Fibonacci Sequence

and the Golden Ratio

Introduction:

Fibonacci Sequence
short video: https://vimeo.com/46728827
Definition:
𝐹0 = 0
𝐹1 = 1
𝐹𝑛 = 𝐹𝑛−1 + 𝐹𝑛−2
First 20 terms:
(0) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21,
34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377,
610, 987, 1597, 2584,
4181, 6765
Mathematical Properties: 1
1 12
1 1 35
1 2 1 813
1 3 3 1 21
34
1 4 6 4 1 55
89
1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1
1 10 45 120 210 252 210 120 45
Pascal’s Triangle
10
(a+b)
1
= n n n-1 n-2 2
a +a b+a b +a b +...+ab +b n-3 3 n-1 n
History:

Fibonacci was not the first to

know about the sequence,
it was known in India hundreds
of years before!
About Fibonacci The Man:

His real name was Leonardo Pisano

Bogollo, and he lived between 1170
and 1250 in Italy.
"Fibonacci" was his nickname, which
roughly means "Son of Bonacci".
 What is the History of the
Fibonacci Sequence?
The exact origination of the Fibonacci sequence
is unknown.
It is believed that contributions to the theory
began in 200BC by Indian mathematician whose
studies based on Sanskirt prosody.
The sequence was introduced to Western
European mathematics in 1202 by Leonardo of
Pisa, aka “Fibonacci”
 What is the History of the
Fibonacci Sequence?

His study of the sequence began with

the breeding patterns of rabbits.
In which he found rabbit generations
duplicated in accordance with the
Fibonacci numbers.
As well as being famous for the Fibonacci
Sequence, he helped spread Hindu-Arabic
Numerals (like our present numbers
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) through Europe in place
of Roman Numerals (I, II, III, IV, V, etc).
That has saved us all a lot of trouble!
Thank you Leonardo.
Fibonacci Sequence:

The Fibonacci Sequence is the series of numbers

that follow a unique integer sequence.
It is a recursive arithmetic sequence.
These numbers generate mathematical patterns
that can be found in all aspects of life.
The patterns can be seen in everything from the
human body to the physiology of plants and
animals.
Fibonacci spiral found in both snail and sea shells
 Fibonacci Sequence:
1 PETAL FLOWERS

Calla Lily Anthurium Flower

Peace Lily
2PETAL FLOWER Fibonacci Sequence:

Euphorbia Milii Flower

3PETAL FLOWER Fibonacci Sequence:

Trilium Ovatum
5PETAL FLOWERS
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Catharanthus
Madagascar periwinkle flower
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ges%2F581125&psig=AOvVaw0X6zycMmBV4wNL7sQd7QIo&ust=15953
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eoCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
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6996698000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCMCBgqPT3eoCFQAAAAAdAAAA
ABAI
Hibiscus
Plumeria Alba
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alamy.com%2Fplumeria-
alba-is-an-attractive-plant-that-appears-to-be-one-of-the-iconic-tropical-flowers-
image311285516.html&psig=AOvVaw00mrt8wvqa9l7uWN8urvuc&ust=1595396996698000
&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCJCC-srV3eoCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAW
8PETAL FLOWERS Fibonacci Sequence:

Climatis plant
 21 petals

13 petals …….

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dAAAAABAD
The Fibonacci numbers can be found in pineapples and
bananas.
Bananas have 3 or 5 flat sides.
Pineapple scales have Fibonacci spirals in sets of 8, 13, 21.
How does the Fibonacci Sequence Work?

The Fibonacci Sequence is derived from

the Fibonacci numbers.
The Fibonacci numbers are as follows:
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...
These numbers are obtained by adding
the two numbers in the sequence to
obtain the higher number.
 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...
The 2 is found by adding the two numbers
before it (1+1)
The 3 is found by adding the two numbers
before it (1+2),
And the 5 is (2+3),
and so on!
Example: the next number in the sequence
above is 21+34 = 55
It is that simple!
Here is a longer list:
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233,
377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765,
10946, 17711, 28657, 46368, 75025,
121393, 196418, 317811, ...
Can you figure out the next few numbers?
 This pattern continues and follows the rule:

The Rule: xn = xn-1 + xn-2

where:
xn is term number "n"
xn-1 is the previous term (n-1)
xn-2 is the term before that (n-2)

Example: term 9 is calculated like this:

x9= x9-1 + x9-2
= x8 + x7
= 21 + 13
= 34
Fibonacci Day
Fibonacci Day is
November 23rd,
as it has the digits "1, 1, 2, 3" which is
part of the sequence.
So next Nov 23 let everyone know!
Golden Ratio
Golden ratio is a mathematical irrational
constant.
It has an infinite number of decimal
places and it never repeats itself!
Two quantities are in the golden ratio if
the sum of the quantities to the larger
quantity is similar to the ratio of the
larger quantity to the smaller one.
a+b is to a, as a is to be b denoted by phi.
Φ φ Phi
Golden Ratio

When we take any two successive (one after

the other) Fibonacci Numbers,
their ratio is very close to the Golden Ratio "φ"
which is approximately 1.618034...
In fact, the bigger the pair of Fibonacci
Numbers, the closer the approximation.
Let us try a few:
A B B/A
2 3 1.5
3 5 1.6666..
5 8
8 13
1.6
1.625
... ... ...
144 233 1.618055556...
233 377 1.618025751...
... ... ...
 1

3 1.5000000000000000
5 1.6666666666666700
8 1.6000000000000000
13 1.6250000000000000
21 1.6153846153846200
34 1.6190476190476200
55 1.6176470588235300
89 1.6181818181818200
144 1.6179775280898900
233 1.6180555555555600
377 1.6180257510729600
610 1.6180371352785100
987 1.6180327868852500
1,597 1.6180344478216800
2,584 1.6180338134001300
4,181 1.6180340557275500
6,765 1.6180339631667100
10,946 1.6180339985218000
17,711 1.6180339850173600
28,657 1.6180339901756000
46,368 1.6180339882053200
75,025 1.6180339889579000
The Golden Ratio is not just some number that math teachers think
is cool.
The interesting thing is that it keeps popping up in strange places -
places that we may not ordinarily have thought to look for it.
It is important to note that Fibonacci did not "invent" the Golden
Ratio;
he just discovered one instance of where it appeared naturally.
In fact civilizations as far back and as far apart as the Ancient
Egyptians, the Mayans, as well as the Greeks discovered the Golden
Ratio and incorporated it into their own art, architecture, and
designs.
They discovered that the Golden Ratio seems to be Nature's
perfect number.
For some reason, it just seems to appeal to our natural instincts.
The most basic example is in rectangular objects.
Look at the following rectangles:

Now ask yourself, which of them seems to be the most

naturally attractive rectangle?
If you said the first one, then you are probably the type
of person who likes everything to be symmetrical.
Most people tend to think that the third rectangle is
the most appealing.
If you were to measure each rectangle's length and
width, and compare the ratio of length to width for
each rectangle you would see the following:
Rectangle one: Ratio 1:1
Rectangle two: Ratio 2:1
Rectangle Three: Ratio 1.618:1
These special rectangles are called
Golden Rectangles because the
ratio of the length of the longer side
to the length of the shorter side is the
Golden Ratio.
Golden Rectangles can be found in the shape
of
playing cards,
windows,
book covers,
file cards,
ancient buildings,
and modern skyscrapers.
Many artists have incorporated the Golden
Rectangle into their works because of its
aesthetic appeal.
It is believed by some researchers that
classical Greek sculptures of the human
body were proportioned so that the ratio of
the total height to the height of the navel
was the Golden Ratio.
The ancient Greeks considered the
Golden Rectangle to be the most
aesthetically pleasing of all rectangular
shapes.
It was used many times in the design of
the famous Greek temple, the
Parthenon.
There are many other places where the
Golden Ratio appears in the Parthenon,
all of which we cannot see because we
only have a frontal view of the structure.
The building is built on a rectangular plot
of land which happens to be ... you
guessed it - a Golden Rectangle!
Once its ruined triangular pediment is
restored, ...
the ancient temple fits almost
precisely into a golden rectangle.
Further classic subdivisions of the rectangle align
perfectly with major architectural features of the
structure.
The Golden Ratio in Art
Now let's go back and try to discover the
Golden Ratio in art.
We will concentrate on the works of
Leonardo da Vinci,
as he was not only a great artist but also a
genius when it came to mathematics and
invention.
The Annunciation

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The Annunciation - Using the left side of the painting as a
side, create a square on the left of the painting by
inserting a vertical line. Notice that you have created a
square and a rectangle. The rectangle turns out to be a
Golden Rectangle, of course. Also, draw in a horizontal
line that is 61.8% of the way down the painting (.618 - the
inverse of the Golden Ratio). Draw another line that is
61.8% of the way up the painting. Try again with vertical
lines that are 61.8% of the way across both from left to
right and from right to left. You should now have four lines
drawn across the painting. Notice that these lines
intersect important parts of the painting, such as the
angel, the woman, etc. Coincidence? I think not!
Mona Lisa
The Mona Lisa - Measure
the length and the width of
the painting itself. The
ratio is, of course, Golden.
Draw a rectangle around
Mona's face (from the top
of the forehead to the base
of the chin, and from left
cheek to right cheek) and
notice that this, too, is a
Golden rectangle.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fstory%2Fwhy-is-the-mona-lisa-so-
famous&psig=AOvVaw1qDGI46Rq2x9M0p13lSCX5&ust=1595908658388000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCIjQ3pnF7OoCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAV
 https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Falmayasabdam.com%2Fsearching-for-truth-in-belief-the-body-and-blood-
conundrum%2F&psig=AOvVaw0wuSfvV76QhxQzZQTr6s6j&ust=1595908832372000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCOCQpPHF7OoCF
QAAAAAdAAAAABAJ

Head of a woman
Last Supper 1:1.618

Lady with an Ermine

Vitruvian Man 1:1.618 Leonardo’s Self Portrait Madonna and a child

Fibonacci Exercise
1. What are the Fibonacci numbers and how are they
obtained?
2. Where did the study of the sequence begin?
3. Who introduced the numbers to Western European
mathematics?
4. What is the golden ratio mean and how is it related
to the Fibonacci sequence?
5. Where can the Fibonacci sequence be found?
6. What are some natural phenomena created by
using the Fibonacci sequence?