READPHI Verisimilar

- like true but is not necessarily actually true

LESSON 1
History
- gr : historia - learning or knowing by inquiry
- Aristotle : a systematic account of a set of natural
phenomena
- Now : history - the past of mankind
Fortiori
- the experience of generation long dead, most
whom left no records or whose records, if they
exist, have never been disturbed, is beyond the
possibility of total recollection
- The reconstruction of the total past of mankind
is totally unattainable
Historical method
- the process of critically examining and analyzing
the records and survivals of the past
Historiography
- the writing of history
- The imaginative reconstruction of the past from
the data derived by that process
Both Historical method and Historiography
- helps historians to reconstruct as much of the
past of mankind as they can
What distinguish history from fiction, poetry,
drama, and fantasy?

Objectivity - Hisrtory is directed toward re-creation and not

- have an independent existence outside of human
mind.
- True
Subjectivity
- cannot be seen, felt, tasted, heard, or smelled —
symbolic or representative of something that was
once real
- exist only in observer’s or historian’s mind
- Inferior to objective — because the word
subjective has also come to mean “illusory” or
“based upon personal considerations” — either
“untrue” or “biased”
Artifacts
- results of events
Documents
- written results of the records of the events
creation
Primary Source
- is the testimony of an eyewitness, or of a witness
by any other of the senses, or of a mechanical
device like Dictaphone
- one who or that which was present at the events
of which he or it tells (eyewitness)
- Must have been produced by a contemporary of
the events it narrates.
- Does not need to be original in the legal sense of
the word original whose contents are subject of
discussion
- Main text or work that you are discussing, actual
data or research results, or historical documents
- First-hand testimony
- Diaries, Published materials, Documentary,
Public opinion polls, reprinted primary
sources, maps

Dynamic Secondary Source

- the becoming - is the testimony of anyone who is not an
eyewitness
Static - One who was not present at the events of which
- the being of the become he tells.
- Records generated by an event but written by
Interpretative non-participants in the event.
- explaining why and how things happened and - Based on/derived from primary sources — but
were interrelated they have been interpreted or analyzed
- Encyclopedias, Biographies, General histories
Descriptive
- telling what happened, when, where, and who Journals and published books can be primary
took part (written at the time about a particular event) or
- Can be derived directly and immediately from secondary.
surviving artifacts
- Only a small part of the periods to which they Original
belong 1. it contains fresh and creative ideas
2. It is not translated from the language in which it
was first written
3. it is in its earliest. Unpolished stage
4. Its text is the approved text, unmodified and
untampered with
5. It is the earliest available source of the
information it provides
Original (by historians)
- to describe a source, unpolished, uncopied,
untranslated, as it issued from the hands of the
authors
- A source that gives the earliest information
regarding the question under investigation
because earlier sources have been lost
Primary Sources need not to be original.
- they need to be original only in the sense of
underived or first-hand as to their testimony
Document
- sometimes used by the historians to mean a
written source of historical information as contrasted
with oral testimony or with artifacts, pictorial
survivals, and archeological remains.
- becomes synonymous with source, whether
written or not, official or not, primary or not
Documentation
- signifies any process of proof based upon any
kind of source whether written, oral, pictorial, or
archeological
Human Document
- account of individual experience which reveals
the individual”s actions as a human agent and as
a participant in social life.
Personal Document
- any self-revealing record that intentionally or
unintentionally yields information regarding the
structure, dynamics, and functioning of the
author’s mental life.
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LESSON 2
Historical Sources
- materials used for the writing of history
- Primary or secondary
- Written and non-written
- Published or unpublished
- textual, oral or visual sources
Primary Sources
- materials produced by people or groups directly
involved in the event or topic being studied.
- Are either participants or witnesse
- Range from eyewitness accounts, diaries, letters,
legal documents, and official documents
(government or private) and even photographs
- 4 examples related to visual imagery
1. Maps
2. Photographs
3. sketches, drawings, paintings
4. Cartoons
Maps
- generally used to indicate locations as well s
topography
- Reveals how space and geography were being
used to emphasize trade routes, travel routes,
structural build up, etc
Sketches and Drawings
- may indicate the conditions of life of the past
societies
Cartoons for political expression or propaganda
- indicated the temper of times
Paintings and other art works
- based on artist’s expression or interpretation of
events and ideas.
- Become useful historical sources when we have
to know or understand the context of the period in
which they are made
Photographs
- reflect social conditions o historical realities and
everyday life.
- Also gives us visual ideas of places, historical
events as well as people.
Objects and Artifacts
1. Manunggul Jar
- recovered at chamber A of manunggul cave
in Palawan
- an elaboratelydesigned burial jar with
anthromorphic figures on top of the cover that
represent sould sailing to the afterworld in a death
boat
- is dated to as early 710-890 B.C.
- declared as a National Culture Treasure
2. Callao Man
- 67000 yrs old
- latest discovery of what is now considered
the oldest human fossil remains found in the
Philippines
- discovered in 2007 at the Calllao caves in
Penablanca, Cagayan Valley
3. Calatagan, Batangas
- excavated by Dr. Robert Fox in 1958
- the burial site of Calatagan yielded 505
burials and 521 associated ceramics, porcelains and
stoneware jars from China, Thailand, and Vietnam
- the asian tradeware ceramics of the site
date to the early to Mid-ming Dynasty

4. Document written in Baybayin

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