Gwen Stefani Yahin

BS Psychology 2B

8 THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION

1. Liberalism
 Liberalism sees the process of globalization as an extension of modernization's
market orientation. At its most basic level, it is the result of a "natural" human
desire for financial well-being and political freedom. They are in the form of
appropriate legal and institutional arrangements to enable technological advances,
especially in the fields of transportation, telecommunications and information
processing, as well as market expansion and free democracy at a global level.
Liberals emphasize the need to build institutional infrastructure to support
globalization, but ignore the social forces behind the creation of technical and
institutional foundations.
2. Political Realism
 Proponents of this theory are interested in the issue of state power, the pursuit of
national interests, and conflicts between nations. Globalization has also been
described as a strategy in the power struggle between several great powers in
modern world politics. At some levels, globalization is considered the opposite of
the territorial state. According to them, nations are not the same in globalization,
some dominating and some subordinate. But they do not understand that
globalization is not the acquisition, distribution, or exercise of power. It is about
the production and consumption of resources, the discovery and confirmation of
identities, the building and transmission of meaning, and the shaping of people
through nature. Most of them are non-political.
3. Marxism
 Marxism is primarily concerned with mode of production, social exploitation
through injustice, and social liberation through the transcendence of capitalism.
Marxists reject both liberal and politically realistic explanations of globalization.
It is the result of historically specific impulses in the development of capitalism. It
also aims to explore identity and find out what it means. People are developing
global weapons and pursuing global military campaigns not only for the purpose
of capitalism, but also for the interstate competition and militaristic culture that
arose before the advent of capitalism.
4. Constructivism
 Globalization also came from the way people mentally constructed the social
world with specific symbols, languages, images and interpretations. It is the result
of a special form of consciousness and dynamics. Constructivists focus on how
social actors "build" their world in the mind and through subjective
communication with others. Conversation and symbolic exchange lead people to
 build the ideas of the world, the rules of social interaction, and the forms that exist
and belong to this world. Social geography is both a spiritual experience and a
physical fact. However, this theory ignores the issues of structural inequality and
power hierarchy in social relations. It has an inherent non-political tendency.
5. Postmodernism
 Some other ideal perspectives of globalization show the importance of structural
power in the building of identity, norms and knowledge. They are all grouped
under the label "Postmodern". The general structure of understanding determines
what is recognizable and what is unrecognizable in a given socio-historical
context. Modern rationalism creates a society overwhelmed by economic growth,
technical control, bureaucracy, and disciplined desires. This method of knowledge
has an authoritarian and vast logic that leads to a kind of cultural imperialism that
is subordinate to all other epistemological theories. It does not focus on the issue
of globalization itself. Postmodernism, such as Marxism, goes beyond the
relatively superficial expression of liberal and politically realistic theories to help
clarify the social conditions that have supported globalization.
6. Feminism
 It focuses on the social construction of masculine and feminine. All other theories
identify the dynamics behind the rise of interplanetary and territorial connectivity
in technology, states, capital, identity, and more.
7. Trans-formationalism
 The term "globalization" reflects the growing interrelationships of political,
economic and cultural issues around the world, creating a "common social space."
Held and McGrew present a fairly complex type of globalization based on its
scope, depth, speed, impact, and impact on infrastructure, institutional,
hierarchical, and developmental heterogeneity. They mean that "politics of
globalization" has been "transformed" in all these aspects due to the emergence of
a new system of "political globalization".
8. Eclecticism
 By accumulating surpluses, capitalists seek to accumulate more resources than
ever before, exceeding their need for survival. The capitalist economy is
thoroughly monetized. Money promotes accumulation. It provides ample
opportunity to transfer surpluses, especially from the weak to the strong. This
mode of production involves a constant and widespread debate about the
distribution of surplus. Such competition takes place among individuals,
businesses, etc., and by structural class, gender, race, and so on.