BEG499BE Bio-Engineering Chapter 09 Nursery: Dr. Pradeep K. Shrestha

PPT on Bio-Engineering
By:-Dr. Pradeep K. Shrestha
BEG499BE
Bio-Engineering
Chapter 09 Nursery
Dr. Pradeep K. Shrestha

Nursery
• A nursery is a place where plants are propagated and

grown to usable size.
• A nursery is a factory to supply plants, for a bio-
engineering programme
• A good nursery will supply:
– enough plants of the right species,
– in good, healthy condition,
– in the form required for planting;
– at the right time; and,
– at a reasonable cost.
9.1 Nursery Establishment

9.1.1. Site Selection
• As close as possible to all sites to be planted
• established on land owned by DoR or other government’s
land
• It should have adequate and reliable supply of water
• All weather vehicular access
• It must have weather and pest proof office cum storage
facilities
• A constant staff of qualified and experienced people must
be provided
• Adequate space

9.1.2. Calculating the appropriate size of the nursery
• The amount of space required for a nursery depends
upon:
• The number of plants to be produced,
• the time they will spend in the nursery
• the density at which they will stand in the beds

The slope and the quality of the site will also influence
the decision on how much space to allocate.
To calculate the area needed, list the various

components of the nursery that you require and
calculate the area required for each
Example: PPT on Bio-Engineering
• To produce 100,000 grass slips per year; 10,000 polypot

shrub and tree seedlings; 1,000 rooted hardwood
cuttings; and 100 rooted bamboo culm cuttings.
Nursery component Terai At 1400 metres At 2000 metres
Fixed elements (Office/Store/
Chowkidar's hut, vehicle access,
pathways, working area, soil and 265 sq. m 265 sq. m 265 sq. m
sand stores, compost bays, water
tank and drainage)
Grass beds 290 633 633
Seed beds 5 5 5
Standout beds for polypot
98 98 195
seedlings
Beds for hardwood cuttings 25 25 25
Bamboo beds 50 50 75
Sub-total: beds 468 sq. m 811 sq. m 958 sq. m
Space between beds 351 608 718
Sub-total: all above components 1,084 sq. m 1,684 sq. m 1,941 sq. m
Space for terracing on slopes 0 842 970
Total area required* 2,912 sq. m
1,084 sq. m 2,526 sq. m

9.1.3 Layout and construction of the nursery
• The office/store/chowkidar’s hut is normally placed
near gate.
• In the hills, the water tank has to be at the highest
point of the nursery in order to allow gravity feed
• Place the soil and sand store beside the vehicle
access and turning area.
• Locate the working area beside the soil and sand
store

9.1.3 Layout and construction of the nursery
• Locate the seed beds close to the chowkidar’s hut,
since these require more attention.
• Orientate the beds to ensure that they receive the
maximum amount of light.
• Ensure easy access to all parts of the nursery. Do not
put the beds too close together.
• Make sure that the whole nursery is well drained.
• Use any remaining corners and rough areas for long-
term production of grass and hardwood cuttings.
Components of Nursery
1) Main components:
a) General - Compound wall or fence ,
b) Office- chowkidar’s hut , vehicle Access, working areas,

pathways
c) Storage- store for soil, sand, compost, pesticide
d) Water- water tank and accessories, drainage systems
e) Beds- seed bed, stool cutting, bare root plant, grass,

bamboo, standout bed for polypot, shade for bed
2) Expendable Materials
• Soil and sand
• Seeds, grass slips, bamboo cuttings, hardwood cuttings, and seed
• Compost fertilizer
• Fungicide, insecticide,
• Heavy gauge, polybags for storage
• Shed materials ( bamboo, thatch and hessian)
• Wire, nails, strings, wire mesh
• Seed bed level
• Pen, pencil
• Poly pots 4”*7”
• Heavy gauze polythene sheeting
• Water proof marker, register, soap
3) Nursery Equipments
• Pate kuto, Chuche kuto, Hasiya, Shovel, Kodalo, Kodali, Chuppi,

Khukuri , Dante, Axe, Hammer, Doko, Crowbar/khanti, Watering
can with roses
• Hose pipe, Scissors/secateurs, padlocks, Leather or paper punch,
Soil and sand sieves First aid kit,Tape measure
• Plant carrying trays (metal or wood, ideally 400 × 2009 mm, with
sides 100 to 200 mm high)
• Seed trays (optional; make by cutting oil tins in half).
4) Nursery staff ( Nursery forman, watchman, Labors, seed collect etc.)

Nursery techniques
Propagation of Grasses
• There are three methods for propagating
grasses in bio-engineering
– Seed
– Slip and rhizome cuttings
– Culm or stem cuttings
Nursery techniques
Propagation of Shrubs and Trees
• In the road sector, two main methods are
used: polypot seedlings and hardwood
cuttings. A third method (stump cuttings) is
particularly useful for sisau
– Polypot seedlings
– Hardwood cuttings
– Stump cuttings
Nursery techniques
Propagation of Bamboo
• In the road sector, two main methods are
used:
– Traditional Methods
– Rooted Single Node clum cuttings
Nursery managment
The management of Nurseries consists of :

1. Environment management (Controlling shade
and water);
2. Restriction of pests and diseases;
3. Preparing plants to leave the nursery;
4. Use of registers; and
5. Making and using compost
Nursery management - Shading

• Plants in all nurseries in Nepal require shading at

some stage.
• Shading is usually needed during germination, for
protecting recently pricked out seedlings, and for
protection against adverse climatic conditions such
as excessively hot sun, heavy rain, hail, or frost.

Making of Shades:
• Locally available materials such as woven bamboo
matting, hessian cloth, or stalks of maize or weath
• Shading is kept about 300 mm above seedbeds for
new seedlings, and 750 mm above ground level for
larger seedlings
• Polythene sheets can be spread over them to make
them waterproof

Benefits of Shades:
• Shade helps germinating
• It also prevents damage from rain, hail, frost, wind
etc.
• To protect seedlings from the sun and to keep the
soil moist.
Nursery managment
Watering
• Watering is done with 8-litre watering cans or
a hose pipe with a watering rose, fed from
• a raised tank.
• Fixed pipe and sprinkler systems are more
efficient
• Careless watering can severely damage young
plants
Nursery management -Restriction of

weeds, pests and diseases;

Weeds
• Weeds compete with plants for moisture, nutrients
and light, and must be carefully controlled in the
whole of the nursery area.
• Removal of weeds are to be done frequently for easy
removal
• Water the beds or pots before you start to weed, and
pull the weeds out with their roots.

Insect and mammal pest control

• 0.05 per cent solution of Metacid (Methyl Parathion)
and apply this with a watering to kill insects
• Ants can be prevented by sprinkling the area lightly
with Aldrin dust.
• Rodents, cattle, goats, pigs, dogs and chickens must
be completely excluded from the nursery


Fungal diseases control
• Fungal diseases may be caused by many different
fungi,
• Good nursery management involves stopping them
from killing seedlings.
– not over-watering; removing shade, ensure free
air circulation, free of weeds nursery, well drain
sandy medium etc.
Nursery management - Preparing
plants to leave the nursery

• Hardening-off
• Nursery grown plants need to get them accustomed
to, and able to tolerate, more difficult conditions.
This is achieved through the process known as
'hardening-off'. Its main features are:
– removal of shade at an early stage
– spacing;
– reduction of watering.

Culling
• It is process of sorting out only those plants suitable
for planting, and with a good chance of survival
• Destroy all shrubs and trees that are not of a good
enough standard to be used on site.

Preparing and packing grass slips for transport
• Lift grass clumps carefully, keeping the root ball
intact so that the roots are not damaged.
• Wrap the root ball in wet hessian. Split them out on
site.
• Trim the roots and stems to length, as for nursery
planting.
• Wrap bundles of slips in wet hessian until they are
needed for planting by the site labourers.

Preparing and packing polypots for transport
• Thoroughly water plants in polypots 2 to 3
days before they are to be transported
• Pack them vertically and close together so
that they cannot shake about or fall over
during transport.
• If possible, transport the polypots in trays
made of metal or wood.


Preparing and packing hardwood plants for transport
• Hardwood cuttings (Stumps) are easy to transport
• Wrap them in wet jute cloth, tie the bundles with
string and keep them in a cool shady place.
• Never take more planting stock to site than can be
planted that day.


Care of planting stock on site
• Always handle plants, slips and cuttings
carefully.
• Always keep them moist and in the shade, and
never let them dry out.
Nursery management-Use of registers

There are four registers used in bio-engineering

nurseries.
• Grass slip hardwood cutting register
• Seedling register
• Seed identification register
• Seed collection calendar

Nursery management-Making and

using compost
• Compost is produced from the breakdown of organic
materials by micro-organisms in a warm, moist,
aerated environment.
• Compost is added to the beds in nurseries to enrich
the soil and help to retain moisture.
• Compost is made from any organic material that is
easily available. This includes weeds, forest litter,
crop residues, animal bedding and dung.

using compost
• Start with a layer of brushwood, old branches
• Apply farmyard manure, animal bedding and
liquid manure in thin layers every 200 - 300 mm.
• Add layers of a good loamy soil every 200 - 300
mm.
• If the components are dry before starting the
heap, wet them for a few days beforehand.
• Layers of lime at a rate of 0.5 kg/cu. m will help
promote the decomposition of acid components

using compost
• When the heap is finished, cover it with a large

polythene sheet.
• Two to four weeks later , the heap is ready to be
turned
• Compost making may take only 2 - 3 months in the
Terai but may take more than 6 months above 2,000
metres.
Nursery management-
Troubleshooting
• All nurseries, however well run, experience
difficulties at some stage.
• the most common problems are: Seeds are not
germinating, yellow grasses, slow growth, poor
growth, wilting leaves etc.
• If we cannot resolve a problem, call the Horticulture
Wing for specialist advice.
End of Chapter 9

BEG499BE Bio-Engineering Chapter 09 Nursery: Dr. Pradeep K. Shrestha

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PPT on Bio-Engineering

By:-Dr. Pradeep K. Shrestha

Dr. Pradeep K. Shrestha

• A nursery is a place where plants are propagated and

9.1 Nursery Establishment

9.1 Nursery Establishment

9.1 Nursery Establishment

To calculate the area needed, list the various

• To produce 100,000 grass slips per year; 10,000 polypot

9.1 Nursery Establishment

9.1 Nursery Establishment

b) Office- chowkidar’s hut , vehicle Access, working areas,

c) Storage- store for soil, sand, compost, pesticide

d) Water- water tank and accessories, drainage systems

e) Beds- seed bed, stool cutting, bare root plant, grass,

• Pate kuto, Chuche kuto, Hasiya, Shovel, Kodalo, Kodali, Chuppi,

4) Nursery staff ( Nursery forman, watchman, Labors, seed collect etc.)

The management of Nurseries consists of :

Nursery management - Shading

• Plants in all nurseries in Nepal require shading at

Nursery management - Shading

Nursery management - Shading

Nursery management -Restriction of

weeds, pests and diseases;

Nursery management -Restriction of

weeds, pests and diseases;

Insect and mammal pest control

Nursery management -Restriction of

weeds, pests and diseases;

plants to leave the nursery

plants to leave the nursery

plants to leave the nursery

plants to leave the nursery

Nursery management - Preparing

plants to leave the nursery

Nursery management - Preparing

plants to leave the nursery

Nursery management-Use of registers

There are four registers used in bio-engineering

• Seed identification register

• Seed collection calendar

Nursery management-Making and

Nursery management-Making and

Nursery management-Making and

• When the heap is finished, cover it with a large

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