ENH1164

Gail Hansen and Erin Alvarez2

C
o l o r i s t h e most noticeable and memorable to the 12 basic colors or by mixing any of the colors. The
element in the landscape and is usually the focus three basic color schemes are known as monochromatic,
of most homeowners; however, it is typically a very analogous, and complementary.
temporary element, usually lasting only a few weeks a
year for individual plants. Color in plant material and in
hardscapes adds interest and variety to the landscape and
is often used as a focal point. Many homeowners know at
least one color they would like to include in their gardens,
but they are often unsure which colors to add to create a
pleasing color combination.

Color is found in the flowers, foliage, bark, and fruit of

plants. Foliage typically provides the overall background
color for the flower colors. Green foliage in all its various
shades is the dominant color by quantity, but other colors
capture attention more readily because of their high
contrast to the color green. Color is also found in buildings, F i g u r e 1 . Color wheel with 12 basic colors (Credit: Gail Hansen)
rocks, pavers, wood, and furniture. Natural materials,
such as stone and wood, typically have muted colors in
variations of brown, tan, and pale yellow. Bright colors in Monochromatic scheme
the hardscape are also found in man-made materials, such A monochromatic color scheme uses only one color. In
as painted furniture, brightly colored ceramic containers or landscaping, this usually means one other color besides the
sculptures, and glass ornaments. green color in the foliage. One color can have many light
and dark variations, which can add interest. For example,
Color has been studied for centuries by some of the variations of violet can include lavender, maroon, lilac, and
leading thinkers in history, including Sir Isaac Newton, blue-violet (Figure 2).
who developed the color wheel, and Leonardo da Vinci,
who developed color theory to explain the relationship of
colors in nature. Color theory can also be used to explain
the relationship of the colors on the color wheel and how
they should be used in a composition. A variety of color
schemes can be developed from the 12 basic colors on the
color wheel (Figure 1). The color wheel includes the three
primary colors of red, blue, and yellow; the three secondary
colors (a mix of two primaries) of green, orange, and violet;
and six tertiary colors (a mix of one adjacent primary and
secondary color), such as red-orange. An endless number of F i g u r e 2 . Monochromatic color scheme with variations of violet (Credit:
other colors can be created by adding white, black, or gray Gail Hansen)

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 is document is ENH1164, one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and
Th
Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date June 2010. Reviewed March 2013. Visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.
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 ail Hansen, assistant professor, and Erin Alvarez, assistant-in, Environmental Horticulture Department, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and
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Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32611.

Analogous scheme
Analogous color schemes include any three to five colors
that are adjacent on the color wheel, such as red, red-
orange, orange, yellow-orange, and yellow (Figure 3). This
scheme also includes the light and dark versions of each
color, such as pink, pale yellow, and dark red. The colors
are related to each other because they include two primary
colors mixed to form a secondary and two tertiary colors,
which means they share common properties.
F i g u r e 3 . Analogous color scheme with red to yellow (Credit: Gail
Hansen)
Complementary scheme
Complementary colors (Figure 4) are those that are
opposite each other on the color wheel. They tend to have
high contrast between them. The most common sets are
violet and yellow, red and green, and blue and orange.
Complementary colors are often found naturally in flowers;
a common pair is yellow and violet.
F i g u r e 4 . Complementary color scheme with orange and blue (Credit:
Gail Hansen)
Properties of Color
Colors have properties that can affect emotions, spatial
perception, dominance (focal points), light quality, and
balance. One property of color is described relative to
temperature—colors appear to be cool or warm and
can affect emotions or feelings. Cool colors (blues and
purples) tend to be calming and should be used in areas
for relaxation and serenity. Warm colors (reds, yellows,
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and oranges) tend to be more exciting and should be used
in areas for entertaining and parties. The “temperature”
of colors can also affect the perception of distance and
space. Cool colors tend to recede and are perceived as being
farther away, making a space feel larger. Warm colors tend
to advance and are perceived as being closer, making a
space feel smaller.
Color can also be used as a dominant element to capture
attention and direct views. Focal points can be created with
bright colors. For example, bright yellow, which has the
highest intensity (brightness), also has a high contrast with
all other colors (often described as a “pop” of color) and
should be used sparingly.
Color schemes in the garden can change with the
seasons. Summer colors are usually more varied and
bright with more flowers, while winter colors tend to be
monochromatic and darker with more foliage. Color is also
affected by light quality, which changes with the time of
day and time of year. Brighter, more intense summer sun
makes colors appear more saturated and intense, while the
filtered light of winter makes colors appear more subdued.
Consideration should be given to the time of day when
the area will be used when choosing a color scheme. For
example, whites and yellows can brighten a space used
primarily in the evening.
Balance can also be achieved with color; a small amount
of intense color has as much visual weight as a large
amount of a more subdued or weaker color. Because color
is temporary, it should be used to highlight more enduring
elements, such as texture and form.
Things to consider when choosing color
Choosing colors for the yard can be confusing and a little
intimidating simply because there is such a wide variety of
color available in plants today. When making color choices,
take into account the following:
• Consider the color of the house and other hardscape
features. Decide if you want to blend with the building
color and extend that color into the yard or if you want to
contrast with the color of the house. If most of the plant
material is located close to the house, contrast may be a
better choice.
• Consider how the yard is used. Frequent parties and
entertainment call for bright and lively colors to add
energy to the party. Contemplation gardens for relaxation
call for cool, soothing colors.
• Consider the time of day and the light conditions in the
yard when it is used. Consider light colors if the yard is
used in the evening or at night. Light colors usually work
better in the shade; darker, brighter colors show better in
the sun.
• Consider the garden style. Many historic and recognized
garden styles—such as tropical (bright, hot colors),
cottage (pastels, spring colors), or contemporary
(metallic, unusual colors)—have a characteristic color
palette. Although it is not necessary to use the traditional
color scheme, doing so would stay true to the style.
• Consider growing conditions and plant availability. Color
choices may be limited depending on the plants that will
grow best in the yard and the availability of plants in
local nurseries.
Finding Color Inspiration
Give careful consideration to your color choices and resist
the temptation to buy on impulse. Inspiration can come
from different sources. Some possibilities include:
Use your favorite color. Everyone has a color that they find
particularly appealing. Most likely it is a familiar color
from the past that has meaning—usually on a subconscious
level—perhaps a connection with a person, a time, or a
place.
Use colors you already have in your house. Chances are you
already have color combinations in your home that you find
appealing. You can choose to use those same colors in your
yard and extend the interior to the outside or try a different
theme for variety. If you want to use new colors, it is best
to use at least one color from the interior in the new color
palette to provide a connection between the spaces.
Use colors from a favorite place or time. Most of us think of
our yard as a place to get away from it all. We would like to
be transported, if only temporarily, to a place that reminds
us of our travels, our childhood home, or a place we would
like to visit. This idea has become more popular as people
enjoy re-creating a favorite vacation spot in their backyards.
Use colors from a favorite object—a painting, fabric, or a
decorative object. Take a tip from interior designers—they
often choose a color palette for a room from a painting, a
fabric print, or a decorative object. The colors on a favorite
piece of clothing might also provide inspiration. The
advantage to this method is that the complete color palette
has already been established. Visiting art galleries, clothing
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stores, or home goods stores can provide the opportunity
to see a variety of color combinations in a single location.
Stores that carry craft supplies and fabrics often carry items
with ready-made color combinations, particularly in paper
and scrapbook materials.
Use colors from photos in garden magazines and books.
People are immediately drawn to color in photographs.
In this composition, the contrast makes color distinct
and appealing. The advantage of looking for a photo of a
landscape to copy is that, like a painting or fabric pattern,
the entire color palette has already been established.
Use colors from botanical gardens, plant nurseries, and florists’
shops. Gardens and plant nurseries are great places to look
for color ideas. In botanical gardens, color combinations
have been designed by professionals, and you can observe
different color combinations throughout the year. At a
plant nursery, you can gather plants in their pots and try
different arrangements, adding and subtracting pots to
the composition until you get the blend that you want. A
florist’s shop is also a great place for ideas; professional
florists are trained in color theory and the use of color
schemes to create floral arrangements. One floral
arrangement can be the inspiration for your entire color
palette.
Use color ideas from neighborhood yards and community
landscapes. As you drive through your neighborhood or
community, take note of the landscape colors that catch
your eye. Try to determine what it is about the color
combination you find appealing. Usually bright, saturated
colors will be the first attention-getters simply because
of the high contrast. Sometimes these colors can be too
intense or artificial looking, but a softer version of the
same color might be more appealing. When you look at an
attractive yard, note the color of the house also. It may be
that the colors look particularly good with the color of that
particular house but may not be appropriate for the color of
your house.
Testing Color Schemes
Color studies. Most designers will conduct a color study
when laying out the plant material in the design. A simple
color study can be done in plan view by using colored
pencils to add color where plants will be located (Figure 5).
It is also helpful to draw a simple side view (section) of plant
materials in a proposed composition and color the plant
forms to visualize how the colors will look adjacent to one
another (Figure 6).
 Computer software. You can use simple editing software
to test color combinations. Draw a simple sketch of plant
material and scan it as a jpeg. Use the Windows Paint
program to apply different color combinations (Figure 7).

F i g u r e 7. Color study using Windows Paint software (Credit: Gail Hansen)

F i g u r e 5 . Color study in plan view (Credit: Gail Hansen)
F i g u r e 6 . Color study in section view (Credit: Gail Hansen)
Color chips. Use the color wheel to develop a color scheme
and then try different variations with color chips. Paint
sample cards provide great color chips. Arrange a handful
of the cards until you find a combination you like, tape
them to a piece of paper, and take it with you when you
go to purchase plants or refer to it when you develop your
plant list.
Texture, Form, and Color
One last issue to consider is the temporary nature of color
in plants. Because most plants have short bloom periods,
don’t forget to think about how the plant will look the rest
of the year. Consider the texture and form (shape) of the
plant and use combinations that will also look good when
there is no bloom color present in the plants. Texture, form,
and size can affect color. For example, coarse texture, bold
form, and large size can often make a color more prominent
because the plant is visually prominent. Conversely, color
can affect the perception of texture and size. Bold color
makes fine texture look coarse and smaller plants look
larger. When making design decisions, the best strategy is
to start with a color theme because you can almost always
find a variety of textures and forms in each of the colors
that you want to use.

Potted plants. If your color area in the yard is small, buy

one or two 4 in. pots of a variety of colored annuals and
perennials that have a few blossoms on them. Arrange the
pots in different color combinations in the area where you
intend to plant them until you find one that appeals to you.
Set the plants next to the house, hardscape, or other plants
to see how the entire composition works together.

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