Socrates- Socratic Method

o Socratic method- logical method or process of asking questions.

o The body does not define man, but in fact, it interferes our humanity.
o Our soul makes us different from others. The soul is the source of our deepest thoughts and
aspirations.
o To actively explore deeper questions through introspections and reflections.

Plato- Rationalist

o Collection and Division

o Collection - It brings together many parts into a whole.
o Division- Divide one into many, try to categorize from that collection.
o Example: You plan to conduct a research and your target audience is PSU students by collecting
information. From group, you unite them as one.
o You need to divide to arrive to a specific one.
o He believed in rationality and reasoning above all. We can make wise decisions through
rationality and reasoning.
o Reasons- source of knowledge of rationalist

Aristotle- Empiricist

o Empiricist- the more we experience things, the more knowledgeable we become. Knowledge is
our source of knowledge. To see is to believe
o Consist of two intrinsic principle
o Primary - body
o Substantial form- soul

St. Augustine- Theology

o Acknowledge the importance of our intellect.

o He encourages us to do what is right, avoid bad or evil.
o Kindness, goodness within us.
o He emphasizes the importance of will.
o Love and to serve God.

Descartes- Hyperbolical/Metaphysical Doubt/Methodological Skepticism

o To be able to sort which among is true.

o Doubts, doubts, doubts
o WE have the ability to question if it’s true or not.
o Being skeptical about the truth.
o Examples: Judge has to make sure that these evidences are not fabricated or fake.
o Kontra empiricist
o If there’s one thing that we can be sure of, is we can doubt everything
o By doubting, we can prove that we are “thinking thing”

John Locke- Empiricist

The source of our knowledge is our sensual experiences.

Objections:

Our memories are not always accurate making it less reliable.

Don’t rely more on memories.

Immanuel Kant- Epistemology

The self is not in the body, it is found outside the body.

The Self Organizes Information in Three Ways

1. Raw perception Input

2. Recognizing the concept
3. Reproducing in the imagination

ORGANIC GROUP- less freedom, relationship is not embedded, there is sense of belongingness
RATIONAL GROUP- greater freedom, freedom of movement, there is diversity

-based on self – interest