ASSIGNMEN

T Computer
security

Name: Alian Khan

Roll No: 08
Department: CIS

Submitted To : Sir Dr Hanif Durad

QA Explain how the notion of layering and inter-
networking make the rapid growth of applications such as
the World Wide Web possible. 
Working with the Internet allows multiple component
networks, each with its own underlying technology and
operation, to collaborate and build a single huge network.
New network technologies can easily be integrated into the
Internet as they become available. This allows pervasive
connection for applications such as the World Wide Web. The
layering idea conceals the underlying network technology
from the upper levels, resulting in a unified networking
platform. New apps can be introduced freely and quickly
using the communication service offered by the layers below.
Q-B What difference does it make to the network layer if
the underlying data link layer provides a connection-
oriented service versus a connection-less service? 
If the data link layer provides a connection-oriented service to
the network layer, the network layer must perform a
connection setup operation before any data transfer. The
network layer can presume that the packets it transmits to its
neighbour traverse an error-free pipe if the connection-
oriented service offers assurances that frames of information
are sent correctly and in sequence by the data link layer. If the
data link layer is connectionless, each frame is delivered via
the data link individually, most likely in an unconfirmed way
(without acknowledgments or retransmissions).
Q-C What Is a MAC Address? what are its different
parts?
The MAC address is a 12-digit hexadecimal number with a
colon or hypen separating every two digits (an octet) to make
it easier to read. There are two elements to a MAC address. A
MAC address's Block ID is the first six characters. The
remaining six characters make up the Device ID. The
manufacturer's Block ID is unique.

Q-D What are signal levels inside CPU, Network cards

and Switches.
The core-voltage requirement/signal levels inside a CPU
typically range from 0.9 to 1.3 V and are determined by
processor performance parameters. Inside the network
interface card, the signal level is between 44 and 57 volts DC.
A switch signal rating is made up of two elements. A switch
might be rated at 250 volts dc and 10 amperes, for example.
Some switches are rated in more than one way. A single
switch, for example, could be rated at 250 volts dc, 10
amperes; 500 volts ac, 10 amperes; and 28 volts dc, 20
amperes.
Q-E What is difference between internal and external
buses. what are are PCI, ISA, EISA and MCA buses?
An internal bus allows internal components, such as a video
card and memory, to communicate with one another. External
peripherals, such as USB or SCSI devices, can communicate
with an external bus. The PCI bus is a processor-independent
bus specification that uses a 32-bit data channel and a 64-bit
address bus at full clock speed to allow peripheral boards to
access system memory directly (through a local bus
controller) without requiring the CPU. An ISA bus (Industry
Standard Architecture bus) is a computer bus that connects
additional expansion cards to a computer's motherboard. For
IBM compatibles, it is a standard bus architecture.
The Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) is a bus
architecture for computers with Intel 80386, 80486, or
Pentium processors. EISA buses are 32-bit wide and
multiprocessing is supported. IBM developed the MCA
extension bus, which was utilised in the company's PS/2
desktop computers. An expansion bus connects additional
cards to the computer's motherboard, increasing the amount of
I/O ports available.

Q-F Survey on different types of connectors and cables

used in LANs?
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted pair
(STP) are the two primary forms of twisted-pair cable (STP).
There is no shielding in UTP; instead, the symmetrical twist
in the wires helps to generate a balanced transmission line,
which helps to reduce electrical noise and EMI. STP Cabling
is shielded twisted-pair cabling that reduces crosstalk and
other types of electromagnetic interference (EMI).
Q-G Write note on 11 Different Types of Network
Ethernet Switches for Small or Large Networks including;
1. Fixed Switches 
Fixed-configuration switches refer to switches which have a
fixed number of ports and aren't expandable. As such, they
offer far less flexibility than modular configuration switches
and have a simpler design.
2. Modular Switches 
A modular computer network switch is a computer network
switch which can be modified using field-replaceable units
after they are acquired.
3. Stackable Switches  
A stackable switch is a network switch that is fully functional
operating standalone but which can also be set up to operate
together with one or more other network switches.
4. Power over Ethernet (PoE) Switches  
A POE switch is a network switch that has Power over
Ethernet injection built-in. Simply connect other network
devices to the switch as normal, and the switch will detect
whether they are POE-compatible and enable power
automatically.
5. Switches with Optical Fiber Ports
A fiber optic switch is a communication control device used
in different applications across different sectors, but it is
mostly known for optical fiber networking.
6. Unmanaged Switches 
Unmanaged switches use autonegotiated ports to determine
parameters, such as data rates and whether to use half-duplex
or full-duplex mode. Additionally, unmanaged switches have
no concept of virtual LANs (VLANs). Thus, all devices
belong to the same broadcast domain.
7. Managed  Switches 
Managed switches let users adjust each port on the switch to
any setting, enabling them to manage, configure and monitor
the network in many ways. They also provide greater control
over how data travels over the network and who can access
that data.
8. Smart Managed Switches
Smart Managed Switches offer access to switch management
features such as port monitoring, link aggregation, and VPN
through a simple Web interface via an embedded Web
browser.

9. Layer 3 switches 
Layer 3 switches thus separate ports into virtual LANs
(VLANs) and perform the routing between them in addition to
supporting routing protocols such as RIP, OSPF and
EIGRP. ... Another name for Layer 3 Switch is “Multilayer
Switch”.
10. Data Center Switches
Data center switch is a high performance switch mainly for
large enterprises and cloud providers who rely heavily on
virtualization. It can be deployed throughout the data center,
or to anchor a two-tier (leaf-spine) or one-tier flat mesh or
fabric architecture.  
11. KVM Switch
KVM switch connects many computers that can be operated
over one console (monitor, keyboard, mouse). Switching
between computers is carried out over a button at the switch
or via hotkey. Depending on size, KVM switches also provide
an OSD to switch between computers.

Q-H What is console cable? Why the fiber cables are sued
over longer distance, show the diagrams?
The Console Cable connects your computer's serial port to the
console port on your TP-Link switch or router, allowing you
to access the device's CLI (Command Line Interface). A
console cable is a null-modem cable that connects a computer
terminal to a router's port. When high bandwidth, long
distance, or immunity to electromagnetic interference are
required, fibre is preferable over electrical cabling. This sort
of communication can send speech, video, and telemetry over
short or long distances via local area networks.