Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(1986) Evolution of HSLA Steels Production in Brazil - An Influencing Factor in The Increasing Consumption of Special Ferro-Alloys
(1986) Evolution of HSLA Steels Production in Brazil - An Influencing Factor in The Increasing Consumption of Special Ferro-Alloys
(1986) Evolution of HSLA Steels Production in Brazil - An Influencing Factor in The Increasing Consumption of Special Ferro-Alloys
Pascoal J. P. Bordignon
Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Minera~ao - CBMM
Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo - Brazil
In the late seventies and early eighties the quality of Braz I 1 ian steels improved
and microalloyed s·teels meeting strict property requirements could be developed.
The stage reached In the production of HSLA steels could not have bee~ possible
without a modern integrated steel industry, Therefore, the expansion of the
Brazil Ian steel industry is also discussed.
Fifteen years ago crude steel production in Brazil commercial conditions. The steels include plates
amounted to about five mill ion tons per year. At for pipe! ines up to Grade API X70 and plates for
that time high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel offshore plauforms (BS 4360), HIC resistant steels
production was not of great significance. Steel as well as heat-treated plates for pressure vesseL
internal quality (content of P;S and shape of and other applications. Thin gage formable HSLA
inclusions) and existing facilities would not hot and cold rolled sheets are produced for
allow the development of steels requiring superior consumption by the automobile industry. In the
characteristics of formability, toughness and long products area, besides sections and rails ,
welbabil ity. mlcroalloying technology has also been applied to
In the early seventies the Brazilian Government re i'nforc i ng oars and engineering s te, '. For the
started a massive investment to modernize and latter, the production of as forged ,without
expand the existing national steel industry. In application of heat treatment) microalloyed
addition, new steel plants were built and, as a automobile parts is an established practice.
result, present crude steel production capacity The present production of microalloyed steels
is over twenty million tons per year. under equivalent quality standards to many products
Not only has steel production increased in from developed steel making countries,coupled
Brazil but a significant upgrading of steel wtth the large availability of raw materials and
products has occurred. Intensive research and relatively low labor cost, has consolidated the
development work on HSLA steels, also referred as participation of Brazil as an exporting country
microalloyed steels, by the three major for HSLA steels. Steel mill HSLA products such as
integrated steel producers was initiated in the sheets and plates, fabricated or manufactured
early seventies. Initially, due to plant equipment rtems,e.g. X-70 line pipe, as-forged crankshafts
1 imitations, the characteristics of the consumtng and automobiles, are exported to several countries
market and lack of experience in c1e new technology, around the world.
HSLA steel development generally concentrated on The production of HSLA steels to meet strict
relatively thin gage flat products, sections and metallurgtcal requirements depends on the
rails. In recent years numerous developments have development of the steel industry, starting from
occurred and production of HSLA steels has gained the early stages of the process of hot metal making
momentun. Steel plant equipment and avai·labll ity i'n the blast furnace. Thus, before microal loyed
of qualified and experienced metallurgists are no products are discussed a bri~f review on the
longer inhiblttng factors. development of the Brazi 1 ian steel industry is
A large variety of HSLA steels has been given.
developed and these are now produced under normal
In the early 30's it was recognized by Government During the fifties and as a result of
leaders that integrated and consistent economic acceleration on the industrial development process,
development could not proceed without the two other important integrated steel mi 11 projects
·establishment of steel production on a large scale emerged Usinas Siderurgicas de Minas Gerais (Usi
in Brazil. Thus, in 1931 the National Iron and minas) and Companhia Siderurgica ~aul ista (Cosipa).
Steelmaking Comission was created to study the Usiminas started operation in 1962 and Cosipa in
complex subject of instail ing an integrated 1963, both companies having at that time,
steelworks utilizing mineral coal, in a country production capacity o.f 500,000 t per year. In
where most of the required infrastructure for such contrast to c~·. which started producing steel
a project was not available at that time (e.g. through the open hearth process, Usiminas and Co
adequate transportation systems). In 1941, the sipa have been operating BOF vessels since their
government decree law n? 3002 authorized start-up and their product mix is 1 imited to flat
construction of Companhia Siderurgica Nacional products.
(CSN) - an integrated steel works to produce In 1970, Brazil produced 5.4 mill ion ton of
295,000 t of finished products in 1945. Since raw steel (2). The supply of flat products by the
the construction period took place during three companies was 2.55 mill ion tons (3) and the
Workd War I I, delays occurred but the project ratio exports/imports reached a figure less than
was not interrupted and in 1946 the first heat unity (D.84) (2). Over the subsequent five years,
was produced (1). In addition to flat products steel imports increased substantially. This
CSN was designed to produce sections, bars situation was predicted in the late60's indicating
and rails. that Brazil had to expand and modernize the
-
co; 1
.- 2
~
a:: 3
~ 4 YEAR
:!! 5
FIG. l - IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTS
-
20
19
18 0 ELECTRIC FURNACE
17 DJ] BOF
16
15 LZI OPEN HEARTH + BESSEMER -
co+- -
0 14 -
- -
z 13
0 12 -
I-
(.) 11 -
:::::>
0 10
-~
0...
9 -
8
_J
w - -
7
w
I-
(/) f\ - -
5
-
~
a:: 4
3
2
1
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85
FIG. 2 - RAW STEEL PRODUCTION BY PROCESS
Not only has production capacity increased, but Production of steel by continuous casting
as the steel plants were being modernized parallel has significantly increased in the late ?O's and
growth occurred in plant productivity, quality early eighties, as shown in figure 3.
improvement and the upgrading of steel products. In the early seventies, sheets or plates with
In figure 2 the evolution of steel production 0. 0 l 5%S could be considered low su 1fur grades and
per pro.cess is shown. Old fashioned steel making sulfide shape control was in its first stage of
processes have practically been abandoned and development' (10). Sheet and plate producing
substituted by large tonnage BOF vessels. companies in Brazil are today equipped with
ae
...J
lLJ
45 --
.,_
lLJ 40
(/)
.,_ 35 -
(/)
<(
30 -
u 25 ~
~
(/)
20 ....
::::> 15 ~
0 ....
::::> 10
z
i= 5
z0 I I I .mnmnITTTIITTfl
u 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85
YEAR
FIG. 3 - EVOLUTION OF STEEL PRODUCTION BY CONTINUOUS CASTING.
facilities for hot metal treatment and secondary galvanized sheets and In Brazil, CSN i~ the only
refining units using one or more of the following stee 1 company produc i·ng coated products. For
processes: RH degassing, Argon bubbling and Ca-Si galvanized sheets thi~ plant operates continuous
injection. By applying hot metal treatment and galvanizing lines,
secondary refining clean steels with sulfur The large expansion of the Brazilian steel
contents as low as 0.001% have been produced, industry for flat products developed through
particularly in the product area of plates for pipes. three principal stages. During these stages a
For steel treatment with Ca-Si injection it is worthy substantial increase in equipment nationalization
of notice that COSIPA i·n collaborationwitha local index was verified, For instance, in stage I I of
technological research institute (Institute de Pes the expansion of CSN, the average equipment
quisas Tecnologicasl has developed and constructed nationalization index was 20%. In stage 111 that
its own installati·on wi.th no foreign assistance. index Increased to 70% and for some equipment,
During the expansion programs, modern rolling reached 100% (2). This is a consequence of a
mill lines have been installed and massive well-establ isbed strategy and the capability to
introduction of process control by computer has absorb external know-how which has also been
occurred. At CSN, the hot strip mill n~ 2 can appl ted in the area of product development,
produce coils weighing up to 40t, The plate mills The above description is 1 imited to the flat
at Cosipa and Usiminas, with maximum separating products Integrated steel-producing companies and
forces of about 6,000 t, have well equipped is not intended to cover the subject in detail.
finishing lines making it possible to produce It does however ind i·cate the extendt to which the
high-quality controlled-rolled products in wi'dths Brazi 1 ian steel industry is prepared toaccomodate
up to 4m. Heat treating lines for normalizing, world market requirements for high strength low
quenching and tempering of plates are available alloy steels. The long products steel Industry,
at Usimi~as and will start operation at Cos~pa representing today over 30% of the raw steel
by the end of this year. Cosipa is also starting production, also experienced a substantial
operation of its melting shop n2 2 and contlnuous transformation period in the last ten years.
casting plant. Several existing plants were modernized and new
For cold-rel led sheet products, the existing plants were constructed.Nevertheless,this segment
mills in the early ?D's have been modernized and of steel producingcompanieswillnotbediscussed in
at CSN a continuous annealing line for sheets has further deta i 1 in order to 1 im it the 1ength of
been installed. HSLA steels are also produced as this di'scussion of the Brazilian steel industry.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
GRADE
cmax Mn
max
p
max smax Si
max
Nb
min
NOTE: Figures 32; 35; 39 and 42 indicate minimum yield strength in kgf/mm 2 .
experimental developments in the plant were conducted from Yawata, with m1n1mum tensile strengths of
at CSN research department and in 1968 fran9a 50 and 55 kgf/mm2 respectively, and meeting the
published a report on the effects of niobium in the requirements of DIN ~T.52.3.These steels are
first large scale industrial heat of niobium microal Joyed with vanadium and their specifications
microalloyed steel produced in Brazil - Heat n? 72021 for chemical composition are shown in table I I I
(figure 7 indicates the year of 1967) (15). (17).The third grade,SAC 50,is an HSLAweathering
In the product area of plates Usiminas began steel equivalent to the Yawata product YAW-TEN-SQ
the initial production of microalloyed steels in Carbon content is less than 0. 16% and titanium is
Brazil, which also occurred in the second half of the microalloying element used. That steel meets
the sixties. Usiminas, with the objective of the requirements from ASTM-A-242. Of course, not
fol lowing the Japanese technical development and only plates were produced with above steel grades
diversifying its product mix, established an whichwerealso processed in the hot strip mill.
agreement for technical assistance with Yawata As described above CSN and Usiminas were the
Iron and Steel Co. As one of the results from thf steel companies which started production of
above agreement, production of three HSLA microalloyed steel in Brazil in the second half
microalloyed grades started, SAR-50, SAR-55 and of the sixties. Two approaches for thatprnductJoA
SAC-50 (16). The first two grades are similar to had been utilized-impor.ted technology (COR-TEN,
the Japanese steels WEL-TEN 50 and WEL-TEN 55 SAR and SAC steels) and in house development
GRADE c Mn
p
max
smax Si v
they could proceed with in-house developments. In had occurred. Similarly, large improvements took
this section mention has not been made of COS IPA place in the area of HSLA microalloyed steels.
because, as a younger company, it had no production Several new grades were developed and product
of HSLA steels in the late sixties. quality was significantly improved. In the section
During the seventies, as previously mentioned, which follows, the evoluticn of HSLA steels in
major changes occurred in the Brazilian steel development and production from the seventies to
industry. The steel plants production capacity had the present day is discussed.
been expanded and modernization of existing units
c Mn p s Si Nb Rp Rm Az" BHN
MP a MP a (%)
ASTM A 583 - grade B (26). As will be discussed late~ the addition of niobium m1n1mum yield strength of
participation of COS IPA in the subject area of HSLA 490 MPa was guaranteed, mainteining the elongation
microalloyed steels gained significance in the second and bending requirements. Subsequently, all
half of the seventies. In the first part of that rebar-producing companies adopted this strengthening
decade, production of HSLA was concentrated on ASTM route and cold deformation was abandoned.
242, a product similar to CSN NIOCOR steel The second half of the seventies and early
In the long products area, and for the period eighties can be classified as the period for
under consideration, mention should be made of upgrading quality of existing HSLA microalloyed
concrete reinforcing bars. Cold deformation was steels and development of high strength P"oducts
I the means of obtaining high strength product in the to meet strrct property requirements such as
I sixties. In 1970, following the utilization of toughness and formability. This was made possible
niobium in rebar by North American steel industries, by the start of operation of modern mills and
two steel plants in Brazil (Companhia Siderurgica installation of units for hot metal and steel
de Mogi das Cruzes and Siderurgica Belgo Mineira) treatment, degassing, continuous casting and
started adding niobium to their reinforcing bar heat treating of steel plates. As the HSLA
products. After detailed investigations by mi~roalloyed product mix significantly increased
research institutes in Brazi 1, the product was in that period, the section which follows gives
put into normal commercial production (27). With a separate discussion for each type of product.
INFACON 86 PROCEEDINGS
271
mentioned above for X60 steel sulfur contents of evolution of special ferroalloys consumption
0.005% - 0.008% were being obtained by Usiminas and during the period 1978 - 1985 is shown (28 - 34).
Cosipa. (32 - 33). Figure 4 also shows the total orders of FeNb in
During subsequent years, production of API Brazil since 1978. This is a good indication of
steels at Usiminas and Cosipa increased substantially. the increase in production, not only of line pipe
Considering that API steel is one major consumer of steels, but also of HSLA microalloyed steels in
microalloys in the product mix of Usiminas, the above genera 1 .
statement can be illustrated by figure 4 where the
-l
z 0,85 1400 0
0 ~
....a.. 1300 r
0
:E 0,80 1200 :::0
::::> 0
(/) 1100 rn
z ::0
...J (/')
0 1000
u w
w
.... ,,0
F/
TOTAL ORDERS 900
(/)
0,60 ~
(/)
>- 800 zt:T
0
...J
...J
<(
'>-0 700 CD
-<
...J 600
...J -l
0 <( :I:
500
a::
a:: ~
w
Lt..
_.
<(
Cl
::.::
0,40
. . 400
300
rn
(/')
,,,,,,-l
r
200
u
w z
a.. 0,20 100 0
c(/')
(/)
-l
80 81 82 83 84 85 :::0
78 79 -<
YEAR
(FeNb, FeV, FeTi AND FeCr) AND TOTAL ORDERS OF FeNb BY THE STEEL INDUSTRY.
Contemporaneously with the increase in Recently, CSN has put into operation a modern
production, quality improvement occurred with the hot strip mill which can produce 3.2 mill ion tons
installation of units for sulfide shape control per year of hot rolled products in widths and
at Usiminas and Cosipa. The ladle injection system thickness up to 1575 mm and 12.7 mm, respectively.
at Cosipa began operation in 1980 and, as Development of API steels up to X60 grade has
previously mentioned, the system, was developed oeen carryed out (35). API plate steels resistant
by Cosipa and a local research institute. At to hydrogen-tnduced cracking are the more recent
present, two of those units are in operation at development at Usiminas (36) and Cosipa. Grades
Cosipa. up to X65 with these characteristics, under BP
The experience accumulated in the production conditions, are already available.
of API steels in the late seventies accelerated A further step in the evolution of API steels
the development of grades X65 and X?O. Since in Brazil will be the production of steels with
1981 those grades have been in normal production microstructures comprising lower temperature
at Cosipa (26). Usiminas started producing X65 transformation products, at present being
grade in 1980 and X70 in 1983 (26). These API developed by Usimtnas (26).
steels have alloy designs based on the standard The production of API steels meeting strict
combination of niobium and vanadium, and exhibit quality requirements has added Brazil to Xhe list
fine ferrite-pearlite microstructures . Typical of the few countries which export such products.
chemical compositions and mechanical properties For instance, Cosipa X70 steel, either in the
are given in table V. form of plates or pi~es, has been exported to
x 65 (2) 0.12 0.85 0.015 0.001 0.24 0.021 0.30 0.15 0.036 0.032 0. 011 550 599 35 75 100 100
~T-2.0'?C
*
x 70 (3) 0.10 1.58 0.015 0. 00 4 0.27 0.022 - - 0.033 0.072 - 610 696 32 101 100 100
* itJ.T-20'?C P.T-20?C
BS 4360-50D 0. 14 1.23 0.016 0.003 0.27 0.042 - - 0.035 - - 443 557 28 67(4) - -
(4) * hT-rnor.
COS-AR-55 0.16 1.40 0.020 0.012 0.40 0.040 - - - 0.054 - 420 580 25 35 - -
(5) illT nor
NOTES: 01 -
Data for Cosipa products
02 -
t= 10.31 mm; w= 3,200 mm; HIC Resistant Steel
03 -
t= 14.27 mm; W= 3,802 mm
04 -
t= 37.50 mm; CVN Data after ageing at 1009C - 1 hour and strained 3%
05 -
t= 20 mm
06 -
All properties are transverse to the rolling direction, apart from toughness of COS-AR Steel
* - Sulfide Shape Control
"'
.....
w
several countries including the USA and USSR.
STRUCTURAL STEELS
Under the heading of structural steels Campos basin requires offshore platform
consideration is given to product areas of plates characteristics, to a large extent, similar to
for offshore and naval construction, structural those of th7 North Sea (38). Among 20 offshore
steels for general use and heat treated plates. platforms which have been constructed, or are
Offshore oil exploration has been in progress under construction in Brazil, 5 have structural
in Brazil for several years. However, it was components weighing over 20,000 t (37).
confined to regions of shallow water where platform At about the same time the first platforms to
materials did not require plates with superior Campos basin were under construction, Usiminas,
characteristics of toughness and through-thickness with the start up of a RH degassing unit in 1980,
ductility. The situation changed in the early completed its installations to fully satisfy the
eighties when oil production started at Campos market for steel plates. The evolution of steel
basin (East of Brazil). In this region oil is development for offshore platforms by Usiminas is
obtained from platforms located in places where shown in table VI (39). It can be seen that
water depth reaches 170 m. (37). production of higher grade plates requiring
Although Brazil is a tropical country, oil through-thickness properties started in 1982.
exploration under the deep water conditions of Low sulfur content plus sulfide shape control,
degassing and normalising are part of the normal a significant timing difference is observed
processing routes at Usiminas in the production between Usiminas and Cosipa. That is explained
of niobium mocroalloyed steel to BS 4360 - 50 D by the fact that Cosipa, in addition to being a
used in the fabrication of nodes. For other younger company, had its plate mill start up in
structural components of the platform either 1978 (40).
normalised or controlled rolled plates are In the period 1975 - 1984 other HSLA
supplied. At Cosipa development of steel BS 4360 microalloyed steels for general structural use
50 D was concluded in 1981 and the plates, with were developed by the three flat product
sulfide shape control, are produced by controlled integrated steel companies in Brazil. These
rolling. Typical chemical composition and include the COS-AR steel developed by Cosipa in
mechanical properties are shown in table V. 1980, a V microalloyeJ product with minimun
In the area of hull plate for ship building, yieldstrength of 355 MPa (Table V) and COS-AR-COR
grades AH/DH 32 and 36 were initially developed (weathering steel, Nb microalloyed).
by Usiminas in 1972, as previously mentioned. In the product area of quenched and tempered
More recently,in 1984, Usiminas concluded plates microalloyed steel developments were
development of steels EH 32 and 36 (26). At Cosi initiated by Usiminas in 1981, after installation
pa, hull plate steels, grades DH 32 and 36, were of its roller quench heat treating unit (41).
developed in 1979. Those steels are low sulfur Steels to standards ASTM A 517, A 514, A 678 and
(0.015% max) Nb microal Joyed products processed A 387 were already developed by 1982 (42). More
by control led rolling. In the above product area recently, production of plates with tensile
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION WT %
STEEL
c Mn p s Si Al Nb
375 MPa H-Rol led 0.07 0.60 0.008 0.007 - 0.052 0.028
(1)
343 MPa C-Rol led 0.06 a.so 0. 015 0. 011 - o.os 0.04
(1)
family of microalloyed steels developed in Brazil. program conducted by Usiminas, titanium and niobium
Only in recent years has the Brazilian automobile microalloying were investigated (43). Ti steel, as
industry shown significant interest in that compared to its equivalent Nb microalloyed product,
product area. Usiminas and Cosipa have developed gave inferior ductility properties. CSN is in the
two grades of high strength steel with minimum final development stage of the 343 MPa grade. It
yield strength requirements of 270 MPa and 343 MPa. should be mentioned th.at a significant
The lower strength grade is a plain carbon acceleration in the development of HSLA cold
rephosphorized steel and the higher grade is rolled products at CSN wlll occur in the near
niobium microalloyed with the typical chemical future after start up of its continuous
composition shown in table VI I . In the development annealing 1 ine for sheets.
LONG PRODUCTS
In the long products area, as is the case for steel has continued and the product is basically
plates and hot rolled sheets, microalloyed steels the same as in the early seventies, apart from
are widely used in the production of structural quality improvement through secondary refining
sections. Developments of HSLA microalloyed and uphill teeming practice.
sections occurred parallel to those of flat During recent years the development of
products and used the same grades of steels for forgings produced from microalloyed bars has
general structural purposes. gained increasing importance worthwide due to
Production of Niobium microalloyed rail the energy savings made possible by the
CLOSURE
REFERENCES
l. A.O. Pereira, & M.L.E. Caron, Manual de Siderur de Metals, Sao Paulo,- SP, 1983
gia. Sao Paulo , Assetec: Assessoria Tecnica
Industrial, p. 464 - 1967. 12, M.C. Franc;a, Estudo sobre o emprego de Ti e
Nb na produc;ao de ac;o em forno eletrico basi
2. B.M. Batista, 40 anos da CSN e sua atuac;ao co, Companhia Siderurgica Nacional - Departa
no desenvolvimento nacional. Volta Redonda, mento de Pesquisas, Feb. 1965 (Internal Report)
Companhia Siderurgica Nacional Publ ., 1981.
13. Ac;os Cor-Ten. Companhia Siderurgica Nacional,
3. M.L. Leao, A expansao da Siderurgia Brasileira. Feb. 1967. (leaflet).
Metalurgia ABM, 28 (176) (1972) p. 479-83
14. A~os de Alta Resistencia. Companhia Siderur
4. P.O. Assman, B.M. Baptista, J,G.P. Evangelista. gica Nacional, 1968 (leaflet).
A siderurgia brasileira de planos da decada de
80. P. l-38 In: Cong res so Brasil e i ro de Si derurg i a, 15. M.C. Franc;a, Ac;o ao Columbia. Companhia Side
9. Rio de Janeiro, Institute Brasileiro de Si rurgica Nacional (1968). (internal report).
derurgia, May 1979.
16. M.Viana, Produc;ao e util izac;ao de chapas
5. Anuario Estatlstico da lndustria Siderurgica grossas.Metalurgia ABM, 25 (137) (1969)
Brasileira. R.i·o de Janeiro, Institute Brasi P.282-4
leiro de Siderurgia, 1975.
l]. E,C. Nunes, C,O,S, Cortes, Soldabilidade
6. Ibid., 1983. dos ac;os SAR-50 e 55. Metalurgia ABM, 31
(zon (1975) P.91-10.0.
7. Ibid., 1984.
18. P.J.P. Bordignon, A~os ao Cb de al ta resis
8. Ibid., 1986. tencia e baixa 1 iga com boas caracterfsticas
de conformac;ao e sua produc;ao. Companhia Si
9. P.D. Villares, Perspectivas da Siderurgi~ Bra derurgica Nacional - Linha de Pesquisas , -
si lei ra. Institute Brasi lei ro de Siderurgia March 1973 . (Internal Report n? 26/73).
Publ ., Rio de Janeiro, Aug. 1984.
19. C.A. Nolasco, E.Q. 01 iveira, P,J.P. Bordignon,
10. R.D. Azevedo, P.J.P.Bordignon, A.M.P. Garcia Trilhos de elevada resistencia mecinica e ao
Do O. Emprego das terras raras em a~os. Meta desgaste para ferrovias. Metalurgia ABM,
lurgia ABM, 31 (206) (19}5) P.35 - 41. - 33 (234) (1977) P. 257-63.
l l. C.R.Galvao,J.L.Crudis,J.C.G.Parish, Equipamento 20. P.J.P. Bordignon, E.Q. 01 iveira, F.H.A. Silva,
para injec;ao profunda de pos reativos em panela The development of a high strength and wear
de ac;o-desenvolvimento IPT/Cosipa. P.l-20 ln:ABM resistance-Niobras 200-Rail Steel for Intense
XXXVI I I Annual Congress, Associac;ao Brasileira and Heavy Traffic Railways. Paper X6 In:
21. H. Kageyama, K.Sugino, H.Masumoto, Determination 34. Personal Communication, S.L. Andrade, Usimi
of alloying elements for the improvement of rail nas, 1986.
weldability (Development of high strength
weldable rail steels - I I). Transactions qf the 35. R.M.Brito, M.W.Scal, R.L.S. Germano, F.D.
Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, 22(5) (1982) Caetano, O.A. Souza,' M.C. Cand1do, Apl ica~ao
P.B 148. de conceitos de tratamentos termomecanicos
no desenvolvimento de a¥os para atendimento
22. J.B.S.Ramos, P.J.P.Bordignon, D. I. Souza Jr, a norma API. P-295-311 In: XXXIX ABM Annual
A¥o, alternativa mais economica. Companhia Congress. Proceedings •.. , Associa¥ao Bras!
Siderurgica Nacional - Linha de Pesquisas, leira de Metais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 1984.
Nov. 1973.(lnternal Report)
36. F.J.F.Miranda, R.C. Ratnapuli, T. Miyashita,
23. C.A.Nolasco, P.J.P.Bordignon, E.Q.01 iveira,Niocor: Avalia¥ao da susceptibil idade de a¥os API da
a¥o ARBl ao niobio com elevada resistencia i Usiminas a trincas induzidas por hidrogenio
corrosao. Metalurgia ABM, 32 (229) (1976) P. 817- em meios contendo H2S e agua. P. 279-312 Jn:
24. ABM XXXIX Annual Congress. Proceedings ... ,
Associa¥ao Brasileira de Metais, Belo horizon
24. P.J.P,Bordignon, R.M. Brito, Fabrica~ao proces te, MG, 1984.
samento e caracterlsticas mecani'ca~ e metalurgi
cas do primeiro a¥o patinavel totalmente brasi- 37. J.P.Silveira, Tecnologia metalurgica nas pla
leiro - Ni'ocor 2. Companhia Siderurgica Nacio- taformas marftimas. Metalurgia ABM, 38(293)-
nal - Sup. Geral de Pesquisas e Desenvolvimento, (1982) P. 187-9.
Jan. 1979 (internal report n? 006/79),
38. M.C.B.Marcon,Materiais e processos na cons
25. P.J,P. Bordignon, R,M.Brito, S.Azambuja, W.R. tru¥ao de plataformas marftimas. MetalurgTa
Rosas, Caracteriza¥ao e apl ica¥ao de um a¥o ABM, 38(293) (1982) P. 190-4
ARBL patinavel - Niocor, desenvolvido na CSN.
Metalurgia ABM, 36(275) (1980) p. 685-9, 39. S,L,Andrade, !,Hanan, Fabrica¥ao de chapas
grossas para aplica¥oes especiais. P. 159-
26. Personal Communication, l.S.Ferreira, Usiminas, 70., In: I Encontro de Tecnologia e Uti l iza¥ao
1985. dos A~os Nacionais, 1. Proceedings, .. , COPPE/
UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro , RJ, 1982.
27. Personal Communication, A.01 iveira Neto, Compa
nhia Siderurgica de Mogi das Cruzes, 1985. -
40. J.M,Bonfim , S.A. Machado, M.R. Vasques,
28. S.L. Andrade, J.1.0liveira, I. Hanan, Desenvol Chapas grossas de a¥o micro! igado ao ni6bio
vimentos recentes de chapas grossas na Usiminas. de al ta resistencia para a industria naval,
P. 111-26 In: Seminario de Lamina¥ao de Pianos e P. 138-58 In: I Encontro de Tecnologia e
Nao Pianos. Proceedings ... , Associa¥ao Brasilei Utiliza¥ao dos A¥os Nacionais, l .Proceedings,
ra de Metais/COPLAM, lpatinga, MG,1982. - COPPE/UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, R.J., lg82.
29. R.S. Fontes, L.O.Pereira, Qual idade do material 41. J.T,Nakashima, A.V,Faria, J.E.A.Pereira, De
produzido no l ingotamento. contfnuo da Usi'minas. ~envolvimento industrial de chapas grossas-
Metalurgia ABM, 33(238), (1977) P, 573~7, temperadas e revenidas com 1000 N/mm2 de re
sistencia. Metalurgia ABM, 41 (327) (1985) -
30. R.S. Fontes, W.C. Damiao, L.O.Pereira, M.R. p, 71-6,
Horta Filho, Principals tipos de defettos em
placas de l ingotamento cont~nuo. Metalurgia 42. R,C,Ratnapul i, A. Assaoka, A.V. Faria; 0 de
ABM, 34(251) (1978) P. 721-8. senvolvimento de a¥o5 temperados e revenidos
na Usiminas,P.183-95 In: I Encontro de Tee
31. R.S. Fontes, E.J.M. Taiss, T.Miyashita, Chapas nologia e Utiliza¥ao dos A¥os Nacionais, -
grossas de al ta resistenci~ originadas do lin Proceedings ... , Associa¥ao Brasileira de Me
gotamento contfnuo. Metalurgia ABM, 35(259) - tais, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 1982.
(1979) P. 429-33,
43, L.N.T. Klein, H. Barcelos, V. 01 iveira Jr.
32. R.S. Fontes, T. Myashita, V. Guidoni, N.C. Desenvolvimento de a~os de media e al ta
Braga, A.D. Cardoso, F.W. Puntigan, A. Ma.!2_ resistencia, baixa liga laminados a frip na
gualde, ~.C. Castro, Chapas grossas para Usiminas. P.331-46 In: ABM annual Congress,
tubes com especifica~Oes extras. MetalUrgia XXXIX Proceedings ... , Associa~ao Brasileira
ABM, 36(273) (1980) P. 517-21. de Metais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 1984.
33, O.E. Alarcon, Desenvolvimento da tecnologia de 44. W, Albiero, Forjamento de arvores de manive