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Math Logic 2020-1
Math Logic 2020-1
George Boole
(bool) was born in
1815 in Lincoln, England.
He was raised
in poverty, but he
was very industrious
and had learned Latin
and Greek by the age of 12. Later he
mastered German, French, and Italian.
His first profession, at the young age
of 16, was that of an assistant school
teacher. At the age of 20 he started his
own school.
In 1849 Boole was appointed the
chairperson of mathematics at Queens
College in Cork, Ireland.
Mathematical
Logic
Many of Boole’s mathematical
ideas, such as Boolean algebra, have
applications in the areas of computer
programming and the design of electronic
circuits.
Jean Marc Keystone/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Teresita B. dulay
Mathematical Logic
•Logic defined as the science that evaluates
arguments. It is the study of the methods used to
distinguish correct reasoning from poor reasoning.
•Logic is the study of valid reasoning.
•Symbolic logic is a powerful tool for analysis and
communication in mathematics.
•It represents the natural language and
mathematical language with symbols and
variables.
1. Statement or Proposition
A statement is an assertion which can be regarded as
true or false but not both.
These will be denoted by the letters
p, q, or r.
A simple statement is a single statement which does
not contain other statement as parts.
The truthfulness or falsity of a statement is called its
truth value.
Examples of Proposition or Statement
1. The earth is round.
2. 3 + 5 = 64 .
3. 12 is an odd number.
4. Batman is left-handed.
5. My mother went to market.
6. The sky is cloudy.
7. The f(x) is linear.
8. You will receive your package tomorrow.
Examples of Not a Statement
1. What is your name?
2. The square of an integer x.
3. Please study your lessons.
4. When is the next holiday?
5. Let them eat chocolate!
1. Statement or Proposition
Some statements are composite, that is,
composed of sub-statements.
p q pq
p or q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
4. NEGATION
Given any statement p, another
statement, called the negation of p, can be
formed by writing
“it is false that…” before p or, if possible,
by inserting in p the word “not”.
Notation: p or p
4. NEGATION
Example 1: Consider the following statements:
p: Manila is in the Philippines.
Thus, p: It is false that Manila is in the Philippines.
or p: Manila is not in the Philippines.
2: Consider the following statements:
q: 2 + 3 = 5.
Then, q is It is false that 2 + 3 = 5.
or q: 2 + 3 5.
4. NEGATION
Examples:
3. 2 is a rational number.
Negation: 2 is not a rational number.
or 2 is an irrational number.
4. 8 is an odd number.
Negation: 8 is not an odd number.
8 is an even number.
4. NEGATION
The truth value of the negation of a statement satisfies the
following property:
P3: If p is true, then p (or p ) is false,; if p is false, then
p is true. In other words, the truth value of the negation
of a statement is always the opposite the opposite of the
truth value of the original statement.
p p
T F
F T
5. CONDITIONAL
Many statements, especially in mathematics, are of
the form “If p then q”.
Such statements are called conditional statements.
Notation: pq or pq
The conditional pq can also be read:
(a) p implies q (c) p is sufficient for q
(b) p only if q (d) q is necessary for p
p(antecedent) q (consequent)
5. CONDITIONAL
The conditional pq satisfies the following
properties:
P4: The conditional pq is true unless p is true
and q is false.
In other words, P4 states that a true statement
cannot imply a false statement.
5. CONDITIONAL
Consider the following statements:
(1) If San Beda University is in Manila then 1+4 = 5.
(2) If San Beda University is in Manila then 1+4 = 4.
(3) If San Beda University is not in Manila then 1+4=5.
(4) If San Beda University is not in Manila then 1+4=4.
Only (2) is false. Each of the other statements is true since a true statement cannot imply a false
statement.
5. CONDITIONAL
p q pq
p implies q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
6. BICONDITIONAL
Another common statement is of the form
“p if and only if q” or, simply, “p iff q”.
Such statements are called biconditional
statements and are denoted by
pq
or pq .
6. BICONDITIONAL
The truth value of the biconditional statement
pq satisfies the following property:
P5: If p and q have the same truth values, then
pq is true; if p and q have opposite truth values,
then pq is false.
6. BICONDITIONAL
Consider the following statements:
(1) San Beda University is in Manila if and only if 1 + 4 = 5.
(2) San Beda University is in Manila if and only if 1 + 4 = 4.
(3) San Beda University is not in Manila if and only if 1+4=5.
(4) San Beda University is not in Manila if and only if 1+4=4.
According to P5, (1) and (4) are true; and (2) and (3) are false.
6. BICONDITIONAL
p q pq
p iff q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
Exercises:
A. Label the following propositions with letters, then express each
compound sentence using logical symbols: (, , , , ).
1. If x is an odd number, then x+1 is even.
p q
2. x2 + 1 0. p
Let p: x2 + 1 = 0
3. m < n. p
Let p: m = n
Exercises:
4. 2 and 3 are the solutions of x2 – 5x + 6 = 0. pq
p: 2 is a solution of x2 – 5x + 6 = 0
q: 3 is a solution of x2 – 5x + 6 = 0
5. Triangle ABC is equilateral if and only if a=b=c.
p q
6. If a=b, then a+c = b+c.
p q
7. If a=b and b=c, then a=c.
p q q
Exercises:
B. Write the following in symbolic form using the symbols , , , , .
Let p: The sun is shining.
q: It is raining.
r: The ground is wet.
1. If it is raining, then the sun is not shining. q p
2. It is raining and the ground is wet. q r
3. The ground is wet if and only if it is raining and the sun is not shining.
r (q p)
4. The sun is shining or it is raining. p q
5. The ground is not wet. r
6. The sun is not shining if and only if the ground is wet and it is raining.
p (r q)
Summary:
pq pq pq pq
p q p and q p or q p implies q p iff q
T T T T T T
T F F T F F
F T F T T F
F F F F T T
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OdUbiNZVG1s
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hXL3ijD8j0Q
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LojjlWfPY8o