TECHNICAL BULLETIN No.

53 JUNE 1963

The Comparative Effects of

Calcium Carbonate and of Calcium Silicate on the
Yield of Sudan Grass Grown in a
Ferruginous Latosol and a Hydrol Humic Latosol

N. H. MONTEITH
and
G. DONALD SHERMAN

HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII

 The Comparative Effects of
Calcium Carbonate and of Calcium Silicate on the
Yield of Sudan Grass Grown in a
Ferruginous Latosol and a Hydrol Humic Latosol

N. H. MONTEITH
and
G. DONALD SHERMAN

UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII
COLLEGE OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURE
HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
HONOLULU , H AWAII J U NE 1963
T E CIINICAL B ULLETIN No . 53
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors gra tcfully acknow ledge th e assista nce of th e sta ff of th e
Experime nt Station of th e H awaii an Sug ar Planters' Association in pro-
viding greenhouse, photographic, and laboratory facilities, and for advice
on sta tistical and analytical me thods. Research funds on this proj ect w ere
pro vid ed by th e Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association E xperiment Station
under a coope rative research agreem cnt with the D epartment of Agronomy
and Soil Science. Funds and materials we re also provided b y th e T enn essee
Valley Au thority, Con tra ct No. TV21132A.

THE AUTHORS
N. H . MONTEITH was In struct or in Agricultur e, University of Hawaii,
1961-1962.
DR. G. DONALD SHERMAN, Associate Director of the Hawaii Agri cultural
Experiment Station, is Senior Soil Scientist at th e Hawaii Agri cultural Ex-
periment Station and Senior Professor of Soil Scien ce, University of Hawaii.
 CONTENTS
PAGE

INTRODUcrION 5

LITERAT UHE REVIEW 5

Effect of Calcium Carbonate on Phosphorus Availability 5

Effect of Calcium Carbonate on Other Factors 7

Effect of Calcium Silicate on Phosphorus Availability 8

Effect of Calcium Silicate on Other Factors 8

EXPEmMENTAL PROCEDUHES 9

Soils . 10

Tr eatm ents 10

Growth. 11

Harvestin g 11

Leachates . 11

Plant Chemical Analysis 11

Soil Ch emical Analysis 12

EXI'ElUM ENTAL RESULTS 12

Yield 12

Plant and Soil Analysis 15

Leachate Studies 32

D ISC USSION . 35

CONCL USION 36

LITERAT UHE CITED 37

(Contin ued )
 Contents, Continued

Figures
PAGE
1. Relationships between yield and phosphorus contents of
plant material and soil extracts 17

2. Relationships between yield and calcium contents of plant

material and soil extracts . · 20

3. Relationships between yield and aluminum contents of plant

material and soil extracts · 24

3A. Relationships between aluminum content of roots and

phosphorus content of roots , and also between aluminum
and calcium 25
4. Relationships between yield and pI-I of th e soil 26

5. Relationship b etween cation exchange capacity and

aluminum content of th e soil extract · 27

6. Relationships between yield and cation exchange

capacity of th e soil . · 28

7. Relationships between extr actable aluminum and

exchangeable calcium in th e soil · 29

8. Relationship b etween aluminum content and pH of

the second leachate . · 33
 The Comparative Effects of
Calcium Carbonate and of Calcium Silicate on the
Yield of Sudan Grass Grown in a
Ferruginous Latosol and a Hydrol Humic Latnsol '
N. H. MONTEITH and G . DONALD SHEHMAN

INTRODUCTION
Several current field experime nts in th e Hawaiian sugar industry have
shown that liming has in cr eas ed both yield of su gar and phosphorus uptake
by th e p lant. Th ese results have b een of considerabl e int er est to the
industry and have brou ght to focus th e whole qu est ion of th e valu e of soil
am endments in su gar ca ne produ ction in th e Hawaiian Islands.
Early experime nts b y McGeorge (1924) had shown b en eficial re sults
from th e application of soluble silicat e to sugar cane soils. H e attributed th e
b en eficial efFect on sugar cane growth to a gr eater availability of phosphorus
in the soil. Sherm an et al. (1955) obtained similar result s using a number
of Hawaiian soils. More recently, Clem ents (1962) and Rixon (1963)
reported , r espectively, effe cts b en eficial to yield and to soil phosphorus
availability, from studies th ey made on a number of su gar cane soils on
th e H am aku u coast.
T his intere st led to th e initiation of this study, which had as its obj ec-
tiv e a comp arative study of th e effe cts of appli cation of calcium silicate
and calcium carbonate on th e growth of pl ants and on th e avail ability of
phosphorus when app lied to a soil having alumi num oxid es in a fairly
good stat e of crystallinity agai nst a soil in which aluminum exists in a
highly hydrated colloidal oxide syst em.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Effect of Calcium Carbonate on Phos pho rus Av ailability
Th e effect of calcium carbonate on phosphorus uptake has b een studied
and recorded for many years. Johnston (18 49) , Ruffin (1 852), and H ilgard
(1907) dis cuss ed the q uestion at an early stage in th e research .
A conside ra ble amount of work has b een don e in Germany, wher e
Engels (19 36) came to th e conclusion that lime prevented th e formation
of insolubl e ir on and alum inum phosphat es. Kottgen and jung (1941)
showed that small amounts of lime increas ed th e phosphorus available in
th e subsoil and that deficien cies of phosphorus could b e corrected by
adding lime . Mitscherli ch ( 1947) found that phosphorus fixation decreas ed
wi th app lications of 15 gm. lime p er pot. Geri cke (1951) reviewed som e

1 T his tcclmical bullet in is part of a thesis submitte d by th e senior author to th e Gra d uate
School of th e Un iversity of H awaii in partial fu lfillm ent of th e requirem ents for the
Mast er of Scienc e d egree .
6 HAWAII AGlIIC ULTUIIAL EXPElIIl\IENT STATION

of the evidence on liming from work perform ed in Germany. His inv estiga-
tions showed that liming increas ed th e phosphorus availability on strongly
acid soils by 0.7 mg . per 100 gm. but not when th e pH of th e soils was
above 6. H e consider ed that lime corrected "unfavorab le" conditions for
p lant growth and this enabled th e plant to utilize th e less soluble form s
of phosphorus. Several workers have thought that organic phosphorus may
be rel eased by lime or b y th e breakdown of organi c matter. Ghani and
Aleem (1942) , in India, suggest ed that th e in crease in phosphorus avail-
ability, through th e application of lime , was du e not to a decr ea se in th e
formation of aluminum and iron phosphates, but to th e relea se of phos-
phorus from organic matter, resulting from a change in reaction which
fa vored microbial action and th e breakdown of th e organic matter. Salon en
( 1946), in Finland, reported that liming increas ed th e breakdown of
organic phosphorus. Mattson ct al. (1950), in studying a lim ed and an
unlimed Podsol, thought that th e formation of B humus by limin g mobilized
phosphorus, as more available phosphorus occurred in th e subsoil of th e
limed Porlsol than in th e subsoil of th e unlim ed soil.
There is also evide nce that under certain circumstances lim e applications
can decr eas e phosphorus availability. Mate and Molnar (1956 ), in Hun-
gary, showed phosphorus fixat ion increased with liming. Loo , Yu, and
'Van (1956) , in China, stated that incr eased fixation is not encountere d
until liming increas ed th e pH of th e soil to 7.5. Lawton and Davis (1956),
working on acid organic soils, found increased phosphorus fixation due
to liming was apparently cause d b y a decrease in th e p roportion of H 2P0 4-
to HP0 4 - - ion s. Phosphorus can be fixed in acid soils by combining with
iron and aluminum, and, in alkaline soils, by b eing precipitated as calcium
phosphates.
The increase in phosphorus availability du e to liming see ms to b e
associated , th en , with soils having a predominating iron-aluminum system.
Thi s conjecture appears to b e supported by the work of Yudin ( 1958), in
Russia, who found that lime increased the utilization of fertilizer phos-
phorus by the p lant in th e Krasnozem soils more than in oth er types of
soils. Similar work with tropical soils is still relatively undeveloped.
McG eorge (1924) , in Hawaii, suspected that liming increased th e phos-
p horus uptake in sugar can e. Hardy (1934), in Trinidad, by liming,
obtained a 39 to 67 percent increase in ava ilable p hosphorus. Beater
( 1945) rep ort ed a 20 percent greater phosphorus up take in maize; and
nitrogen and calcium uptake were also hig her. Monteith et al. (1958), in
Fiji , foun d in a study of soil pH and ava ilable phosphorus that th e expect-
ancy of high soil p hosphorus increased as th e pH increased to approxi-
mately pH 7.5, af ter which it decreased . They (1959) also recorded lim-
ing wi th cora l sand produ ced an increase in nitrogen up take in sugar cane,
especially at low fer tilizer nitrogen levels. Schroo (1954 ) demonstrated
th at limi ng increased th e P 20 5 content of sugar cane juice by 40 p er cent.
CALCIUM CA H n O N ATE A ND C A LC I UM SI LICATE AN D YI ELD I N LA TOSOLS 7

Clem ents (1962 ) has found , upon liming Hydrol Humic Latosol soils in Ha-
waii , that marked increases occur in th e phosphorus uptake by sugar cane.
Leaching expe rime nts have shown th at limin g promotes th e leaching of
phosph at e ions. MacIntire et al. ( 1947) ha ve full y illu strated thi s in a
12-year lea ching expe rime nt. Th ey det ected the phosphorus b y che mical
means ; oth er workers have used radioactiv e p:l2 to trace th e mov em ent of
phosphorus in soil columns ( Bouldin and Bla ck, 1954; H eslep and Bla ck,
1954 ).

Effect of Calcium Carbonate on Other Factors

Th e applica tion of calcium carb ona te to soil can affect oth er factor s
whi ch ca n cause growth stimula tion. Th e follow ing effects ca n be prod uced
in th e soil by liming:
1. Heducti on of th e alum inu m or manganese toxicit y in a soil
( Mulder and Gerretse n, 1952 ).
2. Gene ra l increase in th e effectiveness of othe r soil eleme nt s in
plant nutrition ( Truog, 1953 ).
3. D evelop ment of physical conditions mor e fa vor abl e for plant
gro wth in soil (Colema n et al., 1958 ).
4. Improvem ent of microbial nitrogen fixation in soils ( Black, 1957 ).
5. Supplying of calcium as a nutrient in very acid leach ed soils
( Ayre s, 1961).
F ried and Peech ( 1946) dis cu ssed calc ium as a plant nutrient in th e
introduction of th eir p ap er and ca me to th e concl usion that supplying
addi tiona l calcium to th e plant is generally not important. Th ey stated ,
however, that with soils of eq ual calcium conten t lime oft en gives b etter
results than gyp sum .
As indi cated above, several workers have reported th at limin g reduces
th e "ac tive" aluminum content in th e soil and th er efore th e so-called
"toxicity" du e to aluminum is correspon ding ly red uced . Mu ch of thi s wo rk
ha s been carried out b y Ru ssia n and Ge rman soil scie ntists. C hizhevs kii
and Korovkin (1958) , Pet erburgsky (19 41), Peive ( 1939 ), and Fatchikina
(195.'3 ) all found that activ e alumin um wa s reduced by th e ac tion of lim e
and that plant growth improved.
It has b een ob served by Men chik ovsky and Pu ffeles ( 1938) that calciu m
salts ca n b e resp onsibl e for redu cin g ac tive aluminum in soils. Chern ov
and Belyaeva (1946) , in th eir interestin g studies on th e nature of soil
acidity, came to th e conclusi on that calcium uptake is suppressed com-
pl et ely by AICI:. at pH 4 to 5. Schm ehl , Peech, and Bradfi eld ( 1950) ,
Moschl er, Jones, and Thomas ( 1960), and Hixon (1963 ) have studied the
effects of aluminum on othe r eleme nts and th e influence of lim e on Al
activity. Duthie and Bourne ( 1939), in British Gui ana, and several Japanese
workers (Hosoda, Takata, and Ogih ara, 1957) ha ve also found a r educ-
tion in "ac tive" aluminum occurs du e to liming.
8 HAWAII AGIIICULTUHAL EXPE IUMENT STATION

Effect of Calcium Silicate on Phosphorus Availability

T he effect of ca lcium silica te ( bas ic slag) on phosphorus availabi lity
has also b een studied exte nsively. Even as early as 1906, Hall and Mori-
son, at Rothamsted Ex peri ment al Station, Englan d, concl ude d th at sodium
silica te responses were simi lar to phosphorus responses. Scheidt (1917)
compared calcium silicate an d calci um ca rbonate treatments and found
ca lcium silica te gave a b etter response. Con ner (1921) also cons idered
th at th is differ ence was due to the gr ea ter ab ility of ca lcium silicate to
precipita te ac tive iron and aluminum. McG eorge (1924) , in Hawaii,
analyzed soils for silica and found that th e lower the silica content th e more
likely a response to phosphorus. H igh silica m eant high phosphorus in the
juice of sugar cane. Sherman et al. (1955) obtained increased utilization
of phosphorus with silicate application, but did not find a rela tion ship to
silica con tent of soils.
Scars et h (1935) obtained a growth increas e b y the use of silica te com-
pounds whi ch was simi lar to that obtained by the usc of phosphorus com-
pounds . Toth (1939 ) showed that the soil phosphorus complex broke down
with th e use of hi gh-pH anions such as SiO;j and OH; and Low and Black
( 1948) indicated that th e reverse reaction was true wh en silica was released
from clay minerals by th e use of phosphorus compounds. This sug gest ed
that additions of silica would slow down the rel eas e of phosphorus from
clay min erals and thus tend to pr event phosphorus from b ein g absorbed
by clays . Kni ckmann ( 1949) , in Germany, found that th e loss of phosphorus
in the drainage water wa s less with slag th an with lime.
Scho llen b erger (1922) no ted that there wa s a greater phosphorus up take
with lime and silica than with lime alon e, and tha t the response to lime
plus silica was a vegetative response and ther efore similar to a nitrogen
response. In this regard, Ziemiecka (1929) reported that the phosphorus
nutrit ion of A zotobacter is assisted by th e addition of colloi da l silica.

Effect of Calcium Silicate on Other Factors

I t has been p oint ed ou t by Fatchikina (1953) that a silicate (dunite) ,
as we ll as limi ng, can b e effective in re ducing "toxic" levels of alu minum .
MacIntir e, W interberg, D unham, et al. ( 1946) showed that "glassy" slags
can be conver ted to calcium carbonate and that the CO 2 req uired for the
conversion could b e derived from bacterial activ ity . Crystalline ca lcium
silicate, howeve r, is no t easily converted to calcium carbonate. T he mec h-
anism invo lved w hereby calci um silicate pr events th e absorption of phos-
phorus by clays an d precipitates ac tive iro n and alumin um , and p erhaps
even sup plies silicon to th e plant, is not clear, even though it has b een
postul at ed tha t ca lcium silicat e ac ts in the same manner as calcium car-
bonat e. Little work has b een done on this aspect of th e role of calcium
silica te in tropi cal soils.
CALCIUM CARBONATE AND CALCIUM SILICATE AND YIELD I N LATOSOLS 9

A study of th e data and a review of th e literature ha ve led to the forma-

tion of th e following hypotheses re lating to th e m echanism of yield increas e
by liming :
1. Th e br eakdown of organic matter
a. chelates "toxic" cleme nts such as aluminum and removes th em
in th e d rai nage water.
b . releas es min eral phosphorus and other plant nutrients.
2. Calcium is a limiting factor in growth in lime-treated soils.
3. Liming induces b etter crystallization in th e AI( OH h syst em
of th e soil, by decreasing "toxic" amounts of aluminum. ( T his
system is known to exist in at least on e of th e soils used in this
study. )
4. Fi xed phosphorus is released by th e action of an OH- or Si0 3 - -
ion , and thus growth is improved. This should occur only if
p hosphorus is a limiting factor, or if phosphorus decreases a
"toxic" fac tor such as alu minum .
5. Increas ed micro bial ac tivity is accompanied by increased nitri-
fication.
6. By incrcasing th e pH of the soil, other clem ents, if toxic to the
p lant , ar e red uc ed in concentration; or, the lack or insu ffi ciency
of some eleme nt, wh ich has b een limiting plant growth, may b e
correct ed by liming.
An expe rime nt was design ed to test som e of th ese hypoth eses, and th e
re su lts ar c presented in this report.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
A pot exp eriment was d esig ne d to obtain result s from two differen t
soils. In each soil, half the treatment s cons iste d of 3 levels of calcium car-
bonate ( c.p. grade) and th e other half , 3 levels of ca lcium silica te (c.p .
grade). Ea ch of th ese 12 levels was tr ea ted with 3 levels of monocalcium
p hosphate dihydrate (c.p. gra de); there wer e three rep lica tes of each tr eat-
ment ( 108 individuals in all ). The layout was a randomized block desig n.
Akaka or PuM Soil

--------
Calcium silicate

/I~
SO 5, . 52

/1\ PI'/1\
Po PIP 2
//\
PIP" PI' P,P"

P = phosphate L = lim e 5 = calcium silicate

10 H AWAII AG IIICU LTURA L E..'l:PE III MENT STATION

Soils
Akaka Silty Clay was collected from the plow layer of field 2 of Laupa-
hoehoe p lantation, Hawaii, immediately after th e harvest of th e sug ar can e
crop. T he other, a Pu hi Silt Loam, was collected at Grove Farm planta-
tion, Kauai, likewise from th e p low lay er and also immedia tely aft er th e
harvest of th e sugar can e crop
Akaka soil is a Hydrol Humic Latosol which drastically changes its
characteristics on excessive dryin g; the cation exchange capacity is lower ed
(Kanehiro an d Chang, 1956 ), an d th e soil will not rew et to moisture con -
tents found normally in th e field. Precaution s wer e th erefore tak en to
prevent excessive dr ying. This soil ha s a high content of hydrated colloidal
amorphous aluminum, and iron oxide and hydroxide gels. On drying, gibb -
site will crystallize with a conside rab le increase in particle size (Sherman,
1957 ).
Puhi soil is a Humi c Ferruginous Latosol. T he cha racteristics of this
soil ar e altered on dr ying, but not to the sam e extent as those of Akaka
soil (Trouse, 1960 ). Pr ecautions wer e also tak en with the Puhi soil to
prevent drying. T he aluminum and iron oxides exist in th ese soils in
crystalline min eral form as gibbsite, goethite, hematite, and ma gh emite.
Th e Akaka soil for this expe rime nt was pa ssed through a ~;-i nch-mesh
sieve and thoroughl y mixed in a mechanical mixer. The Puhi soil was
pa ssed through a 5-mm . sieve and mixed. At thi s point, th e moisture con-
tent of th e Akaka soil was 107 per cent and that of th e Puhi soil was 42
per cent. Volum etri cally, 4500 gm. wet weight of Akaka soil occupied
approxima tely 8500 cc.; and a similar wet weight of Puhi soil occupied
4000 cc. Approximately half of the volume of Puhi soil taken from th e
field consis ted of rocks; thus 4500 gm . wo uld occupy approximately 8000
cc., and therefore 4500 gm. wer e tak en for each soil as an approximate
adjustment to obtain eq ual field volum es.
Treatments
In a stainless steel rotar y mixer, ea ch of the calcium carbonate and cal-
cium silicate tr eatments was thorou ghly mixed with a 4500-gm. sample
of soil and th en each mixture was placed in a Mitscherlich pot. The SI and
L 1 treatment s were at 5000 pounds per acre, or 18.12 gm. p er pot. The
S2 and L 2 treatments were at 20,000 pounds p er acre, or 72.48 gm . p er pot.
These pots, with proper precautions to prevent moisture loss, were then
stored for 7% weeks to allow tim e for th e pH of th e soil to reach equilib -
rium befor e p lanting. At the end of this p eriod, th e phosphorus treat-
ments wer e applied . The chemical was stirr ed into th e top 1)£ inches of
the soil. The treatments wer e P I at 500 po unds monocalcium phosphate
per acre, or 1.81 gm . per pot; and P 2 at 2000 po unds monocalcium phos-
p hate per ac re, or 7.24 gm . per pot.
 CA LCIUM CAH BONATE AND CA LCIUM SILICATE AND YIELD IN LATOSOLS 11

Growth
Pots were planted with Sud an grass seed (California No. 23) an d sup-
pli ed with 0.9 gm . urea and 0.9 gm . potassium chloride p er po t at approxi-
ma te ly 3-week intervals; they were wa tered tw ice a day with tap water.
Harvesting
Th e Sudan grass was harvested at the first sign of flowering, 6 weeks
after planting, and placed in a hot-air oven at 65° C. for 1 w eek. The dry
weight yields were recorded. Plant material was th en ground in a Wiley
Mill and bottled for analysis.
Th e root-bound block of soil was removed from th e pot and cut in half.
The soil from on e of these halves was subsampled and bo ttled in a moist
state for soil an alysis (pH was tak en imm ediately) . Roots wer e separated
from th e other half by jetting th e soil free with a high-pressure water jet.
The roots were th en oven-dried at 60° C., weighed , and ground in a Wil ey
Mill . Th ey were subsequently examined under a b inocular microscope at
80X power to determine wh ether contamination by soil particles had
occurred .
Leachates
Although the pots were kept moist, no water passed through the pots
into th e collecting pan until 3 days aft er planting, at which tim e 600 cc.
of water had been added to each pot. Twenty-five ml. of th e leachate
were tak en from each collecting pan and th e amo unts from eac h of th e
three rep licates for each tr eatment wer e combined to give 75 ml . for ea ch
tr eatment. The pH of each combined leachate was recorded, using a Beck-
man pH met er. Phosphorus analysis was carried out, using the method of
Truog (1953) .
A week prior to harvesting, all of th e collecting p ans containe d leachate.
A total of 150 cc. was taken from two of th e repli cat es and a bulk sample
was made up. The pH and phosphorus content of this sample wer e
recorded ; and th e aluminum content was det ermined by th e aluminon
method described by Ch en ery (1948) .
Plant Chemica l Analysis
Plant samples whi ch had b een previously ground and dried were redried
at approximately 70 ° G and placed in a desiccator. From th ese, 2 gm. of
plant top samples and 1 to 2 gm. of root samples wer e taken for che mical
analysis. Th ese sampl es wer e th en ignited in a mu fIl e furnace at 480 ° G ,
. taken up in conce ntrate d hydrochloric acid, evap ora te d to dryness, and
baked on a hot pl at e for a p eriod of 4 hours to complete silica crystallizat ion .
F ollowing this , eac h of th ese samples was th en taken up in 3 N hydro-
chloric acid and mad e up to volume. Aliquots wer e tak en for : (1) phos-
phorus analysis (by th e method of Truog and Meyer , 1929); (2) calcium
12 HAWAII A GIU C UL T U HAL EXPERI MENT ST ATION

analysis (by th e Beckman DU flam e p hot omet er with photomultiplier,

usin g a compensated standa rd developed by the Plant Physiology D epart-
ment of th e University of Hawaii); and ( 3) aluminum analysis (by the
aluminon method of C he nery, 1948) . Th e same meth ods of analysis were
used for both top and root sampl es.
Soil Chemical Analysis
All samples were in a moist cond ition an d th erefore th e moisture con -
tent of each sample wa s determined in ord er to convert all results to a n
oven-d ry weight basis. The pH was det erm ined on th e soil as a soil-w at er
p aste; th e paste was allowed to sta nd for 1 hour b efore recording th e pH.
Extractab le phosphorus was determined by using th e 0.02 N sulfuric acid
extractant (Ayres and H agih ar a, 1955) and carrying out the ana lysis b y the
method of Truog and Meyer (1929) . Ext ra ctable aluminum an alysis was
carried out ac cording to th e me thod of Pratt (Nelson, 1958), usin g 100
ml. of N ammonium acetate and 0.1 N barium chloride solution (pH = 4.8)
as th e extra ctant on 10 gm . of mo ist soil.
Cation exchange cap acity wa s determined on 20 gm. of moist soil by
saturating th e soil in 250 ml. of N ammonium acetate overnight with inter-
mittent shaking . The soil was filter ed , and th e filtrate was retained for
calcium and potassium det erminations. E xcess ammonium acet at e was
washed from th e soil with ethanol, and th e ammonium wa s leach ed ou t
by N potassium chloride solution adjusted to pH 2.5. The leachate was
made up to volume, and ammonia was det ermined by using th e Nessler
reagent method.
Cal cium in th e ammonium acetate was analyzed by use of the Beck -
man DU flame photomet er with photomultiplier. This method has b een
developed by th e Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association (Ayres, 1961).
Potassium was also determined by using th e Beckman DU flame photo-
met er.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Yield
The yield results for th e pot expe rime nt ar e shown in tables 1 and lA.
Analysis of variance for th e yield is shown in tabl e 2. In both soils, the
yields of Sudan gras s wer e significantly increas ed by each increm ent of
phosphorus. In th e Akaka soil th e effec t of rates shows a lin ear relationship,
wher eas in the Puhi soil the relationshi p is curvilinear. Lim e and calcium
silicate applied sep arately at th e rate of 5000 pounds p er acre increased the
yield in th e Akaka soil but did not increase yield in th e Puhi soil. Lime at
the 20,000-pound-per-acre ra te tended to decrease yield in th e Akaka soil
and did significantly decr ease yield in th e Puhi soil; however, calcium sili-
cate at th e 20,000-pound-per-acre rate increased yield in both the Akaka
and Puhi soils.
CALCIUM CARIJONATE AND CALCIUM SILICATE AND YIELD IN LATOSOLS 13

TABLE 1. Effect of applica tions of limin g materials and mono calcium phosphate on
yields (in grams of dr y matter) of Sudan grass grown on Akaka and Pu hi soils

CA LCIUM SILICATE
LIME APPLIE D,
P I IOSPHATE API'LJED,
lh / acre
A PPI~I ED, lb / acre
Ih/ acre
0 5 ,000 20,000 0 5,0 00 20,000

AKAKA SOIL
0 19.8 33 .7 28 .3 19 .8 25 .7 41.7
500 26.2 46 .3 42.7 26 .2 41.7 63.7
2000 38.3 64.7 58 .0 38 .3 59 .7 83 .3

PU HI SOI L
0 35 .8 28.6 24.0 35.8 35 .6 49 .0
500 72 .8 69.0 305.6 72.8 66 .3 8.5.3
2000 805.8 93.3 053.6 85 .8 84 .3 92.0

TABL E l A. Effect of appli ca tions of limin g mat eri als and monocalcium pho sphat e on
yields (i n grams of dry matter) of roots of Sudan gras s grown on Akuka
an d Puhi soils

CA LC I U M SILI CATE
i. rxu: API)LJED ,
PHOSPHATE APPLI ED ,
lh /acre
APPLIED, Ih /acr c
Ill/ acre
0 5,000 20 ,000 0 5,000 20 ,000

AKAKA SO IL
o 3.0 3.9 4.4 3.0 3.4 05.1
500 2.6 6.1 7 ..5 2 .6 3.8 8.1
;WOO 4.6 12.6 10.1 4.6 9.2 13.9
PUJ-ll SO IL
o 5.6 4.3 2.9 5.6 4.05 8.7
0500 12.1 10.9 4.8 12. 1 10.9 12.9
2000 13.9 14 .05 7.0 13.9 13.6 17.2

T he over-all intera ction of phospho rus X calcium ra tes is not significant,

but it is imp ortant to note that th e soil's phosphorus X ca lcium interac-
tion is significant; this inte raction is evident in the Akaka soil but not in
th e Pu hi soil.
14 H AWAII AG lIICU LTU UA L EX PElII MENT STATI ON

T ABLE 2. Sign ificanc e of F values in th e ana lysis of va rianc e of va rious fac tors in pot
ex pe rime n ts with Snda n grass on Akaka and Puhi soils

T OPS HO OT S
SOUHC E
Yield %1' %Ca ppm Al I ppm Al

Soils ** *
Pho sphorus (I') ** ** *
Ratcs of calcium (Ca) ** **
Source of calcium ( CS) ** * ** **
S XP ** **
S X Ca **
S X CS ** ** **
P X Ca
P X CS
Ca X CS ** ** **
S X P X Ca **
S X l' X CS *
S X Ca X CS * **
P X Ca X CS * **
S X P X Ca X CS * *
Mean 5 1.8 0.111 0 .D3 130 .6 240 4
Coc fficicnt of variatio n 13 .46% 9.82% 10.56% 27.98% 2D.82%
Sx 4.028 0.006 5 0.057 21.11 717
Approximat c L.S .D. 12 gm. 0.020 % 0.]70% 63.0 ppm 2 150 ppm

** Si g n ifica n t a t 1% l evel.
* Signiflcan t at 5% l e v el.

Inasmuch as a study of th e depressed yield at th e L 2 level is conside red

outside th e scope of this investigation, th e results will be on ly bri efly dis-
cuss ed, and those for th e L 2 and S2 levels have b een omitted from all graph-
ica l relationships . The results of th e root chemical analysis in the Puhi
seri es ar e considered unreliable becaus e there was a possibility of root con-
tamination due to soil particles. Contamination in the Akaka seri es, how-
ever, is considered unlikely, as high-yielding plants showed a low aluminum
content.
Root yield is presented in table LA . In both soils, th ere was a definit e
response in root growth to applications of phosphorus and also to the
application of calcium silicate. I n the Puhi soil, application of high amounts
of lime caused a decr eas e in root growth.
CALCIUM CAHlJONATE AND CALCIUM SILICATE AND YIELD IN LA TOSOLS 15

Plant and Soil Analysis

Phosphorus: Phosphorus wa s extracted from th e soil by using 0.02 N
sulfuric acid, and the results show a significant in crease in P with each
level of added phosphorus (table 3). Th e nil P level value of th e Puhi
soil indicates that there may have been insuffici ent phosphorus for optimum
plant growth. The nil P level of the Akaka soil indicates that there should
be sufficient phosphorus for growth in this soil. For the Puhi soil, the
available phosphorus ranged from an average of 8 ppm for nil P to 46
ppm for soil rec eiving th e highest P application, while for the Akaka soil
th e same tr eatments gave 33 ppm and 98 ppm, respectively.

T AB L E 3 . Elfeet of application s of liming m at eri als and m ono cal cium phosphate on th e
amount of availabl e phosphorus (as ppm P ) extracted from Akaka and
l'uhi soils

CA LCI U M SILI CATE

LIl\fE AI 'PLJED,
PHOSPHATE AI)PLI ED ,
lh /ncr e
APPLIED, lb / aer e
lh/ acre
0 5,000 20,000 0 5,000 20,000
AKAKA SOIL
0 41 37 25 41 26 32
500 49 61 45 49 54 42
2000 82 107 106 82 78 94
PUHI SOIL
0 9 8 10 9 7 9
500 17 20 23 17 15 15
2000 40 50 50 40 39 47

The Puhi soil studies show phosphorus content in th e roots ( table 4 )

increas ed with added phosphorus; but th e Akaka soil st udi es show no
significant inc re ase in phosphorus concentration occurred wh en phosphorus
was added , and , mor eo ver , a d ecreas e occ urred wh en lime or calcium sili-
cate wa s added .
Th e phosphorus content of tops of Sudan grass is presented in table 5.
Th e significance of th e in teraction s presented in table 2 indicates that th e
p ercentage of phosphorus ge nerally increa sed with added phosphorus. In
th e Akaka soil series, compa re d with th e Puhi series, th er e wa s little
increa se in phosphorus conten t from th e application of phosphorus at th e
rate of 2000 pounds p er acre. Both lime and calcium silicate in crea sed th e
per centage of phosphorus uptake in th e Puhi seri es, but onl y at th e high
16 HAWAH AG IUCU LTUIIA L E XPElIIMENT STAnON

T ABLE 4 . E ffect of a pplica tions of lim in g mat eri als and mo noca lcium ph osph at e on th e
phos phorus con ten t ( as percent 1') of root s of Sndan grass grown on Akaka
and Pnhi soils

CALCIUJ\ f S ILICATE
L II\fE A P P L IE D ,
PH OS P HATE A P P LIED ,
A PPLIED,
lh /acrc Ih/aer e
lh / acre
0 5,000 20 ,000 0 5,000 20,000

AKAKA SOI L
0 0.125 0.08 2 0.106 0 .125 0.111 0.101
500 .135 .109 .124 .135 .098 .097
2000 .119 .104 .089 .119 .113 .089
l' UHI SOI L
0 .091 .079 .111 .ooi .085 .069
500 .074 .080 .102 .074 .078 .086
2000 .105 .124 .138 .105 .114 .148

level of phosphorus; th er e wa s no marked increase in th e uptake of phos-

phorus by p lants grown under identical treatments on th e Akaka soil. The
phosphorus conte nt of th e plants receivin g nil P on th e Akaka soil wa s
high er than th e ph osphorus content in pl ants grown under id enti cal tr eat-
m ents on th e Puhi soil, thus presenting further evidence that th e plants
grown in th e Akaka serie s nil P tr eatment p ots received sufficient phos-
phorus from th e soil, wh erea s those in th e Puhi series did not.
Th e an alysis of th e yield data an d che mica l composition of th e Sudan
gra ss and soils is presented in figure 1. Th ere is a significant re lationship
between yields of Sudan grass grow n on th e Puhi soil and th e ph osphorus
conte nt of th e top s and th e root s of th e plants and also th e am ount of
ava ilab le phosphorus in th e soil. Th ere is no relationship between yield of
Sudan grass grown on the Akaka soil and th e chem ical com position of th e
plant top s; but th er e is a nega tive rel ati onship wi th th e ph osphorus con-
tent of th e plant root s and a positive one with th e availab le ph osphorus in
th e soil.
Calcium : In both soils, application of lime or calcium silica te increased
th e excha nge ab le calcium content. T he data ob tained ar e pr esent ed in
table 6. The hi gh est content of exchange able calcium was obtained from
th e application of lime to th e Akaka soils, and ran ged from 1.2 milli equiv-
alents p er 100 gm. for th e soil of th e contro l to 24.2 milli equival ents p er
100 gm. for th e soils receivin g 10 tons of lim e p er acre; th e range for th e
sam e trea tments on th e Puhi soil was from 0.9 milli equivalent per 100 gm.
to 13.9 mill iequiva len ts p er 100 gm., resp ectively. The con tent of exchange-
able calcium of th e soils rec eiving ca lcium silica te was also increas ed , b ut
 YIELD vs PLANT TOP ANALYSIS

100 10 0
AK AKA PU HI
••
0 Q
•• •••

0
e
0
• '"
. .
...J
.... 50
>- c •
50
•
.
ft
e A Y s ll 7LOG X Icr- 15 8.4

L'"
e.

o I I
.0 60 .100 .150 .850
"loP "loP

YIELD vs ROOT ANALYS IS

10 0 r
AKAKA 10 0 PUHI

e •
Y·1 2 1.1- 717 .5X
•
.. • ••
0 " •

.-
...J
.... 50 50 •
>-
/•
Yo 199 .7 L OG IcrX - 33 3
0
°
.0 90 .110 .130 .15 0 .0 5 .10 0 .150
"lo P "lo P

YIELD vs SOIL ANA LYSIS

AKAKA

..
10 0 100 PUH I

• : ~
o
~
>-
50
./
.............
,• 50
;.
. • ."
, y oI4.22+ .47X
f·
Y o67 .12 LOG X -18.43

OL--_ _-'- --I. --J OL--..l.-_-'-_--L_-.l_----l

20 60 100 14 0 o 10 20 30 40 50
ppm P ppm P

FIGUIIE 1. Rela tionships between yield and phosp horus cont ent s of pl ant materia l an d
soil extra cts.
18 HAWA II AGHICU LTUHA L EX PEHI MENT STATION

TABLE 5. Eff ect of applications of liming materi als and monocal cium phosphate on th e
phosphorus content (as per cent 1') of tops of Sudan gra ss grown on Akaka
and Puhi soils

CALCIUII I S ILI CATE

LI l\I E AP P L IE D,
Pl !OSP llATE A P PLIED,
lh / acr e
A PP LIE D, lh / ucr c
lh / a cr e
0 5, 000 20,000 0 5,000 20,000

AKAKA SOIL
0 0 .103 0.101 0. 124 0.103 0.105 0.104
500 .123 .114 .157 .123 .117 .110
2000 .120 .127 .124 .120 .115 .105
P URI SOI L
0 .068 .075 .110 .068 .069 .069
500 .08 1 .096 .082 .OBI .085 .085
2000 .073 .184 .129 .073 .167 .195

T ABLE 6. Effect of applica tions of liming m at erials an d monocalciu m phosph at e on th e

exchangeab le calcium conte nt (as mtlli equi valcnts per 100 gm, of dry soil )
in soils of th e Akaka and Puhi series

CA LC IU M SILICATE
LIM E APPLIED,
P H O SP H ATE APPLIED ,
lb/ acre
A P P L IED, lh /ucr e
lh/acre ----
0 5,000 20,000 0 5,000 20,000

AKAKA SOI L
0 1.2 7.7 23 .4 1.2 3.5 11.5
500 1.4 9.4 24 .2 1.4 3.8 12 .2
2000 1.8 8.8 24 .0 1.2 4.3 13.2
PURI SOIL
0 .9 6.6 13.9 .9 1.9 6.7
500 1.1 5.3 11.3 1.1 2.1 6.6
2000 1.3 5.2 10.1 1.3 2.8 7.1

only about half th e magnitude of th e increase register ed for th e lime

applications.
The calcium content of th e Sudan grass tops is given in table 7. The
calcium content of tops was increased more by th e application of lime than
by the application of calcium silicate. The application of phosphate fer-
tiliz er gav e a small increase in calcium con tent of th e tops in most cases.
CA LC IUM CAHBONATE A ND CA LC IUM SI LICATE A N D YIELD IN LATOSOLS 19

TABLE 7. Effect of applications of liming materials and m onoca lcium phosphat e on th e

calci um conte nt (as pe rce nt Ca ) of th e tops of Sudan gras s grown on Akak a
and Puhi soils

C ALCIUM SILICA T E
L I ~1E A P J1LIE D,
P H O SPHATE APP L IED ,
Hi/ ner o
A P I' L IE D, lh /acr e
Ih/acro
0 5,000 20,000 0 5,000 20,000

AKAKA SOIL
0 0.75 0.D2 1.25 0.7 5 1.00 0.92
500 .79 .94 1.15 .79 .87 1.00
2000 .8 1 un 1.30 .81 .96 .96
PURl SO IL
0 .75 .96 l.lG .75 .64 .91
500 .75 1.00 1.38 .75 .88 .95
2000 .87 .94 1.3G .87 .8G .8G

The calci um content was det ermined in th e roots and th e data are pre-
sented in table 8. Th e appli cation of both am endments in creased th e cal-
cium content in th e roots; but th e application of lime gave a much greater
in crease than th e app lica tion of silicat e. A mo st remarkable and un expect ed
effect was produced by th e application of p hosphorus on th e calcium con-
tent of th e roots of plants grown on th e Puhi soil in that th e application of
phosphorus decr eased the calcium conce ntration in th e roots .

T A BLE 8 . E ffect of applications of liming matcrials and m onoc alcium phosphat e on the
calcium conten t (as p er cent Ca ) of roots of Sudan grass gro wn on Akaka
and Puhi soils

CA LC IUM SI LICATE
LIl\·IE AI'PLJE D,
PIIOSP IIA TE A PPLI EI),
lb /acr e
AP PLIED, lh /acr c
llr/n crc
0 5,000 20 ,000 0 5,000 20,000

AKAKA SOIL
0 0.21 0.29 0.5() 0.21 0.24 0.33
500 .22 .28 .6 1 .22 .29 .35
2000 .22 .33 .G2 .22 .24 .2G
PURl SOIL
0 .17 .40 .54 .17 .43 .28
500 .12 .20 .77 .12 .18 .15
2000 .09 .18 .48 .09 .13 .13
 20 IlAWA II A GIIICULT U IIA L EXI'E I\IMEN T STATION

YIELD VS. PLANT TOP ANALYSIS

100 AKAKA 100 PUHI
• •
Yo Il8 . 7 5X - 6 2.5 0 • •• • •
•• • •
0 ... ••
...J
1&1
>-
50 50
•
• • •
• • • •
• 0

0 0
.6 0 .80 1.00 .5 0 .7 5 1.00
o/. Co %C o
YIEL D vs ROOT ANALYSIS
10 0
AKAKA PUHI
• •
•

0
...J 50 50
!!!
>-
••
••
yo 211 .5X -18.0 Y·95.7S-IS6 .2X

0 0
.16 .24 .3 2 .4 0 .05 .10 .30 .5 0
% Co % CO

YIELD vs SOIL ANALYSIS

,
100 100
AKAKA PUHI
• •
• • •
•
• • •
0

,.
...J
1&1
>-
50
•
50 •
..• • •
'" y. 24.2+ 3.3X
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 2 4 6 8
ExCo ExCa
F I GUH E 2. Relati onsh ips bet ween yield and calcium contents of pl ant material and soil
extracts .
CA LCIUM CA HIlONATE AND CA LC I U M SI LI CATE AND YIELD IN LATOSO LS 21

T he ana lysis of th e tops reveals a similar situa tion in both soils in that
the uptake du e to lime was con sid erably gr ea ter than that du e to calcium
silicate. T he analysis of variance ( table 2 ) confirms that an over-all
increas e in ca lcium uptake occurs with increas es in phosphorus levels.
Wh en th e calcium content of soil, roots, or tops is compared with th e
yield ( fig. 2 ), th e Akaka seri es shows a po siti ve correlation in all cases;
namely, yield vs , calcium content of plant tops, yield vs. calcium content
of roots, and yield vs. exchange able calcium in soil. This would indi cat e a
shor tage of calcium by th e plant in untreated soils but for th e fact that th e
Pu hi results are within th e sam e ran ge of calcium value s as th e Akaka
seri es; th er efore, it is more likely that calcium is ac ting upon another fa c-
tor which is in turn affecting yield. In contrast, th er e is no po siti ve corre la -
tion between yield and calcium status of plants or soils in the Puhi experi-
ments; and a negative correlation is evide nt b etween yield and calcium
content of th e plant roo ts.
A luminum: Th e amount of al uminum which can b e extrac te d from th e
soil is given in table 9. Th e data show a red uction in extrac tab le aluminum
occurred through th e addition of lim e or calcium silicate and also up on the
application of monocalcium phosphate. The Akak a soil contains consider -
ab ly more extra ctable aluminum than th e Puhi soil.

T AIlLE 8. Effect of applications of limin g materials and monocalcium ph osph at e on th e

am ount of extrac table aluminum ( as millicquivalcnt s per 100 gm. of dr y soil)
in soils of th e Akaka and Puhi series

CA LCIU M S I LICATE
LIM E A P P LIED,
PII OSPIIA T E AP P L IE D,
APPLI ED ,
lh/ acre Ib/ aer e
lh /ncre
o 5, 000 20 ,000 5,000 20,000

AKAKA SOIL
°
0 18 .5 12 .0 5.4 18.5 15 .2 7.2
500 16 .8 11.7 5 .5 16.8 13.4 6.7
2000 15 .2 10.2 4 .7 15.2 12 .1 5.6
l' UHI SOIL
0 3 .1 1.0 .4 3. 1 UJ .5
500 3.5 .8 .4 3 .5 1.4 .4
2000 2 .5 .n .4 2 .5 1.5 .4

In sp ite of th e large vari atio n in th e root analysis values ( table 10 ), it

appears th at lime and ca lci um silica te reduced th e aluminum content in
th e roo ts of pl ants grown on soils of the Akaka series, and th at mono cal-
22 H AWAII AG IIICU LT U HA L EX PE lllMENT STAT I ON

TA BL E 10. ER ect of a p p lica tions of liming mater ials and mon ocal cium ph osphate on th e
aluminum co n ten t (as ppm dry matter ) of roo ts of Suda n grass grown on
Aka ka a nd Pllhi soils

C ALC IU M SILI C A TE
L Il\ ( E A PPL IED ,
P IJOS P IIATE APPL I ED,
lh / ncr e
A PP L IE D, lb / acrc
Ih/ a cre
5,000 20,000 5,000 20,000
° AKAKA SOI L
°
3470 1670 1400 3470 2030 17S0
500° 2940 1780 1370 2940 1070 9S0
:2000 2 110 2080 1330 2110 2130 1540
I' UHl SOIL
0 1610 9,50 2600 1610 1260 3000
500 2950 2870 2560 2950 2760 2200
2000 4080 4370 1000 4080 4540 5960

cium phosphate in cr ea sed th e aluminum conte nt of roots in th e Puhi

seri es. As pr eviou sly noted, th e incr ea se of aluminum con tent in th e Puhi
series was po ssib ly due to conta mination by soil particl es.
In th e pl ant tops, calci urn sili cate supp ressed alumin um uptake; but
lim e ap pear ed to increa se uptake at th e L 2 level in th e Puhi series ( tab le
11 ) . Th e differ en ces were not lar ge.

T AB L E 11. Eff ect of a p plica tions of limin g m ater ials an d monocalciu m p ho spha te on th e
al uminum content ( as ppm dry mat ter ) of tops of Sud an g rass ' g rown on
Akaka a nd Puhi soils

C A LC IUM S ILICATE
L U\ [ E A P P L IE D,
P HOSPH ATE AP PLI ED,
lh/ ucrc
A P P l. IED, lh / ucr e
lh /acrc - - - - - -- - -
5,000 20,000 0 5,000 20,000
° AKAKA SOIL
0 136 118 132 136 125 113
500 138 121 137 138 101 119
2000 148 129 167 148 III 102
I' UHl SO IL
0 115 121 199 115 ~J6 90
500 130 149 176 130 104 105
2000 143 151 181 143 137 99
CALCIUM CAHBONATE A ND CALCIUM SILI CATE AND YIELD IN LATOSOLS 23

Yield relationships presented in figur e 3 show that in th e Akaka seri es

a reduction in aluminum level in th e soil, roots, and tops was ac companied
by an increas e in yield; in th e Puhi ser ies th ere was no relationship with
yield excep t in th e aluminum content of th e roots.
Figure 3A shows that as th e aluminum content of th e root increased th e
phosphorus content in creased but th e calcium conte nt decreas ed . Th ese
correlations occurred for both soils.
pl]: As shown in data presented in tab le 12, th e pH of th e soil was
increased to a greater exte nt by lim e than by calcium silicate. Th e ge n-
eral in crea se was hi gh er in th e Puhi soils than in th e Akaka soils, reflect-
ing th e differ ence between th eir buffering capacitie s. Th e reaction of th e
soil was r elated to excha ngeab le calci um and to yield (fig . 4) .

TA BLE 12. E ffec t of applicati ons of limi ng mat eri als and mo no calcium phosph at e on th e
p H of th e soils of th e Akak a amI Pllh i seri es

CALCIUM SILI CA T E
LI ~f E AP P L IED ,
P H OSP H A T E AP P L IE D,
Ih /acr c
A PPLIED, lh / acre
lh / ucr e
0 5,000 20 ,000 0 5,000 20 ,000

AKAKA SOI L
0 4.5 5 .5 7.0 4 .5 4.9 5.4
500 4.6 5.6 6.8 4.6 5.0 5.5
2000 4.6 5 .6 7.0 4.6 5.0 5 .4
r UHI SOIL
0 4.5 5 .9 7 .4 4.5 4.9 5.9
500 4.5 5 .5 7.4 4.5 4.9 ,'5 .9
2000 4.5 5 .9 7.4 4.5 4 .9 5.8

Cation Exchange Capacity : Data presented in figu re 5 show th e effect

of aluminum on cation excha nge capacity, and indicat e a re d uc tion in
aluminum was accompanied by an in crease in cation exchange capacity.
Magistad (1928) had previously poi nt ed out this phenomenon. It is also
of int er est to note that in th e Akaka soil th er e appear ed to be a relation-
ship b etween yield and cation exchange cap acity; this relationship is shown
in figur e 6. No su ch relationship existe d in the Puhi soils.
Exchangeable Calcium and Extra ctabl e Aluminum Relationships: The
d ata presented in figur e 7 indicate a definite relationship existe d b etween
exchangeab le calcium and extractab le aluminum in both th e Akaka and
Puhi soils. This relationship appear ed to b e asso ciated with yields in th e
case of th e Akaka soils, but not in th e Puhi soils.
 24 IIAWA U A GHl C ULTUIlAL EXPE lIIMENT STATION

YIELD vs PLANT TOP ANALYSIS

AI<A KA 100 PUHI
•
• •
•
.
o
Y'1 03 .7 - A9X
• .
" • •
Q
"
d 50 50 •
):
~ ••
••
Q ••

e
•
OL . . . - - - - - ' - - - - - - - ' - - - - - '
o L..._ _---L ...L ---'

10 0 120 14 0 160 70 100 130 160

ppm AI ppm AI

YIELD vs ROOT ANALYS IS

100 10 0
AKAKA PUHI
•
• • 0 / •

.~
~
Ya74 .3 - .0 15X

50~.
Q :

~
kl
):
50
.. . .
':.:~ ....
.. ~
"",
•
y. 37. 4 + .0094X
OL..._...L-_--L_-L_--'_ _-'------' o L..._...L-_-L_-..L_----lL-_::_::_'
o 20 00 4000 o 10 0 0 3000 500 0
pp m AI ppm AI

YIEL D vs SOI L ANALYS IS

10 0 100
AI<AK A ",. PUH I

Q y . 93.2 - 3. 9 X
o ••
•
•
•
Q
•• • •
oJ
llJ 50
•
50
•
..~
>-
• ••
•
OL..._.1-_--L_-'-_--'_---'
10 15 20 25 o 2 3
ExAI ExAI
FIG UIl E 3. Rela tions hip s between yield and aluminum contents of plan t material and
soil extra cts.
 CA LC IU M CA RB ONATE AND CA LC IUM SI LICATE AND YIELD IN LATOSO LS 25

ROOT RELATIONSHIPS

ppm AI vs %P
AKAKA
PUHI
4000 6000 •

30 0 0
•
• • 5000

4000
•
/
• •
<t •
e0. 3000 • •• •
• •
0.

• .,t • •
2000 2000

•• • :
./ Y =35 .366X - 17 B6
1000 • • Y= 46.176X-1311

lOooL.
.0 9 0
I
.100 .110 .12 0 .130 .14 0 .15 0 .050 .10 0 .15 0
·/.P "loP

ppm AI vs % CO
AK AKA PUHI

3500 • • 6000 •
•
3000 5000
•
Y =4BBO -10500X

~
• •
2500 4000 Y=4721 -B9BOX
e0.
••••• •
0.

20 0 0 • 3000
• •• •
••• • ••
15 0 0 • 2000
••
1000 .---l 1000 • -.1 •
.15 .2 0 .3 0 .4 0 0 .10 .2 0 .3 0 <4 0 .50
% Co % Co

FIGUR E 3A. Helat ionship s betw een aluminum content of roo ts and phosphorus conten t
of roots, and also be tw ee n aluminum and calcium .
26 HAWA II AG lIlCU LTUHA L EXPElIl MENT STATION

Yield vs. Soil Analysis

100 AKAKA

•
0
..J
IaI
>-
50
• :------: • •

•
•
, Y-3I.SX-IIS.3

01 I I
4.5 5.0 5.5
pH

PUHI
100

• • •••
•
• • •
0
..J
IaI
>-
50 •
•• •

0~---_.1...-_---J

4.0 5.0 6.0

pH
F IGUHE 4. Hclutio nships betw een yield an d plI of the soil.
 CALCIUM C AHBON AT E AND CA L CIUM SI LI CAT E AND YIELD IN LATOSOLS 27

CEC vs ppm AI

AKAKA
170

• y. 165.2 - 1.95X

160

150

o
•
ILl
o ••
• • •
140
•
• •
130 •

120 L-_--L_--Jl-..._...L-_ - - L_ _.L..-_-L._---I_ _.L.-_--J

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

ppm AI
FIGUH E 5 . Relationship betw een cation exchange capacity and aluminum content of th e
soil extract.
 HAWAII A GIUC ULTUHAL EXPEIUMENT STATION
28

100 AKAKA

•
•••
0
..J
1&1
~
•
• ...
• y • . 67X - 51.65
0
120 140 160 180
CEC

100 PUHI

, •
• •
•
•• •
0
• •
..J
1&1 50
~

I • •

J 43 45 47 49 51 53
CEC
F IGUHE 6. Relation ships bet ween yield and cation exchange capacity of th e soil.
C A LC IU M CARBONATE AND CA LCIUM SILICA T E AND YIE LD IN LATOSOLS 29

Ext. AI vs. Exc. Ca in Soil

AKAKA
y a I8.85 - 1.0 2 X
10
c
o
-
)(
ILl
6

5 10 15 20
Exc. AI

7.0 PUHI

Ys6.7-2.07X
5.0
c
(.)
..:
)(
ILl

1.0

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

Exc. AI
F IGURE 7. Relationships be tween extractable aluminum and exchangeable calcium in
th e soil.
30 HAWAII AGHICULTUHAL E X P E lUM E N T STATION

Results of Corr elation Co efficients: Tables 13 and 14 present th e cor-

relation coefficients which have be en calculated from th e relationship of
yields to various soil and plant factors and the relationships b etween vari-

TABLE 13. Correlation coefficien ts cal cul at ed from th e rel ationships between dry matter
yi eld of Sudan grass and various factors

SI GNI F - C O E F F IC IEN T
FA CT o n SOIL r I CA N C E O F D ETEHMINATION

Yield vs.
In Plant Tops
% phosphorus Akaka + .03 N.S.
Lo g % ph osphorus I'uhi +.87 ** 75 .7%
% calcium Akaka + .66 ** 43 .6%
% calcium I'uhi +.35 N .S.
ppm aluminum Akaka - .48 * 23.0%
ppm aluminum Puhi +.38 N .S.
In Plant Roots
% phosphorus Akaka +..56 * 3 1.4%
Lo g % phosphorus Puhi + .77 ** 59 .3%
% calci um Akaka +.56 * 31.4%
% calc ium Puhi - .7 1 ** 50.4%
ppm aluminum Akak a - .64 ** 41.0 %
ppm alum inum Puhi + .70 ** 49.0%
In th e Soil
ppm phosphorus Akaka + ,(->3 * ~, 39 .7%
Lo g ppm phosphorus l'uhi +JJ ! ** 82.8%
E xchangcablc calci um Akaka + .78 * :~: 60.8 %
E xch an geable calcium Puhi +.11 N .S.
pH Akaka + .70 ** 49.0%
pH l'uhi + ,(J3 N .S.
E xtra ctable aluminum Akak a - .86 ** 74 .0%
E xtractable alum in um l'uhi - .26 N .S.
Ca lion excha nge capacity Akaka + .47 N .S. 22. 1%
Ca tion exchange capacity l'uhi +.23 N .S.

** Si g nifica n t at 1% l e v el.
* Sign iflcan ta t 5% l evel.
N.S. N ot s ign ifican t.
CALCIUM CAR DONATE AN D CA LCIUM S I L ICATE A ND YIE LD I N LATOSOLS 31

TADLE 14 . Co rrelation cocfficicn ts calculate d from relation sh ip s within soil ana lysis
values and root analysis va lues

CO E F F IC IENT
FA CTOH a vs. FACTOIl b SOIL SIGNIFICAN C E OF ll ET E IIl\II N AT IQ N

Roots
Alumi n um vs. calcium Akaka - .64 ** 41.0%
Aluminum vs. calcium Pu hi - .55 * 27 .8%
Alumin um vs. phosp horus Akaka + .75 ** .56.2%
Aluminum vs. phosp horus l'uhi +.60 * 36.0%
Soil
Aluminum vs. ca lci um Akaka - .95 ** 90 .2%
Aluminum vs. ca lcium Puhi - .9 1 ** 82 .8%
Aluminum vs . p hosphorus Akaka - .28 N.S.
Alumin um vs. p hosphorus l'uhi - .22 N .S.
. Aluminum vs. CEC Aka ka - .6 1 ** 37.2%
Alum inum vs. CEC 1'1Ihi - .4,5 N.S.

** S ign i fica nta t 1% l e v e l.

* Si gnifi cant at 5% l evel.
N .S. Not sign i fica n t.

ous fac tors in soil and root analysis. Th ese data revea l th at th ere was a
significant relationship b etween yields and the log p ercent phosphorus in
p lant tops grown on Pu hi soil, and also between yield an d calcium content
of plant tops grown on Akaka soil. In addition, they indicat e significant
rela tionships bet ween yield an d the ca lci um, alumin um , an d phosphorus
content of roo ts of p lants grown on both soils. In th e Akaka soil, th er e
also wer e significant relations hips b etween yie ld and the phosphorus,
exchangeable calcium, soil reaction, and extractable alumi num of th e soil ;
but, in th e Puh i soil, only the relationship b et ween yie ld and phosphorus
content was sign ificant.
In both soils, th ere was a significant negative correlation b et ween the
a luminum an d the calcium conten t of the roo ts, and a sign ificant positive
correlation b etween th e aluminum an d the phosphoru s content of the
roots. Also, in b oth soils, the re lations hip bet ween alu minum and ca lcium
conte nt of the soil was highl y significan t.
32 HAWA II AG lIICU LTURAL EXPEIUMENT ST ATION

Leachate Studies
Althoug h th e results wer e not sta tistically an alyzed , it is ob vious from
tabl e 15 th at th e aluminum conte nt of th e nil tr eatment in th e Akaka soil
was extre me ly high , and th at thi s conce ntr ation was reduced b y ap plica-
tions of lime and calcium silica te and b y mono calcium phosphate. H ester
( 1935) state d that pl an t growth wa s dir ectl y correlate d with the appear-
ance of aluminum in draina ge wat ers. In th e case of th e Puhi soil, the
result s w ere gene rally low ; however, monocalcium phosphate increa sed
the aluminum conte nt in th e lea chate at th e So and L o levels, and th is wa s
accomp anie d, appa re ntly, b y a dr asti c lowering of th e pH of th e lea chate
solution.

T ABL E 15 . E ffect of ap pl ication s of liming m ateri als and m onocalcium phosphat e on th e

aluminum co nte nt (in ppm) of th e second Ieach at es

CA LC IU M SI LICATE
LI l\[ E AP P L IE D,
P HOSPIIATE APPLIED,
lh / acre
AP PL IED, lh/ acre
lh/ acre
0 5,000 20,000 0 5,000 20,000

AKAKA SOI L
0 5. 1 0.3 0.3 5 .1 0.3 0.4
500 1.4 .3 .5 1.4 .4 .5
2000 1.4 .5 .5 1.4 .6 .5
P URl SOIL
0 .4 .3 .3 .4 .9 .5
500 3 .1 .9 .2 3. 1 1.7 .3
2000 2.7 .3 .2 2 .7 .4 .4

The gra p h presented in figure 8 shows th e re lationship between alumi-

num conte nt and pH and illustrat es clearl y th e reduction in soluble alumi-
num whi ch occurred as th e pH increa sed . At approximately pH 5.6, th e
aluminum content re maine d constant with in creasing pH. It was com-
pl et ely soluble at pH 3.5. The activity of aluminum in th e 3.5 to 5.6 range
corres ponde d to th e activity of aluminum on decrea sing th e pH of an
AI203(P205)'H20 colloidal complex ( Miller, 1956). Ma gistad (1925 )
p ointed out th at wh en th e ac id ity becam e grea ter than pH 5, th e aluminum
solubility began to in crease until pH 4.5 was rea ched , a t w hich point it
the n proceed ed to in cr ease rapidl y.
Although the concentrat ion of phosphorus was variable, the L 1 level in
th e Puhi soil increas ed th e phosphorus conte nt wh en phosphorus was
CALCIUM CARBONATE AND CA LC IU M SI LI CAT E A N D YIELD IN LATOSOLS 33

2nd LEACHATE - BOTH PUHI a AKAKA

ppm AI vs pH
5 •
4

3
«
2

3 4 567 8
pH (2nd Leachate 1
FIGUIl E 8. Helation ship b et ween alumi num conte nt and pl I of th e seco nd leachat e.
34 HAWAIl A GHlCULT UlIAL EXPEHlM ENT STA nON

added; this occurred in both th e first and second leachates (tables 16, 17) .
However , at th e L 2 level, th e increas e was mu ch smaller, due probably to
th e formation of tr ical cium phosphate at thi s level. The uptake in th e
plant tops reflected th is increas e.

T AB LE 16. Ellcct of appli cati ons of limin g ma tc ria ls and m onoc nlc ium phosphate on th e
p hosp h or us co n te n t (in ppm) of th c first lcnchates

CALCIUM S IL IC A T E
LI M E A P P LIED,
P HO SP HATE AP P LI E D,
lh / ucre
A PPLIE I), lh / ucrc
lh / ucro
0 5,000 20,000 0 5,000 20,000

AKAKA SO IL
0 0.0 9 0.07 0.09 0.09 0,()3 0.02
500 .07 .05 .10 .07 .05 .16
2000 .03 .26 .16 .03 .05 .13
PURl SOIL
0 .08 .13 .33 .08 .05 .10
500 .08 .27 .26 .08 .05 .10
2000 .08 1.42 .41 .08 .06 .63

T ABL E 17. Effect of applications of lim in g ma tc rials am i m onocalc ium phosph at e on th e

phosphoru s con ten t (in ppm) of th c sec on d lca chatcs .

CA LC IU M SILI C A T E
L Il\ -f E A PPL IED,
PHOSPHAT E A P P LIED ,
Ih/ acrc
APPLIE D, lh /acre
lh / acre
0 5,000 20,000 0 5,000 20,000

AKAKA SOIL
0 0.05 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.05 0,()7
500 .06 .11 .09 .06 .05 .17
2000 .06 . 14 .09 .06 .11 .21
P UHI SOIL
0 .06 .05 .08 .06 .14 .18
500 .06 .22 .08 .06 .05 .14
2000 .08 .65 .11 .08 .08 .09
CALCIUM CAHllONATE AND CALCIUM SILICATE AND YIELD IN LATOSOLS 35

DISCUSSION
A considerable amount of data was collected during this inv esti gation;
however, it should b e kept in mind that th e main obj ectiv e of thi s study
was to exp lain differ ences in response to lim e and calcium silicate on Akaka
soil and on Puhi soil.
It has b een sho wn from th e yield results that both lime and calcium
silicate in crea sed yield to th e same exte nt in th e Akaka soil and that mono-
calcium ph osphat e also in crea sed yield and in a lin ear manner. On th e
Puhi soil, onl y th e high est applica tion level of cal cium silicate appeared
to in crease yield, and th en but slightly. The main increa se in yield came
from th e use of monocalcium phosphate.
The reducti on in yield ca used by th e high est lime application has b een
omitted from thi s discussion.
Several hypoth eses wer e outlined at th e end of th e for egoin g litera ture
review section of this bulletin; th ese ar e now analyzed, u sing the evidence
cit ed above.
1. a. The breakdown of or ganic matter (if any ) did not releas e
soluble aluminum to th e drainage waters. This is sho wn in
th e leach ing stu dies.
b. Phosphorus was re leased b y lime or calcium silicate onl y whe n
monocalc ium phos pha te was adde d .
2. Altho ug h calcium upt ake cor rela ted wi th yield in th e Akaka soil
series, th e ra nge of calcium values was no t lower tha n th e Pu hi
series, which showed no re lations hip with yield. T herefore, it
is likely that calcium was ac ting with anoth er factor w hich was,
in turn, affectin g yiel d and was not a limiting fac tor in itself.
Evide nce shows that thi s factor may ha ve b een alu minum. Men-
chikovsky and Puffeles ( 1938) reached a similar conclusion.
3. Aluminum is certai nly a major factor in th e Akaka soil b ut
appears to be of littl e importance in th e Puhi soil. Aluminum
can b e negatively correlated with yield in th e top s, roots, and
soil in th e Akaka seri es, but no correlation is indicated in th e
Pu hi studies. Leachate studies also showed extre mely high con-
centrations of aluminum in th e untreated pots in th e Akaka series.
It appears likely that aluminum acts as a "toxic" fa ctor in
th e Akaka soil and is reduced by eithe r high calcium ion con-
centration, high pH, or high phosphorus content, or by combina-
tions of these three cond itions. King (1961) has shown that
upon ad ding phosphorus, high amounts of aluminum phosphate
ar e form ed in th is soil typ e, wh ereas relatively smaller amounts
ar e formed in a soil sim ilar to th e Puhi soil. H art well and Pember
(1918) , and others, also foun d that th e addition of phosphate
red uces "active" aluminum . T hey sta te d : "The practical advan-
36 H AWAII A GHI C ULTUHAL E X P E HI M E NT STATION

tage of p ho sphating and limin g ma y oft en prove to b e du e to the

precipitation of active alumin um ." Reasons for the action of
alum inum in reducing yield ar e purely sp eculative. Relation-
ships b etween aluminum and phosphoru s in th e roots of plants
grown on Akaka soil indi cate th e pos sibility that aluminum phos-
phate is form ed in th e root. Pierre and Stuart ( 1933), and others,
have p laced importance on this occurren ce, which is said to
preven t phosphorus uptake by th e plant tops ; however, phos-
p horus was ad equate in th e plant tops of the Akaka series. I t is
more likely th en that aluminum affects th e metabolic functions
of th e p lant ce ll at the aluminum con centrations found in Akaka
soils. Eviden ce for this supposition is found in th e work of Huth
Addoms ( 1927 ) , who examined the root hair cells of the wheat
p lant while imm ersing them in salt solutions. She found th at
aluminum and zin c pen etrated the cell rapid ly and produced I

a severe flocculation of the protoplasm ; coagulation fina lly

became irreversible and death of the cell resulted .
4. T her e is evidence (analysis of the leachat es ) th at added ph os-
p horus is released to the soil solution by th e add ition of lime or
ca lcium silicate. With the hi gh est applica tion of ca lcium silica te ,
th e second leachate of the Puhi seri es at the Po and PI levels
showed an in crea se in soluble phosphorus. T his increas e in solu-
b le phosphorus wa s reflect ed in an increas e in yield; it wa s not
evident in eithe r plant uptake or soil tests . Inasmuch as Puhi soil
appe ars to lack th e ability to supply adequate phosphorus to th e
p lant, an y increa se in available phosphorus shou ld th er efore cause
an increas e in yie ld . This is not the case, however , in th e Akak a
soil, wher e its p hosphorus supply to th e plant appears adequa te
an d would not of itself b e limiting to growth; here, monocalcium
phospha te ma y b e ac ting ind irectly on th e yield by r ed ucing
alum inum and thereby causing an increas e in yield .
5. On ly th e effec ts of phosphorus, calcium, and aluminum have
b een inves tiga ted in this study; and it is rea lized tha t other fac -
tors cou ld b e involved and that th ere is much mor e work to be
done in thi s field. For examp le, manganese may be present in
toxic concentrations and may be redu ced by the action of liming
ma teria ls; or, mo lybdenum may b e made more availab le.

CONCLUSION
In a Hyd rol Humic La toso l, both calcium carbonate and calcium silica te
appear to increase th e yield of Sudan gra ss, provi ded th e plI remains be low
approximately 6.8; above this value, yield is depressed . Increased yield is
CALCIUM CA RBONATE AN D CA LCIUM SI LICATE AN D YI E LD IN LATOSO LS 37

probabl y du e to th e redu ction of "toxic" alum inum brou ght ab out b y th e

action of calcium ion s and increa sin g pH.
In a Humi c Ferr ug inous Latosol, lim e do es not in crea se yield but
depresses it a t hi gh pH values . Calcium silicate sligh tly in crea ses yield at
hi gh er values; suc h increase is probably du e to increased availabl e phos-
phorus and not to a decreas e in th e "active" aluminum. Aluminum do es
not appear to b e a toxic fac tor in thi s soil.
Monocalcium phosph at e in crea ses yie ld in b oth cases-in th e H ydrol
Humic L at osol b y re d uci ng "toxic" aluminum, and in th e Humic F erru-
ginous Latoso l b y sup plying p hosphorus as a nutrient.

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 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII
COLLEGE OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURE
HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
HONOLULU, HAWAII

THOMAS H. HAMILTON
President of the University
MORTON M. ROSENBERG
Dean of the College and
Director of the Experiment Station
G. DONALD SHERMAN
Associate Director of the Experiment Station