🎓

Learning
Objectives

Each level contains

different number of
This strict order begins to break
down, further down the pTable, as sub-levels
orbitals become close in energy.
Principal energy
levels
Lowest energy sub-
levels are occupied first

Aufbau Principle
Four sub-levels exist

Labelled in order of
increasing energy -> s,
Sub-levels p, d, f
An orbital can contain
maximum of two
electrons Each holds different
number of electrons
The electrons spin in
Pauli Exclusion 🏛
opposite directions Energy level -> number
⬇ ⬆
Principle Rules of
First electron to enter Electron Orbitals Sub-level -> letter Characteristics of
orbital is drawn as , standard electron
second as Notation Number of electrons configuration
occupying orbitals ->
superscript
Electrons which occupy
orbitals of equal energy
Note: some scientific material
(p - 3, d - 5, f - 7) -> will write in numerical order (1,
2, 3, 4 etc.)
must be entered into States the location of
each orbital, before a every electron in the
second is added Hund’s Rule atom Obtainable up to Vanadium (Z = 23)

Full electron
configuration Begins at 1s and
continues until no
electrons left

States previous noble

Electrons are
gas, then remaining
arranged in energy outer electrons
levels
⚛
Condensed notation
Main energy levels ->
referred to as
2.3 Electron
‘principal energy Configurations 🧩
levels’
Configurations
Each sub-level filled (or
partially filled) last
Evidence of energy aligns with location on
levels supported by periodic table
ionisation energy
graphs Layout on periodic
table

⚡
All principal energy Energy Levels
levels contain one (or
more) sub-levels

Memorisation
strategy
Evidence of sub-
levels also supported
by ionisation energy
graphs

Orbital Filling

Diagram
Representation
Configuration of Ions

If two electrons enter

Chromium (Z=24), Cr 🙅 same orbital ->
Exceptions repulsion between them
Copper (Z=29), Cu

Most stable
Stability configuration -> single
electrons in different
orbitals