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SUBJECT(AREA(I
Mathematics,+Surveying+ and+Transportation+ Engineering

Pl a n e & a n d & S ph e r i ca l &

Tr i go n o me tr y
Part%1: Plane&Trigonometry
 Conversion)of)Units
1"Rotation""" ="360"Degrees"(Sexagesimal System)
="2! Radians
="400"Gradians (Centesimal+System)
="6400"Mils
Example(1

Convert(405(degrees(to(Mils.
Trigonometric+Functions+(Right&Angle)
Some%Little%Known%Trigonometric%Functions

Versed&Sine: versθ = 1− cosθ

Coversed Sine/Versed*Cosine: coversθ = 1− sin θ

Exsecant: ex secθ = secθ − 1

1
Haversine: havθ = (1− cosθ )
2
Example(2

Find%the%value%of%! if#versed#sine#of#! ="0.148.

Example(3

In triangle ABC, AB = 8m and BC = 20m. One

possible dimension of CA is?
Concept:

!Sum of any two sides > Third Side

!Difference of any two sides < Third side
min = A − B + 1 = C
max = A + B − 1 = C
Oblique(Triangles:

∑ InteriorAngle = 180 0

!Smallest: > 0 degree but < 90 degrees (ACUTE)

!Intermediate: > 0 degree but < 90 degrees
(ACUTE)
!Largest: > 0 degree but < 180 degrees (ACUTE
or OBTUSE)
Example(4

In triangle ABC, AB = 15m, AC = 9m and

angle A = 50 degrees. Determine the length of
side BC.
Co!terminal)Angles:

Ex: 30 deg, 390 deg, 750 deg, !330 deg.

Example(5(

In triangle XYZ, XZ = 17m, YZ = 15m and

angle X = 43 degrees. Determine the interior
angle at vertex z.
Checking)the)SOLUTION(OF(TRIANGLES:

Mollweide’s Equation:
⎛ A − B⎞ ⎛ A − B⎞
sin ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
cos ⎜
a+b ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ a−b
= or =
c ⎛ C⎞ c ⎛ C⎞
sin ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
Trigonometric+Identities:

!Pythagorean Identities
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1

1+ tan θ = sec θ
2 2

cot 2 θ + 1 = csc 2 θ
Trigonometric+Identities:

!Function of Sum and Difference

sin ( A ± B ) = sin A cos B ± cos Asin B
cos ( A ± B ) = cos A cos B ∓ sin Asin B
tan A ± tan B
tan ( A ± B ) =
1 ∓ tan A tan B
Trigonometric+Identities:

!Function of Twice an Angle

sin 2A = 2sin A cos A
cos 2A = cos 2 A − sin 2 A
cos 2A = 1− 2sin 2 A
cos 2A = 2 cos A − 1
2

2 tan A
tan 2A =
1− tan 2 A
Trigonometric+Identities:

!Function of Half an Angle

θ 1− cosθ
sin =
2 2

θ 1+ cosθ
cos =
2 2

θ sin θ
tan =
2 1+ cosθ
Trigonometric+Identities:

!Sum & Difference of Functions

⎛ x + y⎞ ⎛ x − y⎞
sin x + sin y = 2sin ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
cos ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎛ x + y⎞ ⎛ x − y⎞
sin x − sin y = 2 cos ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎟ sin ⎜

⎛ x + y⎞ ⎛ x − y⎞
cos x + cos y = 2 cos ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ⎟
cos
2 ⎠
⎛ x + y⎞ ⎛ x − y⎞
cos x − cos y = −2sin ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
sin
Example(6

If the sum of the angles A+B+C=180 degrees

and tanA+tanB+tanC=x, find the equivalent
value of (tanA)(tanB)(tanC)?
Example

• Given:'
• P"="A"sin"X"+"B"cos"X
• Q"="A"cos"X"– B"sin"X
• From%the%given%equations% above,% show%the%relationship% between% P,%Q,%A%and%
B"not"involving" any"of"the"trigonometric" functions" of"angle"X.
Example(7

Find the value of

sin 0 + sin1 + sin 2 + ...+ sin 90

0 0 0 0

cos 0 + cos1 + cos 2 + ...+ cos 90

0 0 0 0
Example(8

A pole cast a shadow 15m long when the

angle of elevation of the sun is 61 degrees. If
the pole leans 15 degrees directly towards the
sun, what is the length of the pole?
Example(9
A statue 2m high stands on a column that is
3m high. An observer in level with the top of
the statue observed that the column and the
statue subtend the same angle. How far is the
observer from the statue?
Example(10
The angle of elevation of the top point D of
a tower from A is 24.35 degrees. From another
point B, the angle of elevation of the top of
the tower is 56.21 degrees. The points A and B
are 287.6m apart on the same level ground as
the foot of the tower. The horizontal angle
subtends by A and B at the foot of the tower is
90 degrees.
!Determine the distance from point A to the
foot of the tower.

!Compute the distance from point B to the

foot of the tower.

!Find the height of the tower.

 Example(11
Two towers A and B are placed at a distance
of 100m apart horizontally. The height of A is
40m and that of B is 30 m.
1. At what distance vertically above the
ground will the intersection of the lines
forming the angles of elevation of the top
of the two towers observed from the bases
of towers A and B respectively.
 Example(11

Two towers A and B are placed at a distance

of 100m apart horizontally. The height of A is
40m and that of B is 30 m.
2. At what distance, horizontally is this point
located from tower A?
 Example(11

Two towers A and B are placed at a distance

of 100m apart horizontally. The height of A is
40m and that of B is 30 m.
3. At what distance, horizontally is this point
located from tower B?
 Example(12

Determine the hypotenuse of an isosceles

right triangle whose perimeter is 24 inches.
 Example(13

From a point outside an equilateral triangle,

the distance of the vertices are 10m, 10m, and
18m. Find the dimension of the triangle.
 Part%2:
Spherical*Trigonometry
The$Spherical$Triangle
Sine%Law

sin a sinb sin c

= =
sin A sin B sinC
Cosine'Law

cos a = cosb cos c + sinbsin c cos A

cosb = cos a cos c + sin asin c cos B
cos c = cos a cosb + sin asinb cosC
Cosine'Law

cos A = − cos B cosC + sin BsinC cos a

cos B = − cos A cosC + sin AsinC cosb
cosC = − cos A cos B + sin Asin B cos c
Mnemonics!

S = Sides
P = Positve
A = Angles
N = Negative
Example(12

Angle C = 90 degrees in a right spherical

triangle ABC. If c = 80 degrees and a = 50
degrees. Find b.
Example(13

In a spherical triangle ABC, B = 80 degrees,

a=49 degrees and c = 77 degrees. Find the
value of angle A.
Checking)the)SOLUTION(OF##SPHERICAL#TRIANGLES:

Delambre (or Gauss) Analogies:

⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
sin ⎢ ( a − b ) ⎥ sin ⎢ ( A − B ) ⎥ sin ⎢ ( a + b ) ⎥ cos ⎢ ( A − B ) ⎥
⎣2 ⎦= ⎣2 ⎦ ⎣2 ⎦= ⎣2 ⎦
⎛1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ or ⎛1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞
or
sin ⎜ c ⎟ cos ⎜ C ⎟ sin ⎜ c⎟ sin ⎜ C ⎟
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠

⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
cos ⎢ ( a − b ) ⎥ sin ⎢ ( A + B ) ⎥ cos ⎢ ( a + b ) ⎥ cos ⎢ ( A + B ) ⎥
⎣2 ⎦= ⎣2 ⎦ ⎣2 ⎦= ⎣2 ⎦
⎛1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞
or ⎛1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞
cos ⎜ c ⎟ cos ⎜ C ⎟ cos ⎜ c⎟ sin ⎜ C ⎟
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
 Example(14

Find the perimeter of the spherical triangle

if R = 94m and a = 116019’, b = 55030’, c = 80037’
 Example(15

Find the area of the spherical triangle if R =

94m and a = 116019’, b = 55030’, c = 80037’
Example(16

If the longitude of Tokyo is 139 degrees East

and that of Manila is 121 degrees E. What is
the difference of the two?
Example(17

If the time is 8:00 A.M. GMT, what is the

time in the:
a. Philippines (120 degrees E)
b. Egypt (109 degrees W)
 Example(18

Find the distance in nautical miles between

Manila and San Francisco. Manila is located ar
14036’ N latitude and 121005’ E longitude. San
Francisco is situated at 37048’ N latitude and
122024’W longitude.
Questions???
References:
1. https://mathalino.com/reviewer/plane!trigonometry

2. Besavilla, V.B. (1986). Engineering Mathematics. VIB Publishing

3. Esplana, D.F. (2009). Practice Problems for Civil Engineering Board Exams. CALQ Publishing

4. Gillesania, D.I.T. (2014). Civil Engineering Reference for Licensure Examination Vol. 3. Cebu
DGPrint Inc.
 Thank&You.

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