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GENCHM280 Solution
GENCHM280 Solution
13-1
The Properties of Mixtures: Solutions and Colloids
13-2
Solutions and Colloids
13-3
Solutions and Solubility
13-4
Figure 13.1 Types of intermolecular forces in solutions.
Dispersion
Dipole-dipole (0.05-40)
(5-25)
13-5
Solutions and Intermolecular Forces
This can only occur if the forces within the solute and
solvent are similar to the forces that replace them.
13-6
Dual Polarity and Effects on Solubility
13-7
Solubility Solubility
Alcohol Model in Water in Hexane
CH3OH ∞ 1.2
(methanol)
CH3CH2OH ∞ ∞
(ethanol)
CH3(CH2)2OH ∞ ∞
(propanol)
(CH3(CH2)3OH 1.1 ∞
(1-butanol)
(CH3(CH2)4OH 0.30 ∞
(1-pentanol)
(CH3(CH2)5OH 0.058 ∞
(1-hexanol)
*Expressed in mol alcohol/1000 g solvent at 20°C.
13-8
Figure 13.3 Like dissolves like: solubility of methanol in water.
H2O Methanol
CH3OH
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Sample Problem 13.1 Predicting Relative Solubilities
13-10
Sample Problem 13.1
SOLUTION:
(a) Methanol. NaCl is ionic, so it dissolves in polar solvents through
ion-dipole forces. Both methanol and 1-propanol have a polar –OH
group, but the hydrocarbon portion of each alcohol interacts only
weakly with the ions and 1-propanol has a longer hydrocarbon
portion than methanol.
(b) Water. Ethylene glycol molecules have two –OH groups, so they
interact with each other through H bonding. H bonds formed with
H2O can replace these H bonds between solute molecules better
than the dipole-induced dipole forces that form with hexane.
13-11
Energy changes in Solution Formation
13-12
Heat of Solution
13-13
Figure 13.4 Enthalpy components of the heat of solution.
13-14
Solvation and Hydration
13-15
Solutions and Entropy
13-16
Figure 13.6B Enthalpy diagram for dissolving octane in hexane.
For octane, DHsoln is very small, but the entropy increase due to mixing is
large, so octane dissolves.
13-17
Solubility and Equilibrium
13-18
Figure 13. 8 Sodium acetate crystallizing from a supersaturated
solution.
13-19
Factors that affect Solubility
13-20
Figure 13. 9 Relation between solubility and temperature for
several ionic compounds.
13-21
Figure 13.10 The effect of pressure on gas solubility.
13-22
Henry’s Law
Sgas = kH X Pgas
13-23
Sample Problem 13.2 Using Henry’s Law to Calculate Gas
Solubility
PROBLEM: The partial pressure of carbon dioxide gas inside a bottle
of cola is 4 atm at 25oC. What is the solubility of CO2?
The Henry’s law constant for CO2 dissolved in water is
3.3 x10−2 mol/L·atm at 25oC.
SOLUTION:
S = (3.3 x10−2 mol/L·atm)(4 atm) = 0.1 mol/L
CO2
13-24
Concentration Term Ratio
mass of solute
Parts by mass
mass of solution
volume of solute
Parts by volume
volume of solution
13-25
Sample Problem 13.3 Calculating Molality
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Sample Problem 13.3
SOLUTION:
1 mol CaCl2
32.0 g CaCl2 x = 0.288 mol CaCl2
110.98 g CaCl2
13-27
Sample Problem 13.4 Expressing Concentrations in Parts by
Mass, Parts by Volume, and Mole Fraction
13-28
Sample Problem 13.4
SOLUTION:
1g
40.5 mg Ca2+ x
(a) 103 mg
x 106 = 1.16x104 ppm Ca2+
3.50 g
11.5 L alcohol
(b) 0.750 L chianti x = 0.0862 L alcohol
100. L chianti
(c)
moles isopropyl alcohol = 142 g x 1 mole = 2.36 mol C3H7OH
60.09 g
moles water = 58.0 g x 1 mole
= 3.22 mol H2O
18.02 g
13-29
Sample Problem 13.4
13-30
Interconverting Concentration Terms
13-31
Sample Problem 13.5 Interconverting Concentration Terms
PLAN: (a) To find the mass of solvent we assume the % is per 100 g
of solution. Take the difference in the mass of the solute
and solution for the mass of peroxide.
(b) Convert g of solute and solvent to moles before finding X.
(c) Use the density to find the volume of the solution.
13-32
Sample Problem 13.5
SOLUTION:
(a) From mass % to molality:
g of H2O = 100. g solution - 30.0 g H2O2 = 70.0 g H2O
1 mol H2O2
30.0 g H2O2 x = 0.882 mol H2O2
34.02 g H2O2
13-33
Sample Problem 13.5
1 mol H2O
70.0 g H2O x = 3.88 mol H2O
18.02 g H2O
13-34
Colligative Properties of Solutions
Colligative properties are properties that depend on the
number of solute particles, not their chemical identity.
The number of particles in solution can be predicted from
the formula and type of the solute.
An electrolyte separates into ions when it dissolves in
water.
Strong electrolytes dissociate completely while weak electrolytes
dissociate very little.
13-35
Vapor Pressure Lowering
The vapor pressure of a solution containing a nonvolatile
nonelectrolyte is always lower than the vapor pressure of
the pure solvent.
Raoult’s law states that the vapor pressure of the solvent
above the solution is proportional to the mole fraction of
the solvent present:
Psolvent = Xsolvent x P°solvent
13-36
Figure 13.11 Effect of solute on the vapor pressure of solution.
13-37
Sample Problem 13.6 Using Raoult’s Law to Find ΔP
SOLUTION:
10.0 mL C3H8O3 x 1.26 g C3H8O3 x 1 mol C3H8O3
1 mL C3H8O3 92.09 g C3H8O3
13-39
Boiling Point Elevation
DTb = Kbm
13-40
Figure 13.12 Boiling and freezing points of solvent and solution.
13-41
Freezing Point Depression
DTf = Kfm
13-42
Boiling Melting
Solvent Point (oC)* Kb (°C/m) Point (°C) Kf (°C/m)
13-43
Sample Problem 13.7 Determining Boiling and Freezing Points
of a Solution
PROBLEM: You add 1.00 kg of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) antifreeze to
4450 g of water in your car’s radiator. What are the
boiling and freezing points of the solution?
PLAN: We need to find the molality of the solution and then calculate
the boiling point elevation and freezing point depression.
mass (g) of solute
divide by M
13-44
Sample Problem 13.7
SOLUTION:
13-45
Osmotic Pressure
Π = MRT M = molarity
R = 0.0821 atm·L/mol·K
T = Kelvin temperature
13-46
Figure 13.13 The development of osmotic pressure.
13-47
Sample Problem 13.8 Determining Molar Mass from Osmotic
Pressure
PROBLEM: Biochemists have discovered more than 400 mutant
varieties of hemoglobin, the blood protein that carries O2.
A physician dissolves 21.5 mg of one variety in water to
make 1.50 mL of solution at 5.0°C. She measures an
osmotic pressure of 3.61 torr. What is the molar mass of
the protein?
PLAN: We convert Π to atm and T to degrees K and calculate
molarity from osmotic pressure. We can then determine the
molar mass using the number of moles and the known mass.
Π (atm)
M = Π/RT
M (mol/L)
mol = V x M divide mass (g) by moles
amount (mol) of solute M (g/mol)
13-48
Sample Problem 13.8
SOLUTION:
1 atm
Π 3.61 torr x
M= = 760 torr = 2.08 x10−4 M
RT
(0.0821 L·atm/mol·K)(278.15 K)
21.5 mg x 1g = 0.0215 g
103 mg
13-49
Volatile Nonelectrolyte Solutions
13-50
Strong Electrolyte Solutions
A strong electrolyte dissociates completely to form ions.
Each mole of solute gives more than 1 mol of dissolved
particles.
The formula of the compound indicates the expected
number of particles in solution.
Each mol of NaCl is expected to give 2 moles of dissolved ions.
13-51
Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions
13-52
Figure 13.14
Nonideal behavior of
strong electrolyte
solutions.
13-53
Figure 13.15 An ionic atmosphere model for nonideal behavior of
electrolyte solutions.
13-54
Sample Problem 13.9 Depicting Strong Electrolyte Solutions
13-55
Sample Problem 13.9
PLAN: (a) We find the numbers of cations and anions per formula unit
from the name and compare it with the three scenes.
(b) We convert the given mass to amount (mol), and use the
answer from part (a) to find the moles of chloride ions. We
can then determine the number of moles per sphere.
(c) We find the molality (m) from the data provided and use it to
calculate DTf for the solution.
SOLUTION:
(a) The formula for magnesium chloride is MgCl2. Only scene A has 1
Mg2+ for every 2 Cl− ions.
13-56
Sample Problem 13.9
13-57
Sample Problem 13.9
(c) Assuming an ideal solution, i = 3 for MgCl2 since there are 3 ions
per formula unit.
0.0100 mol MgCl2
molality = = 0.100 m MgCl2
1 kg
100. g x
1000 g
13-58