 4.1.1 Results from the water absorption test
Bioplastics Weight before Weight after Water uptake

(grams) (grams) (%)
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
A
(starch only) 0.66 0.64 0.61 0.84 0.82 0.78 21.43 21.95 21.79
B
(starch and 0.64 0.68 0.67 1.02 1.05 1.03 37.25 35.24 34.95
cellulose fiber)
C
(starch and 0.79 0.77 0.74 0.90 0.86 0.83 12.22 10.47 10.84
chitin)
D
(starch with 0.94 0.93 0.96 1.43 1.39 1.48 34.27 33.09 35. 14
both cellulose
fiber and chitin
Table 4.1.2 Results from the biodegradability
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Bioplastics Weight before Weight after Weight loss

(grams) (grams) (%)
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
A
(starch only) 0.48 0.52 0.61 0.43 0.48 0.56 10.42 7.69 8.20
B
(starch and 0.69 0.66 0.67 0.65 0.62 0.64 5.80 6.06 4.48
cellulose fiber)
C
(starch and 0.72 0.77 0.74 0.67 0.72 0.71 6.94 6.49 4.05
chitin)
D
(starch with 0.82 0.87 0.84 0.74 0.79 0.75 9.76 9.20 10.71
both cellulose
fiber and chitin
Appendix C
Materials and Procedures
The materials to be used are:
30g Sansevieria bacularis (Snake plant) fiber
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4 kilos of Jagora asperata (Susong pilipit) shells
100 g Potato starch
150 mL Glycerol
100 mLVinegar
6 L Distilled water
1 Bowl
4 Grater
4 Mortar and Pestle
1 Strainer
Decortication machine
4 1000mL beakers
6 500 mL beakers
3 Graduated cylinder
2 Alcohol lamp
1 Iron gauze
1 Iron stand
1 Thermometer
5 Stirring rod
Aluminum Foil
1 Digital weighing scale
1 Hot Plate
The chemicals to be used are:
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150 mL Sodium Hydroxide
150 mL Sodium Hypochlorite
250 mL Hydrochloric acid
Procedures
A. Collection of Materials
1. Sansevieria bacularis plant will be bought from garden store in
Molino, Bacoor City, Cavite.
2. Jagora asperata shells will be bought from the Imus Market.
3. The Glycerol, Sodium Hydroxide, Sodium Hypochlorite and
Hydrochloric acid will be bought from along Bambang station.
B. Production of Starch
1. The potatoes will be peeled and washed to remove the dirt
2. Then it will be grated and squeezed to get the extract.
3. After that, the extract will be left to settle until the starch itself
separates from the water.
C. Extraction of Fiber (Decortication)
1. It will undergo decortication process wherein Sansevieria bacularis
plant will be placed in rolling wheels with blunt knives.
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2. After the process of decortication, it will be dried and the fiber will be
separated.
D. Extraction of Cellulose Fiber
1. The fibers will be cut into small pieces of 5 cm (30 g) and then
treated with NaOH solution (0.25 M) for 6 hrs at room temperature.
2. The cellulose fibers will then be washed with distilled water.
3. Then will be soaked in 5% sodium hypochlorite solution for 24 hrs.
4. After that, the fibers will be washed again with distilled water and air
dried
E. Extraction of Chitin
1. The shells will be washed with distilled water then crushed into
smaller pieces.
2. In deproteinization process, the shells will be placed in 1000 mL
beakers and will be soaked in 4% sodium hydroxide for 1 hr while being
heated.
3. In demineralization process, the shells will be soaked in 1% HCL with
four times its quantity for 24 hrs.
4. The shells will then be treated with 50 mL of a 2% NaOH solution for
1 hr.
F. Film Production
1. For the first trial, 60 mL of distilled water will be put in a 500 mL
beaker with 10 g of potato starch then will be mixed using a glass rod.
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2. After stirring, 5 mL glycerol and 5 mL vinegar will be added to the
mixture and then stirred.
3. When the mixture is fully stirred, it will be subjected into the hot plate
in
70 o C, then will be mixed until mixture thickens.
4. After that, the mixture will be spread in an aluminum foil and air dried.
5. For the 2nd trial, the same process will be done but cellulose fiber will
be added to the mixture
6. The 3rd trial will also undergo the same procedure as the 1 st trial but
chitin will be added to the mixture.
7. For the last trial, the same process will also be done but chitin and
cellulose fiber will be added to the mixture.
G. Data Gathering and Testing
1. For the water absorption test, 15 mm width by 75 mm length
bioplastic is needed.
2. The bioplastic will first be weighed, then will be submerge in distilled
water for 24 hrs at room temperature.
3. After that process, remove the plastic from the water and gently wipe
it with a tissue paper.
4. Weigh the plastic again to determine if there was an increase or
decrease in the weight of the plastic.
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5. Once you have obtained the data, subtract the weight of the plastic
before from the weight of the plastic after then divide it by the weight of
the plastic after the test then multiply it by 100.
6. Repeat this step to get the result of your water absorption for each
bioplastic.
7. For the biodegradability testing, 15 mm width by 75 mm length plastic
is also needed.
8. First, get the weight of the plastic, then bury it in a fertilize soil for 1
week.
9. After 1 week, remove the plastic from the soil and measure the
weight.
10. Once you have obtained the data, subtract the weight of the plastic
before from the weight of the plastic after then divide it by the weight of
the plastic before the test then multiply it by 100.
APPENDIX D
Documentation of Procedures
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Plate 1 Collection of Snake plant
Plate 2 Collection of Susong pilipit
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Plate 3 Decortication of
Snake plant
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Plate 4 Extraction of Cellulose
Plate 5 Cellulose purification
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Plate 6 Crushing of snail shell
Plate 7 Chitin Extraction (Deproteinization)
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Plate 8 Chitin Extraction (Demineralization)
Plate 9 Pulverization of snail shells
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Plate 10 Preparation of mixture
Plate 11 Bioplastic film production
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Plate 12 Drying of plastic films
Plate 13 Water Absorption test
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Plate 14 Biodegradability test
Appendix E
Certifications
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APPENDIX F
TIMETABLE
MONTH STAGES OF THE STUDY PLANNED ACTION

September 2019 Preparation Went to DOST-
Taguig City
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September 2019 Preparation Collection of Snake

plant, extraction of fiber
from Snake plant
(Decortication) and
extraction of starch
from potatoes
January 2019 Experimentation Extraction of Chitin,

extraction of cellulose
from Snake plant fiber,
cellulose purification
and production of
bioplastic
January- February Testing Water Absorption and

2020 biodegradability test
February 2019 Revision of Paper Revision of Chapter 1-3
and finalizing the
results
LOGBOOK
September 9-11, 2019
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Snake plants were purchased from different garden stores along Molino road.
It took three days to find the plants because the plants should be in the same
age, healthy and the length should be long so that high amount of fibers will
be extracted.
September 13, 2019
Snake plants were brought to the Philippine Textile Research Institute (PTRI)
in Bicutan, Taguig for the fiber extraction (decortication process) with duration
of 2-3 weeks before getting the result.
September 24, 2019
7 kilograms of potatoes were purchased in different markets. After that, the
starch extraction takes place in researcher’s house.
September 27, 2019
Starch is already dried and put in a container for the actual experimentation.
September 30, 2019
The decortication process is done and fibers are ready to be claimed in the
PTRI. It was put in a sealed plastic to prevent moistures.
January 7, 2020
5 kilograms of Susong pilipit were brought from Imus market and washed
after. In the same day, the snails were boiled in water for 15-20 minutes and
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flesh were removed inside. The process was done in one of the researcher’s
house.
January 7-10, 2020
The snail shells were sun dried for 3 days to remove excess water.
January 11-12, 2020
Shells were crushed into smaller pieces and placed in a tupperware and
stored in a cabinet.
January 14-23, 2020
The extraction of chitin and extraction of cellulose fibers were done at the
same time in the Bacoor National High School’s laboratory. In January 23, the
plastic films were finally produced.
January 23-25, 2020
It took 3 days to dry the bioplastic at room temperature.
January 26- February 3, 2020
The water absorption test and biodegradability test were done.
February 4- 9, 2020
The research paper was done by the researchers.
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Appendix G
Curriculum Vitae
Personal Information
Name: Maria Amor M. Alcantara
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Birthdate: September 15, 2003
Age: 16 yrs. old
Address: Block 15, Lot 10 Metz st.,
Marseilles Subdivision, Buhay na Tubig,
Imus, Cavite
Educational Attainment
Secondary: Pasay City West Highschool-
Bacoor National High School-Molino Main
Awards:
Grade 9: Special Science Curriculum Awardee
Elementary: Timoteo Paez Elementary School
Awards: With honors. S.Y. 2015-2016
Curriculum Vitae
Name: Jethro P. Bacud
Birthdate: January 11, 2002
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Age: 17 yrs. old
Address: Blk. 12 Lot 21 Magdiwang Subd. Queens Row West Bacoor
City, Cavite
Secondary: Bacoor National High School
Molino-Main
Awards:
Elementary: Queens Row Elementary School
Curriculum Vitae
Name: Angelle Charleze D. De Leon
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Birthdate: August 27, 2003
Age: 16 yrs. old
Address: Block 11 Lot 5 BF Topman Homes II Molino 6 Bacoor City,
Cavite.
Secondary: Bacoor National High School Molino-Main
Awards:
Elementary: Gudnad Academe Inc.
Awards: Valedictorian S.Y 2015-2016
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Curriculum Vitae
Name: Kathy C. Pañares
Birthdate: July 30, 2003
Age: 16 yrs. old
Address: Blk 4 Lot 9 Mahogany St. Addas
4-B, Mambog 3, Bacoor City, Cavite
Secondary: Bacoor National High School –Villa Maria Annex- Bacoor
National High School Molino-Main
Awards:
Grade 7: Special Science Curriculum, Top 5 S.Y. 2016-2017
Elementary: Mambog Elementary School
Awards: Valedictorian. S.Y. 2015-2016
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Curriculum Vitae
Name: Natalie Ivy G. Sabado
Birthdate: December 2, 2002
Age: 17 yrs. old
Address: Block 1Lot 3 Phase4 Soldiers
Hills 4 Molino 6, Bacoor, Cavite.
Secondary: Bacoor National High School Molino-Main
Awards:
Elementary: Gudnad Academe Inc.
Awards: 1st honorable mention. S.Y. 2015-2016
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BACOOR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

1.1 Background of the Study 14

1.2 Conceptual Framework 17

1.3 Statement of the Problem 18

1.5 Scope and Limitations 19

1.6 Significance of the Study 20

1.7 Definition of Terms 22

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Conceptual Literature 24

2.2 Related Studies 27

2.3 Justification of the Study 35

3.1 Research Design 36

3.2 Research Setting 37

3.3 Materials and Procedures 37

3.4 Experimental Design 41

3.6 Data Gathering and Statistical Treatment 42

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION

C. Materials and Procedure 59

FEASIBILITY OF Jagora asperata (SUSONG PILIPIT)

SHELL CHITIN AND Sansevieria bacularis (SNAKE PLANT)

CELLULOSE FIBER AS BIOPLASTIC

A SCIENCE INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

ALCANTARA, MARIA AMOR M.

DE LEON, ANGELLE CHARLEZE D.

SABADO, NATALIE IVY G.

MRS. LILIBETH M. MAYOR

The widespread problem of pollution caused by petroleum-based

need for eco-friendly products. Producing an alternative and improved

plastics. The research aims to determine the effectiveness of Jagora asperata

(Snake plant) as bioplastic. In order to extract the cellulose fibers, it underwent

demineralization processes using NaOH and HCl. Water absorption and

biodegradability test were used where bioplastic shows a significant result.

Keywords: bioplastic, chitin, cellulose fiber, Jagora asperata,

This research proposal is an amalgamation of the efforts by a number

of people who in one way or another extended their expertise, comments,

suggestions, time, support, friendship, and love. The researcher expresses

instrumental in the completion of this paper.

Of course, to God who gives the researchers strength, perseverance

and knowledge. To the research adviser, who helped the researchers by

considered as a helping hand in times of difficulty.

fiber from Sansevieria bacularis (Snake plant) as Bioplastic

Proponents: (1) Alcantara, Maria Amor M.

(2) Bacud, Jethro P.

(3) De Leon, Angelle Charleze D.

(4) Pañares, Kathy C.

(5) Sabado, Natalie Ivy G.

School: Bacoor National High School- Molino Main

Molino I, Bacoor City, Cavite

Plastic pollution is still a problem around the world. This is mostly

because of petroleum-based plastics. Because of this problem, the

researchers thought of creating a bio-based polymer as alternative to

harmful traditional plastics.

in enhancing bioplastic. This snail shell is a common delicacy in the

Philippines which makes it easy to find in Luzon.

Sansevieria bacularis (Snake plant) contains fibers that are known as

one of the major components in the yield of bio-based polymer. It is highly

the local garden stores.

The bioplastic can also be a potential innovation in helping the

industry for giving idea of using it instead of the petroleum-based plastics

B. Questions or Problems being Addressed

This study aims to determine the feasibility of chitin from Jagora