EFFECT OF SUGARCANE MOLASSES (SCM) AS ADMIXTURE ON

THE WORKABILITY AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF

CONCRETE WITH RICE STRAW ASH (RSA)
AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT
Student Number: 2015-01127 | Name: Robles, Mariecor Elsie, B. | Adviser: Engr. Maricel DC. Aquino
ABSTRACT
Rice straw is the stem of the rice plant which is obtained after the cultivation of rice.
When converted into ash, it becomes a pozzolanic material having properties comparable to
cement. A number of researches have tested RSA as a cement replacement and many have
reported that its usage yields to a less workable concrete. SCM which is a by-product in the
manufacture of sugar was verified by studies to be an effective admixture aiding the workability
of concrete. This research was formulated to investigate the effect of SCM as admixture on the
workability and compressive strength of concrete with RSA as partial cement replacement. A
partial cement replacement of 15% RSA by volume of cement while a dosage of 0%, 0.2%,
0.4%, and 0.6% by weight of cementitious materials was used in this study. Based on the
standards set by the ASTM and ACI, the concrete specimens were designed to obtain a slump
within the range of 25 mm to 100 mm and a minimum compressive strength of 31 MPa. The
result shows that the workability and compressive strength increase with increasing dosage of
SCM. Furthermore, the incorporation of 0.6% SCM to a concrete with 15% RSA as partial
cement replacement yielded optimum results having a slump of 27.94 mm and compressive
strength of 32.7 MPa satisfying both design slump and compressive strength.
Keywords: rice straw, pozzolanic material, sugarcane molasses, admixture, workability,
compressive strength.

1. INTRODUCTION which is one of the by-products in the manufacture

1.1. Background of the study
Common among studies on cement
replacement is the use agricultural residues due to
their comparable components and properties to
cement. Rice straw is one of the wastes produced
after the harvesting of rice. When subjected to
burning, it becomes an ash containing high
percentage of silica (Nigam & Pandey, 2009)
which is a compound responsible for the strength
development of concrete. However, numerous
studies investigating the use of rice straw ash
(RSA) as a cement replacement reported problems
on the workability of the fresh concrete due to the
high amount of unburned carbon in the ash
yielding an increase in the water requirement of
the concrete (El-Sayed & El-Samni, 2006).
One solution for this is the addition of
admixtures. Admixtures aid in reducing the
mixing water, increasing the workability,
controlling the setting time, accelerating the
hardening, improving the strength and durability,
obtaining the desired color and volume changes of
the concrete (Ramachandran, 1995). Molasses
of sugar contains sugars which are efficient
retarders (Singh & Sharma, 2016). Retarding
admixtures are used to delay the hydration of the
concrete to lengthen the workable state of the
concrete (Claisse, 2016).
Although RSA holds a great potential as a
cement replacement, the workability and strength
of the concrete are compromised. Hence, it is
essential to study on alternatives for chemical
admixtures like SCM that would aid the
workability problems associated with the partial
cement replacement by RSA in concrete.
1.2. Significance of the Study
This study would pave way in the
development of new alternatives in the production
of concrete through the utilization of agricultural
wastes such as rice straw which possesses the
propensity of being a cement replacement.
Furthermore, the functionality of SCM as an
admixture needs to be further studied because of
its great potential in aiding the problems regarding
the workability and strength of concrete. The
partial replacement of cement with RSA and the
substitution of chemical admixtures by SCM
would be beneficial not only to the environment
but also economically.
1.3. Objectives
The general objective of the study is to
investigate the effect of SCM as an admixture on
the workability and compressive strength of
concrete with RSA as partial cement replacement.
Specifically, this study aims to:
1.3.1 Measure the workability of concrete with
15% RSA as partial cement replacement
and varying dosage of SCM as admixture;
1.3.2 Evaluate the compressive strength of
concrete with 15% RSA as partial cement
replacement and varying dosage of SCM
as admixture;
1.3.3 Determine the significant differences
among concrete groups through statistical
analysis; and
1.3.4 Establish an optimal dosage of SCM
suitable to be used in a concrete with 15%
RSA as partial cement replacement.
1.4. Scope and Limitations
This study is limited to investigating the effect
of the addition of SCM on the workability and
compressive strength of concrete with RSA as
partial cement replacement. The SCM and RSA
used in the study were acquired from Universal
Robina Corporation (URC) in Balayan, Batangas
and International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in
Los Baños, Laguna, respectively. A water-to-
binder ratio of 0.5 was considered in the concrete
mix proportioning which yielded a design strength
of 31 MPa. Type I Portland cement was used in
the study and was partially replaced with 15%
RSA by volume of cement. Moreover, the
concrete with 15% RSA was added with
increasing dosage of SCM by weight of
cementitious materials (0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and
0.6%). Furthermore, this study is limited to
investigating the workability and compressive
strength of concrete measured through the
performance of a slump test and compressive
strength test in agreement with ASTM C143 and
ASTM C39, respectively.
2.REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. Concrete and its Components
Concrete is widely used because of its
availability, durability, and ability to withstand
extreme environments. It is composed of fine and
coarse aggregates held by a binding material
which is the cement. Cement develops the binding
property when chemically reacted with water.
Moreover, concrete of good quality is made up of
aggregates of varying sizes which are classified as
fine aggregates and coarse aggregates. Aggregates
has a great influence on the property of concrete
either freshly mixed or hardened as they influence
the strength, stiffness, rigidity, and gives the long-
term deformation property of the concrete
(Alexander & Mindess, 2005).
2.2. Concrete Properties
2.2.1. Workability
Workability is the ease with which a freshly
mixed concrete or mortar can mixed, placed,
compacted and finished. It is affected by various
factors namely water and cement content,
aggregate grading, admixtures, temperature, and
time (Mehta & Monteiro, 2006).
2.2.2. Unit Weight
Concrete can be classified in terms of its unit
weight namely normal-weight concrete, light-
weight concrete, and heavyweight concrete
(Mehta & Monteiro, 2006). Unit weight is affected
by air-entrainment which results in a decrease in
solid material yielding a low-density concrete.
Entrained air can be reduced with the use of
admixtures and fine filler materials (Gambhir,
2009).
2.2.3. Strength
The strength of the concrete is not solely
depended on how is it able to resist a type of
loading that acts on it but also all the components
it is made up of and the processes it underwent.
The two most important factors affecting the
strength of concrete are the water-to-cement ratio
and porosity because of their relation to the matrix
of the concrete (Gambhir, 2009).
2.3. Pozzolans 2.7. Past Studies
In order for a material to be classified as a 2.7.1. RSA in Concrete
pozzolan, the chemical composition should Listed in Table 2-2 are the past researches on
conform to the standards set. Shown in Table 2-1 the chemical composition of RSA. Based on Table
are the chemical composition requirements stated 2-1 which shows the chemical composition
in ASTM C618-12a. requirements stated in ASTM C618-12a for a
material to be a pozzolan, the requirements under
Table 2-1. Chemical composition requirements. the Class N pozzolan were satisfied by RSA.
Furthermore, in the study of El-Sayed and El-
CLASS Samni (2006), El-Sayed et al. (2017), and
CONSTRAINTS Ogbonnaya (2018), they have reported a fresh
N F C
SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 min 70 70 50 concrete slump lower than 25 mm when cement is
SO3 max 4 5 5 partially replaced by 15% and above which is the
Moisture content max 3 3 3 minimum acceptable value for a concrete slump in
LOI max 10 6 6 accordance with ACI standards.
Source: ASTM C618-12a, 2012.
Table 2-2. Chemical composition of RSA.
2.4. Rice Straw
Rice straw which is the stem of the rice plant is CONSTITUENTS CONCENTRATION
the third most abundant crop residue in the (%w/w) A B C
Philippines. In a worldwide setting, million metric SiO2 65.92 76.00 61.50
tons of rice straw is produced annually. Rice straw Al2O3 1.78 0.69 4.67
is obtained when paddy is harvested. It constitutes Fe2O3 0.20 0.63 3.08
about 50% of the whole rice plant (Caparino, CaO 2.40 4.96 15.45
2018). MgO 3.11 2.65 1.89
SO3 0.69 1.90 2.18
2.5. Admixtures LOI 9.71 - 9.79
Admixtures are incorporated to concrete Sources: A: El-Sayed & El-Samni, 2006, B:
mixtures in order to alter one or more properties of Munshi et al, 2013, C: Dabai &
concrete whether in its fresh or hardened state. Muhammad, 2017.
Some properties of concrete that are greatly
affected by admixtures are workability, air 2.7.2. Molasses in Concrete
content, acceleration and retardation of hydration, In the study of Thomas and Birchall (1983) as
strength, corrosion resistance, dry shrinkage cited by Al Khafaji and Ruddock (2018), the
resistance, and durability (Jawaid et al., 2017). mechanism between retarders like sugar and
cement is governed by the adsorption theory
2.6. Sugarcane Molasses which states that a protective layer is made due to
Sugarcane or Saccharum officinarum is the adsorption of the retarding admixture by the
commonly planted at warm regions of the earth. cement particles. This layer inhibits the contact
Sugarcane molasses is one of the by-products in between the water and cement particles which
the production of sugar. It is the thick syrup that results in the delay in the hydration process.
remains when the sugarcane juice is crystallized Sugars are powerful retarders where addition of a
by means of boiling. Molasses contains about 60% large amount of sugar may result to excessive
sugars specifically sucrose, glucose, and fructose retardation (Singh & Sharma, 2016). Yildirim and
(Gmbh, 2006 as cited by Singh & Sharma, 2016.) Altun (2012) and Somawanshi et al. (2016)
confirmed the usage of molasses in concrete as a
water-reducing and retarding admixture accordance with ASTM C143. Subsequently, the
classifying it as a type D admixture. unit weight of the concrete specimens was
determined in accordance with ASTM C138. The
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS fresh concrete was placed into the molds. As the
The materials that were used for this study are concrete in the molds hardened, they were
Type I Portland cement, gravel, S1 sand, mixing removed from the molds and cured for 28 days.
water, RSA, and SCM. The material properties Lastly, the compressive strength of the concrete
were first obtained. Subsequently, the concrete specimens was tested using a UTM in accordance
mix proportioning was done in accordance with with ASTM C39.
ACI 211.1-91. The considered and computed
values are summarized in Table 3-1. Moreover, Table 3-3. Weight of the materials used for
there were five batches of concrete specimens, concrete batch mixing (in kg/m3).
each batch having five test specimens. The percent
replacement of cement by RSA and dosage of MATE CONCRETE BATCH NO.
SCM added for each concrete group is shown in RIALS 1 2 3 4 5
Table 3-2. Cement 410 349 349 349 349
RSA 0 49 49 49 49
Table 3-1. Values used in concrete mix Water 226 226 225 224 223
proportioning. SCM 0 0 0.8 1.6 2.4
Sand 593 593 593 593 593
PROPERTY VALUE Gravel 963 963 963 963 963
Slump 25 mm -100 mm
MSA 19 mm The data gathered were subjected to statistical
Water Content 205 kg/m3 analysis using a statistical software called Number
Air Content 0.02 Cruncher Statistical Systems (NCSS) and
Wate-to-Binder Ratio 0.5 Microsoft Excel to evaluate the properties of the
Compressive Strength 31 MPa concrete specimens and to determine a dosage of
RSA Replacement 15% SCM suitable to be used in a concrete with 15%
SCM Dosages 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% RSA replacement to cement.

Table 3-2. Percent RSA and SCM for each 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
concrete batch. 4.1 Initial Findings
4.1.1. Material Properties
No. BATCHES RSA (%) SCM (%) Summarized in Table 4-1 are the obtained
1 Control 0 0 specific gravity (SG), percent absorption (%A),
2 15R-0A 15 0 fineness modulus (FM) and dry-rodded unit
3 15R-0.2A 15 0.2 weight (DRUW) in kg/m3 of the materials.
4 15R-0.4A 15 0.4
5 15R-0.6A 15 0.6 Table 4-1. Material properties.

Furthermore, shown in Table 3-3 are the MATERIALS SG %A FM DRUW

computed weight of the materials used for each RSA 1.90 - - -
concrete batch mixing. Concrete batches were Cement 2.40 - - -
mixed in accordance with the computed mix Gravel 2.65 2.67 - 1542.39
proportioning. In testing the workability of the Sand 2.56 3.39 2.76 -
fresh concrete, the slump was determined in
4.1.2. Chemical Composition of RSA 4.2 Workability
In order to determine the chemical Figure 4-2 presents the measured slump of the
composition of RSA an XRF analysis was done as concrete groups in millimeters (mm). Upon the
shown in Table 4-2. Based from the result, RSA replacement of cement by 15% RSA by volume,
has a high concentration of Silica having 77.98%. the slump decreased to 0 mm. This is caused by
Based from Table 2-1 and the XRF analysis result, the carbon content of the ash. The LOI measures
RSA that was used in the study is verified to be a the amount of unburned carbon in the ash. Based
pozzolanic material since it satisfies the ASTM on Table 2-3, the LOI of RSA is about 9.7 to 9.8
standards and is classified to be a Class N which is high compared to the LOI of an ordinary
pozzolan. Portland cement of 0.64. A high unburned carbon
content or high LOI results in an increase in water
Table 4-2. Chemical composition of RSA. demand of the concrete (Levy, 2012). This yielded
to an unworkable concrete mixture having a 0 mm
CONCENTRATION slump. Meanwhile, the addition of SCM in
OXIDES increments of 0.2% resulted in an increase in the
(%w/w)
SiO₂ 77.98 slump of the RSA mixed concrete. This is caused
Fe₂O3 1.54 by the delay in hydration due to the incorporation
Al₂O 0.00 of SCM. Hence, as the dosage of molasses
TiO₂ 0.07 increases, the workability of the concrete
K₂O₃ 15.39 increases.
CaO 3.56
Mg 0.00 38.10
Na₂O 0.00
27.94
Slump (mm)

4.1.6. Concrete Hardening 16.51

Summarize in Table 4-3 are the period of
7.62
hardening of the concrete groups. It is evident that
0
as the dosage of molasses increases, the number of
days for the concrete to fully harden also Control 15R-0A 15R-0.2A 15R-0.4A 15R-0.6A
increases. The interaction between sugar and % RSA - % SCM

calcium yields insoluble hydroxide complexes

slowing the hydration process (Hewlett et al., Figure 4.1 Slump of concrete groups.
2019). The delay in the hydration of the concrete
due to the sugar content of the SCM and calcium 4.3 Fresh and Hardened Unit Weight
content of both cement and RSA resulted to the Summarized in Table 4-4 are the average unit
delay in the hardening of the fresh concrete. weight of each concrete group with varying
dosage of SCM. The 15R-0A group has the lowest
Table 4-3. Period of hardening of concrete groups. computed fresh and hardened unit weight which is
due to the air entrapped voids formed because of
CONCRETE GROUPS DAYS its unworkable mixture which made it difficult to
Control 1 be placed into the mold. On the other hand, upon
15R-0A 1 addition of SCM, the succeeding concrete groups
15R-0.2A 3 were more flowable. This is due to SCM inhibiting
15R-0.4A 4 the hydration process of the cement particles that
15R-0.6A 6 resulted to lengthening the workable state of the
fresh concrete and aiding the compaction of the
concrete mix into the molds. Hence, the unit
weight of an RSA mixed concrete decreases with 4.5 Failure Modes
increasing dosage of SCM. The actual photos of the failure of each
concrete group are presented in Figure 4-5. Based
Table 4-4. Fresh and hardened unit weight of on the appearance of the concrete specimens
concrete groups. representing each group, the control, 15R-0.2A,
and 15R-0.4A concrete groups exhibited a type 5
FRESH HARDENED failure mode while 15R-0A and 15R-0.6A
CONCRETE UNIT UNIT concrete groups exhibited a type 4 failure. The
GROUPS WEIGHT WEIGHT failure type of all concrete groups agreed upon the
(kg/m3) (kg/m3) suggested type of failure patterns stated in ASTM
Control 2425.32 2450.07 C39.
15R-0A 2271.01 2290.54
15R-0.2A 2440.83 2443.92
15R-0.4A 2386.13 2382.77
15R-0.6A 2377.48 2368.31

4.4 Compressive Strength

The average compressive strength of the
specimens for each group was reported as the
compressive strength for the whole concrete group
as shown in Figure 4.2. The compressive strength
of the concrete groups incorporated with SCM
improved relative to the 15R-0A group which can
be attributed to the increase in workability of the
concrete. Although the compressive strength of
the concrete groups added with SCM are lower
than the control group, their compressive strengths
are higher than the design strength of 31 MPa
which is based on ACI 211.1-91. Therefore, the
compressive strength of the concrete incorporated
with 15% RSA increased upon the addition of
increasing dosage of SCM.
37.34
Compressive Strength (MPa)
Figure 4.3 Failure pattern of each concrete group:
a. Control, b. 15R-0A, c. 15R-0.2A, d.
15R-0.4A, and e. 15R-0.6A.
4.6 Statistical Analysis
Summarized in Table 4-5 are the p-values
obtained after comparing the fresh unit weight,
hardened unit weight, and compressive strength of
the control group to each concrete group. Based
from Table 4-4 and Table 4-5, it can be seen that
the decrease in fresh unit weight of 15R-0.2A and
37.06 15R-0.4A concrete groups was not significant

32.23 32.70
while the fresh unit weight of 15R-0A and 15R-
0.6A concrete groups significantly decreased
19.65
relative to the control group. Moreover, for the
hardened unit weight, only 15R-0.2A showed an
insignificant difference from the hardened unit
weight of the control group while the hardened
Control 15R-0A 15R-0.2A 15R-0.4A 15R-0.6A unit weight of all other groups is significantly
% RSA - % SCM lower from the control. Lastly, for the compressive
strength, the 15R-0.2A concrete group showed an
Figure 4.2 Compressive strength of concrete insignificant decrease in compressive as compared
groups. to the control group while all other concrete
groups showed a significant decrease in
compressive strength relative to the control group. weight of the 15% RSA mixed concrete was found
The concrete groups are designed to sustain a load to decrease with increasing dosages of SCM.
of 31 MPa based from AC1 211.1-91. Although Along with the improvement of the workability of
the compressive strength of the 15R-0.4A and the concrete, the compressive strength also
15R-0.6A concrete groups of 32.23 MPa and improved. The compressive strength of the
32.70 MPa showed a significant decrease relative concrete groups with 15% RSA and increasing
to the control group, their compressive strengths dosage of SCM were higher compared to the
still surpassed the designed strength of the concrete group having 15% RSA and 0% SCM. A
concrete. Meanwhile, only the 15R-0A concrete dosage of 0.6% SCM was seen to be the optimum
group failed to satisfy the strength requirement dosage of SCM to be added to a concrete with a
with a compressive strength of 19.65 MPa. cement replacement of 15% RSA as both
workability and compressive strength values were
Table 4-5. Comparison of fresh unit weight, within the design standards.
hardened unit weight, and
compressive strength to the control 6. RECOMMENDATIONS
group by t-test. It is recommended to further study the
mechanical properties and durability of the 15%
FRESH UNIT WEIGHT RSA mixed concrete with SCM as admixture
VARIABLE p-VALUE REMARKS considering a 0.6% dosage in order to determine if
15R-0A 0.0001 Significant this dosage would also satisfy the other concrete
15R-0.2A 0.3794 Not significant parameters. Since SCM was verified to be a
15R-0.4A 0.0666 Not significant retarder, lengthening of curing days would be
15R-0.6A 0.0376 Significant beneficial in order to study if the strength of the
HARDENED UNIT WEIGHT concrete would improve when cured for a longer
VARIABLE p-VALUE REMARKS time. Also, an investigation on other potential
15R-0A <0.0000 Significant admixtures and pozzolans derived from
15R-0.2A 0.6021 Not significant agricultural wastes especially wastes that are
15R-0.4A 0.0006 Significant largely generated yet not fully utilized is also
15R-0.6A <0.0001 Significant recommended as this would aid in the utilization
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH of agricultural wastes and promotion of
VARIABLE p-VALUE REMARKS sustainable development in the construction
15R-0A 0.0019 Significant industry.
15R-0.2A 0.7515 Not significant
15R-0.4A 0.0007 Significant 7. REFERENCES
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