Anatomy and Physiolology Laboratory Manual

Volume 2, Series of 2020 JBD

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Anatomy and Physiolology Laboratory Manual
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MODULE 12
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Activity 12.1
The Endocrine Glands
Name: DELA MERCED, Date: 11/1/21
JULLIANNE APPLE S. GROUP: 8
Section: BSN 1-A

Label the diagram (Figure 23.1) of the endocrine system.

PINEAL GLAND
HYPOTHALAMUS

PARATHYROID
PITUITARY GLAND GLAND

HEART

THYROID GLAND
THYMUS

ADIPOSE TISSUE

ADRENAL GLAND
DIGESTIVE TRACT

KIDNEYS

GONADS
PANCREAS
(PANCREASISLETS)

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 Anatomy and Physiolology Laboratory Manual
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Activity 12.2
Hormones
Name: DELA MERCED, Date: 11/1/21
JULLIANNE APPLE S. GROUP: 8
Section BSN 1-A

A. Disorders of the Endocrine system and hormones.

B. Using your textbook or other online reference materials, discuss briefly at least ten (10) diseases of the
Endocrine System. Use a separate sheet for this activity

1. DIABETES

Diabetes is a chronic (long-lasting) health condition that affects how your body turns food into energy. Most of the
food you eat is broken down into sugar (also called glucose) and released into your bloodstream. When your blood
sugar goes up, it signals your pancreas to release insulin.

2. ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY

Addison's disease, also called adrenal insufficiency, is an uncommon disorder that occurs when your body doesn't produce
enough of certain hormones. In Addison's disease, your adrenal glands, located just above your kidneys, produce too little
cortisol and, often, too little aldosterone. Symptoms of Adrenal Insufficiency includes Fatigue. Body aches, Unexplained
weight loss, Low blood pressure, Lightheadedness, Loss of body hair and Skin discoloration (hyperpigmentation).

3. CUSHING DISEASE

Cushing's syndrome is a disorder caused by the body's exposure to an excess of the hormone cortisol. Cortisol affects all
tissues and organs in the body. These effects together are known as Cushing's syndrome. It’s symptoms includes weight gain
fatty deposits, especially in the midsection, the face (causing a round, moon-shaped face), and between the shoulders and the
upper back (causing a buffalo hump) purple stretch marks on the breasts, arms, abdomen, and thighsthinning skin that bruises
easily skin injuries that are slow to heal acne fatigue muscle weakness. Cushing's syndrome can be treated with surgery,
radiotherapy, chemotherapy and cortisol-inhibiting drugs or, in iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome, steroid withdrawal. Some
patients may need corticosteroid replacement therapy. They should carry a steroid card and wear a Medic-Alert bracelet.

4. GIGANTISM

Gigantism is a serious condition that is nearly always caused by an adenoma, a tumor of the pituitary gland. Gigantism
occurs in patients who had excessive growth hormone in childhood. The pituitary tumor cells secrete too much growth
hormone (GH), leading to many changes in the body. It’s symptoms includes Abnormally tall stature. Abnormal growth of
the face, hands and feet.
Thickened facial features, Irregular menstrual cycle, Excessive perspiration with slight activity, Delayed puberty, Double
vision, Deafness, etc. 3

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 Anatomy and Physiolology Laboratory Manual
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It can be treated by Surgery. Removing the tumor is the preferred treatment for gigantism if it's the underlying
cause. The surgeon will reach the tumor by making an incision in your child's nose. Microscopes or small
cameras may be used to help the surgeon see the tumor in the gland.

5. HYPERTHYROIDISM

Hyperthyroidism, also called overactive thyroid, is a condition where the thyroid releases high levels of thyroid
hormone into the body. This condition can make your metabolism speed up. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism
include a rapid heartbeat, weight loss, increased appetite and anxiety.Radioactive iodine is the most widely-
recommended permanent treatment of hyperthyroidism. This treatment takes advantage of the fact that thyroid
cells are the only cells in the body which have the ability to absorb iodine. In fact, thyroid hormones are experts
at doing just that.

6. MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA I and II (MEN I and MEN II)

Multiple endocrine neoplasia is a group of disorders that affect the body's network of hormone-producing
glands called the endocrine system. Hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream and
regulate the function of cells and tissues throughout the body.

7. POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME

Polycystic ovary syndrome is a disorder involving infrequent, irregular or prolonged menstrual periods, and often
excess male hormone (androgen) levels. The ovaries develop numerous small collections of fluid — called
follicles and may fail to regularly release eggs. Its symptoms is obesity.

8. PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY
Precocious puberty is when a child's body begins changing into that of an adult (puberty) too soon. When
puberty begins before age 8 in girls and before age 9 in boys, it is considered precocious puberty.

9. GRAVE’S DISEASE

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid gland. The gland produces too much thyroid
hormone, a condition known as hyperthyroidism. Thyroid hormones regulate body temperature, heart rate and
metabolism. Its symptoms is goitre.

10. HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS

Hashimoto's thyroiditis, also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is the most common cause of
hypothyroidism in the United States. It is an autoimmune disorder involving chronic inflammation of the thyroid.
This condition tends to run in families.

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B. Short Answer Essay

1. Explain how the nervous and endocrine system differ in

a. The rate of their control

The nervous system can respond quickly to stimuli, through the use of action potentials and neurotransmitters.
Responses to nervous system stimulation are typically quick but short lived. The endocrine system responds to
stimulation by secreting hormones into the circulatory system that travel to the target tissue.

b. How they communicate with body cells

In the nervous system, the electrical signal passes through neurons, or nerve cells. In the endocrine system,
chemicals (hormones) travel through the bloodstream, which means that communication through the
endocrine system is slower than communication through the nervous system.

c. The types of body process they control

The endocrine system acts as a communication tool for the human body, working in tandem with the nervous
system to communicate with the body's other internal systems. The endocrine system differs from the nervous
system in that its chemical signals are slower-moving and longer-lasting

HORMONE TABLE
Gland
Hormone Target Action
(Source)
Antidiuretic Hormones PITUITARY KIDNEYS Increases water reabsorbation ( less water is lost in
GLAND the form of urine)
Oxytocin (OT) PITUITARY UTERUS AND Increased uterine contractions; increased milk
GLAND MAMMARY expulsion from mammary glands; Unclear
GLANDS function in males
Growth Hormone (GH) PITUITARY MOST TISSUES Increased growth in tissues; increased amino acid and
GLAND protein synthesis, increased breakdown of lipids and
release of fatty acids from cells; increased glycogen
synthesis and increased blood glucose levels; increased
somatomedin production.
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone PITUITARY THYROID Increased thyroid hormone secretion.
GLAND GLAND
Adrecorticotropic Hormone PITUITARY ADRENAL Increased glucocoticoid hormone secretion
GLAND CORTEX
(ACTH)
Melanocyte Stimulating PITUITARY MELANOCYTE Increased melamin production in melanocytes to
Hormone (MSH) GLAND S IN THE SKIN make the skin darker in color
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) PITUITARY OVARIES IN Ovulation and progesterone production in ovaries,
GLAND FEMALE AND testosterone synthesis and support for sperm cell
TESTES IN MALE production in testes
Follicle Stimulating Hormone PITUITARY FOLLICLES IN Follicle maturation and estrogen secretion in
(FSH) GLAND OVARIES IN ovaries; sperm cell production in testes
FEMALES;
SEMINIFEROU
S TUBULES IN
MALES
Prolactin (PRL) PITUITARY OVARIES IN Milk production in lactating women; increased response
GLAND FEMALE AND of follicle to LH and FSH; Unclear function in males
TESTES IN MALE 5
Thyroid Hormone (T3/T4) THYROID MOST CELLS IN Increased metabollic rate; increased protein synthesis;
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GLAND THE BODY essential for normal growth and maturation

Calcitonin (CT) THYROID BONE

Decreased rate of breakdown og bone by
GLAND osteoclasts; increased reabsorption of Ca2+ from
the small intestine; Increased vitamin D synthesis;
Increased blood Ca2+ levels
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
PARA BONE, Increased rate of breakdown of bone by
THYROID KIDNEYS AND osteoclast;increased reabsorption of CA2+ in
GLAND SMALL kidneys; increased absorption of Ca2+ from the
INTESTINES small intestine; increased vitamin D synthesis;
increased blood CA2+ levels
Epinephrine (Epi) ADRENAL HEART, BLOOD Increased cardiac output, increased blood flow to
GLAND VESSELS, skeletal muscles and to the heart; Vasoconstriction
LIVER, AND of blood vessels, especially in the viscera and skin;
ADIPOSE increased release of glucose and fatty acids into
CELLS the blood; in general, preparation for physicial
activity.
Aldosterone ADRENAL KIDNEYS Incrased Na+ reabsorption and K+ and H+
GLAND excretion; enhanced water reabsorption
Cortisol ADRENAL MOST TISSUES Increased protein and lipid breakdown; increased
GLAND glucose production; inhibition of immune response
and decreased inflammation
Hormone Gland Target Action
Testosterone GONADS MOST Aids in spermatogenesis;
CELLS development of genitalia,
ma

Melatonin PINEAL ATLEAST Inhibition of

Inhibition of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
THE
GLAND HYPOTHALAMUS gonadotropin-releasing
secretion, thereby inhibiting reproduction;
hormone secretion,
significance is not clear in humans; may help
thereby inhibiting
regulate sleep-wake cycle
reproduction; significance
is not clear in humans;
may help regulate sleep-
wake cycle
Thymosin THYMUS IMMUNE Development
Development andand function of the immune
TISSUES function of the immune system
system
Insulin PANCREAS ESPECIALLY Increased uptake and use
(PANCREATICISLETS)
LIVER, Increased uptake
of glucose and and use of glucose and
amino
SKELETAL acids amino acids
MUSCLE,
ADIPOSE
TISSUE
Glucagon PANCREAS PRIMARILY Increased
Increased breakdown
breakdown ofofglycogen; release of
(PANCREATICISLETS)
LIVER glycogen; release
glucose into of
the blood
glucose into the blood
Estrogen GONADS MOST
Aids in uterine and mammary gland 6
CELLS
development and function maturation of
genitalia, secondary sex characteristics,
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menstrual cycle
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Progesterone GONADS MOST Aids in uterine and mammary gland

CELLS development and function maturation of
genitalia, secondary sex characteristics,
sexual behavior, and menstrual cycle

Progesglandins AUTOCRINE MOST

Mediation of thr inflammatory response;
AND TISSUES
increased uterine contractions; involved in
PARACRINE ovulation, possible inhibition of progesterone
CHEMICAL synthesis; blood coagulation; other function
MESSENGERS

Discussion Questions

1. Explain how Hcg secretion is regulated. Is it secreted by a pregnant

woman or her offspring?

Hcg secretion is regulated by the offsprings tissues, the secretion occurs as pregnancy begins in order to
maintain the estrogen and progesterone levels of ovulation. These high levels are required for fetal
development thus a decrease would e damaging so hCG stimulates the secretion of these hormones.

2. hCG depresses some reactions of the immune system. What adaptive

advantage do you think this has?

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) has a profound ability to alter maternal immune function with a
view to promoting tolerance to the haploidentical fetus. This involves increasing Treg recruitment and
activity at the feto–maternal interface and a downregulation of Th1 and Th17 activity.

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3. Hos is LH secretion regulated? What effects does the changing blood

levels of this hormone have?

LH secretion appears to be regulated by the hypothalamus since certain lesions in this structure
markedly reduced both the secretion and storage of the trophin by the pituitary gland.
Conversely, hypothalamic stimulation evoked the secretion of LH. Too much or too little LH
can cause a variety of problems, including infertility (the inability to get pregnant), menstrual
difficulties in women, low sex drive in men, and early or delayed puberty in children

4. Compare and contrast the reproductive roles of LH and Hcg.

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) serve different roles in
reproductive physiology: LH contributes to the driving force behind gonadal steroidogenesis and
regulation of ovulation, whereas hCG (in the absence of pathologic abnormalities) is secreted in large
amounts only during pregnancy

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Anatomy and Physiolology Laboratory Manual
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REFERENCES

Module 12 The Endocrine System

67 Best Histology - Pancreas images in 2020 | Pancreas, Endocrine, Anatomy, and physiology. (n.d.).
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Adrenal gland histology labeled | Adrenal Gland Histology - Adrenal gland (labels) - histology slide - |
Histology slides, Adrenal cortex, Adrenal glands. (n.d.). Pinterest. Retrieved July 26, 2020, from
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/56295064065264628/

Animal Histology- endocrine System. (n.d.). Dentisty.Org. Retrieved July 26, 2020, from
https://dentisty.org/animal-histology--endocrine-system.html

Endocrine system - glands, hormones, target organs, effects | Endocrine system hormones, Endocrine
system nursing, Endocrine system. (n.d.). Pinterest. Retrieved July 26, 2020, from
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/389279961512582789/

Endocrine System Anatomy & Physiology For The MBLEx. (2018, August 25). MBLExGuide.
https://mblexguide.com/endocrine-system-anatomy-physiology-mblex/

Microscope Pictures. (n.d.). Faculty.Montgomerycollege.Edu. Retrieved July 26, 2020, from

http://faculty.montgomerycollege.edu/wolexik/205_histology page.htm

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