HARARE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY HIT112

Bachelor of Technology
Faculty of Engineering Sciences and Technology

Linear Algebra Tutorial

17 September 2019
Time : 2++ hours

Attempt ALL questions

Q1. Given that x = [3, 2, −1, 0]T , y = [3, 4, 0, 1]T y = [4, 1, 1, −2]T ∈ R4

(a) 3x − 2y
(b) (x − y) · z
(c) Find the angles between the vectors
(i) x and z
(ii) x and −y
(iii) x − y and z − x
(d) Find the component of
(i) x in the direction of y.
(ii) x in the direction of x − y.
(e) |x|, |y| and |z|.
(f) x · y y · z and x · z.
(g) a vector perpendicular to y
(h) projection of y in the direction of x.
(i) the unit vector in the direction of 2x − y − z.
(j) the distances between all the pairs of the points x, y and z.
(k) the angles between all the pairs of the points x, y and z.

Q2. Let x, y ∈ Rn , prove that

(a) 4x · y = |x + y|2 − |x − y|2

(b) |x + y|2 + |x − y|2 = 2(|x|2 + |y|2 )

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(c) |x| − |y| ≤ |x + y

(d) ||x| − |y|| ≥ |x − y|
(e) |x − y|2 = |x|2 + |y|2 − 2|x||y| cos θ

Q3. Determine which of the following are vector spaces under the given operations.

(a) x + y = [x1 + y1 , x2 + y2 , x3 + y3 , 0], kx = [kx1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ]

(b) x + y = [x1 + y2 , x2 + y3 , x3 + y4 , x4 + y1 ], kx = [kx1 , −kx2 , kx3 , −kx4 ],
(c) x + y = [2x1 + x3 , x3 − 2x4 , x4 , x3 ], kx = [1, 1, 1, kx1 x2 ]
(d) x + y = [x1 − y1 , x2 − y2 , x3 − y3 , x4 − y4 ], kx = [2kx1 , 2kx2 , 2k3 , 2kx4 ]
(e) x + y = [x1 x2 , x3 x4 , x1 x3 , x2 x4 ], kx = [xk1 , xk2 , xk3 , xk4 ]

Q4. Which of the following are subspaces in R4 .

(a) all vectors of the form [x1 , x2 , 0, 0]

(b) all vectors of the form [x1 , x2 , 1, 1]
(c) all vectors of the form [x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ] where x1 − 2x2 − x3 = x4
(d) all vectors of the form [x1 , x2 , x2 , x4 ] where x2 = 2x1 , x3 = 3x2 , x4 = 4x1 .
(e) all vectors of the form [x1 , x2 , x2 , x4 ] where x2 = 2x2 , x3 = 3x3 , x4 = 4x4 .
(f) all vectors of the form [x1 , x2 , x2 , x4 ] where x2 = x1 + x2 , x3 = x1 + x2 + x3 , x4 =
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 .

Q5. Find the equation of the hyperplane

(a) through the point [1, 2, 0, −1] and perpendicular to [2, 0, −1, 1]
(b) perpendicular to [1, 2, −2, −1] and through the point [2, 1, 1, 2]

Q6. Which of the following functions are linear?

(a) T ([x, y, z]) = [2x + 3y, x + 3, 2y, 2z + y]

(b) T ([x, y, z]) = [2x − y, x − y, 2y, z + 4y]
(c) T ([x, y, z]) = [x2 + 3y, y, −2z]
(d) T ([x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ]) = [2x4 + 3x1 , −x3 , 2x3 , 2x3 + x1 , 0]
(e) T ([x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ]) = [x1 x3 , 3x4 − x3 , 2x3 , 2x3 + x1 , 2x1 + x2 ]
(f) T ([x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ]) = [−x1 − x3 , 3x1 + x2 − 4x3 , 2x3 , 2x2 + x1 − 1, x1 , −x1 ]

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(g) T ([x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ]) = [−x1 − x3 , 3x1 + x2 − 4x3 , 2x3 , 2x2 + x1 − 3x3 , x1 , −x1 ]

(h) T ([x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ]) = [−x1 − x3 , 3x1 + x2 − 4x3 , 2x3 , 2x2 + x1 − 1, x1 , −x1 ]

Q7. For the functions in which are linear, find the matrices of the transforms.

Q8. Let T : R4 → R3 and S : R3 → R5 be functions defined by:

T [x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ] = [3x1 − 2x3 + x4 , 3x1 + x2 − 4x3 − 2x3 , 2x2 + x1 + x1 − x3 ]

and
T [x1 , x2 , x3 ] = [x2 + x3 , −4x2 − 4x3 , 2x3 , 2x2 + x1 , 5x2 − 4x1 ]

(a) Find the transformations

(i) T +S
(ii) −3T
(iii) 4S − 5T
(iv) S◦T
(b) Obtain the matrix representation of the transforms T and S, and call them A
and B respectively.
(c) Express the matrix representation of the transform in in terms of A and B.
(d) Show that matrices in are those above indeed.

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