Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042

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Sustainable Futures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/sftr

Research status and future of hydro-related sustainable complementary

multi-energy power generation
Zixuan Peng a, Xudong Chen b,∗, Liming Yao a,c
a
Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
b
College of Management Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
c
State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Keyword: Due to the increased awareness of environmental protection and the possible pollution caused by thermal power
Power generation generation, research on hydro-related multi-energy complementary power generation has emerged. In this article,
Multi-energy complementary power generation we used literature analysis software to analyze the relevant literature of our research object to fully understand its
Document mining
research status. Results show that the use of hydro-related multi-energy power generation is the current research
Citespace
trend for maximizing profits, reducing losses and so on. In the future, the design, operation and optimization
research of multi-energy power generation systems related to hydro, especially hydro, wind and solar energy will
be important development trends.

1. Introduction There are various energy combinations for complementary power

In the past few decades, due to the availability of fossil fuel, thermal
power generation has been vigorously developed worldwide, and var-
ious researches on thermal power generation are increasing. However,
fossil fuels are non-renewable energy sources and have a huge negative
impact on the environment. Therefore, nowadays, with great emphasis
on environmental protection and renewable energy exploitation, power
generation energy is gradually transformed from polluting fossil fuels to
clean and harmless renewables such as water, wind, and solar energy.
Even so, thermal power generation is still the main way to generate
electricity.
Hydroenergy is currently the most widely used clean energy re-
source. Compared with it, wind and solar energy power generation are
not widely used. Even so, many independent hydroelectric power sta-
tions, wind power stations and solar power stations have been estab-
lished worldwide. When they generate electricity as a separate source
of power generation, they are subject to certain limitations due to their
own shortcomings, thus affecting power generation.
Multi-energy complementary power generation systems have been
proposed taking into account factors such as cost, efficiency and envi-
ronment. Multi-energy complementary power generation system refers
to the use of multiple energy sources to complement each other to gen-
erate electricity, to make up for their shortcomings, and to achieve cost
reduction or power generation efficiency.
generation. This paper focuses on the multi-energy complementary
power generation related to hydroenergy, such as thermal, wind and
solar energy.
In this paper, we use CiteSpace to analyze the research status and
other information about multi-energy hybrid power generation. At
present, there are the most researches on two types of energy comple-
mentary power generation, such as hydro-wind and hydro-solar power
generation, especially hydro-thermal power generation. However, re-
search on power generation systems including three or four types of
energy is relatively low. Therefore, this paper considers hydro-related
power generation systems consisting of two, three, and four energy
sources.
In this paper, Section 2 is the literature mining of the literature in
recent decades through software; Section 3 is the elaboration of the lit-
erature from power generation type; the possible challenges and future
prospects are proposed in Section 4 while the conclusion is presented in
Section 5.
2. Analysis method
Document mining and analysis can reflect the trend of literature re-
search on a problem or phenomenon from multiple aspects (such as key-
words, countries, authors), and use relevant software to generate visual
images. The purpose of our literature mining and analysis is to under-
stand the research trends of hydro-related multi-energy complementary
power generation.

∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: pengzixuan99@163.com (Z. Peng), chenxudong198401@163.com (X. Chen), lmyao@scu.edu.cn (L. Yao).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2021.100042
Received 15 November 2020; Accepted 24 January 2021
2666-1888/© 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Z. Peng, X. Chen and L. Yao
Fig. 1. literature analysis framework.
2.1. Literature mining analysis framework
This paper constructs a literature mining analysis system, as shown
in Fig. 1. It consists of the WOS database, two literature management
and analysis software of NoteExpress and CiteSpace, a series of steps,
showing the entire literature analysis process.
The WOS database contains thousands of high-impact academic jour-
nals covering multiple fields, dating back to 1900, and forms a unique
citation index which based on the cited author, source, and publication
year. In addition, it provides a fairly professional and diverse database
search function, including basic search, cited reference search, advanced
search, author search, chemical structure search, and search history. In
addition, the reason we chose WOS is that it has good compatibility with
a number of academic software, including the cote and CiteSpace used
in this article.
NoteExpress is a literature retrieval and management software. It
can efficiently and automatically search, download and manage litera-
ture and research papers through various channels. NoteExpress has the
information retrieval, downloading and data mining functions to help
users quickly understand the hot issues and latest developments of a
research direction.
CiteSpace is a Java application that visualizes the structure, regu-
larity, and distribution of scientific knowledge. CiteSpace can form sci-
entific knowledge maps that reflect knowledge base, research frontiers,
research hotspots, etc. according to different needs of users. At present,
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Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042
no one has studied the issue of hydro-related multi-energy complemen-
tary power generation through CiteSpace, so this paper chose CiteSpace
for visual analysis.
2.2. Literature retrieval method and standard
The literature search data was retrieved using the Web of Science
(WOS) database. As described in Section 2.1, WOS can provide us with
sufficient literature data, so this article is written in a database of WOS
core collections. In order to guarantee that important documents are not
omitted or duplicated, we followed the steps below to search and collect
documents.
Firstly, we use the advanced search in WOS to combine three sets
of keyword groups. The three groups of keyword groups are: the first
group “hydro”;the second group “energy generation coordinate∗ OR mu-
tual complement∗ OR energy generation integration OR multi-source
power generation system OR hybrid power generation system OR multi-
complementary OR multi-energy complementary OR renewable$ inte-
gration”;the third group “hydrothermal power generation OR hydro-
thermal power generation OR hydro-wind OR hydro-photovoltaic OR
hydro-PV OR hydro-wind-thermal OR hydro-thermal-wimd OR hydro-
wind-photovoltaic OR hydro-PV-wind OR hydro-wind-solar OR hydro-
solar-wind OR hydro-solar-thermal”. The results of the combination of
the first group and the second group with "AND" are combined with
the third group with "OR". The ∗ and $ in the keywords represent any
Z. Peng, X. Chen and L. Yao
Fig. 2. Worldwide research distribution from CiteSpace.
character group and zero or one character respectively. The purpose of
using these two wildcard characters is to better retrieve related litera-
tures.
Even if the above detailed keyword settings are performed, there
may still be duplicate literatures. In order to eliminate the possible du-
plicates, we use the literature analysis tool NoteExpress to perform dedu-
plication to obtain the final data.
Finally, the hydro-related multi-energy complementary power gen-
eration database includes 2004 papers spanning from 1993 to 2018.
3. The analysis results of citespace
We imported the final literature data into NoteExpress and obtained
statistical results through the software. The literature published on re-
search issues in the seven years from 1993 to 1999 only accounted for
4.04% (81 articles in total), but the proportion of publications from
2001 to 2011 is very large (1921 articles in total), especially the pub-
lications of the last seven years from 2012 to 2018, which has the pro-
portion is more than 70% (1460 articles in total). It can be seen that
the research on this issue has developed rapidly over the past decade.
It is predictable that the number of studies will continue to grow in the
next few years. Published journals are relatively scattered. Among the
more widely published journals (included more than 50 documents) are
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, International Journal of Electri-
cal Power & Energy Systems, Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews,
Energy, Applied energy and Renewable Energy.
Then we import the data into CiteSpace for further literature anal-
ysis. In the initial interface, “country” was selected as the node type to
detect the countries with the most attention and research. The results
are shown in Fig. 2. The size of the nodes represents the number of pa-
pers published by the country, and the larger nodes and labels represent
the countries with more studies. As shown in Table 1, China’s papers on
the research issue were the most published, accounting for 17.33% of
the total, and the time to start the study was earlier, starting in 1995.
Although the number of papers published in the United States on this
research issue ranked third, accounting for 10.64%, the time to start
research was ranked first. The top seven countries (China, India, the
United States, Brazil, Spain and Portugal) accounted for 61.48% of the
research on this issue, occupying a dominant position.
Fig. 3 reflects the emergence of keywords, which can reflect the evo-
lution of research on hydro-related multi-energy complementary power
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Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042
Table 1
The findings from NoteExpress.
Country Started year Count Percentage
China 1995 360 17.33%
India 2002 349 16.80%
USA 1994 221 10.64%
Brazil 2002 145 6.98%
Spain 2000 74 3.56%
Portugal 2007 66 3.18%
Iran 2012 62 2.99%
… … … …
generation. Each node represents a keyword, and the number of occur-
rences of the keyword is represented by the size of the node’s annual
ring. In addition, the purple circle around the node (such as unit com-
mitment, optimization) represents the intermediary centrality, which is
used to measure the importance of the node. It can be seen from the fig-
ure that the research on hydrothermal has always been a hot topic, but
with the emphasis on protecting the environment and renewable clean
energy, research on coordinated and complementary power generation
of multi-energy has emerged (such as wind-hydro hybrid system, Coor-
dination, hybrid system, integration, pv system, etc.), and also reflect
several research problems (such as optimization, unit commitment, un-
certainty, automatic generation control, etc.) on their concentration.
Like the time zone map of the keyword, Fig. 4 from burst detection
can also be used to describe sudden keywords to indicate emerging re-
search trends. Fig. 4 is the top 20 strongest keyword outbreaks sorted
by sudden strengths, including hydrothermal scheduling(beginning in
1993), hydrothermal coordination(beginning in 1993), unit commit-
ment(beginning in 1993), optimization(beginning in 1995), the genetic
algorithm(beginning in 1998), and the hydrothermal system(beginning
in 2002) The results are similar to those shown in Fig. 3. Some com-
mon research perspectives and algorithms are also reflected in Fig. 4,
for example, hydrothermal scheduling(beginning in 1993), lagrangian
relaxation(beginning in 1994),optimization (beginning in 1995), the ge-
netic algorithm(beginning in 1998), dynamic programming(beginning
in 1999), stochastic optimization(beginning in 2002), economic dis-
patch(beginning in 2011).
Fig. 5 is the result of clustering the maps obtained by importing
data into CiteSpace. Clustering is to divide all data into multiple classes.
There is a high degree of similarity between objects in the same class,
and objects between different classes are quite different. Each cluster has
a cluster ID, size, silhouette, mean year and a naming term obtained by
three different algorithms. The larger the cluster size, the smaller the ID
number is; the size indicates the number of members in the cluster; sil-
houette is a measure of the homogeneity of cluster members. The larger
the number, the higher the similarity of the members of the cluster. In
Fig. 5, the largest cluster is #0 hydrothermal scheduling including 69
members. The hydrothermal scheduling is one of the most studied in the
scheduling problem with a lot of optimization models and algorithms
have been proposed by scholars. Cluster #7 the wind-hydro hybrid sys-
tem has a silhouette of 1, which is the maximum of all clusters, indicat-
ing that the cluster members are highly similar. The wind-hydro hybrid
system is one of the renewable power complementary power generation
systems. Compared with the above one called hydro-thermal system, it
greatly reduces the environmental pollution while ensuring the supply
of electricity.
4. Power generation energy type analysis
Our research on hydro-related multi-energy complementary is con-
ducted from the perspective of "power generation energy type", and is di-
vided into hydro-photovoltaic power, hydro-wind power, hydro-thermal
power, etc.
Z. Peng, X. Chen and L. Yao Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042

Fig. 3. The trend of keywords.

Fig. 4. Top 20 keywords with the strongest citation bursts.

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Z. Peng, X. Chen and L. Yao
Fig. 5. Clustering map.
Hydro energy is a clean, easy-scheduling renewable energy source,
and the use of water for power generation is highly efficient, low cost,
and has less impact on the environment. In many countries, hydropower
is not only an important factor for comprehensive utilization of water
resources but also used for one of the main power generation sources.
However, there are complex constraints of available hydro. For example,
hydropower can be greatly affected by natural conditions such as rain-
fall, the construction cost of hydropower plants is high and the capacity
increase is difficult.
Solar energy is a global, inexhaustible, clean, and environmentally
friendly renewable energy source [1]. However, the biggest drawback
of solar energy is its instability and intermittency, and the quality of
solar power depends largely on the season and weather.
Similarly to solar energy, wind energy is also a kind of renewable re-
source. However, as wind penetration increases, it seriously challenges
the quality of power supply due to its characteristics [2,3]. Because of
the random, uncontrollable and intermittent nature, wind energy is dif-
ficult to be predicted and the accuracy reduces with time, which may
lead to the economic losses [4,5].
Thermal energy is another resource to generate power. Thermal
power generation which is a main power generation way refers to a
method that uses heat energy generated by combustibles during com-
bustion to be converted into electric energy by devices. In the early days,
due to the abundant coal resources and low cost, thermal power genera-
tion has been vigorously developed. However, with the emphasis on the
environment and renewable energy, the shortcomings of environmental
pollution caused by thermal power generation are gradually enlarged.
Even so, thermal power still occupies most of the market for electricity.
Only the continuous improvement and development of thermal power
technology can meet the requirements of a harmonious society.
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Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042
These kinds of energy mentioned above have both advantages and
disadvantages. Under certain conditions, they can complement each
other to make up for the shortcomings. Therefore, the concept of multi-
energy complementary power generation has emerged and become a
research hotspot. Multi-energy complementary power generation refers
to the complement of two or more kinds of energy sources to make up
for the shortcomings of their respective stand-alone power generation
systems and achieve efficient use of energy.
The following is an analysis of the different situations in which hy-
droenergy and multiple energy sources are complementary to generate
electricity.
4.1. Hydro-photovoltaic power generation
Separate hydropower and photovoltaic power generation have de-
fects in resource utilization, but due to the stability and easy schedul-
ing characteristics of hydroenergy, it can make up for the lack of solar
energy. Moreover, when solar power cannot meet the demand, the hy-
dropower plant can quickly provide electricity according to needs [1]. In
addition, in the dry season, separate hydroelectric power generation can
not meet the demand, but sufficient solar radiation can make up for the
insufficient power supply; in wet year, solar radiation is reduced due to
rainfall, while the water resource is abundant, thereby greatly reducing
the impact of the season on electricity supply resulting in an adequate
supply of electricity throughout the year [6,7]. The hydro-photovoltaic
hybrid power generation system, which is based on the complementa-
tion of hydroenergy and solar energy, is an economical and reasonable
power supply method.
The basic process of the hydro-photovoltaic hybrid system is as fol-
lows: (1) the electricity generated by the photovoltaic power generation
Z. Peng, X. Chen and L. Yao
Fig. 6. Longyangxia hydro-photovoltaic complementary system.
equipment is delivered to the nearby hydropower generator; (2) the in-
termittent and random output of PV is detected and compensated by
hydropower generator in real time; (3) the PV equipment complemen-
tarily combined with hydropower generator works as a hybrid system
whose electricity can be integrated into the power system [8].
The hydro- photovoltaic hybrid system is applied to regions with a
wealth of solar and hydropower, particularly remote areas not covered
by the grid but have rivers and sufficient solar energy [9]. The world’s
largest hydro-photovoltaic hybrid power generation system is located in
Longyangxia, Qinghai Province, China. The original Longyangxia Hy-
dropower Station is the first large-scale cascade power station on the
upper reaches of the Yellow River. Due to its unique environmental ad-
vantages that Qinghai Province is located at a high altitude and has
sufficient and long-term solar radiation, it provides an advantage for
the use of photovoltaic power generation and hydro-photovoltaic hybrid
power generation. Therefore, the hydro-photovoltaic hybrid power gen-
eration system of Longyangxia has become one of the objects of many
scholars’ case studies [1,7,8,10–12]. And the details of the Longyangxia
hydro-photovoltaic hybrid power generation unit are shown in Fig. 6.
There are also other scholars who have specifically studied the appli-
cation of hydro-photovoltaic hybrid power generation in other regions
like Ecuador [9], Qattara [13], ungauged mountainous areas [14] and
Papua New Guinea [15].
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Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042
The research on hydro-photovoltaic power generation is roughly
classified and summarized in Table 2. The optimization problem is the
most studied problem at present, mainly from three aspects: operation,
sizing and scheduling. Firstly, in order to improve operation perfor-
mance, derive operating rules or other purposes, multi-objective mod-
els were usually established solved through different algorithms. Most of
objectives include maximizing total power generation [1,7,10,16], max-
imizing guaranteed rates (such as stability and reliability) [1,7,16] and
some specific goals for different scenario models [10]. Secondly, as for
the optimal sizing, a method for it was developed through maximizing
net income during the systems’ lifetime in Fang et al. [8] considering
three scenarios to meet different types of load demand. There was lit-
tle difference in Lata-Garcia et al. [9] that two methods were proposed
to optimize size for a hydro-photovoltaic hybrid system with a storage
system based on battery and diesel generator. Thirdly, how to optimize
power generation scheduling was also a major optimization problem, ro-
bust optimization model was established to obtain optimal scheduling
[11,17].
Despite the optimization problem, other questions were also be stud-
ied. The complementary feasibility of hydro-solar hybrid system was dis-
cussed [14,18]. The design of hybrid system was studied [6,15] while
the theories and methodology of system’s operation were discussed in
An et al. [12].
Z. Peng, X. Chen and L. Yao
Table 2
Research summary of hydro-photovoltaic power generation.
Research Type Methodology
Optimization
Operation ● stochastic optimization [1,16]
● dynamic programming [1]
● stochastic dynamic programming [16]
● Non-dominated SortingGenetic Algorithms-II
(NSGA-II) [10]
● The modified version of Non-dominated Sorting
Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) [7]
Sizing ● maximizing the net revenue during lifetime [8]
● Simulink Design Optimization (SDO) [9]
● the hybrid system optimization software HOMER [9]
Scheduling ● solve the robust optimization model by a three-layer a direct search algorithm
nested framework [11]
● robust optimization [17]
Feasibility
● Two kinds of prediction methods [14]
Design
● HOMER Pro (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric
Renewables) [15]
● a new structure of MW-class PV system integrating
battery at DC-bus [6]
4.2. Hydro-wind power generation
Considering the characteristics of water and wind energy, hydro-
wind hybrid power generation has proven to be one of the feasible
clean power generation methods. As an adjustable and energy source,
hydropower can firm wind power, balance wind deviation by providing
large spare capacity and flexibility, reduce the differences between the
forecasted and actual wind generation, and smooth wind power output
[3,19]. In addition, the distribution of hydro and wind energy in time is
a law of low rainfall and windy weather in winter and spring, and small
wind and large rainfall in summer and autumn. In this way, wind and
hydro energy have better complementarity in time order [20].
In the hydro-wind hybrid power generation system, when the wind
power generation fluctuates, the hydropower station adjusts the gener-
ator to compensate.
Not only the coastal areas or islands but also both inland and flat
areas are rich in wind energy. Needless to say, the former is surrounded
with water. If the latter is next to the river, they will be the most ideal
place to establish the hydro-wind hybrid power system. In Fig. 7, coun-
tries with more than 5 documents about hydro-wind hybrid system are
marked. Among them, developed countries account for the majority,
and only two of the developing countries are India and China.
The research on hydro-wind power generation is roughly classified
and summarized in Table 3. In order to smooth the wind power gener-
ation, Hamann [2]; Zhu et al. [3] and Ilak et al. [20] studied the co-
ordination of the hydro-wind power system. Hydro power generation
on multiple time scales were considered [2], and Zhu et al. [3] built
a model for maximizing power generation of the hybrid system while
the short-term coordinated problem was addressed and an approach
based on convex programming dual method was also proposed [20] to
obtain water shadow price which is essential to determine short-term
marginal cost and economic feasibility. Similar to Ilak et al. [20], Ilak
et al. [21] proposed a method for establishing a short-term marginal
cost curve combined with water shadow price. Considering economic
benefit, Sun et al. [22] researched the optimal economic benefits of the
micro-grid which consists of hydro, wind and energy storage equipment.
Maximizing profit by a stochastic optimization taking uncertainty into
consideration was studied [23].
Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042
Objective
● maximize the total energy production [1,7,10,11,16]
● maximize the assurance/guaranteed rate [1,7,16]
● design the hydro-solar power system [6,15]
● maximize the net revenue of a hydro-PV plant during
lifetime [8]
● minimize the use of the diesel generator [9]
● minimize energy waste [10]
● minimize energy consumption [11]
● minimize the spillage effects [17]
● maximize the system efficiency [17]
a cuckoo search algorithm ● evaluate the possibility of hydro-solar power system
in an area [14,18]
dynamic programming technique
a semi-distributed, conceptual
hydrological model
an index method based on the
drainage area ratio
Scheduling problem is also a heated study area in hydro-wind power
system and there were various scheduling aspects, such as coordinated
scheduling3 , short-term scheduling [21], optimum scheduling [24] and
self-scheduling [25].
In addition to the above, other issues were also studied. A new
method for describing hydro-wind output fluctuation was proposed and
compared with common method [26] while Bayon et al. [27] had a
comparison between two operation option for pumped storage hydro-
wind hybrid system. Cantao et al. [28] evaluated the complementarity
of hydro-wind power system in Brazil.
4.3. Hydro-wind-photovoltaic power generation
For hydro, wind and solar power, research on their stand-alone
power generation is very mature. Although recent studies have shown
that there is complementarity between hydropower, wind energy and
solar energy, as mentioned above, there are studies on the complemen-
tary power generation of any two of the three, but there are relatively
few studies on the complementary power generation of the three, and
only a few people Pay attention to hydro-wind photovoltaic power gen-
eration systems [29].
Even though renewable energy, such as wind and solar, is an
environmental- friendly resource, it is unpredictable and stochastic in
nature, which may hinder the integration process of renewable energy
[30]. On the other hand, even complementary systems require large ca-
pacity energy storage devices. Thus, coordination of hydropower with
wind and solar energy can not only reduce these negative impacts
caused by independent power generation systems but also improve the
reliability and economic efficiency of power supply [30,31].
As to the operation mode of the hydro-wind-PV hybrid system, there
is one main way. When there is a surplus of solar and wind power gen-
eration, the pumped hydro energy storage device is used to store excess
energy in the form of water potential energy. When the energy is insuf-
ficient, the pumping energy storage device is used for power supply.
Dry or high-altitude areas affected by the monsoon along the coast
or with rivers are particularly suitable for being applied to the hydro-
wind-PV hybrid system owing to the abundance of hydro, wind and solar
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Z. Peng, X. Chen and L. Yao Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042

Fig. 7. Hydro-wind-solar complementary research map.

Table 3
Research summary of hydro-wind power generation.

Research Type Methodology Objective

Coordination
● model predictive control (MPC) [2] ● minimize emission [2]
● simulation [3] ● minimize overflow [2]
● an approach based on the duality method of a convex programming [20] ● maximize power generation [3]
● minimize randomness and fluctuations [3,22]
● maximize profits [20,21,22,23,24,25]
● minimize cost [20,21]
Economic Benefit ● minimize risk [25]
● Chaos Particle Swarm Optimization (CPSO) [22] ● a new index to measure fluctuation [26]
● stochastic optimization technique [23] ● comparison of different power generation configurations [27]
● evaluate complementarity [28]
Scheduling
● simulation [3]
● An approach based on the duality framework of a convex programming [21]
● Artificial Bee Colony algorithm [24]
● Value-at-Risk (VaR) method [25]
● the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) [25]
Others

● a new index using the standard deviation (SD) and rotation angle [26]
Complementarity
● four different correlation analyses [28]
Comparison
● autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model [27]
● Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle [27]

energy. The islands and the Yalong River are two typical cases used to
research this system.
The Yalong River basin located in the eastern part of the Qinghai-
Tibet plateau has begun to build a clean energy base with complemen-
tary water, wind and solar energy. This is due to its geographical con-
ditions, not only the influence of the monsoon, but also the dry climate
and less cloud which result in high intensity solar radiation. Generally,
wind and solar energy appear high from November to May (dry season)
and low from June to October (rainy season). This distinctive feature
of wind and solar resources in the region is naturally complementary to
hydropower characteristics.
Fig. 8 is a current study map of hydro-wind-solar complementary
power generation, color-coded countries that have been studied, and
unmarked countries that have not been studied. The color from light to
dark indicates the number of documents from more to less, of which the
most studied is China.
Similarly, the research on hydro-wind-photovoltaic power genera-
tion is roughly classified and summarized in Table 4. How to opti-

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Z. Peng, X. Chen and L. Yao Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042

Fig. 8. Hydro-wind-solar complementary research map.

Table 4
Research summary of hydro-wind-photovoltaic power generation.

Research Type Methodology Objective

Optimization
Operation ● non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) [30] ● maximize the total energy production [30,33]
● the autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model [32] ● minimize fluctuations [30,33]
● improved vine-copula theory [32] ● minimize cost [31,34]
● a modified version of non-dominated sorting whale ● maximize the 90th percentile reliable generation [32]
optimization algorithm (modified NSWOA) [33]
Configuration ● maximize the hybrid system’s generation interval [35]
● improved genetic algorithm [31]
● genetic algorithm [34]
Scheduling
● interval optimization [35]
Complementarity
● quantitative analysis (using a method of
Pearson correlation) [29]
● qualitative analysis [29]
● Visual BASIC [29]
● Correlation analysis [36]
Feasibility
● HOMER energy [37]
Simulation
● simulation analysis [38,39]

mize the hydro-wind-solar hybrid system was researched from many
aspects. The optimal operation was studied [30,32,33]. Both Wang et al.
[30] and Yin et al. [33] established an improved multi-objective model
to obtain the maximum power generation and minimum fluctuation, but
different algorithms were applied to solve it. Non-dominated sorting ge-
netic algorithm (NSGA-II) was used30 while A modified version of non-
dominated sorting whale optimization algorithm (modified NSWOA)
was proposed33. In addition, Wu et al. [31] and Fu et al. [34] studied the
design and configuration optimization of power system and scheduling
optimization was studied in Liu et al. [35].
Similar to other combined types of power generation systems, the
complementarity and feasibility of hydro-wind-solar power system were
studied [29,36,37]. And Wu et al. [31]; Petrakopoulou et al. [38] and
Szeidert et al. [39] all carried out their research through simulation
analysis.
4.4. Hydro-thermal power generation
The hydrothermal power generation system usually consists of a plu-
rality of hydropower stations and thermal power plants. On the basis of
considering the operational characteristics of hydropower and thermal
power, the complementary advantages of the hydro and thermal power
sources are fully utilized in order to minimize the cost. Because thermal
power generation consumes fuel, multi-objective optimization schedul-

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Z. Peng, X. Chen and L. Yao
Fig. 9. Hydro-thermal complementary research map.
ing that pursues the largest hydropower generation and minimizes coal
consumption of thermal power units is one of the most important re-
search problems in hydrothermal power generation systems.
Areas with plentiful water and fuel resources, but lacking renewable
energy sources such as wind and solar energy are suitable for operating
hydro-thermal power generation systems, or areas that are less devel-
oped and have no ability to utilize renewable energy are also suitable
for power generation through the system.
Because hydro-thermal complementary power generation is one of
the research hotspots, there are many countries and literatures com-
pared with other energy complementary power generations in the lit-
erature. The map in Fig. 9 shows all countries conducting the research,
while the histograms in Fig. 10 include countries with more than 10
documents. However, on the other hand, with the enhancement of en-
vironmental protection awareness and effective use of resources, it can
be seen from Fig. 11 that the growth rate of water and fire research is
generally decreasing under fluctuations.
In the hydro-thermal system, the most studied is the scheduling prob-
lem. It can be classified into short-term [40–44], medium-term [45] and
long-term scheduling on a time scale. There are also self-scheduling
[46,47] and other scheduling types according to specific research pur-
poses, such as AC-constrained hydro-thermal power scheduling [48],
cascaded hydro-thermal scheduling [49], convex hydro-thermal power
scheduling issues [50], etc.
The research on hydro-thermal power generation is roughly clas-
sified and summarized in Table 5. In order to solve and optimize
these scheduling problems, many different algorithms and their im-
proved algorithms were applied. Both Cavazzini et al. [40] and Yu
et al. [41] adopted particle swarm optimization (PSO), Cavazzini et al.
[40] presented a novel two-swarm based PSO (Particle Swarm Opti-
mization) search strategy while Yu et al. [41] adopted different parti-
cle swarm optimization (PSO) techniques compared with other methods
which showed the result that PSO can achieve almost the solution. How-
ever, the particle swarm optimization method was used to improve the
Benders Decomposition method for bacterial foraging [48].
10
Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042
Unit commitment problem is a basic problem in power generation
scheduling and also a common research point in hydro-thermal power
systems. Solving the problem of unit commitment can save money and
bring profits [51]. At present, Lagrange technology is widely applied
in this field to solve the problem [52]. Lagrangian relaxation was ap-
plied to Rudolf et al. [53] and Nowak et al. [54] and also combined
with other methods to solve the unit commitment problem, such as ge-
netic algorithm (GA) [53] and branch-and-bound in the spirit of global
optimization [54]. Differently, the simulated annealing embedded evo-
lutionary programming method was used to solve the unit commitment
problem and minimize the cost [51].
When the load demand changes, it will cause the system frequency to
change. In order to maintain the stability of the system, load frequency
control is required [55]. Various methods were proposed to solve the fre-
quency control problem, such as variable structure fuzzy gain scheduling
[55], model predictive control (MPC) [56] and a new area control error
[57].
4.5. Hydro-thermal-wind/solar power generation
Although renewable energy is gradually gaining importance in
power generation worldwide, fossil fuel combustion is still the main
power generation method [58]. Considering the pollution of thermal
plant, if other energy sources are used to meet some of the power de-
mand, this will greatly reduce the cost of thermal power generation.
Therefore, hydrothermal power system is a good solution. However,
non-conventional energy sources are very efficient and reliable such as
wind and solar energy, which can be integrated to the system to make
an effort [59].
In a hydro-thermal-wind/solar power system, hydropower comple-
ments the intermittency and uncertainty of wind/solar and reduces the
dependency on fossil fuel decreasing both pollutants and costs simulta-
neously [60]. On the other hand, thermal and wind/solar energy also
compensate for the seasonal limitations of hydroenergy. Thus, it can
not only increase the utilization of clean resources and the integration
Z. Peng, X. Chen and L. Yao Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042

Fig. 10. Hydro-thermal complementary research histogram.

Fig. 11. The growth rate of hydro-thermal complementary research.

of wind/solar energy into power grid but also take advantage of thermal
plant rationally and fully.
Similar to Fig. 8, Fig. 12 also shows the world’s research countries for
hydro-thermal-wind/solar hybrid power generation. Where, China:12;
India:6; Brazil:1; Germany:1; Iran:1; Portugal:1; and United States:1
study.
For the research of integrating wind or solar energy with hydro-
thermal power generation systems (Table 6), the study of hydro-
thermal-wind is more than that of hydro-thermal-photovoltaic. Similar
to the previous part, in this part, the most studied is one of the optimiza-
tion problem-scheduling problem. Dubey et al. [58]; Chen et al. [61] and
Singh et al. [62] were all minimizing costs as the only optimization goal,
but in fact, researches were more about optimizing multiple targets at
the same time, such as two [59,63–66], three [67,68], four [69] and
five [60] goals simultaneously optimized. Minimizing pollutant emis-
sions [60,63–69], costs [59,60,63–67,69], and power loss (maximizing
power generation) [59,60,67] were the most common goals, considering
the environmental pollution, economic and efficiency factors that ther-
mal power generation brings. So in order to solve them, many meth-
ods were proposed. For example, particle swarm optimization (PSO)

11
Z. Peng, X. Chen and L. Yao Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042

Table 5
Research summary of hydro-thermal power generation.

Research Type Methodology Objective

Scheduling
● a novel two-swarm based PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) search strategy [40] ● minimize cost [40-42,48,50,51,53]
● approaches based on different particle swarm optimization (PSO) techniques [41] ● method application [42–44.52]
● genetic algorithm [42] ● maximize profits [46,47]
● stochastic dynamic programming technique [43] ● energy-saving and emission reduction [49]
● a specific descent [43] ● the simultaneous optimization of power
production and day-ahead power trading [54]
● a Lagrangian heuristics [43] ● unit commitment problem [51,53,54]
● algorithms based on genetic algorithm, simulated annealing and the combination ● load frequency control [55–57]
of these two techniques [44]
● a standard primal-dual interior-point method with logarithmic barrier [45]
● robust optimization [46]
● mixed integer programming (MIP) [47]
● Benders Decomposition method improved by Bacterial Foraging oriented by
Particle Swarm Optimization method (BDI-BFPSO) [48]
● genetic algorithm [49]
● genetic algorithm [50]
Unit
Commitment
● Simulated Annealing embedded Evolutionary Programming approach
Mixed-Integer Linear Program (MILP) [51]
● a sequential approach which combines the two methods named mixed-Integer
NonLinear Program (MINLP) and mixed-Integer Linear Program (MILP) [52]
● genetic algorithm [53]
● non-linear programming formulation solved by a Lagrangian relaxation [53]
● a method combining Lagrangian relaxation of nonanticipativity with
branch-and-bound [54]
Load
Frequency
Control
● variable structure fuzzy gain scheduling [55]
● model predictive control (MPC) [56]
● a new area control error (ACEN) based on tie-power deviation, frequency
deviation, time error and inadvertent interchange (unscheduled energy transfer)
[57]

Fig. 12. Hydro-thermal-wind/solar complementary research map.

12
Z. Peng, X. Chen and L. Yao
Table 6
Research summary of hydro-thermal-wind/solar power generation.
Research Type Methodology
Optimization
Scheduling ● ant lion optimization (ALO) [58]
● particle swarm optimization technique [59]
● a novel ant lion optimization (ALO) algorithm [60]
● distributionally robust optimization (DRO) method [61]
● a two-stage formulation using dynamic programming and linear programming
techniques [62]
● modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) algorithm [63]
● extended NSGA-III [64]
● an enhanced multi-objective bee colony optimization algorithm (EMOBCO) [65]
● a modified gravitational search algorithm based on the non-dominated sorting
genetic algorithm-III (MGSA-NSGA-III) [66]
● CPLEX12.4 [67]
● modeling and case study [68]
● Monte-Carlo analysis [69]
Sizng
● the auto regressive moving average model (ARIMA) model [70]
Operation
● an optimizing operation model of a hydro-thermal-wind hybrid power system
based on the hydro-wind power compensating principle [71]
Coordination
● a unit commitment (UC) model [72]
● example analysis [73]
algorithm [59], modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) algo-
rithm [63], extended NSGA-III [64], enhanced multi-objective bee
colony optimization algorithm (EMOBCO) [65], modified gravitational
search algorithm based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-
III (MGSA-NSGA-III) [66], distributional robust optimization [61] and
so on.
Other optimization problems were also explored [70,71]. Liu et al.
[70] researched the optimal sizing considering investments and ben-
efits which from complementary and Wang et al. [71] discussed the
optimization of operation to minimize emissions which was evaluated
by the baseload and non-baseload output emission rates. Meanwhile,
the coordination of hybrid system was studied [72,73]. An unit com-
mitment (UC) model was proposed to coordinate those there energies
which was proved to be effective in ensuring the safety and economy of
the hybrid system [72]. Li et al. [73] analyzed two different scheduling
modes to compare their capacity of coordination and economy.
4.6. Hydro-thermal-wind-solar power generation
The complementary power generation system composed of renew-
able resources and conventional resources has received extensive atten-
tion and studies by researchers. For example, the hydro-thermal, hydro-
wind, hydro-solar, wind-solar systems and so on. However, research on
the hydro-thermal-wind-solar is relatively rare compared to others. The
hybrid power system suppresses the fluctuations of wind power and pho-
tovoltaic output, and smooth the wind and solar together. At the same
time, improve the economic efficiency of the thermal power unit, re-
duce the number of start and stop of the unit, and ensure the safety and
stability of the power grid which maximizes the advantages of each of
these energy sources and compensates for their respective deficiencies.
Perhaps because the hybrid system needs to have four kinds of en-
ergy at the same time, there are few literatures and countries that re-
search and apply the system, as shown in Fig. 13, but it is a hot research
topic in the energy environment.
The research on hydro-thermal-wind-solar power generation is
roughly classified and summarized in Table 7. The original problem of
hydro-thermal-wind-solar power generation was divided into four sub-
questions of energy, and then an effective method for achieving long-
term coordination was proposed to fully meet the needs of the grid [74].
13
Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042
Objective
● minimize cost [58–67,69]
● maximize power generation [59,60,67]
● minimize emission [60,63–69]
● minimize the waste of energy [68]
● maximize wind power utilization [68]
● maximize reliability [69,70]
● coordination and operational research [71,73]
● application of UC model in coordination [72]
Das et al. [75] and Hemmati [76] researched the scheduling problem
to meet minimum cost. The cogeneration of the hydro-thermal-wind-
solar system was also optimized at the same time [76], and a point esti-
mate method (PEM) was proposed and the simulation results show that
when the penetration of renewable energy increases, the cost is reduced
[75].
For different purposes, Wang et al. [77] and Dawn et al. [78] studied
the complementary operation of the system. Wang et al. [77] established
an operational model to maximize power generation while minimiz-
ing thermal power utilization and output fluctuations. And Dawn et al.
[78] proposed a two-stage approach which implemented and compared
by different algorithms to achieve maximum profit.
5. Challenges and future prospects
As described in the above literature analysis and research analysis, it
is foreseeable that the research on hydro-related multi-energy comple-
mentary power generation will continue to rise in the future, especially
the complementary power generation of several renewable clean energy
sources such as water, wind and solar energy.
Due to various adverse effects of human activities on the envi-
ronment, environmental problems are becoming more and more ob-
vious: the natural environment and resources are unable to withstand
the tremendous pressure of high-speed industrialization, population in-
crease and urbanization, natural disasters worldwide have increased sig-
nificantly and even worse conditions. In response to these environmen-
tal problems, in recent decades, countries have begun to gradually reach
a consensus to address environmental issues. Among them, the hydro-
related multi-energy complementary power generation is a typical ex-
ample. As more and more scholars are working on the research topic,
there are still some challenges and prospects in the near future.
5.1. Challenges
5.1.1. Optimal coordination
The shortcomings of water, thermal, wind and solar power have al-
ways been a huge challenge for researchers, and hydro-related multi-
energy hybrid power generation is no exception. Complementing them
for power generation is a good way to overcome the shortcomings, but
Z. Peng, X. Chen and L. Yao Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042

Fig. 13. Hydro-thermal-wind-solar complementary research map.

Table 7
Research summary of hydro-thermal-wind-solar power generation.

Research
Type Methodology Objective

Coordination
● statistical analysis [74] ● minimize coal cost of thermal units [74]
● MILP technique [74] ● minimize the total power discharge [74]
● the parallel discrete differential dynamic programming (PDDDP) method [74] ● minimize cost [75,76]
Scheduling ● minimize fluctuations [77]
● point estimate method [75] ● maximize new energy generation and minimizing
thermal power generation [78]
● The Weibull and Beta distributions [75] ● maximize profits [78]
● crow search algorithm (CSA) [75]
● stochastic programming [76]
● an IEEE 69-bus distribution network [76]
● GAMS software [76]
Operation
● The adaptive simultaneous peak regulation strategy of hydropower plants [77]
● a comparison model without adaptive simultaneous peak regulation strategy [77]
● a two-stage method was implemented and compared by some different
algorithms, and the effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by the
improved IEEE 14 bus system [78]

how to achieve the best coordination of several energy sources on this
basis remains a major challenge for researchers.
5.1.2. Regional gaps
In the study of hydro-related complementary power generation, both
developed and developing countries are present. Although the two de-
veloping countries of China and India have a large amount of literature
on the research, the number of developed countries is obviously larger,
and the number of developing countries is small. Therefore, due to re-
gional development issues, there may be a certain geographical gap in
the research of hydro-related complementary power generation. More-
over, due to the different environments and energy sources of different
countries, there are also gaps in their research directions and perspec-
tives. Therefore, considering the possible impact of the environment on
the economy, it is necessary for developing countries to strengthen re-
search on energy complementary power generation, especially renew-
able clean energy.
5.2. Future prospects
5.2.1. Renewable clean energy complementary power generation
At present, the application and research of hydro-related multi-
energy complementary power generation, hydro-thermal hybrid sys-
tems are dominant. However, due to the large pollution caused by ther-
mal power generation, considering the environmental protection fac-
tors, future research hotspots will gradually shift to complementary

14
Z. Peng, X. Chen and L. Yao
power generation systems consisted of several renewable clean energy
sources, such as hydro-wind, hydro-solar and hydro-wind-solar, which
is not currently studied by many scholars. How to coordinate these three
kinds of energy, reduce instability and increase power generation effi-
ciency while reducing the harm to the environment, this will become a
new research hotspot in the future.
5.2.2. Scheduling problem
Scheduling is one of the most studied and complex problems in the
field of multi-energy complementary power generation, which can be
seen from Fig. 4, Fig. 5 and the analysis above. In the hydro-related
multi-energy complementary system, how to optimize the scheduling
will involve issues such as the supply of electricity and the cost of power
generation. Although many scholars have proposed many different algo-
rithms to solve the scheduling problem, it is foreseeable that continuous
improvement and innovation of methods and tools to solve scheduling
problems will be one of the future research trends.
5.2.3. Policy
The environmental protection and effectiveness of energy use are the
focus of attention in all countries of the world, and the sustainable use
of energy is the most important way to achieve the above two goals.
Therefore, in the field of energy power generation, we must pay atten-
tion to the sustainable use of energy and the relevant energy policies of
the country combined technologies (such as various available optimiza-
tion methods) to conduct more in-depth methodological research, policy
research, etc., and provide suggestions for the future management and
sustainable development of the power generation system.
6. Conclusion
In this paper, the in-depth literature mining and analysis of hydro-
related multi-energy complementary power generation is carried out
and a literature analysis system is established. By applying the liter-
ature analysis system and classifying and analyzing the literature, we
find that:
1 From the results and visual graphs drawn from NoteExpress and
CiteSpace, it can be seen that research on hydro-related multi-energy
complementary power generation has been increasing with time be-
coming a hot research hotspot and the research on it will continue
to grow in the future.
2 It can be seen from the analysis of the visualization results and the
power generation literature of different energy combinations that
hydro-thermal power system is the most common complementary
system at present, but as people are deeply rooted in the concept of
environmental protection, it indicates the renewable energy (hydro,
wind and solar energy) complementation will be the main trend of
current research in the future. At the same time, scheduling and op-
timization are currently the most researched topics in the field of
complementary energy power generation research and more inno-
vative and effective methods are needed to solve the problems faced
by power generation systems.
3 Based on the results of the above analysis, we have predicted future
challenges and prospects. There are research gaps between different
countries and regions, but in general, the research and development
prospects of hydro-related multi-energy complementary power gen-
eration are very broad.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors have no competing interests to declare.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank those who have given valuable comments and
suggestions to improve this paper. The research is supported by the Na-
tional Natural Science Foundation of China [grant numbers 71771157,
15
Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042
71301109], Soft Science Program of Sichuan Province [grant numbers
2017ZR0154, 2019JDR0129], Funding of Sichuan University [grant
number skqx201726], China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded
Project [grant numbers 184089, 2017M610609], and Soft Science Re-
search Project of Chengdu Science and Technology Bureau [grant num-
ber 2020-RK00–00168-ZF].
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
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