KCQDRCI QMIHCF]K]CI
FGQMRXMIUG

Hdsmi Qm`bg`bgin?
Rcrcs @mrbcwcig, U.Jmp,Is., @.FJms

Hgsusui Dkmf?
Wuigs Hwg Jurigcscrg (2121151<8)

QRDNRC@ UX]HG QRDLMUG IMRU

UXGJMU BGIC UMFCX QQIG
@DODJMRXD XCF]I COCRCI 2121-
2123
 KM@BCR QMINMUCFCI

Kcpdrci Qmihcfukuci gig hgcoujci dkmf?

 Ic`c ? Wuigs Hwg Jurigcscrg
 IG@ ? 21211151<8

Qrdnrc` U tuhg ? Q rdlmsg I mrs

Ouhuk Kcpdrci Qmihcfukuci ? Kcpdrci Qmihcfukuci Fgpmrtmisg
Xmkcf hgpmrgjsc hci hgsmtuoug smbcncg tuncs hckc` prcjtgj jkgigj jmpmrcwctci hcscr 

@dodjmrtd, Ociucrg 2123

Qm`bg`bgin cjchm`gj 

  (Rcrcs @mrbcwcig, U.Jmp,Is., @.Fjms)

 KCQDRCI QMIHCF]K]CI

C. Jdismp Fgpmrtmisg
G. Hmlgigsg Fgpmrtmisg
Fgpmrtmisg ctcu tmjcici hcrcf tginng chckcf pmiginjctci tmjcici hcrcf hghckc`

crtmrg. Fgpmr crtgiyc bmrkmbgfci, smhcinjci tmisg crtgiyc tmjcici ctcu tmncinci. ]
ituj gtu, fgpmrtmisg `mrupcjci tmjcici hcrcf ctcu hmiyut ocituin ycin kmbgf
tginng
hgbcihginjci hminci idr`ck jcrmic pmiym`pgtci pm`bukuf hcrcf ctcu
ncinnuci kcgiiyc (Csgjgi mt ck., 213<).
Fgpmrtmisg chckcf suctu jmchcci hg`cic smsmdrcin `minckc`g pmiginjctci
tmjcici hcrcf hgctcs idr`ck ycin `mincjgbctjci pmiginjctci cinjc
jmscjgtci (`drbghgtcs) hci cinjc jm`ctgci (`drtckgtcs) (Xrgycitd, 2138).
Fgpmrtmisg chckcf pmiginjctci tmjcici hcrcf sgstdk hgctcs 381 ``Fn hci ctcu
 pmiginjctci tmjcici hcrcf hgcstdk hgctcs 71 ``Fn (Bcefruhgi & Icogb, 213<)

Hcrg urcgci tmrsmbut hcpct hgsg`bukjci bcfwc fgpmrtmisg chckcf pmiginjctci

tmjcici hcrcf hcrg bctcs idr`ck tcipc hgsmrtcg nmockc, cpcbgkc tghcj smnmrc hgtcincig
cjci `miymbcbjci bmrbcncg pmiycjgt editdfiyc strdjm.
GG. Mtgdkdng
Qchc ]`u`uiyc fgpmrtmisg tghcj `m`puycg pmiymbcb ycin
spmsglgj (ghgdpctgj). Fgpmrtmisg tmrochg smbcncg rmspdi pmiginjctci ecrhgce dutput
ctcu
 pmiginjctci tmjcici pmrglmr. Ic`ui chc bmbmrcpc lcjtdr ycin `m`pmincrufg
fgpmrtmisg?
c) Lcjtdr ycin Xghcj Hcpct Hg`dhglgjcsg

c) ]sgc? Umgrgin pmiginjctci usgc `cjc tmjcici hcrcf cjci `minckc`g

 pmiginjctci jcrmic mkcstgsgtcs crtmrg bmrjurcin. Crtmrg tghcj hcpct kmitur hci
emihmruin jcju, smfginnc vdku`m hcrcf ycin `minckgr smhgjgt hci
jurcin kciecr.
 b) Nmimtgj
Lcjtdr jmturuici `m`cin `m`gkgjg pmrci ycin bmscr tmrfchcp
`uieukiyc fgpmrtmisg. Fck tmrsmbut tmrbujtg hminci hgtm`ujciiyc
jmochgci bcfwc fgpmrtmisg kmbgf bciycj tmrochg pchc jm`bcr `didzgndt
(bmrcsck hcrg sctu smk tmkur) hgbcihgin fmtmrdzgndt (bmrcsck hcrg smk tmkur ycin
bmrbmhc). Ogjc smsmdrcin

tmr`csuj drcin ycin `m`puiycg sglct nmimtgj fgpmrtmisg prg`mr (msmisgck) hci
tghcj `mkcjujci pmicincici ctcu pmindbctci `cjc chc
jm`uinjgici
 kginjuinciiyc cjci `miymbcbjci fgpmrtmisg bmrjm`bcin hci hckc`
wcjtu smjgtcr tgncpukufci tcfui cjci `ukcg `uieuk tcihc-tcihc hci nmockc
fgpmrtmisg hminci bmrbcncg jd`pkgjcsgiyc (Uugrcdjc, 2132).
e) Omigs Jmkc`gi
^cigtc tmrkgihuin hcrg pmiycjgt jcrhgdvcsjukmr smbmku` `midpcusm.

^cigtc ycin bmku` `minckc`g `midpcusm hgkgihuing dkmf fdr`di mstmrdnmi

ycin bmrpmrci hckc` `miginjctjci jchcr  Fgnf Hmisgty Kgpdprdtmgi (FHK).
Jchcr jdkmstmrdk FHK ycin tginng `mrupcjci lcjtdr pmkgihuin hckc`
`miemncf tmrochgiyc prdsms ctmrdsjkmrdsgs. Mlmj pmrkgihuinci
mstmrdnmi hgcinncp smbcncg pmimomkcsci chciyc g`uigtcs wcigtc pchc
pchc usgc
 prm`midpcusm. Qchc prm`midpcusm wcigtc `ukcg jmfgkcinci smhgjgt
hm`g smhgjgt fdr`di mstmrdnmi ycin smkc`c gig `mkgihuing pm`bukuf hcrcf
hcrg jmruscjci. Qrdsms gig tmrus bmrkciout hg`cic fdr`di mstmrdnmi
tmrsmbut
 bmrubcf jucitgtcsiyc smsucg hminci u`ur wcigtc smecrc ckc`g, ycin u`u`iyc

`ukcg tmrochg pchc wcigtc u`ur 8=-== tcfui (@ciuruin, 2136).

b) Lcjtdr ycin Hcpct Hg`dhglgjcsg
3. Dbmsgtcs
Jmkmbgfci bmrct bchci (dbmsgtcs) hcpct `miymbcbjci
fgpmrtmisg jcrmic `cjgi bmscr `cssc tubuf, `cjgi bciycj hcrcf ycin
hgbutufjci uituj `m`csdj djsgnmi hci `cjcici jm ocrginci tubuf. Gig
bmrcrtg vdku`m hcrcf ycin bmrmhcr `mkckug pm`bukuf hcrcf `miochg
`miginjct smfginnc
`m`bmrg tmjcici kmbgf bmscr pchc hgihgin crtmrg `cjc cjci `miymbcbjci
fgpmrtmisg. (CU, 2131)

2. @mrdjdj 
Rdjdj `mincihuin rgbuci zct jg`gc ycin bmrbcfcyc bcng
tubuf, smpmrtg tcr, igjdtgi, ncs hci jcrbdi `didjsghc. Jmbgcsci `mrdjdj
hcpct
`miymbcbjci fgpmrtmisg jcrmic igjdtgi hckc` rdjdj hcpct `mrcinscin
 pmkmpcsci fdr`di chrmickgi ycin hcpct `miymbcbjci pmiginjctci tmjcici
hcrcf smrtc jchcr jdkmstmrdk hckc` hcrcf. (CU, 2131).
5. Jdisu`sg Ncrc`
Ncrc` ycin hghckc`iyc `mincihuin ictrgu` `mrupcjci lcjtdr 
 pmitgin hckc` pctdnmimsgs fgpmrtmisg. Fgpmrtmisg fc`pgr tghcj pmricf
hgtm`ujci pchc suju bcinsc hminci csupci ncrc` ycin `gig`ck. Csupci
ncrc` jurcin hcrg 5 nrc`/fcrg prmvmkmisg fgpmrtmisgiyc rmihcf. Umhcinjci
 csupci ncrc` citcrc =-3= nrc`/fcrg prmvmkmisg fgpmrtmisg `miginjct
`miochg 3=-21%. Qmincruf csupci tmrfchcp fgpmrtmisg tmrochg `mkckug
 pmiginjctci vdku`m pkcs`c, eurcf ocituin hci tmjcici hcrcf (CU, 2131)
Ncrc` ycin smecrc jg`gcwg hgru`usjci IcEk tmrhgrg hcrg
ictrgu` (IC) hci Jkdr (Ek). Ictrgu` ycin bmrmhcr hckc` hcrcfkcf ycin
hgtuhgin

`m`gkgjgmlmj kcinsuin pchc pmiginjctci tmjcici hcrcf gig hminci

`m`bmituj gjctci hminci cgrv (F2D) ycin `miymbcbjci ou`kcf/vdku`m ecgrci
hcrcf `miginjct. Qchc jdihgsg pmiginjctci vdku`m ecgrci hcrcf,
`cjc tubuf hckc` fck gig ocituin `mrmspdi hminci `miginjctjci tmjcici
hcrcf uituj `mioc`gi smkuruf ecgrci hcrcf hcpct bmrmhcr jmsmkuruf tubuf
(Cigms, 2136).
8. Qminnuicci Omkcitcf
Omkcitcf chckcf `giycj ndrmin ycin suhcf kmbgf hcrg sctu jckg pcjcg
uituj `minndrmin, hci `giycj ndrmin gig `mrupcjci `giycj ycin tmkcf

ruscj. Omkcitcf hcpct `miymbcbjci rgsgjd fgpmrtmisg smbmscr =,85 jckg

hgbcihgin ycin tghcj `minjdisu`sg omkcitcf. Fck gtu tmrochg jcrmic
`minjdisu`sg `giycj omkcitcf hcpct `miginjctjci
pm`bmitujci jdkmstmrdk ycin bmrkmbgfci ycin hcpct
`miymbcbjci ctfmrdsekmrdsgs ycin
`miochg pm`geu fgpmrtmisg (CU, 2131).
=. @giu` jdpg
Xmjcici hcrcf hcpct `miginjct ogjc smsmdrcin smrgin `giu` jdpg.
Fck gtu tmrochg jcrmic jclmgi hckc` jdpg `m`ceu jmroc ocituin hckc`
`m`d`pc hcrcf, jm`uhgci pmiginjctci tmjcici hcrcf pchc ocituin

hgtmrusjci pchc crtmrg smfginnc tmjcici hcrcf `miginjct (CU, 2131).

<. Utrmss
Utrmss chckcf suctu jdihgsg ycin hgsmbcbjci dkmf trciscjsg citcrc
gihgvghu hminci kginjuinci ycin `mig`bukjci pmrsmpsg ocrcj
citcrc tuitutci ycin bmrcsck hcrg sgtucsg hminci su`bmr-su`bmr
hcyc sgstm`
 bgdkdngs, psgjdkdngs hci sdsgck smsmdrcin hcrg smsmdrcin. Utrmss
chckcf smsuctu ycin hgrcscjci scct tuitutci m`dsg, lgsgj ctcu
kginjuinci tcj 
`uhcf hgctcsg ctcu `mkmbgfg hcyc hci jm`c`puci uituj
`minctcsgiyc hminci mlmjtgl.
 Qchc drcin ycin smhcin `minckc`g strmss ctcu `minckc`g tmjcici
`mitck scrcl sg`pctgs hg pusct scrcliyc bmjmroc scinct jmrcs. Uckcf sctu
 tuncs scrcl sg`pctgs chckcf `mrcinscin fdr`di chrmickgi, fdr`di
gig hcpct `miymbcbjci ocituin bmrhmiyut kmbgf empct hci
`miymbcbjci
 pmiym`pgtci jcpgkmr hcrcf tmpg hci `mincjgbctjci tmrochgiyc pmiginjctci
tmjcici hcrcf (CU, 2131).
>. Jurcin Dkcfcrcnc (pdkc fghup pcsgl)

Qdkc fghup pcsgl ctcu jurcin dkcfrcnc hcpct `miymbcbjci

 pmiginjctci bmrct bchct hci dbmsgtcs ycin `mrupcjci lcjtdr tmrochgiyc
fgpmrtmisg (C. Qdttmr & Qmrry, 2131).
6. @giu` Ckjdfdk
@giu` bmrckjdfdk ounc hcpct `miginjctjci jchcr trgnkgsmrghc hckc`
hcrcf. Qchcfck trgnkmsmrghc chckcf jdkmstrdk ycin ocfct ycin
hcpct
`miymbcbjci tmjcici hcrcf `miochg icgj (Cigms, 2136)
GGG. Qctdlgsgdkdng
M`pct sgsgtm` jditrdk ycin bmrpmrci hckc` `m`pmrtcfcijci tmjcici hcrcf
citcrc kcgi sgsgtm` bcrdrmsmptdr crtmrg, pmincturci vdku`m ecgrci tubuf, sgstm` rmigi
cingdtmisgi hci cutdrmnukcsg vcsjukmr.
Bcrdrmsmptdr crtmrg tmrutc`c hgtm`ujci pchc sgius ecrdtgh, tcpg ounc hckc`

cdrtc hci hgihgin vmitrgjmk jgrg. Bcrdrmsmptdr gigi `m`digtdr hmrcoct tmjcici crtmrg.
Ugstm` bcrdrmsmptdr `migchcjci tmjcici crtmrg `mkckug `mjcigs`m pmrkc`bctci
 ocituin dkmf rmspdi vcnck (stg`ukcsg pcrcsg`pctgs) hci vcsdhgkctcsg hminci pmiuruici
tdius sg`pctgs. Dkmf jcrmic gtu, rmlkmj jditrdk sgrjukcsg `miginjct tmjcici crtmrg
sgstm`gj bgkc tmjcici bcrdrmsmptdr turui hci `miuruijci tmjcici crtmrg sgstm`gj bgkc
tmjcici bcrdrmsmptdr `miginjct. Ckcsci pcstg `mincpc jditrdk gig ncnckpchc
fgpmrtmisg bmku` hgjmtcfug. Fck gig hgtuioujjci uituj `miginjctjci rm-smttgin
smisgtgvgtcs bcrdrmsmptdr smfginnc tmjcici `miginjct smecrc tghcj chmjuct, smjckgpui
 pmiuruici tghcj chc.

Qmrubcfci vdku`m ecgrci `m`pmincrufg tmjcici crtmrg sgstm`gj. Bgkc tubuf

`minckc`g jmkmbgfci ncrc` hci cgr, tmjcici hcrcf `miginjct `mkckug `mjcigs`m
lgsgdkdng jd`pkmjs ycin `minubcf tmjcici bckgj vmic jm ocituin hci `mincjgbctjci
 pmiginjctci eurcf ocituin. Bgkc ngiock bmrluinsg smecrc chmjuct, pmiginjctci tmjcici
crtmrg `mincjgbctjci hgurcsgs hci pmiuruici tmjcici hcrcf. Jdihgsg pctdkngs ycin
`minubcf c`bcin tmjcici pchc ngiock hci `mismjrmsgjci ncrc` hci cgr cjci
`miginjctcjci tmjcici crtmrg sgstm`gj.
Rmigi hci cingdtmisgs `m`mncin pmrcici hckc` pmincturci tmjcici hcrcf.
Ngiock `m`prdhujsg rmigi ycgtu suctu mizg` ycin bmrtgihcj pchc substrct prdtmgi

 pkcs`c uituj `m`gscfjci cingdtmisgi G, ycin jm`uhgci hgubcf dkmf edivmrtgin

mizg` `miochg bmituj cingdtmisgi GG jm`uhgci `miochg cingdtmisgi GGG. Cingdtmisgi
GG hci GGG `m`puiycg ckct vcsdjditrgjtdr ycin juct pchc pm`bukuf hcrcf hci
`mrupcjci `mjcigs`m jditrdk tmrfchcp pmkmpcsci ckhmstmrdi. Ckhmstmrdi scinct
 bmr`cjic pchc fgpmrtmisgtmrutc`c pchc ckhmstmrdi prg`mr. @mkckug pmiginjctci
cjtgvgtcs sgstm` scrcl sg`pctgs, cingdtmisgi GG hci GGG ounc `m`puiycg mlmj gifgbgtgin
ctcu pminfc`bct pchc mjsrmsg ncrc` (ictrgu`) hminci cjgbct pmiginjctci tmjcici
hcrcf.
Umjrmsg rmigi ycin tghcj tmpct hghunc smbcncg pmiymbcb `miginjctiyc tmjcici

 pmrglmr vcsjukmr pchc fgpmrtmisg msmisgck. Qchc tmjcici hcrcf tginng, jchcr rmigi fcrus
turui jcrmic pmiginjctci crtmrgdick rmick `uinjgi `minfc`bct smjrmsg rmigi. Ic`ui
hm`gjgci, smbcngci bmscr drcin fgpmrtmisg msmisgck `m`puiycg jchcr rmigi idr`ck.
Qmiginjctci tmjcici hcrcf tmrus-`mimrus pchc pcgsmi fgpmrtmisg msmisgck cjci
`mincjgbctjci jmruscjci pm`bukuf hcrcf pchc drnci-drnci vgtck. Fgpmrtmisg msmisgck
`mincjgbctjci fgpmrpkcsgc `mhgck (pmimkci) crtmrgdkm-crtmrgdkm. Jcrmic pm`bukuf

hcrcf `mimbck, `cjc pmrlusg ocrginci `miurui hci `mincjgbctjci jmruscjci drnci
tubuf. Fck gig `miymbcbjci gilcrj `gdjcrh, strdjm, ncnck ocituin, hci ncnck ngiock
(]hgocycitg,2131)
 Lcjtdr prmhgspdsgsg? usgc, omigs jmkc`gi, `mrdjdj, strmss, jurcin dkcf rcnc, lcjtdr nmimtgj, jdisu`sg ncrc` bmrkmbgf, dbmsgtcs

QCX^CW
Fgpmrtmisg Qmrubcfci sgtucsg Gildr`csg ycin Hmlgsgt pminmtcfuci
  `gig`
Jmruscjci vcsjukmr pm`bukuf hcrcf

Qmrubcfci strujtur Qmiyu`bctci Qm`bukuf Hcrcf

\csdjditrgjsg

Nciuci Ugrjukcsg

Dtcj  Qm`bukuf hcrcf Rmtgic

Upcs`m
Ugstm`gj  Jdrdimr  Crtmrgdk
Rmsgstmisg pm`bukuf Uupkcg D2 jm dtcj 
hcrcf dtcj `miurui
\csdjditrgjsg Gsjm`g Hgpkdpgc
@gderch
Iymrg Ugijdp
Cltmrkdch `miginjct Rmstg Giourg
UCR `m`bmrgjci Iymrg Hchc
Jmtghcj mlmjtglci
stg`ukus iymrg
pmrlusg ocrgicnici

Qmiuruici Eurcf Lctgqum

Cjtgvcsg UCR 
Ocituin
`miginjct
Gitdkmrcisg
Ncinnuci Qdkc XghurCjtgvgtcs

G\. Xcihc Hci Nmockc

Bmrgjut gig tcihc hci nmockc fgpmrtmisg `miurut Mhwcrh J. Efuin?
3) Xghcj chc nmockc
Fgpmrtmisg bgcsciyc tghcj cjci `mig`bukjci nmockc ic`ui, cjci
`mig`bukjci nmockc smtmkcf tmrochg jmruscjci drnci, `gsckiyc ocituin, ngiock, dtcj,
hci `ctc.
2) Nmockc ycin smrgin jckg tmrochg
Qmiginjctci tmjcici hcrcf 9381 ``Fn, iymrg jmpckc, pusgin/`gnrcgi, rcsc
 bmrct hgtminjuj, sukgt uituj tghur, km`cf hci kmkcf, smscj iclcs, `ctc juicin-
juicin, nmkgscf, `uck, `uitcf (Csgjgi mt ck., 213<).
\. Jkcsglgjcsg Fgpmrtmisg
Jkcsglgjcsg tmjcici hcrcf `miurut ^FD hci GUF^N ( Gitmrictgdick Udegmty
Dl Fypmrtmisgdi ^drjgin Nrdup) hckc` (@ciuruin, 2136) hgcitcrciyc ?

Jctmndrg Xmjcici H crcf Xmjcici Hcrcf

 Dptg`ck ;321 ;61
 Idr`ck ;351 96=
 Idr`ck-Xginng 351-357 6=-67
Xginjct 3 ( fgpmrtmisg Rginci) 381-3=7 71-77

Xginjct 2 (fgpmrtmisg smhcin) 3<1-3>7 311-317

Xginjct 5 ( fgpmrtmisg b mrct) ≭ 3 61 ≭331
Fgpmrtmisg s gstdk t mrgsdkcsg ≭ 3 81 ; 71

Bmrhcscrjci pmiymbcbiyc fgpmrtmisg hcpct hgjkcsglgjcsgjci `miochg 2 ycgtu ?

3. Fgpmrtmisg Qrg`mr ctcu Msmisgck
Fgpmrtmisg prg`mr ctcu ounc hgsmbut fgpmrtmisg msmisgck chckcf tmjcici

hcrcf sgstm`gj ycin icgj smecrc pmrsgstmi (Km@dim mt ck., 213<). Fgpmrtmisg
prg`mr gig bmku` hgjmtcfug smecrc pcstg pmiymbcbiyc. Chcpui lcjtdr ycin
bmrpmincruf
ycgtu lcjtdr nmimtgj, kginjuinci (`cjci ncrc` ctcu ictrgu` bmrkmbgf, strmss pchc
 psgjgs, hci dbmsgtcs) (@ciuruin, 2136). Fgpmrtmisg prg`mr gig tghcj hcpct
hgsm`bufjci tmtcpg hcpct hgjditrdk. Qmihmrgtc fgpmrtmisg prg`mr smrgin
tghcj 

`mig`bukjci nmockc sc`pcg pmiycjgt `miochg pcrcf bcfjci smpmrtgnciyc tghcj 

`miuioujjci nmockc smkc`c 31 ctcu 21 tcfui (@csrgchg, 213<).
2. Fgpmrtmisg Umjuihmr 
Fgpmrtmisg smjuihmr chckcf jmicgjci tmjcici hcrcf ycin tmrochg cjgbct
 prdsms hcscr ycin hcpct hgghmitglgjcsg (Km@dim mt ck., 213<). Bmrgjut gig pmiymbcb
fgpmrtmisg smjuihmr smpmrtg pmiycjgt ngiock, ncinnuci imurdkdngs, hci jmfc`gkci.
\G. Qm`mrgjscci Qmiuiocin
3) Qm`mrgscci Kcbdrctdrgu`
c. Fb/Ft? uituj `minjcog fubuinci hcrg smk-smk tmrfchcp vdku`m
ecgrci (vgsjdsgtcs) hci hcpct `mingihgjcsgjci lcetdr rmsgjd smpmrtg
fgpdjdcnukcbgkgtcs, cim`gc.
 b. B]I/Jrmctgigi ? `m`bmrgjci gildr`csg tmitcin pmrlusg/ luinsg ngiock
e. Nkujdsc? Fgpmrnkgjm`g (H@ chckcf pmiemtus fgpmrtmisg) hcpct hgcjgbctjci dkmf
 pminmkucrci jchcr jmtdjdkc`gi
h. ]rgickgsc? hcrcf, prdtmgi, nkujdsc, `mingscrctjci hgsluinsg ngiock hci chc H@
2) EX Ueci ? @minghgjcsg chciyc tu`dr emrmbrck, miemkdpctg
5) MJN
 8) G]Q? `minghmitglgjcsg pmiymbcb fgpmrtmisg smpmrtg bctu ngiock
=) Ldtd hchc? `miuioujjci hmstrujsg jkcsglgjcsg pchc crmc jctup, pm`bmscrci ocituin
\GG.Jd`pkgjcsg
3. Utrdjm
Utrdjm hcpct tg`buk cjgbct pmrhcrcfci tmjcici tginng hg dtcj, ctcu
cjgbct m`bdkus ycin tmrkmpcs hcrg pm`bukuf idi dtcj ycin tmrpcoci tmjcici tginng.
Utrdjm hcpct tmrochg pchc fgpmrtmisg jrdigj cpcbgkc crtmrg-crtmrg ycin
`m`pmrhcrcfg dtcj 
`minckc`g fgpmrtrdpg hci `mimbck, smfginnc ckgrci hcrcf jmhcmrcf-hcmrcf ycin
hgpmrhcrcfg bmrjurcin. Crtmrg-crtmrg dtcj ycin `minckc`g crtmrdsjkmrdsgs hcpct
`mkm`cf smfginnc `miginjctjci jm`uinjgici tmrbmitujiyc
cimurgs`c (@ciuruin, 2136).
2. Ncnck ngiock
Ncnck ngiock hcpct tmrochg jcrmic jmruscjci prdnrmsgl cjgbct tmjcici tginng
 pchc jcpgkmr-jcpgkmr ngiock, nkd`mrdkus. Hminci ruscjiyc nkd`mrukus, hcrcf cjci
`minckgr jm uigt-uigt luinsgdick ngiock, imlrdi cjci tmrncinnu hci hcpct bmrkciout
`miochg fgpdjsgc hci jm`ctgci. Hminci ruscjiyc `m`brci nkd`mrukus, prdtmgi
cjci jmkucr `mkckug urgim smfginnc tmjcici ds`dtgj jdkdgh pkcs`c bmrjurcin,

`miymbcbjci mhm`c ycin smrgin hgou`pcg pchc fgpmrtmisg jrdigj (@ciuruin,

2136)
5. Ncnck ocituin
Ncnck ocituin ctcu jmtghcj`c`puci ocituin hckc` `m`d`pc hcrcf ycin
jm`bckgiyc jmocituin hminci empct `mincjgbctjci ecgrci tmrju`puk hgpcru, jcjg
hci ocrginci kcgi smrgin hgsmbut mhm`c. Ecgrci hghckc` pcru-pcru `miymbcbjci
smscj iclcs, tg`buici ecgrci hgtuinjcg `miymbcbjci jcjg bminjcj ctcu smrgin
hgjctcjci mhm`c. Mismkdpctg hcpct tmrochg tmrutc`c pchc fgpmrtmisg
`ckgnic (fgpmrtmisg ycin empct). Xmjcici ycin tginng pchc jmkcgici gig
`miymbcbjci
 pmiginjctci tmjcici jcpgkmr hci `mihdrdin ecgrci jmhckc` rucin gitmrtgsgu`
hgsmkurf susuici scrcl pusct.
8. Hg`misgc
Hg`misgc chckcf kupc ginctci ycin smecrc lgsgj pmihmrgtciyc `csgf smfct,
tcpg hgc smrgin `minmkuf kupc. Hg`misgc hgtcihcg dkmf jmfgkcinci
smecrc tmrsm`buiyg hci prdnrmsgl hcyc ginct hci luinsg gitmkmjtuck (CU, 2131).
Drcin kciout usgc hminci fgpmrtmisg bmrgsgjd tmrfchcp sm`uc bmituj strdjm hci
smrgin
`minckc`g bmbmrcpc gilcrj smrmbrck jmegk tcipc nmockc ycin hcpct `miymbcbjci
 fgkciniyc luinsg gitmkmjtuck ctcu jdnigtgl hci hm`misgc smecrc prdnrmsgl (Bmmvmrs
mt ck., 213=).
=. Nkcujd`c
Uckcf sctu jd`pkgjcsg fgpmrtmisg chckcf ncinnuci rmtgidpctg, ycin hgjmick
hminci gstgkcf nkcujd`c. Nkcujd`c tmrochg jcrmic tmjcici hcrcf ycin
tginng
 bmrkcinsuin hckc` ocinjc wcjtu eujup pciocin, smfginnc `miginjctjci tmjcici
gitrcdjukcr `ctc, crtmrgdk ycin `miyupkcg hcrcf jm `ctc `miym`pgt. Fubuinci
citcrc pmiginjctci tmjcici gitrcdjukcr hci tmjcici hcrcf `mrupcjci fubuinci
kcinsuin ycin bmrbcihgin kurus hminci ycin kcgiiyc (Kginnc, 2132).

\GGG. QMICXCKCJUCICCI
3) Qmictckcjscicci Lcr`cjdkdngs

Qmictckcjscicci lcr`cjdkdngs chckcf pmictckcjscicci hminci

`minnuicjci dbct-dbctci. Bmrgjut gig ndkdinci dbct-dbctci ycin hgbmrgjci
 pchc pcsgmi fgpmrtmisg?
3. Hgurmtgj 
Dbct-dbct omigs gig bmjmroc hminci ecrc `minmkucrjci ecgrci
tubuf (`mkckug jmiegin). Hminci hm`gjgci, vdku`m ecgrci hckc` tubuf
bmrjurcin smfginnc hcyc pd`pc ocituin kmbgf rginci. @miurut Fcymis
(2115), hgurmtgj 
`miuruijci tmjcici hcrcf hminci ecrc `minurcing ou`kcf cgr hci ncrc` hg
hckc` tubuf smrtc `mkdinncrjci pm`bukuf hcrcf. Umfginnc tmjcici
hcrcf smecrc pmrkcfci-kcfci `minckc`g pmiuruici jcrmic fciyc chc
lkughc ycin smhgjgt hg hckc` sgrjukcsg hgbcihginjci hminci smbmku`
`minnuicjci hgurmtgj. Umkcgi gtu, ou`kcf ncrc` hg hgihgin
pm`bukuf hcrcf `miurui smfginnc `miymbcbjci pm`bukuf hcrcf
`m`bmscr. Jdihgsg gig `m`bcitu tmjcici hcrcf `miochg idr`ck
 jm`bckg (@ciuruin, 2136). Uckcf sctu ndkdinci hgurmtgj ycin smrgin
hgbmrgjci pchc pcsgmi ycgtu fghrdjkdrdtgczgh (@uttcqgi, 2117).
2 Qminfc`bct chrmimrngj (Bmtc Bkdejmr)
 @mjcigs`m jmroc citg-fgpmrtmisg dbct gig chckcf `mkckug pmiuruici hcyc
 pd`pc ocituin. Omigs bmtcbkdjmr tghcjhgciourjci pchc pmihmrgtc ycin tmkcf
hgjmtcfug `minghcp ncinnuci pmriclcsci smpmrtg cs`c brdijgck. Qm`bmrgci
 bmtc bkdejmr tghcj hgciourjci pchc pmihmrgtc ncinnuci pmriclcsci smpmrtg
cs`c brdijgck jcrmic pchc pm`bmrgci bmtc bkdejmr hcpct `minfc`bct rmsmptdr 
 bmtc 2 hgtm`pct kcgi. Qminfc`bctci bmtc 2 gig hcpct `m`bujc pm`bukuf hcrcf
hci sckurci uhcrc (brdijg) ycin `miuou jm pcru-pcru. Umfginnc pminfc`bctci
 bmtc 2 hcrg cjsg pm`bujcci gig hminci bmtc bkdejmr hcpct `m`pmrburuj 
 pmihmrgtc cs`c (@ciuruin, 2136).
5. \csdhgkctdr 
Cnmi vcsdhgkctdr bmjmroc kcinsuin pchc pm`bukuf hcrcf hminci
`mrmkcjscsg dtdt pm`bukuf hcrcf. Editdf ycin tmr`csuj dbct omigs
vcsdhgkctdr chckcf prcsdsgi hci fghrckcsgi. Jm`uinjgici ycin cjci
tmrochg cjgbct
 pm`bmrgci dbct gig chckcf scjgt jmpckc hci pusgin (@ciuruin, 2136).

8. Qminfc`bct mizg` jdivmrsg cingdtmisgi (pminfc`bct CEM)

Dbct gig bmjmroc `mkckug pminfc`bctci cjsg hcrg sgstm` rmigi-

cingdtmisgi. Mlmj utc`c CEM gifgbgtdr chckcf `miuruijci mlmj mizg`
 pminubcf cingdtmisgi (cinngdtmisgi-edivmrtgin mizy`). Jdihgsg gig cjci
`miuruijci pmrkcwcici pm`bukuf hcrcf hci `miuruijci tmjcici hcrcf
(@ciuruin, 2136)
=. Citcndigs jcksgu`
Citcndigs jcksgu` chckcf smjmkd`pdj dbct ycin bmjmroc `m`pmincrufg
 ockiiyc `csuj jcksgu` jm smk-smk hci `minmihurjci dtdt-dtdt hghckc` hgihgin
 pm`bukuf hcrcf smfginnc `miuruijci pmrkcwcici tmrfchcp ckgrci hcrcf hci
tmjcici hcrcf. Citcndigs jcksg` bmrtgihcj smbcncg vcsdhgkctdr ctcu pmkmbcr.
Ndkdinci dbct gig `miuruijci hcyc pd`pc ocituin hminci ecrc `minfc`bct
jditrcjsg ocituin (jditrcjtgkgtcs) ycin tmr`csuj ndkdinci dbct gig
chckcf? iglmkhgpgi, hgktgcsm` hci vmrcpc`gk. Mlmj sc`pgin ycin
`uinjgi tg`buk chckcf? sm`bmkgt, pusgin, scjgt jmpckc, hci `uitcf
(@ciuruin, 2136).
2) Qmictckcjscicci Idi Lcr`cjdkdngs
Qmictckcjscicci idi lcr`djdkdngs chckcf pmictckcjscicci tcipc
`minnucijci dbct-dbctci Qmictckcjscicjci idi lcr`cjdkdngs hcpct
hgkcjujci hminci ecrc smbcncg bmrgjut ?
c) Gstgrcfct ycin Eujup
Gstgrcfct hcpct `minurcing jmtmncinci hci jmkmkcfci dtdt bmjmroc
smfginnc `minm`bckgjci jmsmncrci tubuf hci pgjgrci. Gstgrcfct
hminci
 pdsgsg bchci bmrbcrgin hcpct `minm`bckgjci ckgrci hcrcf jm
dtcj. Bmruscfckci uituj bmrgstgrcfct smtmkcf bmbmrcpc scct `mkcjujci
jmsgbujci rutgigtcs (CU, 2131).
 b) Hgmt
Qmihmjctci hgmt uituj `micincig fgpmrtmisg bmrldjus pchc
`miuruijci csupci ictrgu`, `m`pmrtcfcijci csupci jckgu` hci jcsgu`
ycin eujup, hci `minurcing csupci csupci km`cj tdtck omiuf. Qm`bctcsci
ictrgu` rginci fginnc smhcin (tghcj chc tc`bcfci ncrc`) `miurcijci
tmjcici hcrcf hci `m`pmrjuctmlmj dbct-dbctci citg-fgpmrtmisg
uituj smbcngci bmscr pcsgmi fgpmrtmisg. Hgmt HCUF (Hgmtmry Cpprdcefms td
Utdp
 Fypmrtmitgdi) tmkcf tmrbujtg bmr`cilcct hckc` `miuruijci tmjcici hcrcf.
Hgmt gig bmrldjus pchc sm`uc `cjcici hcrgpchc iutrgsg gtu smihgrg. Hgmt gig
jcyc bucf hci scyurci (fginnc 31 scogci pmr fcrg) hci rmihcf km`cj tdtck

 omiuf. Qmiuruici bmrct bchci hgciourjci uituj pcsgmi ycin

dbms. Qmiuruici sm`gsck 8,= jn `miuruijci tmjcici hcrcf pchc bciycj
drcin. Hgmt ycin smg`bcinci smpmrtg hgmt HCUF hgciourjci uituj
pmiuruici bmrct
 bchci (Km@dim mt ck., 213<).
e) Cjtgvgtcs (dkcfrcnc)
@mkckug dkcfrcnc ycin ycin gsdtdigj hci tmrctur (cjtgvgtcs
lgsgj cmrdbgj smkc`c 51-8= `migt pmrfcrg) hcpct `miuruijci tcfcici
pmrglmr ycin cjci `miuruijci tmjcici hcrcf. Qck`mr (211>) `minctcjci
bcfwc ecrc uituj `miginjctjci cjtgvgtcs lgsgj ycgtu hminci
bmrockci jcjg,
 bmrmicin, bmrsmpmhc, bmrkcrg smtgcp fcrg `ukcg hcrg kctgfci rginci hci
tginjctjci smecrc pmrkcfci ― kcfci (@ciuruin, 2136). Umkcgi hcpct
`m`pmrkciecr pmrmhcrci hcrcf, dkcfrcnc hcpct pukc `m`bmjcr
 km`cj smfginnc tghcj jmkmbgfci bmrct bchci. Dkcfcrcnc rgkmjs smpmrtg ydnc
hci
`mhgtcsg ounc hcpct `miuruijci tmjcici hcrcf (CU, 2131).
h) Xmrcpg Fmrbck
Hghckc` trchgsgdick Efgimssm Qfcr`cedkdny, chc kg`c `cec` egtrc
 rcsc hcrg tcic`ci dbct ycgtu pmhcs, `cigs, csc`, pcfgt, hci csgi. Qmiycogci
 omigs dbct-dbctci fmrbck gig jfususiyc hckc` tmrcpg fgpmrtmisg hgsunufjci
hminci bmbmrcpc ecrc, `gsckiyc hminci hg`cjci kcinsuin,
hgscogjci hminci hgbuct ous uituj hgc`bgk scrgiyc, hgdkcf `miochg
dbct rc`uci ctcupui hg`cscj smbcncg pmkminjcp `miu smfcrg-fcrg.
Chcpui tcic`ci dbct trchgsdick ycin hcpct hgnuicjci uituj
pmiycjgt fgpmrtmisg ycgtu? Bcwcin putgf, smkmhrg, bmkg`bgin wukuf,
bmkg`bgin, tmf, wdrtmk, `minjuhu,
`mitg`ui, hkk (@ciuruin, 2136).
m) Bmrfmitg `mrdjdj hci bmrfmitg `giu` ckjdfdk
 Igjdtgi hckc` tm`bcjcu chckcf pmiymbcb `miginjctiyc
tmjcici hcrcf. Bmngtu ounc hminci ckjdfdk, mlmj sc`pgin bciycj
`minjdisu`sg ckjdfdk chckcf sm`cjgi tginng tmjcici hcrcf, cjgbctiyc
pmkucin fgpmrtmisg sm`cjgi tginng. Dkmf jcrmic gtu, bmrfmitg `mrdjdj
hci bmrfmitg `giu` ckjdfdk scinct pmitgin hgkcjujci uituj
`miuruijci tmjcici hcrcf (@ciuruin, 2136)

l) Xmrcpg Rmkcjscsg

Rmkcjscsg `mrupcjci sckcf sctu tmjigj pminmkdkcci hgrg

ycin hghcscrjci pchc ecrc jmroc sgstm` scrcl sg`pctgs hci pcrcsg`pctgs
(Xrgycitd, 2138). Rmkcjscsg chckcf suctu jmchcci ycin bmrsglct
`minuituinjci ycin hgtcihcg hminci pmiuruici hmiyut ichg,
lrmjumisg pmriclcsci, tmjcici hcrcf, jmtmncinci dtdt, hci `mpmrbcgjg
sucscic fctg `mkckug pcrtgsgpcsg jkgmi kcinsuin (C. Qdttmr & Qmrry,
2131). Xmrcpg rmkcjscsg smpmrtg u`pci
 bckgj bgdkdngs, smitufci tmrcpg, ydnc, `mhgtcsg hci kctgfci pmriclcsci hcpct
`miuruijci tmjcici hcrcf (Km@dim mt ck., 213<).
n) @minfgihcrg strms
Drcin ycin bmrmsgjd tmrjmic fgpmrtmisg smbcgjiyc `minfgihcrg hgrg hcrg
strms. Fck gig hgsmbcbjci drcin ycin tmrjmic strms pm`bukuf hcrcfiyc cjci
`minjmrut hci `miym`pgt. Fck gig hcpct `miymbcbjci icgjiyc tmjcici
hcrcf smsmdrcin. Cpcbgkc strms tmrsmbut fgkcin, `cjc tmjcici hcrcf cjci
idr`ck jm`bckg. Umkcgi gtu, lcjtdr strms hgckc`g smsmdrcin bmrfubuinci ounc
hminci cjtgvgtcs sycrcl sg`pctgs ycin `mrcinscin smjrmsg
fdr`di chrmickgi. Fdr`di gig hcpct `m`buct ocituin bmrhmiyut
kmbgf empct
 smfginnc hcpct `mincjgbctjci pmiym`pgtci jcpgkmr hcrcf tmpg.

B. Jdismp Csjmp Fgpmrtmisg

G. Qminjcogci
Cspmj ycin pmrku hgjcog pchc jkgmi hminci fgpmrtmisg chckcf
c. Ghmitgtcs Qcsgmi
Ghmitgtcs pcsgmi `mkgputg ic`c, u`ur, omigs jmkc`gi, pmihghgjci, pmjmrocci, ckc`ct.
 b. Rgwcyct Qmiycjgt
3. Rgwcyct pmiycjgt Hcfuku
Cpcjcf huku pcsgmi pmricf `mihmrgtc fgpmrtmisg ctcu pmiycjgt kcgiiyc.
2. Rgwcyct Qmiycjgt Jmkucrnc
Cpcjcf jmkucrnc chc ycin `mihmrgtc pmiycjgt fgpmrtmisg ctcu ycin kcgiiyc
e. Qdkc Jmsmfctci Luinsgdick
3. Qdkc Iutrgsg/@mtcbdkgs`m
@cjcici ycin hgsujcg ycin `miecjup `cjcici tginng ncrc`, km`cj smrtc
jdkmstmrdk,smrtc rgwcyct pminnuicci dbct hgurmtgj.
2. Qdkc Gstgrcfct Xghur 
Xmrochg ncinnuci gstgrcfct tghur 
5. Qdkc Cjtgvgtcs/ Kctgfci
 Jmbgcscci pcsgmi smbmku` scjgt, smpmrtg ocrcin dkcfrcnc
8. Qdkc Jdpgin/Xdkmrcisg
Utrmssdr ycin hcpct `miymbcbjci fgpmrtmisg (`csckcf jmkucrnc, hkk)
m. Qm`mrgjscci Lgsgj 
3. Qm`mrgjscci lgsgj jmpckc sc`pcg kmfmr 
Qm`mrgjscci lgsgj jmpckc sc`pcg kmfmr pcsgmi fgpmrtmisg ycgtu jmrginct bmrkmbgf,
 pusgin, `ujc `mrcf, scjgt jmpckc.
2. Ugstm` pmriclcsci
Ugstm` pmriclcsci pchc pmihmrgtc fgpmrtmisg bgsc bmrupc hgspimy ctcu tcjgpimc,
ic`ui tghcj sm`uc `minckc`g tcihc nmockc tmrsmbut.
5. Ugstm` Jcrhgdvcsjukmr 
Ugstm` jcrhgdvcsjukmr pchc pmihmrgtc fgpmrtmisg chckcf jmicgjci hcrcf, hmiyut
ichg omkcs hcrg jcrdtgs, ounukcrgs, rchgckgs,rchgckgs.
8. Ugstm` pmiemricci
@uck hci `uitcf smrgin tg`buk hckc` pmiycjgt fgpmrtmis, ic`ui
tghcj sm`uciyc `minckc`g nmockc `uck hci `uitcf.

=. Ugtm` `usjukdsjmkmtcs hci imurdkdng

Nmockc pchc sgstm` `usjukdsjmkmtck hci imukdrdng tg`buk rcsc iymrg

pchc tminjuj kmfmr, hci sjgt jmpckc

GG. Hgcnidsc Jmpmrcwctci

3. Iymrg cjut bmrfubuinci hminci pmiginjctci tmjcici gitrcvcsjukmr smrmbrck (cnmi
 pmiemhmrc lgsgdkdngs)
2. Hmlgsgt pminmtcfuci tmitcin fgpmrtmisg bmrfubuinci hminci jurcin
tmrpcpcr gildr`csg
 GGG. Gitmrvmisg

Hgcnidsc Xuouci
& J csgk Gitmrvmisg
rgtmrgc
F
 Iymrg cjut bmrfubuinci Xuouci? @cicom`mi Iymrg
hminci pmiginjctci Umtmkcf hgkcjucji tgihcjci Dbsmrvcsg?
tmjcici vcsjukmr jmpmrcwctci 2x 28 3. Ghmitglgjcsg kdjcsg,
smrmbrck hci gsjm`gc oc` tginjct iymrg `miurui jcrcjtmrgstgj, hurcsg, lrmjumisg,
(cnmi juckgtcs, hci gitmisgtcs iymrg.
 pmiemhmrc lgsgdkdngs) Jrgtmrgc Fcsgk 2. Ghmitglgjcsg sjckc iymrg
3. Jmkufci iymrg `miurui 5. Ghmitglgjcsg rmspdi sjckc iymrg
2. Lrmjumisg ichg idi vmrbck
`m`bcgj  Xmrcpmutgj?

5. Xmjcici hcrcf 3. Bmrgjci tmjigj idi

`miurui
lcr`cjdkdngs uituj
8. Qdkc tghur `m`bcgj 
`minurcing rcsc iymrg
2. Jditrdk kginjuinci ycin
`m`pmrbmrct rcsc iymrg
5. Lcsgkgtcsg
gstgrcfct
tghur Mhujcs
g?
 3. Omkcsjci pmiymbcb,
pmrgdhm, hci pm`geu iymrg

2. Omkcsjci strctmng
`mrmhcjci iymr 
5. Ciourjci tmjigj idi
lcr`cjdkdngs uituj
`minurcing iymrg
Jdkcbdrcsg?
3. Jdkcbdrcsg pm`bmrgci
cicknmtgj, ogjc pmrku
Hmlgsgt pminmtcfuci Xuouci? Mhujcsg Jmsmfctci?

tmitcin fgpmrtmisg Umtmkcf hgkcjucji tgihcjci Dbsmrvcsg?

 bmrfubuinci hminci jmpmrcwctci 3x 28 3. Ghmitglgjcsg jmsgcpci
oc`
jurcin tmrpcpcr gildr`csg hci jm`c`puci `mimrg`c
tginjct pminmtcfuci
gildr`csg
`m`bcgj 
Xmrcpmutgj?
3. Umhgcjci `ctmrg hci `mhgc
Jrgtmrgc Fcsgk?

3. Jm`c`puci  pmihghgjci jmsmfctci

`miomkcsjci 2. Ochwckjci pmihghgjci
 pminmtcfuci tmitcin jmsmfctci smsucg
suctu tdpgj `miginjct hminci jmsmpcjctci
2. \mrbckgscsg `gict 5. Bmrgjci jmsm`pctci uituj 
hckc`
 bmrtciyc
 bmkcocr `miginjct
Mhujcsg?
5. Qmrgkcju `m`bcgj 
3. Omkcsjci lcjtdr rmsgjd
ycin hcpct `m`pmincrufg
jmsmfctci
2. Cocrjci pmrgkcju ycin hcpct
`miemncf jmjc`bufci
fgpmrtmisg
 HCLXCR Q]UXCJC

C. Qdttmr, Q., & Qmrry, C. N. (2131). Luihc`mitck Dl Iursgin (> Buju 2). Mksmvgmr.

Cigms. (2136). Buju Cocr Jmhdjtmrci & Jmsmfctci Qmiycjgt Hmnmimrctgl . Cr-Ruzz @mhgc.
CU, @. (2131). Fghup Bmrsc`c Fgpmrtmisg. Gi-Bddjs.
Csgjgi, @., Iurckc`sycf, @., & Uusckhg. (213<).  Jmpmrcwctci @mhgjck Bmhcf Ugstm`
 Jcrhgdvcsjukcr.  Mrkcinnc.
Bcefruhgi, @., & Icogb, @. (213<). Jmpmrcwctci @mhgjck Bmhcf G . Jm`mitrgci Jmsmfctci
Rmpubkgj Gihdimsgc.
Bmmvmrs, H. N., Kgp, N. W. F., & D‗Brgmi, M. (213=). CBE Fypmrtmisgdi (<tf mh.). B@O Bddj.
Km@dim, Q., Burjm, J. @., & Bcukhdll, N. (213<). Buju Cocr Jmpmrcwctci @mhgjck Bmhcf
(C. Kgihc (mh.): = vdku`m 5). MNE.
Kginnc, K. (2132). Bmbcs Fgpmrtmisg Xcipc Dbct.  QX Cnrd @mhgc Qustcjc.
@ciuruin, I. (2136).  Jmpmrcwctci @mhgjck Bmhcf Jdismp @gih @cppgin Hci ICIHC

 IGE IDE Ogkgh 2. E\. Xrcis Gild @mhgc.

@csrgchg. (213<). Mpghm`gdkdng Qmiycjgt Xghcj @miukcr . E\. Xrcis Gild @mhgc.
QQIG,X.Q. (213>) . Utcihcrt Hgcnidsgs Jmpmrcwctci Gihdimsgc. Ocjcrtc?Hmwci Qminurus
QQIG
QQIG,X.Q. (213>) . Utcihcrt Gitmrvmisg Jmpmrcwctci Gihdimsgc. Ocjcrtc?Hmwci Qminurus
QQIG
QQIG,X.Q. (213>) . Utcihcrt Kucrci Jmpmrcwctci Gihdimsgc. Ocjcrtc?Hmwci Qminurus QQIG
Xrgycitd, M. (2138).  Qmkcycici Jmpmrcwctci Bcng Qmihmrgtc Fgpmrtmisg Umecrc
Xmrpchu.
 Nrcfc Gk`u.

CU]FCI JMQMRC^CXCI @MHGJCK BMHCF QCHC IW. @ HMINCI

FGQMRXMIUG HG H]U]I HRCHCF, KC@DINCI

G. QMINJCOGCI
C. GHMIXGXCU
GHMIXGXCU QCUGMI
GHMIXGXCU QMICINN]IN OC^CB
c. Ic`c ? I y. @ c. Ic`c ? X i. Q
 b. ]sgc ? =1 Xcfui  b. Utctus Qmrjcwgici ? @migjcf
e. Utctus Qmrjcwgici ? @migjcf e. Qmjmrocci ?Xcig
h. Qmihgghjci ? U @Q h. Ckc`ct ? Hsi.
Hrchcf
m. Qmjmrocci ? X cig Kc`dinci
l. Cnc`c ?Gskc` m. Fubuinci hminci ? Uuc`g
jkgmi
n. Ckc`ct ?Hsi. Hrchcf,
Kc`dinci
f. Qminjcogci Xnk ?32 Oci 2123
g. ^cjtu Qminjcogci ? 16.11 ^GB
 B. UXCX]U JMUMFCXCI
3. JMK]FCI ]XC@C
 Iy. @ `minctcjci iymrg hg tminjuj kmfmriyc
2. RG^CWCX QMIWCJGX UMJCRCIN
 Iy. @ `minctcjci `ukcg jm`crgi smtmkcf gsyc‗ Iy. @ `mrcscjci pusgin, iymrg hg
tmnjuj kmfmriyc, hci hcfgiyc tmrcsc pcics, iymrg hgtminjuj kmfmriyc hgrcscjci
smpmrtg `micfci bmbci bmrct, iymrg cjci bmrtc`bcf scct hgnuicjci bmrcjtgvgtcs,
sjckc iymrgiyc 8, hci hgrcscjci smwcjtu-wcjtu. Iy.@ `minctcjci cjgbct pusgin
hci iymrgiyc smrgin tmrbcinui scct tghur, Xghur ;6 oc`. Iy. @ ounc `minctcjci
smkc`c 2 fcrg bmrturut-turut gig `minjdisu`sg gjci csgi ycin
jm`uinjgici
`miymbcbjci hcrcf tginngiyc jc`buf.
5. RG^CWCX QMIWCJGX HCF]K]
 Iy.@ `minctcjci hcfuku tghcj pmricf `mihmrgtc pmiycjgt `miukcr smpmrtg XBE
ctcu kcgiiyc, ic`ui smjgtcr 3 tcfui gig Iy. @ suhcf `mihmrgtc fgpmrtmisg.

8. RG^CWCX QMIWCJGX JMK]CRNC

 Iy. @ `minctcjci cycf Iy. @ smjcrcin smhcin `mihmrgtc strdjm

ycin smbmku`iyc Cycf Iy. @ ounc `m`puiycg rgwcyct fgpmrtmisg

JMCHCCI ]@]@
Xcihc-tcihc \gtck
 Ichg ? 31=x/`migt
RR ? 21x/`migt
XH ?3<1/7<
``Fn

GG. QMINJCOGCI
UGUGXM@ 3. B3
(BRMCXGIN)
Gispmjsg ? Bmituj hchc sg`mtrgs, pdkc iclcs idr`ck, tghcj tmrhcpct tcrgjci dtdt
 bcitu iclcs
Qckpcsg ? Mjspcisg Qcru sc`c, ldeck lrm`gtus nmtcrci sc`c citcrc jcici
hci jgrg, tghcj chc iymrg tmjci pchc hgihgin hchc
Qmrjusg ? Udidr  
 Cusjuktcsg ? Uucrc iclcs vmsgjukmr 
2. B2 (BKDDH)
Gispmjsg ? Jdiouintgvc idr`ck
Qckpcs g ? ERX ; 5 hmtgj, cjrck
fcinct Qmrjusg ? Rmhup
Cusjuktcsg ? Uucrc ocituin idr`ck
5. B5 (BRCGI)
Gispmjsg ? Jmschcrci ed`pds`mitgs, NEU 8-=-<,wcocf `mrgings, `ctc scyu,
 pupgk gsdjdr, pmihmincrci bcgj, smrgin `minucp pmiegu`ci idr`ck
(hcpcr `miegu` bcu `giycj jcyu putgf)
Qckpcsg ? Xghcj chc iymrg tmjci pchc
fghuin Qmrjusg ?-
Cusjuktcsg ? -
8. B8 (BKCHHMR)
Gispmjsg ? Xghcj chc pm`bmscrci jcihuin jm`gf, urgi, tghcj `minnuicjci ckct
 bcitu scct bmrjm`gf
Qckpcsg ? Ngiock 2 jcici hci
jgrg Qmrjusg ?

Cusjuktcsg ?
=. B= (BD^MK)
Gispmjsg ? @ukut bmrsgf, `ujdsc bgbgr km`bcb, bmituj cbhd`mi sg`mtrgs,
tgtcj chc bmjcs kujc pchc cbhd`mi.
Cusjuktcsg ? Bgsgin usus 38x/`migt
Qckpcsg ? Xghcj chc iymrg
cbhd`mi Qmrjusg? Xy`pcig
<. B< (BDIM)
Gispmjsg ? wcric jukgt idr`ck, tghcj chc dmhm`c, tghcj chc kujc,
jmbmrsgfci jukgt bmrsgf, jm`c`puci pmrnmrcjci bmbcs, jmjuctci dtdt = = = =,
Qckpcsg ? Xurndr jukgt mkcstgs
Qmrjusg ?-
Cusjuktcsg ? -
E. CICKGUC HCXC

Ic`c? Iy.
@ ID
HCXC MXGDKDNG @CUCKCF
Hx

3 HU? Jdisu`sg ncrc` Iymrg Cjut

3. Qcsgmi `minctcjci pusgin hci  bmrkmbgf
iymrg hgtminjuj kmfmriyc
2. Qminjcogci QSRUX Fgpmrtmisg
Q ? Iymrg bmrtc`bcf scct hgnuicjci
 bmrcjtglgtcs Jmruscjci vcsjukmr 
S ? Umpmrtg `micfci bmbci bmrct  pm`bukuf hcrcf
R ? Xminjuj kmfmr 
U ? Ujckc 8 Qmrubcfci strujtur 
X ? Umwcjtu-wcjtu
Qmiyu`bctci
HD?  pm`bukuf hcrcf
3. wcocf `mrgings
2. XH ? 3<1/7<``Fn \csdjditrgjsg
5. I ? 31=x/`migt
Ncinnuci sgrjukcsg

Dtcj 
 Xmjcici
Gitrcvcsjukmr 
`miginjct

Xmjcici pm`bukuf
hcrcf dtcj 
`miginjct

 Iymrg Cjut

HU? 2 Jdisu`sg ncrc`Ncinnuci pdkc tghur 

 bmrkmbgf
3.Qcsgmi `minctcjci smrgin tmrbcinui scct tghur ogjc tmrcsc iymrg
2.Qcsgmi `minctcjci tghur ; 6 oc`
Fgpmrtmisg

HD? Jmruscjci vcsjukmr 

Qcsgmi smrgin `minucp @ctc scyu  pm`bukuf hcrcf

Qmrubcfci strujtur 

Qmiyu`bctci
 pm`bukuf hcrcf

\csdjditrgjsg

Ncinnuci sgrjukcsg

Dtcj 

Rmsgstmisg pm`bukuf
hcrcf dtcj 

 Iymrg

UCR `m`bmrgjci
stg`ukus iymrg

Cjtgvcsg UCR 
`miginjct

Ncinnuci pdkc tghur 

H. HGCNIDUC
JMQMRC^CXCI Ic`c ? Iy. @
 Id Hgcnidsc J mpmrcwctci XXH
3 Iymrg cjut bmrfubuinci hminci cnmi eghmrc lgsgdkdngs Wuigs
(Xmjcici
Gitrcvcsjukmr `miginjct) (H.11>>)
2 Ncinnuci pdkc tghur bmrfubuinci hminci iymrg cjgbct fgpmrtmisg Wuigs
(H.11=)

M. GIXMR\MIUG

Id Hgcnidsc Xuouci
& J csgk Gitmrvmisg
rgtmrgc F
.
Hx
3 Iymrg cjut Umtmkcf `mkcjujci @cicom`mi Iymrg
bmrfubuinci hminci tgihcjci jmpmrcwctci (3.16256) Dbsmrvcsg?
cnmi eghmrc 2x28 oc` hgfcrcpjci 3. Ghmitglgjcsg kdjcsg,
lgsgdkdngs tginjct iymrg jcrcjtmrgstgj, hurcsg, lrmjumisg,
(Xmjcici `miurui juckgtcs, hci gitmisgtcs iymrg
Gitrcvcsjukmr  2. Ghmitglgjcsg sjckc iymrg
`miginjct) Jrgtmrgc Fcsgk? (K.161<<) 5. Ghmitglgjcsg rmspdi iymrg idi
3. Jmkufci iymrg `miurui vmrbck
2. @mrgings `miurui
5. Lrmjumisg ichg `m`bcgj  Xmrcpmutgj?
8. Xmjcici hcrcf `m`bcgj  3. Bmrgjci tmjigj
idilcr`cjdkdngs uituj  
`minurcing rcsc iymrg
 2. Jditrdk kginjuinci ycin
`m`pmrbmrct rcsc iymrg
5. Lcsgkgtcsg gstgrcfct hci tghur 

Mhujcsg?
3. Omkcsjci pmiymbcb,
pmrgdhm, hci pm`geu
iymrg.
2. Omkcsjci strctmng
`mrmhcjci iymrg
5. Ciourjci `m`digtdr iymrg
smecrc `cihgrg
8. Ciourjci tmjigj
idilcr`cjdkdngs uituj  
`minurcing rcsc iymrg

Jdkcbdrcsg?
3. Jdkcbdrcsg pm`bmrgci
cicknmtgj, ogjc pmrku

Xmrcpg Rmkcjscsg (3.1752<)

Dbsmrvcsg?
3.Ghmitglgjcsg tmjigj rmkcjscsg ycin pmricf mlmjtgl hgnui

2.Ghmitglgjcsg jmsmhgcci,
jm`c`puci, hci pminnuicci
tmjigj smbmku`iyc.
5. Qmrgjsc lrmjumisg ichg, tmjcici hcrcf, hci sufu smbmku` hci sm
8. @digtdr rmspdi tmrfchcp tmrcpg
rmkcjscsg

Xmrcpmutgj?
3.Egptcjci kginjuinci tmicin,
 hci tcipc ncinnuci.
2.Nuicjci ichc sucrc km`but hminci grc`c kc`bct hc
 bmrgrc`c.

Mhujcsg?
3.Omkcsjci tuouci, `cilcct, hci
 omigs rmkcjscsg ycin tmrsmhgc
2.Omkcsjci smecrc rgieg gitmrvmisg ycin tmrpgkgf
5.Ciourjci `minc`bgk pdsgsg iyc`ci
8.Ciourjci rgkmjs hci `mrcscjci smiscsg rmkcjscsg
=.Ciourjci smrgin `minukcing ctcu `mkctgf tmjigj ycin hg
<.Hm`distrcsgjci hci kctgf
tmjigj rmkcjscsg

2 Ncinnuci pdkc tghur Xuouci? Hujuinci Xghur (3.1=3>8)?

 bmrfubuinci hminci Umtmkcf hgkcjujci Dbsmrvcsg?
iymrg cjgbct fgpmrtmisg tgihcjci jmpmrcwctci 3. Ghmitglgjcsg pdkc cjtgvgtcs tghur 
2x28 oc` hgfcrcpjci 2. Ghmitglgjcsg lcjtdr
pdkc tghur pcsgmi pmincinnu tghur 
`m`bcgj  5. Ghmitglgjcsg dbct tghur ycin
hgjdisu`sg
Jrgtmrgc Fcsgk?
3. Jmkufci sukgt tghur `riurui Xmrcpmutgj?
2. Jmkufci smrgin tmrocnc 3. @dhglgjcsg kginjuinci,
`miurui bctcsg wcjtu tghur sgcin, ogjc
5. Jmkufci tghcj pucs pmrku
tghur 
2. Kcjujci prdsmhur uituj  
`miurui
`miginjctjci jmiyc`cici
Mhujcsg?
 3.Omkcsjci pmitginiyc tghur eujup
smkc`c scjgt
2.Ciourjci `mimpctg jmbgcscci wcjtu tghur 

L. G@QKM@MIXCUG

Id Xcinnck G`pkm`mitcsg XXH

.
Hx

32 Ociucrg 2123 3. @mincocrjci tmjigj rmkcjscsg skdw hmmp Wuigs

 brmctfgin
3 17.11 2. @minghmitglgjcsg sjckc iymrg
5. @minghmitglgjcsg rmspdi iymrg idi vmrbck
8. @miegptcjci kginjuinci ycin tmicin
hci iyc`ci scct `mincocrjci tmjigj
rmkcjscsg skdw hmmp brmctfgin
=. @minujur XX\

2 32 Ociucrg 2123 3. @miomkcscjci pmitginiyc tghur eujup Wuigs

smkc`c scjgt
31.11
 2. @minghmitglgjcsg lcjtdr pminncinnu tghur 

3 35 Ociucrg 2123 3. @mihc`pging kctgfci rmkcjscsg skdw hmmp Wuigs

 brmctfgin
1>.11 2. @minghmitglgjcsg sjckc iymrg
5. @minghmitglgjcsg rmspdi iymrg idi vmrbck
8. @minujur XX\

2 35 Ociucrg 2123 3. @minghmitglgjcsg pdkc cjtgvgtcs tghur   Wuigs

2. @minciourjci `mimpctg jmbgcscci tghur 

N. M\CK]CUG

Id. H x Xcinnck Mvckucsg U -D-C-Q XXH

3 32 Ocucrg 2123 U? Wuigs

3. Iy. @ `minctcjci smhgjgt rgkmjs, ic`ui

iymrgiyc bmku` bmrjurcin
Q ? Iymrg bmrtc`bcf scct bmrcjtgvgtcs S ? Umpmrtg `micfci bmbci bmrct
R? Xminjuj kmfmr 
 U? Ujckc 8
X? Umwcjtu-wcjtu

D?
3.  ^cocf `mrgings
2. XH? 3=6/7< ``Fn
C ? @csckcf bmku` tmrctcsg
Q ? gitmrvmisg hgkcioutjci

35 Ociucrg 2123U ?
3.Qcsgmi `minctcjci pusgin hci iymrg suhcf
`ukcg bmrjurcin
2.Ujckc iymrg 2

D
3. Iy. @ suhcf hcpct `m`prcjtgjci smihgrg rmkcjscsg skdw hmmp brmctgin mxmregsm hminci
 bcgj hci bmicr 

2. Iy. @ tc`pcj rgkmjs hcrg fcrg smbmku`iyc

5. XH ? 3=1/71 ``Fn
C ? @csckcf tmrctcsg smbcngci
Q ? Gitmrvmisg hgkcioutjci

2 32 Ociucrg 2121U ? Wuigs

 Iy. @ `minctcjci bcfwc ycin `mincinnu
tghuriyc chckcf iymrg hg tminjuj kmfmriyc
D?
Qcsgmi smrgin `minucp @ctc scyu
C ? @csckcf bmku` tmrctcsg
Q ? Gitmrvmisg hgkcioutjci

35 Ociucrg 2121U?
 Iy. @ `minctcjci pchc wcjtu tghur smsmjckg
tmrbcinui jcrmic iymrg ic`ui iymrgiyc suhcf tghcj 
scjgt smpmrtg jm`crgi, ogjc tmrbcinui Iy. @ hcpct
`mkcioutjci tghuriyc kcng.

D?
3.Iy. @ tc`pcj tmicin scct hgtciyc
2.Xghcj smrgin `minucp
C?
@csckcf bmku` tmrtcsg
Q?
Gitmrvmisg hgkcioutjci
 UXCIHCR DQMRCUGDICK QRDUMH]R (UDQ) UKD^ HMMQ
BRMCXFGIN 

 MVMREGUM 

Qminmrtgci Ukdw hmmp brmctfgin  (iclcs hckc`) chckcf bmituj kctgfci

iclcs ycin tmrhgrg ctcs pmriclcsci cbhd`gick (hgclrcn`c) hci pursm

kgps brmctfgin (Cs`chg, 2132)

Xuouci Xmrcpg rmkcjscsg iclcs hckc` hci kc`bct ( skdw hmmp brmctfgin) uituj 
`miuruijci tmjcici hcrcf, iymrg.

^cjtu ^cjtu ycin hgbutufjci uituj `m`bmrgjci tmrcpg skdw hmmp

brmctfgin = `migt , lrmjumisg 5 jckg smfcrg

Qrdsmhur <. Qmrsgcpci

c. Qcsgmi hgujur tmjcici hcrcf smbmku` tmrcpg

 b. Ugcpcjci kginjuinci ycin iyc`ci hci tmicin.

e. Jditrcj wcjtu hci omkcsjci tuouci

>. Qmkcjscicci
c.Qmrsgcpci smbmku` Xmrcpg
3) Ctur pdsgsg jkgmi huhuj hminci rgkmjs
2) Lkmsgjci kutut jkgmi uituj `mrmkcjscsgjci dtdt cbhd`mi
5) Xm`pctjci 3 ctcu 2 tcinci pchc cbhd`mi, tmpct hgbcwcf tukcin gnc.
 b.Qmkcjscicci
3) Ciourjci jkgmi `mkcjujci tcrgj iclcs smecrc pmrkcfci hci hckc` `mkckug fghuin, ocnc `ukut tmtcp tmrtutup.
2)Xcrgj iclcs smkc`c 5 hmtgj hci rcscjci cbhd`mi
 `minm`bcin smkc`c `micrgj iclcs.

5) Xcfci iclcs smkc`c 5 hmtgj.

8) Fm`busjci uhcrc kmwct bgbgr smpmrtg `migup (pursm kgps

 brmctfgin) smecrc pmrkcfci smkc`c < hmtgj. Rcscjci cbhd`mi bmrnmrcj jm bcwcf.

=) ]kcing kcinjcf 3 sc`pcg 8 smkc`c = `migt hminci tgcp

`migt < sgjkus.

e. Xmr`gicsg
3) Umtmkcf mxmregsm smkmscg hgkcjscicjci ujur tmjcici hcrcf
 pcsgmi