IMPACT OF JET EXPERIMENT

2019 – 2020
ENGINEERING DRAWING –
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT

PREPARED FOR: DR. MUNTHER

ABDULLAH

Student Email:
ahmed.hamza1903@ceong.uobaghdad.edu.iq

JUNE 24

UNIVERSITY OF BAGHDAD
COLLAGE OF ENGINEERING

PREPARED BY AHMED MUHAMMED HAMZA

STAGE 1 – CLASS A

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IMPACT OF JET EXPERIMENT
REPORT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY………………………………………… 2

Objective & Apparatus ……………………………………………………. 3

Examples ………………………………………………………………………… 4

Experiment Procedure …………………………………………………….. 5&6

Discussion ……………………………………………………………………... 7, 8, 9

Data……………………………………………………

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Objective:
To measure the force developed by a jet of water deflected on a fixed
impact object by comparing it to the force predicted by the momentum
theory.

Apparatus:
Impact of jet apparatus as shown in fig. 1:
1. Plexiglas diameter cylindrical tank.
2. 10 mm-diameter nozzle.
3. Impact object of flat shape having a 30 mm diameter.
4. Impact object of hemispherical shape having a 30 mm diameter.
5. Nozzle distance – impact object (S): 37 mm.
6. Stainless steel weight.

Theory:
The force exerted by a jet coming from a nozzle striking an object with a
particular shape depends on the shape of the same Fig. 2 shows two kinds
of objects struck by a water jet.
b. Flat object: the outlet angle, 𝜷 of the jet is at 𝟗𝟎° in respect to the
inlet direction.
a. Hemispherical object: the outlet angle 𝜷 of the jet is at 𝟏𝟖𝟎° in
respect to the inlet direction.

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Fig .1 Arrangement of Apparatus.

Fig .2 Impact of Jet on: a. Flat Object b. Hemispherical Object.

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Fig 3. Outlet speed Vo and and exit velocity.
Type equation here.

Where:

𝒑𝒐 is the presssure at the nozzle outlet

𝒁𝒐 is the position of the nozzle
𝒗𝒐 the outlet speed from the nozzle
𝑷𝟏 is the pressure after the impact on the support
𝒁𝟏 is the impact position
𝒗𝟏 is the impact speed

1. Flow of liquid through a hole provided at the bottom of

2. the container
2. Flow through kitchen sink
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 3. Draining the bath tub
4. Flow of liquid around a circular bend in pipe
5. A whirlpool in a river
6. The flow fields due to a tornado.

b. Forced Vortex Flow

flow is defined as that type of vortex flow in which some external

torque is required to rotate the fluid mass.
Examples:
1. Flow of water through the runner of a turbine
2. Flow of liquid through the passage of impeller of centrifugal
pumps
3. Rotation of water in a washing machine

Experiment Procedure:
1. Cylinder is filled with water to a height lower than its half.

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2. Cylinder is rotated with a constant speed until a parabolic
free surface is formed.
3. After steady state conditions are achieved, surface profile
readings are taken by measuring different radiuses and the
corresponding heights.
4. The surface elevation at r=0 is taken as the datum for all
these readings.

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Results and Calculations:

Complete the results in the tables..

NO. r(mm) Z(mm) W (rad/sec)

1 0 0 0
2 30 2 0.208
3 60 5 0.16
4 90 12 0.70
5 120 30 0.195
6 150 78 0.260

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Discussions:

1. Plot and comment on the relation between rand z.

2. Find the value of angular velocity.

Angular velocity is a vector quantity and is described as the rate of
change of angular displacement which specifies the angular speed
or rotational speed of an object and the axis about which the
object is rotating. The amount of change of angular displacement
of the particle at a given period of time is called angular velocity.
The track of the angular velocity vector is vertical to the plane of
rotation, in a direction which is usually indicated by the right-hand
rule.
𝒅𝜽
It is articulated as: 𝝎=
𝒅𝒕

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3. What is a Vortex ?
In fluid dynamics, a vortex (plural vortices/vortexes) is a
region in a fluid in which the flow revolves around an axis
line, which may be straight or curved. Vortices form in
stirred fluids, and may be observed in smoke rings,
whirlpools in the wake of a boat, and the winds
surrounding a tropical cyclone, tornado or dust devil.
Vortices are a major component of turbulent flow. The
distribution of velocity, vorticity (the curl of the flow
velocity), as well as the concept of circulation are used to
characterise vortices. In most vortices, the fluid flow
velocity is greatest next to its axis and decreases in inverse
proportion to the distance from the axis

4. Difference between free and forced vortex flow.

Free Vortex flow Forced Vortex flow

▪ No external torque or ▪ To maintain a forced
energy required. The fluid vortex flow, it required a
rotating under certain continuous supply of
energy previously given to energy or external torque.
them.In a free vortex ▪ All fluid particles rotate at
mechanics, overall energy the constant angular
flow remains constant. velocity ω as a solid body.
There is no energy Therefore, a flow of
interaction between an forced vortex is called as a
external source and a flow solid body rotation.
or any dissipation of

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 mechanical energy in the ▪ Tangential velocity is
flow. directly proportional to
▪ Fluid mass rotates due to the radius.
conservation of angular v=rω
momentum. ω = Angular velocity.
▪ Velocity inversely r = Radius of fluid
proportional to the radius. particle from the axis of
rotation.
At the center (r = 0) of rotation
velocity approaches to infinite,
that point is called singular ▪ The surface profile of
point. vortex flow is parabolic.

▪ The free vortex flow

is irrotational, and
therefore, also known as
the irrotational vortex.
▪ In free vortex flow,
Bernoulli’s equation can
be applied.

• Examples include a • Examples for forced

whirlpool in a river, water
flows out of a bathtub or a
sink, flow in centrifugal
pump casing and flow
around the circular bend
in a pipe.
vortex flow is rotating a
vessel containing a liquid
with constant angular
velocity, flow inside the
centrifugal pump.

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5. What suggestion have you to improving the apparatus ?

A. Using vortex generator to increase flow using a typical

type of turbulence which creates extra drag force.
B. Three interchangeable orifices and paddle wheel to fit in
the base of tank.
C. Measuring bridge with adjustable pointers and internal
caliper to measure vortex dimensions.
D. Using computers software as an options for better exact
readings and measures.
E. method to detect the vortices in the streaming fluid is to
use a high sensitive ultrasonic wave which is complex
modulated.

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