Tavi III

samxedro uwyeba _ jaris xelmZRvanelebi da misi

struqtura

samxedro uwyebas saTaveSi Zvelidanve profesional molaSqreTa

fena edga. samxedro saqme aznauruli iyo da samxedro struqturaSi
samefo ojaxis wevrebi da didebuli aznaurebi Sediodnen. zogadad,
qveynis samxedro Zalebis xelmZRvaneli iyo mefe, romelic sabrZolo
moqmedebebis dros samxedro uwyebis xelmZRvanelebTan erTad sard-
lobda samefo spas. samxedro ministrs evaleboda jarebis gawvrTna,
iaraRiT aRWurva, sabrZolo moqmedebebis dawyebis win razmebis Tav-
moyris uzrunvelyofa, salaSqro proviantiT momarageba. mefesTan da
uwyebis sxva xelmZRvanelebTan erTad sabrZolo moqmedebebis dagegmva.
farnavazis (Zv.w. IV-III ss.) droindeli qarTlis samxedro uwyebis xelmZ-
Rvaneli spaspeti iyo. spaspeti samefo ojaxis warmomadgeneli iyo. mas
samarTavad ebara qarTlis samefos centraluri regioni _ Sida qarTli,
romelic samefo domeni iyo da saerisTavosgan gansxvavebiT, mas saxelm-
wifo administraciuli sistemis umaRlesi piri ganagebda. rogorc feo-
dalur saqarTveloSi, aseve, antikuri xanis qarTlSi, samefo laSqari
qveynis TemTagan ikribeboda. es Temebi ki, samxedro-administraciul
erTeulebs _ saerisTavoebs warmoadgendnen. antikuri epoqis qarTlSi
saerisTavoebidan gamohyavdaT samefo spa da es saqme erisTavTan er-
Tad spasalarebs da aTasisTavebs ebaraT. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixed-
viT, Cans, rom spaspets ebara, aseve, erisTavTa gamgebloba. erisTavebs,
garda administraciuli da sameurneo funqciebisa, evalebodaT, aseve
salaSqrod wasvla da omianobis dros spaspets emorCilebodnen. aseTi,
suraTi iyo, aseve, mTeli gvian antikuri da feodaluri epoqis manZil-
ze. spaspeti jarebis xelmZRvaneli iyo farnavazis Semdgom epoqaSic,
gvian antikur qarTlSi da adrefeodalur saqarTveloSi. vaxtang gor-
gaslis mmarTvelobis dros (V s. II nax.) spaspeti iyo qarTlis jarebis
mTavarsardali. mogvianebiT, IX-XI saukuneebSi, jarebis xelmZRvaneloba
spasalars ebara. X saukuneSi, rodesac taos mefem daviT kurapalatma
bizantielTa imperator basils damxmare jari gaugzavna, jaris mTa-
varsardlad daniSnuli iyo Tornike, `spasalarad Tornik ganaCines~. XI
saukuneSi, bagrat IV-is mefobis periodSi, qarTvelTa jarebis spasala-
ri iyo ivane liparitis Ze baRvaSi. terminebi `spaspeti~ da `spasalari~
sparsulidan aris Semosuli qarTulSi. spahbat, sefahsalar _ sparseT-

28
Si, jarebis ufross niSnavda.
XII saukunidan samxedro uwyebis
xelmZRvanelia amirspasalari,
romelic wyaroebSi spaspetTa
da spasalarTa ufrosad moixse-
nieba. pirvelad termini `amir-
spasalari~ ixsenieba giorgi III-
is mefobis dros da `istoriani
da azmani SaravandedTanis~ av-
tori amirspasalarad ivane or-
bels asaxelebs.
adrindel qarTul wyaroe-
bSi samxedro uwyebis Sesaxeb
konkretul aRwerilobas ar
vxvdebiT, mxolod fragmentu-
li monacemebia samxedro uw-
yebis pirTa Sesaxeb. samxedro
Tanamdebobebi da misi mflo-
beli pirebis ambebi istoriul
aspeqtebSia mocemuli. Sua sau-
kuneebis saqarTvelos samxedro- 233r. daviTni. meomreebi. xelnawerTa
administraciuli sistemis Ses- erovnuli centri
axeb umniSvnelovanes cnobebs
gvawvdis XIII-XIV saukunis qarTuli samarTlis Zegli `Pelmwifis karis
garigeba~. am dokumentSi srulyofilad aris aRwerili samxedro uw-
yebis struqtura da mis moxeleTa ierarqiuli kibe.
amirspasalari. amirspasalari arabul-sparsuli terminebiT `amir~
da `sifahsalar~ Sedgenili rTuli sityvaa (arabul-sparsulad _
amirsifahsalar, qarTulad _ amirspasalari. `amir~ _ arabuli terminia
da arabul samxedro sistemaSi 10 aTasi meomris gamgebels niSnavda).
Tumca, arabul samyaroSi arabTa jarebis sardals `amir al-juYuS~-s
eZaxdnen. sparseTSi ki, jarebis ufross `sifahsalari~ erqva. XIII sauku-
nis qarTveli mematiane JamTaaRmwereli ambobs: `mxedarT mTavari ars
amirspasalari~. amirspaslaris saqme iyo `salaSqroni saqmeni~, `laSqro-
baTa mecadineobani~, `mxedarTa ganwesebani~, `spaTa dawyobaTa Roneni
da mimarTebani~. `Pelmwifis karis garigebis~ mixedviT, `laSqrobaY da
laSqrobisa vaziroba amirspasalaris PelT aris~. vazirobis dros samx-
edro saqmeze bWoba amirspasalaris movaleoba da prerogativa iyo.
amirspasalars emorCilebodnen jarebis sxva xelmZRvanelebi, TemTagan

29
gamomavali razmebis ufrosebi, spasalarebi da spaspetebi, aseve, sxva
razmebis, monapireTa, monaspis, roqis spis, yivCaRTa jaris da sxva Sen-
aerTebis xelmZRvanelebi. Tamaris mefobis dros amirspasalaris da sxva
samxedro pirebis roli Zalian gaizarda qveynis cxovrebaSi. Tu adre,
sabrZolo moqmedebebs mefe xelmZRvanelobda da amirspasalari mis br-
Zanebas asrulebda, qalis mmarTvelobis dros situacia sxvagvari iyo.
amjerad, samxedro operaciebs TviT amirspasalari gegmavda sxva samx-
edro pirebTan erTad da is iyo pasuxismgebeli mTel samxedro kampani-
aze da mis Sedegebze. Tu mefe laSqrobaSi ar midioda, samefo droSas
igi amirspasalars gadascemda. sparseTSi laSqrobis win Tamarma daaT-
valiera jari da samefo droSa `gorgaslian daviTiani~ gadasca amir-
spasalar zaqaria mxargrZels. omianobidan dabrunebuli amirspasalari
jaris sxva mxedarTmTavrebTan erTad mefes warudgeboda da ZRvens,
laSqrobaSi mopovebul Zvirfas nadavls miarTmevda. amirspasalars um-
niSvnelovanesi adgili ekava xelisuflebaSi, is iyo, `sapatio vaziri~.
amirspasalaris dasturis gareSe `qveyana ar gaicemis, arca vin samamulod
Seiwyalebis~-o. e.i. vercerTi moxele Tanamdebobas ver miiRebda misi
Tanxmobis gareSe. mas darbazSi da vazirobis dros sapatio adgili ekava
da `samTa vazirTa~ jgufSi, mandaturTuxucesTan da aTabagTan erTad
Sedioda. amirspasalars hqonda ufleba, rom darbazobis, purobis Tu
sxva sazeimo RonisZiebebis dros SeiaraRebuli, xmalSemortymuli yo-
filiyo, rac mis pativsa da movaleobas gamoxatavda. darbazobis dros,
garda amiraxorisa, romelic misi moadgile iyo, sxva feodalebsa da
moxeleebs ar hqondaT ufleba mefes SeiaraRebulni xlebodnen. mefis
kurTxevis dros, amirspasalars samefo xmali eWira da misi movaleoba
iyo, rom axlad dalocvili da kurTxeuli monarqi samxedrod Seemosa,
xmali Semoertya welze.
spasalarebi da spaspetebi. amirspasalaris xelqveiTebi spasalarebi
da spaspetebi iyvnen. rogorc Cans, spasalarebi qveynis TiToeuli Temi-
dan gamomavali razmebis meTaurebi iyvnen. leonti mrovelis cnobiT,
qarTlis mefe farnavazma saerisTavoebidan gamomavali samxedro kon-
tigentebis meTaurebad spasalarebi daniSna da erisTavebs daumorCila.
Tumca, es cnoba Zveli qarTlis samefos epoqas Seefardeba, magram, Sem-
dgomSic, adrefeodaluri da ganviTarebuli feodalizmis periodSic,
spasalarebi Temidan gamosuli razmebis (saerisTavoebidan gamosuli
laSqari) saTaveSi idgnen. Tamaris istorikosic aRniSnavs, rom roca
brZolidan dabrunda qarTvelTa laSqari, mefis winaSe movidnen spas-
alarni da spaspetni.
amiraxori. amirspasalaris moadgile, misi pirveli moxele amirax-

30
ori iyo. `Pelmwifis karis garigebis~ mixedviT, `amiraxori vaziri aris
amirspasalarisa~. amiraxoroba sapatio Tanamdeboba iyo. rogorc samx-
edro uwyebis warmomadgenels, `Prmali amilaxorsa artyia darbazobasa
zeda~. is xmalSemortymuli iyo mefis kurTxevis drosac. darbazobis
dros mas Tan axldnen misi moxeleebi _ meabjreni. darbazSi dajdomis
dros igi Tavis xmals meabjres gadascemda. amiraxors hqonda pativi
savaziro sxdomebs daswreboda.
meabjreTuxucesi. meabjreTuxucesi uSualod amiraxors eqvem-
debareboda, mas ebara zaradxana _ samefo iaraRis sawyobi, romelsac
ganagebda amiraxorTan erTad da evaleboda masSi arsebuli iaraR-aR-
Wurvilobis kontroli. zaradxanaSi inaxeboda samxedro aRWurviloba,
aRkazmuloba, samefo droSebi da sefe droSa: `Subi sefe almiTa~, aseve,
saomari cxenebis aRkazmuloba. meabjreTuxucess hqonda pativi monaw-
ileoba mieRo mefis kurTxevis ceremonialSi. igi amirspasalarTan da
amiraxorTan erTad xmalSemortymuli mihyveboda mefis amalas. mas am
ceremonialis dros ebara samefo laxti, fari da qarqaSi.
meabjreni. meabjreni samxedro uwyebis wevrebi iyvnen. meabjreebi
hyavdaT amirspasalars, amiraxors da sxva maRali samxedro Tanamdebo-
bis pirT. rogorc Cans, isini am moxeleebis uSualo msaxurebi iyvnen.
amave dros, meabjreebi, samefo karze darbazobaSi Tu sxva saxis cer-
emonialebSic monawileobdnen, asrulebdnen, rogorc sapatio Tanamd-
gomebis, aseve, yaraulis, sasaxlis dacvis funqciasac. giorgi III-is me-
fobis dros, meabjreebi SeumosavT vercxlis abjriT. ra Tqma unda,
isini, ase Zvirfasad Semosilebi iyvnen swored ceremonialebis dros,
roca samefo kari mTeli Tavisi brwyinvalebiT iyo warmodgenili. es
ceremonialebi imarTeboda, darbazobis, purobis, diplomatiuri kor-
pusis miRebis an sxva saxis religiur Tu saaxalwlo dResaswaulebze.
meabjreeebs Soris gamoirCeodnen kargi meabjre da sefe meabjre.
abjris mtvirTveli. abjris mtvirTveli meabjreTa rigs miekuTvne-
boda. es sagangebo moxele iyo, romelsac omSi patronis gverdze yofna
da samxedro aRWurvilobiT misi uzrunvelyofa evaleboda.es imdenad
sapasuxismgeblo movaleoba iyo, rom misTvis sagangebod wvrTnidnen,
misi Semsrulebeli: `aRzrdili iyo abjris mtvirTvelad~. am Tanamdebo-
baze iniSnebodnen aznaurTa Svilebic, romlebsac ymawvilobidan aswav-
lidnen samxedro saqmes. XIV saukunis qarTveli didebuli sargis II jay-
eli `aRzrdil iyo abjris mtvirTvelad~. abjris mtvirTveli hyavda,
rogorc mefes, aseve sxva maRali samxedro Tanamdebobis iseT pirebsac,
rogorebic iyvnen spasalarebi da spaspetebi. aseTive movaleobis Sems-
ruleblebi iyvnen abjrosani da saWurvlis mtvirTveli.

31
 karvosani da qoTlosani. karvosani da qoTlosani laSqrobaSi se-
niors, patrons Tan axldnen. maT movaleobas warmoadgenda saomari,
samarqafo da sasapalne cxenebis, patronisaTvis mosasvenebeli sadgo-
mis movla-patronoba da sursaTiT uzrunvelyofa. laSqris dabanakebi-
sas saWiro iyo karavi, adgilze gadasatani `samgzavro saxli~. karavs
Slidnen brZolamde an brZolis Semdeg. karvosanis movaleoba, swored
am gadasatani sadgomis, xolo qoTlosanis valdebuleba, tvirTmzidavi
cxenis movla-patronoba iyo.
aCuxCi, amirCqari. aCuxCi da amirCqari amirspaslaris uwyebaSi Se-
diodnen. isini Tan axldnen samxedro xelmZRvanelebs laSqrobaSi, ma-
gram, samwuxarod, wyaroebiT ar aris cnobili, Tu ra ufleba-movaleo-
bebi hqondaT maT.
mejinibeTuxucesi. mejinibeTuxucesi, igive sajinibos xelmZRvane-
li, amiraxoris qveSevrdomi iyo. mis moxeleebs warmoadgendnen mejini-
beebi da sajinibos xelosanni (moxeleebi).
zaradxana. zaradxana iyo iaraRis sawyobi. masSi aRiricxeboda,
rogorc mefis samxedro aRWurviloba, aseve samefo droSebi, saomari
cxenebis aRkazmuloba, sxva saxis mravali samxedro nivTi. `Pelmwifis
karis garigebis~ mixedviT zaradxanaSi inaxeboda: `erTis tansacmelis
abjris meti, sxvaY yvela abjari, razomica Tana aqvs, jaWvi, muzaradi,
Pmali, qafa, sabarkuli, mSKld-kaparWi, laxti, Subi, sruliad yovelive
unagiri moWedili da xami, akazmuloba, rac zed abia da rac sacxene
javSani manjuvebi abreSumisa, cxenis yelsabami moWedili, kanjris kudi,
da amisTana yvela, didi droSa, dabarCamni orni TavgadaWedilni, erTi
TeTri da erTi Savi, Subi sefe almiTa, ese yovelni mnaTobni, moWedilni
vercxliT da spilenZiani~. marTalia, `karis garigebis~ mixedviT aq sau-
baria samefo iaraRis sawyobze, magram misi aRweriloba gvixatavs zogad
suraTs, Tu ra saxis samxedro aRWurviloba esaWiroeboda Sua sauku-
neebis molaSqres. zaradxanas, Tavisi uSualod meTvalyure moxeleebi
hyavda, zaradxanis uxucesis, zaradxanis molaris, zaradxanis mejinibes,
misratulTuxucesis, misratulebis (cxenis Semkazmavebis) da zaradxanis
mwignobaris saxiT. weliwadSi erTxel, yoveli wlis damdegs, zaradxanis
uxucesi da mwignobari aRwerdnen iaraR-saWurvelis mdgomareobas da
angariSvaldebulni iyvnen amiraxoris da meabjreTuxucesis winaSe.
samxedro uwyebac feodaluri sistemis nawili iyo. umaRles Tanam-
debobeze maRali wris, didebul aznaurTa warmomadgenlebi iniSnebod-
nen. rac Seexeba, ufro dabali Tanamdebobebis pirebs, isini msaxurTa
wridan iyvnen gamosulni, magram samxedro saqme maT aZlevda saSualebas
dawinaurebuliyvnen wodebriv, feodalur safexurze. rogorc viciT,

32
giorgi III-m yivCaRTa daqiravebuli razmis meTauri yubasari daawinaura
da amirspasalaroba uboZa. samxedro uwyebaSi araqarTveli moxeleebic
mravlad iyvnen da isinic erTguli samsaxuris gamo am ierarqiul kibeze
aRzevdebodnen da qarTvel didebulTa wreSi Sediodnen. amis naTeli
magaliTia, XII saukuneSi mxargrZelTa dawinaureba da maTi qarTul feo-
dalur sistemaSi moxvedra. warmoSobiT isini qurTistanidan iyvnen da
XII saukunis Sua xanebidan samefo karze erTguli samsaxuris gamo aR-
zevdnen.

33
 Tavi IV
laSqris Semadgenloba

samefo spa. samefo spa, igive `laSqarni Temisa~, `laSqarni qveyani-

sanni~ administraciuli erTeulebidan, saerisTavoebidan, kuTxeebidan
(Temebi) gamomavali razmebi iyo. samefo spa ikribeboda TemTa warCineb-
ulebisgan, aznaurebisgan da msaxurebisgan. isini TavianTi socialuri
mdgomareobiT samxedrovaldebulni iyvnen xelisuflebis winaSe. saT-
aveSi aseT nawilebs erisTavebi da spasalarebi edgnen. Temebs laSqro-
bis dros saerTo xelmZRvanelic hyavdaT. samcxis TemSi (mesxTa TemSi)
ramdenime saerisTavos razmebi erTiandebodnen da mas saTaveSi samcxis
spasalarebi edgnen. yvela am Tems brZolis dros Tavisi adgili hqonda
samxedro ganlagebaSi. mesxTa Temidan gamomavali nawilebi mowinavee-
bSi idgnen. jaris xelmZRvaneloba, wvrTna, sabrZolod momzadeba amir-
spasalars hqonda Cabarebuli. mefe, zogadad, jarebis saerTo xelmZ-
Rvaneli iyo da amirspaslarTan da spasalarebTan erTad meTaurobda
brZolis mimdinareobas. amirspasalaris Tanamdeboba giorgi III-is pe-
riodidan gvxvdeba. adrindel epoqaSi spaspeti da spasalarebi iyvnen
samxedro SenaerTebis xelmZRvanelebi. roca daviT aRmaSenebelma yiv-
CaRebi gadmoiyvana CrdiloeT kavkasiidan, razmebad daawyo da maT saT-
aveSi spasalarni da mmarTebelni daudgina. spasalarebi, garda yivCaRTa
razmebisa, samefo spis, qveynis sxvadasxva Temebidan gamomavali jarebis
xelmZRvanelebic iyvnen.
samefo spas saxelmwifo gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebisas iyenebda,
maSin, roca saerTo samxedro mobilizacia cxaddeboda. mis gamowve-
vas qveynis Temebidan samefo xelisufleba uzrunvelyofda. es ar iyo
mudmivi, iaraRis qveS dayenebuli samxedro Zala. misi samsaxuri droe-
biTi iyo. samefo spas omis damTavrebisTanave daiTxovdnen. feodalur
armiaSi ar iyo yazarmuli tipis samsaxuri. mSvidobianobis dros samefo
spis ZiriTadi nawili Tavis Cveulebriv saqmianobas, miwismflobelo-
bas (sakuTari miwebis movla-patronobas glexTa Sromis saSualebiT)
ubrundeboda, Tumca, drodadro, samxedro xelmZRvanelobis qveS samx-
edro wvrTnas da varjiSebs atarebda, rac, aseve, nadiroba-samxedro
TamaSobebSi gamoixateboda.
samefo spaSi Sediodnen aseve, monapireTa da mTielTa samxedro
kontingentebi. eseni gasamxedroebuli Temebis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen.
maT mTavar movaleobas sazRvrebis dacva da marbieli reidebis mowyoba
warmoadgenda.

34
 Sida spa. Sida spa war-
moadgenda samefo spis erT-
erT ZiriTad kontingents.
Sida spas _ wyaroebSi ewo-
deba, aseve, `Sida laSqari~.
1047 wels bagrat IV (1027-1072
ww.), liparit baRvaSTan da mis
momxre bizantielebTan omisas,
mters Seeba `Sida laSqriTa~.
es laSqari Sida spis nairsaxe-
oba iyo. Sida spa aqtiur monaw-
ileobas iRebda daviT aRmaSene-
blis mier warmoebul samxedro
operaciebSi, romelTac mefe
momTabareTa winaaRmdeg axor-
cielebda. mematianes aRwerili
aqvs daviT IV-is Turqmanebze
Tavdasxmis mzadeba taoSi: mefem
`spaTa qarTlisaTa mzaoba ubr-
227v. mxedroba. xelnawerTa erovnuli Zana . . . da Tuesa Tebervalsa
centri acnoba qarTuelTa da mesxTa,
raTa klarjeTs daxuden paeman-
sa (daTqmuli dro jaris Seyrisa) da TKT SidiTa spiTa xufTiT Woroxis
piri warvlo. da Sekrbes erTad, da ugrZneul daesxnes maT zeda, uSiSad
msxdomareTa basianamde da mTad karniforisa~. Sida spa, savaraudod,
samefo domenidan gamoyvanili samxedro SenaerTebisgan Sedgeboda. Sua
saukuneebSi, samefo domenis teritoria, afxazTa mefeebis epoqidan
moyolebuli, imereTis mxaris quTaisis regions moicavda da mas `samo-
qalaqo~ erqva. es teritoria, dRevandeli vake, qvemo imereTi, imereTis
dablobs moicavs. gviandel Sua saukuneebSi imereTis samefoSi gvxvdeba
`ficis kacebis~ instituti. `ficis kacebi~ mefesTan ficis erTgule-
biT iyvnen dakavSirebulni da maT mTavar movaleobas omianobis dros
laSqrobaSi samsaxuri warmoadgenda. aseTi instituti arcerT qarTul
samefo-samTavroSi ar arsebobda. `ficis kacebis~ mamulebi, daaxloe-
biT, im mxaris regionSi mdebareobda, romelic Sua saukuneebSi afxa-
zTa da qarTvelTa mefeebis samefo domeni iyo da, Sesabamisad, `ficis
kacebis~ instituti, savaraudod, Sua saukuneebis Sida spis gamoZaxili
unda iyos. qarTul istoriografiaSi aris mosazreba, rom `Sida spa~
Sida qarTlidan _ qveynis centraluri regionidan Sekrebili laSqari

35
iyo. roca jari sabrZolvelad ewyoboda, Sida spa mefis Tanmxlebi iyo
monaspis nawilebTan erTad da sabrZolo moqmedebebis dros laSqris
SuagulSi idga.
winambrZolni. winambrZolTa mowinave razmebis funqcia metad sa-
pasuxismgeblo da sapatio iyo. isini armiis avangards warmoadgendnen
da, Sesabamisad, pirvelni iRebdnen mtris Tavdasxmis simZimes, aseve,
mowinaaRmdegeze Tavdasxmis dros SemtevTa pirvel rigebSi idgnen. Sua
saukuneebis saqarTvelos samxedro ZalebSi mowinaveTa razmebs samcxis
Temidan gamomavali molaSqreebi adgendnen _ samcxis Temis mTavrebi,
spasalarebi _ axalcixelebi, Semdeg _ jayelebi. JamTaaRmwerlis sity-
viT, axalcixelebis `viTar wesad ars saxlisa maTisa winambrZoloba~.
basianis omis dros samcxis razmebi Salva da ivane axalcixelebis meTau-
robiT amirspasalaris razmTan erTad mowinaveebSi idgnen da pirvelni
daesxnen Tavs banakad mdgar mters. aseve, sparseTSi laSqrobis dros,
qalaqebis aRebisas, Canan mesxebi mowinaveebSi. marandTan Setakebis
win, zaqaria amirspasalarma Tayaiadin Tmogvelis mzveravi razmi gaag-
zavna, romelic samcxis Temidan unda yofiliyo gamomavali. mesxebma,
romelTac sardlobis davalebiT ganawilebuli hqondaT qalaqis gala-
vnis zRudeebis ieriSi sxva razmebTan erTad, daangries qalaq zenjanis
zRude. giorgi IV laSam (1210-1223 ww.) ganZis alyis dros mesxTa razmiT
garsSemouara qalaqis kedlebs ieriSis fonis mosaZebnad. 1225 wels,
garnisis brZolaSi, Torelebis da Salva da ivane axalcixelebis meTau-
robiT mesxTa razmebi mewinaveebSi idgnen da maT miiRes sakuTar Tavze
Setakebis mTeli simZime. 1545 wels, soxoistasTan brZolis dros, mesxTa
razmebi iyvnen mowinaveebSi. am brZolis dros, kargad Cans, maTi rolis
istoriuli faqtori, roca imereTis mefe bagrats sTxoves, mieca maTT-
vis mTavarsardals mterTan pirveli Setakebis ufleba. imereTis mefis
uaris gamo, maT brZolaSi monawileobas Tavi aarides, riTac Cans, ra
mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen mowinaveobas, romelic maT istoriulad hqon-
daT. qarTul wyaroebSi, TemTagan gamomavali razmebis meTaurTa Soris,
mxolod XIII saukunis II naxevris samcxis spasalari, erisTavi yuaryuare
jayelia dasaxelebuli.

monapireni. monapireni gasamxedroebuli Temebi qmnidnen sasaz-

Rvro zolSi arsebul samxedro-administraciuli erTeulis sistemas.
am Temebis saTaveSi erisTavebi idgnen da maT movaleobebs marbieli
laSqrobebis, dazverviTi reidebis, mowinaaRmdegis gadaadgilebebze
cnobebis Sekreba warmoadgenda. sasazRvro regionebSi arsebuli saT-
valTvalo-sasignalo koSkebis meSveobiT, xelisufleba iyo informire-

36
buli, Tu ra xdeboda qveynis sanapiro zolSi. am tipis sasazRvro
samsaxuris umTavres movaleobas mowinaaRmdgegTa razmebis marbieli
Semosevebis aRkveTa warmoadgenda. aseTi TareSi mcire razmebiT xor-
cieldeboda da monapireTa movaleoba iyo droulad SeemCniaT mtris
reidi, aRekveTaT misi Tavdasxmis mcdeloba da swrafad ukueqciaT Ta-
vianT samflobeloSi. samefo xelisufleba monapireebs avalebda sasaz-
Rvro zolis sapatrulo samsaxurs.
garda cocxali Zalis gamoyenebisa, didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda
saTvalTvalo koSkebs da simagreTa wyobas. monapireTa damcav zRudeebs
saguSago-saTvalTvalo koSkebis qseli warmoadgenda. calke mdgomi ko-
Skebi, ZiriTadad, SemaRlebul adgilebze, borcvebze da kldeebze iyo
ganlagebuli. qveyanaSi Semomavali gzebi daculi iyo aseTi sapatrulo
koSkebiT da xeobis SesasvlelebSi arsebuli cixe-simagreebiT. isini,
ZiriTadad, dablobebSi gamavali gzebis saTvalTvalod iyo agebuli.
maT funqcias Semomavali Tu SemovliTi gzebis Caketva da gzaTa kon-
troli warmoadgenda. mtris gamoCenis SemTxvevaSi, malemsrbolelebis,
sasignalo niSnebis (koconis danTeba simagreebTan axlos, SesamCnev adg-
ilze) saSualebiT swraf informacias gadascemdnen sasazRvro zolis
xelmZRvanelobas. es saTvalTvalo saguSagoebi cixe-simagreebis dam-
atebiT, damxmare struqturas warmoadgendnen.
monapireebs mowinaaRmdegisaTvis zianis miyeneba, razmebis winsv-
lisaTvis gzebis Caxergva da maTi moZraobis Seferxeba evalebodaT, rac
samefos ZiriTad Zalebs Tavmoyris da mobilizaciis saSualebas mis-
cemda. monapireebis mTavar funqcias, aseve, mtris zurgSi, mosazRvre
regionebSi elviseburi samxedro reidebis ganxorcieleba warmoadgen-
da. maT, permanentuli TavdasxmebiT areuloba unda SeetanaT da SiSi
CaenergaT mtris rigebSi. aseTi reidebiT, Zalis demonstrirebis garda,
mowinaaRmdegis sabrZolo mzaobaze informaciebic unda moepovebinaT.
aseTi Tavdasxmebi davla-alafis mosapovebladac tardeboda, rac im
epoqis samxedro operaciebis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba iyo.
monapireebis funqciebi gansxvavdeboda qveynis centraluri raionebis
erisTavTa valdebulebebisgan. marTalia, yoveli erisTav-moxele samxe-
drovaldebuli iyo saxelmwifos winaSe, magram mudmivi sabrZolo mzao-
ba monapireebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. isini mudmivi riskis zonaSi _
mowinaaRmdegis teritoriebis siaxloves imyofebodnen da mtris pirvel
dartymebs iRebdnen.
monapireTa samxedro-administraciuli sistema garkveulwilad
gansxvavdeboda Sida raionebSi arsebuli teritoriuli erTeulebis
mowyobisagan. sameurneo savargulebi Sida raionebSi ufro didi da

37
daculi iyo da sagadasaxado funqciac saxelmwifos winaSe Sesabamisad
gansxvavdeboda. monapireebi, ZiriTadad, laSqrobidan Semosuli nadav-
liT irCendnen Tavs, vidre sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobidan. amitom,
samefo xelisuflebas isini gaTavisuflebuli hyavda mTeli rigi saba-
tono-sameurneo Semosavlebisagan. daviT aRmaSenebelma saqarTveloSi
Camosaxlebuli yivCaRebi, rogorc Cans, sasazRvro TemebSi daasaxla da
mezobeli teritoriebis rbeva daavala. yivCaRebi monapireebis funqcias
asrulebdnen da permanentuli reidebiT mZime dartymebs ayenebdnen
momTabare Turqmanebs da selCukTa garnizonebs. swored amaSi mdgo-
mareobda, ZiriTadad, yivCaRTa Camosaxlebis arsi. selCukTa sulTani
Txovda kidec daviT aRmaSenebels, SeeCerebina yivCaRTa Tavdasxmebi
mezobel muslimur qveynebze. monapireTa Tavdasxmebi da reidebi, ra
Tqma unda, samefo xelisuflebasTan SeTanxmebuli iyo. Tumca, mcire
masStabis marbieli reidebi yovelTvis ar iyo SeTanxmebuli mTavrobas-
Tan. aseT individualur iniciativebs saxelmwifoTa Soris konfliqtic
gamouwvevia. amis magaliTia, XIII saukuneSi xlaTis sasulTnosa da saqa-
rTvelos mosazRvre regionebis patronTa konfliqti. kerZod, dvinis
mflobel Salvas da surmaris amiras Soris atexili brZola, roca orive
mxarem TavianT siuzerenebTan SeuTanxmeblad moawyo erTmaneTis teri-
toriebis rbeva. dvinis patroni tyved Cauvarda surmaris amiras. Ta-
vis xelqveiTs gamoeqomaga saqarTvelos mefe rusudani (1223-1245 ww.),
romelmac surmaris patronis mfarvels, xlaTis mmarTvels maliq al-
aSrafs tyveebis gaTavisufleba, misi qveSevrdomis TviTnebobis aRkveTa
mosTxova da omiTac daemuqra. xlaTis sulTanma Seasrula rusudanis
moTxovna da aicila qarTvelebTan masStaburi omi.
monapireebis mTavar saqmianobas rom mezobeli qveynebis Zarcva-
rbeva warmoadgenda, kargad Cans giorgi III-is mefobaSic. didebulebma
mefes mosTxoves, mieca maTTvis ufleba, daerbiaT mezobeli terito-
riebi: `ara ars Rone darComisa Cuenisa TKnier laSqrobisa da rbevi-
sa~. mematianis sityva: `mkadrebelni ityodes esreT~, imis mauwyebelia,
rom didebulebma mefes hkadres (mosTxoves) salaSqrod samxedro Za-
lis micema maSin, roca giorgi III-s samSvidobo zavi hqonda dadebuli
adarbadaganis aTabag eldiguzTan, romelsac win uZRoda somxeTis da
arranis miwebisaTvis gauTavebeli omi saqarTvelosa da muslimur ko-
aliciebs Soris, romlis meTauric eldiguzi iyo. am konfliqtSi orive
mxare sakmaod dazaralda da zavis Camogdeba sasicocxlod aucilebeli
iyo. am SeTanxmebaSi didi roli uTamaSia giorgis das rusudans, iran-
erayis sulTnis yias ad-dinis yofil meuRles. eldiguz aTabagsac sixa-
ruliT miuRia zavis ambavi. miuxedavad SeTanxmebisa, monapireTa Txov-

38
nis sapasuxod mefem es zavi daarRvia da `damskunelman laSqrobisaman
da erTsa dResa Sina paeman-Semqmnelman ubrZana taoelTa, klarjTa da
SavSTa morbeva olTisisa da banisa, mesxTa da TorelTa _ karisa da
aSorniisa, da amirspasalarsa da somxiTarTa _ mtkuars aqeT vidre gan-
Zamdis; TÂT xasaganianTa, lixT-imerTa da qarTvelTa _ ganZas damarTe-
biT mtkuris piri imier da amier xolTamdis, herTa da kaxTa _ alaznis
SesarTaviT vidre Sarvanamdis. iqmna eseviTari ucxo laSqroba, romlisa
sigZe araodes vis exila~. aseTi masStabis laSqroba, marTlac, umag-
aliToa saqarTvelos istoriaSi, radgan man erTbaSad moicva uzarmaz-
ari teritoria. aseTi gamoxdoma mSvidobianobis dros, rasakvirvelia,
gamowveva iyo mezobeli muslimebisa, magram giorgi III iZulebuli gaxda
angariSi gaewia Tavisi didebulebisTvis, romlebisTvisac omianoba, ara
marto profesia, aramed ZiriTadi Semosavlis wyaro iyo. am laSqro-
baSi monawileobas iRebda saqarTvelos jarebis ZiriTadi kontingen-
tic amirspasalaris meTaurobiT, magram am laSqrobaSi mTavari roli
swored monapireebs ekisraT: taoelebs, klarjebs, SavSelebs, mesxebs,
Torelebs, somxiTarT, kaxeT-hereTis aznaurebs. isini asrulebdnen
monapireTa funqciebs, radgan es regionebi qveynis sasazRvro zolSi
mdebareobdnen.
msgavsi sasazRvro sistema iyo bizantiis imperiaSi. VII saukunidan
imperiis xelisuflebam Seqmna samxedro-administraciuli sasazRvro
olqebi _ Temebi, romelTa saTaveSi strategosebi (stratigosebi), XI
saukunidan ki _ dukebi idgnen. es sistema, gansakuTrebiT, mobiluri
saxiT, imperiis Crdilo-dasavleT da samxreT-aRmosavleT regionebSi
arsebobda. bizantiisaTvis ZiriTadi safrTxe, swored am mxareebidan
modioda, adre _ slavebis, avarebis da sasanianebis, Semdeg _ arabebis,
mogvianebiT ki _ Turq-selCukebis saxiT. aseTi sasazRvro-sanapiro
olqebi iyo mesopotamia, vaspurakani, antioqia, xaldia (Sedioda iveriis
Temi). msgavsi sistema arsebobda selCukTa saxelmwifoebSi da, mogvi-
anebiT, osmalTa imperiaSi. osmaleTis saxelmwifoSi arsebobda mona-
pire-mosazRvre sanjayebis sistema, romelsac saTaveSi sanjay-begebi
edgnen.
monapireebis funqcias asrulebda saqarTvelos mTiani regionebis
mosaxleobac, romelsac CrdiloeT kavkasiidan gadmomavali gzebi unda
gaekontrolebina. jer kidev antikur epoqaSi, am gadmosasvlelebis kon-
troli samefo xelisuflebis sazrunavi iyo, romelsac adgilobrivi
mTielebis saSualebiT axorcielebda. V saukuneSi vaxtang gorgasalma
darialis gadmosasvlelis gakontroleba alanTa tomebis Tavdasxmebi-
sagan Tavdasacavad, adgilobriv, mTiel mosaxleobas daavala.

39
 monapireTa buneba, maTi funqciebi da valdebulebebi centralur
xelisuflebasTan, naTlad Cans giorgi brwyinvalis samarTlis wignSi
`Zeglisdeba~. rogorc iTqva, kanonTa es krebuli aRmosavleT saqarT-
velos mTiani regionis, mTiuleTis mosaxleobisaTvis aris Sedgenili.
masSi mocemulia gasamxedroebuli Temebis warmomadgenelTa rigi, eri-
sTavTa, ganmgebelTa, xevisberTa, herovanTa, cixisTavTa ufleba-mova-
leobani da adgili sazogadoebaSi. sainteresoa, rom maTi urTierToba
saxelmwifosTan samxedro valdebulebebiT gamoixateboda. erT-erTi
muxli am samarTlisa, Temis kacis laSqrobaSi wausvlelobas exeba. am
sakanonmdeblo muxlis mixedviT, laSqrobaSi umizezod wausvleloba
danaSaulis tolfasi iyo da mis Camdens samsaxuris sanacvlod mice-
muli Tanamdeboba da mamuli erTmeoda: `romel qveyana da Temi awvivnes
brZanebiTa erisTavman da ganmgebelman da Jamierad ar gamovidnen _ qu-
eyanaman Tu sofelman da anu erTman kacman, da razomcaRa kacman daak-
los laSqroba, erTs weliwads ar Seendos da mamuli daeWiros sase-
feod, da TKTo Pari waeguaros sasefod. da meoresa weliwadsa mamuli
isev eboZos erisTavisa da ganmgeblisagan sauraviTa. ese herovnisa da
soflionisa iyos. da Tu Pevisberman daaklos da ar gayves, Pevisberoba
waeRos da mamuli daeWiros. da erTs weliwads ukan mamuli isev eboZos,
da Pevisberobac isev eboZos, Tu namsaxuri iyos da sxua ara Seecodos
ra. Pevisberi Tu ugemurad iyos laSqrobis Jams misi Zma da moaxle kaci
wavides, da Pevisbers Seendos laSqars wausvleloba~.
marTalia, es Zegli mTiuleTis mosaxleobisaTvis aris Seqmnili,
romlis specifikac gansxvavebulia baris mosaxleobis socialuri sta-
tusisgan, magram gasamxedroebuli Temebis, monapireebis valdebulebebi
saxelmwifos winaSe faqtiurad erTnairi iyo.
taZreulebi. taZreulebi iyvnen samefo domenis molaSqreebi, mefes-
Tan mudmivad myofi msaxureuli samxedro pirebi. `rCeulni Wabukni,
romelni samaradisod Tana yvebodes mefeTa~. `taZreuli~ _ `taZari~,
samefo domenis aRmniSvneli terminia (taZari _ sasaxle, palati), taZ-
ris miwa _ samefo miwaa, romelic uSualod mefis sakuTrebaSia. taZ-
reulebi pirvelad ixseniebian VIII saukuneSi arCilis erismTavrobis
dros. arCilma taZreulebi aznaurebad aqcia da samefo domenidan kax-
eTis miwebi dauriga sargeblobaSi. taZreulebSi, garda aznaurebisa, Se-
diodnen aseve, samefo msaxurebi, dabali warmoSobis pirebi glexTa da
meTemeTa wridan, romelTa samsaxuri samxedro-administraciuli iyo.
garda samxedro samsaxurisa, isini sasaxlis karzec msaxurobdnen, Tum-
ca taZreulebis razmebSi gaerTianebulebis mTavari funqcia samxedro
samsaxuri iyo. taZreulTa razmebSi, savaraudod, gaazatebuli (gaTavi-

40
suflebuli) monebic msaxurobdnen. isini iyvnen mefis talani, guSagni,
mesawoleni. taZreulebi mudmivad Tan axldnen mefes, rogorc omiano-
bis, ise mSvidobianobis dros. TrialeTSi, selCukebis SemoWris dros,
daviT aRmaSenebels naWarmagevSi yofnisas taZreulTa razmi axlda Tan.
isini mudmivad mefis samsaxurSi iyvnen da Sinauri reaqciisa da yovel-
gvari moulodnelobisagan icavdnen mas. taZreulis wevrebi SeiZleba
yofiliyvnen didebuli aznaurebi, erisTavebi, mTavrebi, romlebsac
samefo karze Tanamdebobebi eWiraT. wyaroebSi SemorCenilia erisTavis
taZreulad kurTxevis rituali. vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT, `rameTu
ZueliTganve iyo wesi ese: ra Jams mokudis erisTavi, anu mTavari, anu
Pelisufalni, anu aznaurni Cinebulni moarTvian mefesa mis momkudrisa
Prmali, cxeni da uxucesi Ze misi, xolo mefe Pelisuflobisa da eri-
sTobisa wessa, visica eneba, Rirsebisaebr miuboZis da odesme Zesaca,
ukeTu Rirs iyo anu Zal-edva mourneoba misi. xolo cxeni wariyvanian
samefoT, da Prmalsa moartymida winaSe mefisa msaxurTuxucesi Zesa
mis momkudrisasa, da daawesian taZreulad anu sxva samefo msaxurebaTa
Sina Rirsebisaebr~. taZreulis aRmniSvnelad wyaroebSi gvxvdeba termi-
nebi: `Sinaurni mefisani~, `karvis karsa Pelisufalni~. Tamar mefis dros
samxedro aRlumze sxva samxedro nawilebTan erTad idgnen `TKT karvis
karsa Pelisufalni da Sinaurni~
mesawoleni. mefis kabinetis _ sawolis msaxurebi, mefis piradi
mcvelebi, xelmZRvanelobda mesawoleTuxucesi. taZreulebs unda mie-
kuTvnebodnen, Tumca, mesawoleebis zogadi xelmZRvaneloba msaxurTux-
ucess ebara, rogorc samefo sasaxleebis da palatebis mTavar gamges.
mesawoleebi Tan axldnen mefes qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi mogzau-
robisas (samefo kars hqonda ZiriTadi da droebiTi rezidenciebi da
mefis gadaadgileba Tbilisidan geguTSi, cxumSi, biWvinTaSi, anakofiaSi
da sxva mxareebSi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo). `xelmwifis karis garige-
baSi~ weria, rom Svidasi Subosani mesawole axlavs mefes mgzavrobaSi,
romelTagan mxolod rvaa glexi, danarCeni ki _ aznauri. am glexebs, spe-
cialurad SerCeuli ojaxebidan irCevdnen da samxedro samsaxurisaT-
vis amzadebdnen. mefis simSvides sawolSi mesawole icavda. marTalia,
wyaroebi arafers gveubnebian am kontingentis sabrZolo operaciebSi
monawileobis Sesaxeb, magram Subosan mesawoleTa razmebi unda xlebod-
nen mefes omSic, rogorc gansakuTrebiT saimedo da sabrZolo nawilebi,
romlebic brZolaSic mefis usafrTxoebas icavdnen. monaspis razmebi-
sgan gansxvavebiT, saqarTveloSi mesawoleTa razmebi, savaraudod, ad-
gilobrivi mosaxleobisagan Sedgeboda. `Pelmwifis karis garigebis~
mixedviT, is, ZiriTadad, aznaurebisgan da mciredi nawili glexebisgan

41
(savaraudod, msaxurebad qceulebisgan) iyo dakompleqtebuli da, ra
Tqma unda, isini qarTvelebi iyvnen. saeWvoa, rom ucxotomelebi mema-
tianes aznaurebad da glexebad moexseniebina.
roqis spa, moqiravneebi. roqis spas Seadgendnen moqiravneebi _
daqiravebuli razmebi. `roga~ (roqa) berZnuli terminia da qarTulad
niSnavs _ qiras, jamagirs. saqarTveloSi daqiravebuli razmebis gam-
oyenebas didi xnis tradicia hqonda. jer kidev antikuri periodidan
moyolebuli, qarTveli mefeebi qiraobdnen CrdiloeT kavkasiel meom-
rebs, alanebs, hunebs, sarmatebs, durZukebs, lekebs, daRestnelebs.
daqiravebul razmebs isini iyenebdnen, rogorc TavdacviTi brZolebis,
ise marbieli laSqrobebis dros. azos winaaRmdeg mebrZoli farnavazis
jarebis rigebSi vxvdebiT osTa da lekTa razmebs. farnavazis momdev-
no xanaSic, qarTlis mefis laSqarSi ibrZodnen CrdiloeT kavkasielTa
daqiravebuli razmebi. maT qiraobas, garda wminda samxedro Tvalsazri-
sisa, hqonda politikur-ekonomikuri da strategiuli mniSvnelobac. am
eTnikuri jgufebisTvis saqarTvelosac umniSvnelovanesi ekonomikuri
mniSvneloba hqonda. maTTvis qarTlis samefos laSqrobebSi monawileo-
ba garkveuli Semosavlis wyaro iyo. qira, ara marto fuliT anazRaur-
deboda, aramed samxedro davla-alafis ganawilebis formiTac. magram,
radgan alafi garantirebuli Semosavali ar iyo, amitom fuladi anaz-
Raureba iyo maTi mowvevis mTavari safuZveli.
II saukuneSi, qarTlis mefem farsman II qvelma romaelTa winaaRm-
deg gamoiyena alanTa razmebi, romlebic romis imperiis samxreT ka-
vkasiur provinciebs Seusia. am laSqrobis dros mopovebuli naZarcvis
ganawilebis Semdeg, es meomari tomebi samSobloSi gaistumra. antikuri
periodis qarTlis mefeebis saomar operaciebSi gvxvdebian aseve, paWan-
ikebis, jiqebis, durZukebis, didoelebis razmebic.
rogorc aRvniSneT, moqiravneebis gastumreba fuladi anazRaure-
biT da laSqrobaSi mopovebuli davla-alafiT xdeboda. moqiravneTa
razmebi mudmiv yazarmul weszec hyavdaT mefeebs. CrdiloeT kavkasias-
Tan damakavSirebeli gza darialis gadasasvlelebi iyo da saqarTvelos
xelisufleba did mniSvnelobas aniWebda am xeobebis kontrols da flo-
bas. qarTlis erismTavrebi arabobis periodSi (VIII-IX ss.) xazar meomrebs
qiraobdnen, romelTac, garda davla-alafis mopovebisa, strategiuli
miznebic gaaCndaT. arabebi seriozul safrTxes uqmnidnen xazarebs
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da arabebisaTvis zianis miyeneba samxreT kavkasiaSi
maT erT-erT mTavar amocanas warmoadgenda.
xSiri iyo tradiciul moqiravneebTan dinastiuri qorwinebebi.
politikuri interesebidan gamomdinare, naTesauri kavSirebi saerTo

42
fronts aZlierebda mowinaaRmdegis mimarT. VIII saukunis afxazTa mTa-
varma leonma Tavisi naTesavis, xazarTa xakanis Zalebi daixmara bizan-
tielebis winaaRmdeg. xazarebi TavianTi xakanisTvis qarTlis erismTa-
var juanSers dis xels sTxovdnen, sanacvlod ki arabebis winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi Tanadgomas hpirdebodnen. XI saukuneSi bagrat IV-m Tavisi
colisZma, osTa mefe daixmara ganZis aTabagis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi da
warmatebuli laSqrobis Semdeg, morbeuli alafis nawiliT gaistumra
Tavis qveyanaSi. saerTod, alan-osTa razmebis qiraobas didi xnis is-
toria hqonda. daqiravebuli alanebi Canan giorgi III-is, Tamaris da ru-
sudanis samxedro nawilebSic. 1162 wels, giorgi III-m selCukebTan omis
win `gamoasxna ovsni da queyanani didZalni~. 1227 wels, roca bolnisTan
qarTvelTa laSqari Seeba xorezmSah jalal ad-dins, alanebis garda,
jiqebi, durZukebi, lekebi, avarebi, yivCaRebi, somxebi da, aseve, Sah-ar-
menTa (xlaTis sulTnis), SamelTa (sirielebis), rumelTa (rumis sulT-
nis) razmebi idgnen saqarTvelos armiis rigebSi.
XI saukuneSi, saqarTveloSi, daqiravebulebis saxiT, normani meom-
rebic Cndebian, romlebic, qarTuli wyaroebiT, `varangebis~ saxeliT
arian cnobilni. normanebs (CrdiloeTis adamianebs) dasavleT evropaSi
skandinaviel meomrebs eZaxdnen. isini, aseve, vikingTa saxelwodebiT
iyvnen cnobilni. gamoirCeodnen saukeTeso sabrZolo TvisebebiT. nor-
manebi, jer kidev VIII saukunidan, Tavs esxmodnen safrangeTis da ing-
lisis miwebs. sabolood, maT fexi moikides kontinentze da CrdiloeT
safrangeTSi da samxreT italiaSi TavianTi samTavroebi daaarses, 1066
wels ki inglisi daipyres. normanebi saukeTeso zRvaosnebi iyvnen da Ta-
vianTi swrafmavali, msubuqi gemebiT Tavs esxmodnen sanapiro regionebs,
aseve, sanaosno mdinareebiT evropis Sida raionebsac awiokebdnen. isini
SiSis zars scemdnen evropis mosaxleobas. maT mTavar saqmianobas omi
warmoadgenda da normanTa daqiraveba XI saukunidan masiuri movlena
gaxda, rogorc evropaSi, aseve aRmosavleTSi. bizantiaSi, sadac moqi-
ravneTa razmebis gamoyenebas didi xnis istoria hqonda, normanebs ma-
siurad qiraobdnen. swored bizantiidan aRmoCndnen saqarTveloSi nor-
mani meomrebi (`varangni~). XI saukunis Sua xanebSi daZabuli urTierToba
iyo saqarTvelosa da bizantias Soris, rac gamovlinda bagrat IV-sa da
kldekaris erisTav liparit baRvaSis samxedro dapirispirebaSi. Lli-
parits mxars uWerda bizantiis xelisufleba da mas jariT da fuliTac
amaragebda: `berZenTa mefisa ganZi da laSqari Semwe iyo~ liparitis.
gamoyofil Tanxebs meamboxe feodali sabrZolo moqmedebebis sawar-
moeblad, daqiravebulTa gasastumreblad da, aseve, sxva feodalebis
gadmosabireblad iyenebda. liparitis mxareze bizantielebTan er-

43
Tad ibrZodnen kaxeTis feodalebi da somexTa mefis razmebi. swored
am konfliqtis dros Cndebian normanebi, vikingi meomrebi. `qarTlis
cxovrebis~ Txzulebis `matiane qarTlisas~ cnobiT, `movides varangni
sami aTasi kaci~. am laSqridan mxolod Svidas meomars miuRia monaw-
ileoba brZolaSi, romelic bagratsa da liparits Soris 1047 wels
gaimarTa sasireTis maxloblad. am brZolis Semdeg, varangebi lixis qe-
dis gadavliT gaecalnen saqarTvelos. es aris erTaderTi cnoba, ro-
melic varangTa saqarTveloSi yofnaze mogviTxrobs. mematianis naambo-
bidan rTulia gavarkvioT, bagratis Tu liparitis mxareze ibrZodnen
daqiravebuli normanebi.
daqiravebul normanTa yofnis kvali saqarTveloSi SemorCenilia
skandinaviur TqmulebebSic. islandiur sagaSi aRwerilia normani ra-
indis ingvaris mogzauroba samxreTis qveynebSi. mravali saxifaTo mog-
zaurobis Semdeg, ingvari Casula Zlieri
qristiani dedoflis samflobeloSi,
daqorwinebula dedofalze da Tavisi
3000 meomriT damdgara mis samsaxurSi. am
gadmocemis alegoria Seexeba XII sauku-
nis saqarTvelos, romlis mmarTveli iyo
Tamar mefe, radgan imdroindel aRmosav-
leTSi sxva qristiani dedofali aravin
iyo, garda saqarTvelos saxelganTqmuli
gvirgvinosnisa. sxva skandinaviuri sage-
bic miuTiTeben ingvaris da misi Taname-
brZolebis yofnaze saqarTveloSi. Zveli
vikingebis muzaradi germanuli qronika mogviTxrobs, rom in-
gvari da misi TanamebrZoli anundi ama-
zonTa qveyanaSi daiRupnen. amazonTa qveyanac evropul warmodgenebSi
saqarTvelo iyo. marTalia, es cnobebi normani meomrebis Sesaxeb saT-
avgadasavlo eposia, magram masSi Cans normanTa mogzaurobebis da br-
Zolebis kvali aRmosavleTis qveynebSi.
XII saukunidan, roca saqarTvelos saxelmwifos politikuri saz-
Rvrebi da gavlena gaizarda kavkasiis, mcire aziis da maxlobeli aRmosav-
leTis regionSi, moqiravneTa axal-axali Zalebi gamoCndnen qarTvelTa
mefeebis samsaxurSi. salaSqrod gazrdili moTxovnilebebi kidev ufro
met samxedro resurss moiTxovda da, amitom, garda ymadnafici qvey-
nebis (Sirvanis, CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebis, kavkasiis samxreTiT mde-
bare wvrili saamiroebis) samxedro kontingentebisa, gaCndnen qurTebis
(`qurdnis~), Turqmenebis, sxva kavkasieli Tu mcireazieli muslimebis

44
daqiravebuli razmebic.
daviT aRmaSenebelma 1118 wels yivCaRTa urdo Camoasaxla saqarT-
veloSi Turqmani momTabareebis da selCukTa razmebis winaaRmdeg sa-
brZolvelad da maT marbieli monapireebis msgavsi funqcia daakisra.
sanacvlod, samefo karma sabinadro da saZovari miwebi dauriga da isini
samxedro sistemis mudmiv regularul razmebad aqcia. yivCaRTa roli
imdenad gaizarda da Seerwya saqarTvelos samxedro sistemas, rom isini
gvxvdebian momdevno saukuneebSic. giorgi III-is da Tamaris epoqaSi gvx-
vdebian axali yivCaRebic, rac imis maniSnebelia, rom samefo kars regu-
larulad gadmohyavda yivCaRTa axali razmebi. axlad gadmoyvanilT ki,
gansxvavebiT adre CamosaxlebulTagan, garkveuli sazRauris fasad is-
tumrebda da maT aq yofnas droebiTi xasiaTi hqonda. XIII saukuneSi saqa-
rTveloSi arsebobda moqiravneTa gadasaxadi `sayivCaRo~. rogorc Cans,
samefo kari mosaxleobas awerda moqiravneTa gastumrebis safasurs.
`sayivCaRo~ mxolod yivCaRTa mowvevisaTvis gaRebuli gasamrjelo ar
iyo, is, zogadad, daqiravebulebisTvis iyo dawesebuli. `sayivCaRo~ imi-
tom erqva, rom yivCaRebis mowvevas saqarTveloSi didi xnis tradicia
hqonda. XVIII saukuneSi qarTl-kaxeTis mosaxleobas Sewerili hqonda,
aseve, moqiravneTa gadasaxadi `saleko~, romelic, uSualod, CrdiloeT
kavkasieli daqiravebulebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili. msgavsi gadasaxadi
Sewerili hqonda evropis qveynebis mosaxleobas, romelsac `saladinis
meaTedi~ erqva. 1187 wels, mas Semdeg, rac sulTanma salah ad-dinma
jvarosnebs ierusalimi waarTva, evropaSi daiwyo samzadisi axali jva-
rosnuli laSqrobisaTvis. es gadasaxadi ki gamiznuli iyo am samxedro
kampaniaSi moqiravneTa razmebis dasaqiraveblad.
didgoris omSi, qarTul laSqarSi, tradiciuli moqiravneebis gver-
diT Canan evropeli raindebi-jvarosnebi. im droisaTvis, evropaSi da
jvarosnul aRmosavleTSi moqiravne raindebis monawileoba samxedro
kampaniebSi tradiciuli movlena iyo. qiraobdnen ara marto sxva qveyni-
dan gadmoyvanil raindebs, aramed TavianT Tanamemamuleebsac, romleb-
sac samxedro saqme profesiad eqciaT. maT, marTalia, hqondaT miwis
nadeli, magram fuladi anazRaureba kidev ufro umZafrebdaT omis
survils. samxedro sistemis ganviTarebam, raindobis institutis Camo-
yalibebam, ministerialebis ricxvis gamravlebam evropaSi Seqmna moqi-
ravne meomrebis sakmaod mravalricxovani fena. aseTi moqiravne razmebi
profesional samxedro Zalad yalibdeboda da metoqeobas uwevda ukve
tradiciul moqiravneebad Camoyalibebul normanTa, vikingTa, slavTa
Tu CrdiloeT evropul meomar Zalebs. beneficiumis saxiT aRebuli
miwis nakveTi aRar iyo sakmarisi mflobelisTvis, samxedro samsaxuri

45
gaewia seniorisaTvis da fulad anazRaurebasac iTxovda. 1158 wels
CexeTis mefe vladislavs, Tavisma vasalebma, gazrdili samxedro val-
debulebebis gamo, uari ganucxades italiaSi laSqrobaze da mxolod
fuladi kompensaciis SeTavazebis Semdeg daTaxmdnen laSqrobaSi monaw-
ileobaze. 1173 wels italiaSi morigi laSqrobisas imperator fridrix
I barbarosas armiis ZiriTad birTvs, brabanteli moqiravneebi Seadgend-
nen, radgan imperatori did problemebs awydeboda sakuTari vasalebis,
germaneli baronebis mxridan, romlebic ukmayofiloni iyvnen fridrix-
is gauTavebeli laSqrobebiT alpebs gaRma da cdilobdnen Tavidan ae-
cilebinaT morigi salaSqro gawveva. Tavis mxriv, germanel baronebsac
uWirdaT TavianTi vasalebis moTokva. miuxedavad imisa, rom samxedro
valdebulebebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi emuqrebodaT samsaxuris
sanacvlod micemuli miwis, feodis dakargva, isini, mainc, yovelgvari
xerxebiT iZvrendnen Tavs laSqrobisgan. XIII saukuneSi safrangeTis
mefeebi gamoTavisuflebul miwebs, lens, moqalaqeebs ufro aZlevdnen,
vidre raind-vasalebs. Tu Sua saukuneebis germaniaSi da safrangeTSi
jer kidev arsebobda feodaluri samxedro valdebulebebi, inglisSi
samxedro samsaxuri fulad kompensaciaze iyo gadasuli. lenis floba
ukve aRar niSnavda mxolod samxedro valdebulebas, is ukve memkvi-
dreobiTi mamuli iyo. amitom, samxedro samsaxuri ara valdebulebad,
aramed damatebiTi Semosavlis wyarod iqca. daqiravebulTa ricxvi Sua
saukuneebis evropaSi Zalian gaizarda. maT, faqtiurad, Caanacvles feo-
daluri laSqari. moqiravneTa gazrdili raodenoba safrTxesac ki uqm-
nida evropis siuzerenebs. molaSqre-mekobreebi mosaxleobis Zarcva-
rbeviTac irCendnen Tavs. droebiTi mSvidoba maTTvis araxelsayreli
iyo da yovelgvar mizezs eZebdnen brZolisaTvis.
gansakuTrebiT gaizarda brabantel moqiravneTa razmebis raodeno-
ba. brabanteli _ daqiravebulis sinonimad iqca. isini, aseve, asocird-
ebodnen yaCaRobasa da ZarcvasTan. amitom, evropeli mefeebi da eklesia
samarTlebrivad devnidnen maT. 1171 wels germaniis imperatorma frid-
rix I barbarosam da safrangeTis mefe lui VII-m xelSekruleba dades,
riTac brabantel da sxva juris mekobreebs ar Seuwyobdnen xels safr-
angeTis da germaniis miwebi erbiaT.
rac Seexeba, jvarosani meomrebis yofnas daviTis laSqarSi did-
goris velze, isini ar unda yofiliyvnen moqiravneebi. selCukebi, qa-
rTvelebisTvis da jvarosanTaTvisac saerTo mteri iyo. Cven ar gvaqvs
cnobebi, muslimTa winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad qarTvelTa da jvarosanTa
Soris xelSekrulebebis, an raime saxis diplomatiuri molaparakebebis
Sesaxeb, magram wyaroebSi arsebuli is mwiri masala, romelic am kon-

46
taqtebze miuTiTebs, ar gamoricxavs, rom maT raime erToblivi gegma
hqonodaT SemuSavebuli saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg. maTi saqarTveloSi
mosvlis savaraudo marSruti Savi zRva iyo, romelic qarTvelTa same-
fos bizantiis imperiis centrebTan akavSirebda (XI saukuneSi, swored
sazRvao gziT movidnen bizantiidan saqarTveloSi daqiravebuli nor-
manebi). jvarosnuli laSqrobebis manZilze konstantinepoli da sxva bi-
zantiuri qalaqebi evropel raindTa razmebis Tavmoyris punqtebi iyo.

jvarosnebi muslimebTan brZolis dros

aqedan gadadiodnen isini mcire aziaSi da siria-palestinaSi. jvaros-

nebis mosvla im droisaTvis saxmeleTo gziT, faqtiurad, gamoricxu-
li iyo. saqarTvelosa da jvarosnul samefo-sagrafoebs Soris mraval
aseul kilometrze ganfenili iyo mTeli rigi selCukuri samTavroebi
da sasulTnoebi da, savaraudod, didgorTan mebrZoli jvarosnebi saz-
Rvao gziT Semovidnen saqarTveloSi.
meomrebis qiraobis forma gavrcelebuli iyo muslimur aRmosav-
leTSic. xalifebis, amirebis Tu aTabagebis samxedro kontingentebSi
gamoirCeodnen Turqmani, yivCaRi, alani da sxva momTabare tomebis mo-
qiravneebi. Turqmanebis roli aRmosavleTis samxedro kampaniebSi gan-
sakuTrebiT gaizarda XI saukuneSi, selCukTa eqspansiis dros. selCuke-
bis warmatebebSi maT mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes. Turqman moisarTa
razmebi selCukTa armiebis avangards warmoadgendnen. dapyrobil ter-
itoriebze selCukTa mmarTvelebi Turqman momTabareebs asaxlebdnen
da sarCenad farTo saZovrebs aZlevdnen. am momTabare masebiT aivso

47
sparseTis, erayis, siria-palestinis, kavkasiis da mcire aziis regionebi.
momTabareTa am meomari elebis Semosavlis ZiriTadi wyaro omianoba
iyo da isini qiris safasurad, xalisiT Sediodnen sxvadasxva amirebis
Tu aTabagebis samsaxurSi. vinaidan, momTabare elebi, cxovrebis wesi-
dan gamomdinare, xSirad icvlidnen sacxovrebel adgilebs, maTTvis
ucxo iyo saxelmwifoebrivi Segneba, amitom, daqiravebuli Turqmanebis
razmebi gvxvdeba muslimTa mTavari mtrebis, bizantieli, jvarosani da
sxva qristiani mmarTvelebis samsaxurSic. 1071 wels manaskertTan, bi-
zantiis imperator romanoz diogenis mxareze selCukTa sulTnis alf-
arslanis winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen Turqmanebi. maSin, roca gaxurebuli
brZolis dros, bizantielTa mokavSire qristiani somxebis razmebi
ukuiqcnen, TurqmanTa daqiravebulebma ar miatoves imperatori da bo-
lomde medgrad idgnen.
daqiravebuli Turqmanebi rom seriozul Zalas warmoadgendnen mus-
limi emirebisaTvis, Cans, mardinis da diarberqiris cnobili mmarTve-
lis il-Razis samxedro kampaniebidan. 1119 wels, balatTan, jvarosnebze
saxelovan gamarjvebaSi, Turqmanebma didi roli Seasrules, magram, mas
Semdeg, rac il-Razma veRar gadauxada Turqmanebs fuli, igi miatoves
da iqiT daiwyes il-Razis teritoriebis rbeva.
arabi mematianeebis cnobiT, muslimebs xelSi CauvardaT erTi cno-
bili da mdidari frangi seniori. gaTavisuflebis sanacvlod igi emirs
hpirdeboda 10 aTass oqros monetas, magram man frangi tyve gaugza-
vna Tavis aTabags, raTa kidev ufro meti fuli gamoeZalaT misTvis.
mTvralma aTabagma ki sruliad umizezod, Tavisi xeliT am tyves Tavi
moaWra. miuxedavad imisa, rom aTabagi misi uzenaesi iyo, emirma sayve-
duriT uTxra: `Cven araferi ar gagvaCnia, erTi groSic ki. es frangi ki
amxela Tanxas gvTavazobda, rac gamogvadgeboda Turqmanebis dasaqi-
raveblad da Sen ki imis nacvlad, rom gamogeTxova ufro meti, mokali
igi da moiqeci windauxedavad~.
saintereso informacia aqvs ibn al-asirsac: `il-Razi ar awarmoebda
xangrZliv omebs jvarosanTa winaaRmdeg, radgan misi razmebis ZiriTad
birTvs daqiravebuli Turqmanebi warmoadgendnen. Turqmanebi saSinlad
gaumaZRarni iyvnen da mxolod gamorCenisaTvis ibrZodnen. TiToeul
Turqman meomars sagzlad erTi tomara fqvili da daWrili, gamomS-
rali cxvris xorci hqonda. kampaniis periodSi, il-Razi saaTebs iTv-
lida, rom male damTavrebuliyo brZola, radgan Tu didxans gastanda,
Turqmanebi miatovebdnen mas, radgan ar hqonda imis zedmeti fuli, rom
Seenaxa isini~.
saqarTveloze laSqrobaSic, il-Razis armiaSi mravlad iyvnen daqi-

48
ravebuli Turqmanebis razmebi. daviTis istorikosis gadmocemiT, il-
Razs SeuerTdnen damaskos da alepos regionebis Turqmanebi. is, rom
fulis gamo, moqiravneebisaTvis arafers niSnavda TanamorwmuneebTan
an TanamoZmeebTan omi, Cans, 1195 wels, qarTvelTa da adarbadaganis
mmarTvelis abu-baqr aTabagis dapirispirebaSi. arabi istorikosis al-
husainis gadmocemiT, abu-baqris winaaRmdeg mimaval qarTvelTa jars
mravali muslimi SeuerTda: `SeuerTdnen agreTve eranis jarebidan
isinic, romelTac imedi hqondaT, rom meliqi (Tamar mefe) TavisTvis
xelsayrel pirobebSi maT TavisTan raime adgils miscemda. Turqmenebi-
danac erTi jamaaTi Segrovda~.
daqiravebuli Turqmanebis razmebi Canan jvarosanTa armiebSic.
XII saukunidan jvarosanTa mxares ibrZodnen Turqopolebis cxeno-
sani razmebi. maT rigebs avsebdnen adgilobrivi Turqmanebidan da
aseve im axalgazrdebidan, romlebic warmoadgendnen berZeni da Turqi
ojaxebis Sereuli qorwinebidan dabadebul Wabukebs. nawili am Wabuke-
bisa gaqristianebuli iyo. es iyo msubuqi, moisari kavaleria, romelic
seriozul zians ayenebda muslimTa razmebs da jvarosanTa meTaurebi
mas iyenebdnen marbieli da Soreuli samxedro reidebisaTvis. Turqo-
polebis razmebi Sediodnen raindTa samxedro-sasuliero ordenebSic.
tamplierTa ordenis raindebi Turqopolebs iyenebdnen daqiravebuli
Turqmanebis razmebis meTaurebad. jvarosnebTan mebrZoli egvipteli
mamluqebi da sxva muslimi mmarTvelebi Turqopolebs moRalateebad
Tvlidnen da tyved Cavardnilebs sastikad sjidnen. 1187 wels hatinTan
brZolaSi gamarjvebis Semdeg, egviptis da siriis sulTanma salah ad-
dinma, tyvedCavardnili arcerTi Turqopoli ar daindo, misma meomreb-
ma yvelani daxoces, rogorc moRalateebi da sarwmunoebis mtrebi. mas
Semdeg, rac jvarosnebma XIII saukunis bolos TandaTan datoves siria-
palestinis miwebi, TurqopolTa razmebis naSTebi raindTa ordenebTan
erTad gadavidnen kunZul kviprosze, rodosze da maltaze. germanel
tevtonTa ordenis raindebi TavianT msubuq kavalerias Turqopolebs
uwodebdnen.
monaspa. monaspas warmoadgendnen igive monebi, razmelebi, mefis
gvardia. mona-msaxuri iyo Tavisi batonis samsaxurSi myofi molaSqre.
Sua saukuneebis epoqaSi mona klasikuri gagebiT (servus) ar moiazre-
boda, is msaxurs, vasals aRniSnavda. monebs evalebodaT sapolicio saq-
mec, romelic sasaxlis da, saerTod, samefo karis dacvaSic gamoixate-
boda. saqarTveloSi taZreulebs, romlebic mefis molaSqre aznaurebi
iyvnen, zogjer monebi ewodebodaT.
monebisgan Sedgeboda monaspa, gvardia, rCeuli nawilebi, romlebic

49
mudmivad Tan axldnen mefes, rogorc masStaburi sabrZolo moqmede-
bebis, aseve marbieli Tavdasxmebis drosac. daviT IV-is mematianes aRniS-
nuli aqvs, rom erT-erTi morigi Casafrebis dros, roca mefe Tbili-
sidan gamomaval da Semaval TurqTa qaravnebze Tavdasxmas amzadebda,
loWinis xeobaSi gaagzavna `monaTagan TxuTmeti kacni rCeulni~, raTa
moetacebinaT naxiri da ukuqceulebs SemoetyuebinaT Turqebi avWalis
xeobaSi, sadac mefe samasi mxedriT iyo Casafrebuli. rogorc Cans, es
monebi monaspis wevrebi iyvnen da is samasi mxedaric monaspis nawili
iyo.
monaspis razmebi monawileobdnen did samxedro kampaniebSic. 1123
wels, rodesac selCukTa sulTanma mahmudma Sirvani da misi dedaqalaqi
Semaxa daikava, daviT aRmaSenebelma mtris gansadevnad masStaburi samx-
edro mobilizacia Caatara. qarTvelTa da yivCaRTa laSqris mraval-
ricxovnebas ise SeuSinebia sulTani, rom gaqcevasac apirebda. swored
Semaxaze laSqrobis dros mouvida daviTs informacia, rom sulTnis
dasaxmareblad Semaxasken miemarTeboda arranis (ranis, ganZis saamiros)
amira 4000 meomriT. mefem monaspis aTaseulidan gamohyo razmi, romel-
mac mters gza gadauRoba da gaanadgura. istorikosi gadmogvcems, rom
momxduris laSqari `mospes monaTa mefisaTa~. maSveli razmis ganadgure-
bam kidev ufro mZime dReSi Caagdo sulTani, romelic Semaxas cixeSi
Caiketa. es gabeduli samxedro reidi mianiSnebs, rom monaspis razmebi
aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen samxedro moqmedebebSi.
daviTis monaspaSi sxva erovnebis meomrebic iyvnen. mematianes
aRniSnuli aqvs: `monani romel hyves rCeulni da ganswavlulni Ruawl-
sa, viTar xuTiaTasi kaci, yovelni qristiane qmnulni, misandoni da ga-
mocdilni simPniTa~. am sityvebidan Cans, rom monaspaSi araqarTvelebic,
araqristianebic Sediodnen, romlebic `qristiane qmnulni~ iyvnen.
bizantiur armiaSi monaspa ZiriTadad ucxoeli, daqiravebuli meom-
rebisgan Sedgeboda. imperatoris gvardiaSi es razmebi slavebiT da
skandinavielebiT (varangniT) iyo dakompleqtebuli. isini uSualod im-
peratoris gvardias warmoadgendnen da maT specialurad wvrTnidnen.
bizantiis laSqarSi daqiravebuli qarTveli meomrebic Canan. msgavs vi-
Tarebas vxedavT arabTa da selCukTa samxedro nawilebSic. maT gvardia-
Si imyofebodnen Turqmani, yivCaRi, CrdiloeT kavkasieli da xorezmeli
meomrebi. isinic amgvar razmebSi qiriT iyvnen miwveulni. ucxo kontin-
gentebs vxvdebiT jvarosnul armiebSic, romlebic mudmivad imyofe-
bodnen evropeli mTavrebis, baronebis da seniorebis samsaxurSi. aseTi
razmebi hyavdaT tamplierTa da tevtonTa ordenebsac. tevtonebi Tavi-
anT msubuq kavalerias Turqopolebs uwodebdnen. ra Tqma unda, saqarT-

50
velos samefo finansuri SesaZleblobebiT Camouvardeboda bizantiis
imperias da did muslimur saxelmwifoebs, amitom qarTuli armia da
rCeuli nawilebi, mcire gamonaklisebis garda, ZiriTadad, adgilobrivi
Zalebisgan Sedgeboda.
monaspa _ es iyo yazarmul sistemaze myofi mudmivi jari, romlis
saqmianobas mxolod samxedro samsaxuri warmoadgenda.
yivCaRTa jari. yivCaRebi Turqulenovani tomebi iyvnen, romlebic XI
saukunis meore naxevarSi, axali saZovrebis da miwebis ZiebaSi, central-
uri aziis regionebidan dasavleTisaken daiZrnen da gansaxldnen samxreT
ruseTis stepebSi, volgidan dnepramde. maTi tomebis erTi nawili kidev
ufro Sors wavida da miaRwia centraluri evropis sazRvrebs, kerZod,
ungreTs. yivCaRebma daikaves CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTis miwebic da
bizantiis imperias gaumezobldnen Crdilo-aRmosavleTis mxridan. am
eqspansiis Sedegad, maTi gansaxlebis areali moicavda teritorias mdi-
nare dunaidan irtiSamde, romelsac Sua saukunis wyaroebi yivCaRTa
stepebad moixsenieben. am Zlieri momTabare tomebis gamoCenam aafori-
aqa, rogorc bizantiis da ruseTis, ise dasavleT evropis mmarTveli
wreebi. yivCaRebi TavianTi mkacri sabrZolo Tvisebebis gamo, SiSis zars
scemdnen adgilobriv mosaxleobas. ruseTis mTavrebs da bizantiis im-
peratorebs didi Zalisxmeva sWirdebodaT maTi Tavdasxmebis mosagerie-
blad.
yivCaRTa samxedro kontingentis gamoCena pirvelad saqarTvelos
samxedro sistemaSi daviT aRmaSeneblis RonisZiebas ukavSirdeba, roca,
1118 wels saqarTveloSi gadmoasaxla CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi momTabare am
xalxis nawili. yivCaRTa es urdo saqarTveloSi daasaxles dedawulianad
da daevalaT yoveli ojaxidan erTi meomris micema mefis samsaxurSi. da-
viTis es RonisZieba ukve kars momdgari safrTxeebis gasaneitraleblad
iyo mimarTuli, radgan dgeboda gadamwyveti Jami selCukebTan brZolis
axal fazaSi gadasasvlelad. qveynis sazRvrebs gareT sabrZolo moq-
medebebis gadatanas da welSi gatexil momTabareTa saboloo alagmvas
ufro didi samxedro SenaerTebi da erTimeoris monacvle dasvenebuli
Zalebi sWirdeboda. qarTvelTa bolodroindelma warmatebebma qarTul-
selCukuri dapirispirebebi axal fazaSi gadaiyvana. perspeqtivaSi isaxe-
boda CrdiloeT somxeTis, Sirvanis qveynis, imiertaos teritoriebis
dalaSqvris da SemoerTebis sakiTxi. amave dros, jer kidev ar iyo dam-
Tavrebuli qarTuli miwebidan mtris saboloo gandevna. amitom, same-
fos winaSe damxmare samxedro Zalis mowvevis sakiTxi dadga. Ggadawyda,
CrdiloeT kavkasiidan momTabare yivCaRebi moewviaT da maTgan marbieli
samxedro nawilebi SeeqmnaT, romlebic gazrdil salaSqro moTxovnebs

51
daakmayofilebdnen.
daviTis istorikosis sityviT, gauTavebelma laSqrobebma qarTvel-
Ta jari moRala. aucilebeli iyo dasvenebuli rezervebi. axlad aRebul
cixe-qalaqebs sWirdebodaT dacva, rac mecixovneTa razmebis simravles
da cocxali Zalis did resurss moiTxovda. yivCaRebis gamoyeneba mom-
Tabare Turqmanebis winaaRmdeg, samefo xelisuflebis mxridan gadadg-
muli, garkveuli strategiuli nabiji iyo, rac momTabare Turqmanebs,
aseve, momTabareobis samxedro wesze aRzrdil Zalas upirispirebda.
daviTma samxedro Zalebi Seavso gansxvavebuli Tvisebebis mqone, msub-
uqi moisari cxenosani razmebiT. yivCaRTa msubuq kavalerias samefo
kari, aseve, iyenebda qveynis sazRvrebs gareT marbieli reidebisaTvis.
daviTs yivCaRTa mTavris asuli hyavda colad. es qorwinebac diploma-
tiuri mniSvnelobis aqti iyo. swored Tavis simamrs, aTraqa SaraRanis
Zes SesTavaza mefem saqarTveloSi Tavisi xalxiT gadmosaxleba. daviTis
mematiane aRniSnavs yivCaRTa gansakuTrebul samxedro Tvisebebs: „wyo-
baTa Sina simxne, sisubuqe da mimosvla, sificxe mimarTebisa.“ rogorc
momTabare meomar Zalebs, maT axasiaTebdaT swrafi manevrireba, mowi-
naaRmdegis teritoriebis siRrmeSi elviseburi reidebis mowyoba, dam-
arcxebuli mtris efeqturi devna da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi _ swrafi
ukuqcevac (aseTi samxedro Tvisebebis gamo yivCaRebs xSirad qiraobdnen
bizantieli imperatorebi, evropeli mefe-mTavrebi, ruseTis samTavroe-
bis mmarTvelebi, arabTa xalifebi, xorezmSahebi, Turq-selCukTa sulT-
nebi da amirebi). saqarTvelos samefo karis mier ucxoel samxedroTa
qiraobas karga xnis tradicia hqonda, magram momTabareTa tomebis Camo-
saxleba da maTgan molaSqre-marbieli razmebis Seqmna axali RonisZieba
iyo.
1118 wels, daviT aRmaSenebeli, giorgi WyondidelTan erTad gada-
vida oseTSi, raTa uzrunveleyo yivCaRTa gadmosaxleba saqarTveloSi.
isini kievis mTavris, vladimir monomaxis mier iyvnen devnilni, Sex-
iznulni CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da konfliqti hqondaT osebTan. daviT-
ma zavi Camoagdo osebsa da yivCaRebs Soris, gamoarTva mZevlebi da
oseTis gziT (darialiT) gadmoiyvana yivCaRebi saqarTveloSi. daviTis
istorikosis cnobiT, „xolo yivCaRni daayena adgilTa maT marjveTa
dedawuliTa maTiTa, romelTa Tana iyo wyobad ganmavali rCeuli or-
moci aTasi“.6 daviTis istorikosi arafers gveubneba, Tu sad daasaxla

6 qarTul istoriografiaSi, daviTis mematianis mier dasaxelebuli ricxvidan

(40 000 meomari) gamomdinare miiCneven, rom gadmosaxlebul yivCaR momTaba-
reTa saerTo raodenoba dedawulianad, daaxloebiT 200-250 aTass Seadgenda.
arsebobs varaudi, rom mefem isini qveynis sxvadasxva mxareebSi gadaanawila,

52
xelisuflebam yivCaRi momTabareebi. savaraudod, axlad Camosaxle-
bulebs samefo xelisufleba Turqmani momTabareebisgan gawmendil
teritoriebs SesTavazebda. es teritoriebi _ qvemo qarTlis sanaxebi,
hereTis da somxiTis velebi, TurqmanTa masiuri Camosaxlebis dros ad-
gilobrivi mosaxleobisagan dacarielebuli iyo. Llores aRebis Semdeg,
saqarTvelos farglebSi moeqca gagis, kaenis, kaiwonis, lores da ta-
Siris miwebi. ZiriTadad, swored aq unda daesaxlebina mefes momTaba-
reebi. yivCaRTa meurneobac momTabaruli wesis iyo da maTTvis am teri-
toriebis saZovrebad sargeblobaSi gadacema xelisuflebis garkveuli
strategiuli nabiji iyo, CrdiloeT somxeTi da lore-taSiris miwebi
ketavda samxreTidan Tbilisze mimaval lore-samSvildis gzas. samx-
edro-sasazRvro dasaxlebaTa axali sistema ki Turqman momTabareebs
upirispirdeboda.
samefo xelisuflebam yivCaRebi aRWurva, gawvrTna da saTaveSi spas-
alarebi da mmarTvelebi daudgina. am razmebis Sesanaxad saxelmwifoSi
gadasaxadic ki SemoiRo _ „sayivCaRo“, romelsac specialuri moxeleebi
„mesayivCaReebi“ krefdnen. samefo kari yivCaRebs, aseve, aZlevda ufle-
bas, marbieli laSqrobis dros mopovebuli davla-alafis nawili Tvi-
Ton ganekargaT. momTabareTa razmebis Senaxvis es formac sayovelTaod
gavrcelebuli iyo. amiT maT eZleodaT stimuli srul sabrZolo mza-
dyofnaSi yofiliyvnen da sistematuri TavdasxmebiT mtrisaTvis mos-
veneba daekargaT. mezobeli teritoriebis davla-alafisaTvis intensi-
uri rbevac, momTabareTa cxovrebis Semadgeneli nawili iyo. sparseTis
sulTani mociqulis piriT sTxovda daviTs, rom yivCaRTa rbevisagan
gaeTavisuflebina misi miwebi da eZiebda qarTvelTa mefisagan `mSvido-
basa da siyvaruls~.
garda msubuqi cxenosani marbieli razmebisa, daviTma yivCaRTagan
Camoayaliba mZimed SeiaraRebuli samxedro nawilebic. yivCaRebis monaw-
ileoba samxedro kampaniebSi marto momTabareebze TavdasxmebiT da mtris
zurgSi swrafi manevrebiT ar Semoifargleboda. yivCaRebi monawileobas

radgan momTabareTa didi masis erT adgilze Tavmoyra garkveul risks Sei-
cavda qveynis usafrTxoebisaTvis. s. margiSvilis azriT, amxela masis Camoyvana
warmoudgeneli iyo. jer imitom, rom amdeni momTabare arcerT tomSi ar iyo.
es didi gaerTianebisTvisac uzarmazari ricxvi iyo. saqarTveloSi ki mxolod
yivCaRTa erTi tomi gadmovida (meore, aTraqas Zmis sirCanis xelmZRvanelobiT
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi darCa). aseve, 200-300 aTas yivCaRs uzarmazari terito-
ria sWirdeboda saZovrebisaTvis da sacxovreblad. aseTi SesaZleblobebi ki
saqarTvelos samefos ar gaaCnda. s. margiSvilis azriT, saqarTveloSi gadmo-
saxlebuli yivCaRebis saerTo raodenoba 20-25 aTasi unda yofiliyo da maTgan
samefos 5-8 aTasi meomari unda mieRo.

53
 Rebulobdnen msxvil samxedro opera-
ciebSi, 1121 wels _ didgoris omSi, 1123
wels _ Sirvanze Tavdasxmis dros, qalaq
Samaxias alyisas. aseTi xasiaTis sabrZo-
lo moqmedebebSi monawileoba mowinaaR-
mdegis regularul, mZimed SeiaraRebul
qveiTTa da cxenosanTa razmebTan, spe-
cialur momzadebas saWiroebda. garda
msubuqi meisre razmebisa, yivCaRebi da-
viTma mZimed SeiaraRebul nawilebadac
aqcia. mas Semdeg, rac qarTvelTa samx-
edro nawilebs yivCaRebi daematnen, da-
viTma kidev ufro gazarda laSqrobebis
geografiuli areali.
daviTis Semdeg, demetre I-is mefo-
yivCaRTa muzaradi bis pirvel xanebSi, Camosaxlebul yiv-
CaRTa nawili samSobloSi, CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi dabrunda. Tavisi xalxiT dabrunda daviTis simamri aTraqa
SaraRanis Zec. rogorc Cans, demetres mefobis dros garkveul uTanx-
moebas hqonda adgili. SeiZleba es gamowveuli iyo demetres winaaR-
mdeg daviTis umcrosi vaJis cvatas (vaxtangis) gamosvliT, romelic
yivCaRTa asulisgan hyavda mefes da, savaraudod, yivCaRebma am kon-
fliqtSi cvatas mxare daiWires. XIII saukunis rusuli qronikidan Cans,
rom yivCaRebi, marTlac, aiyarnen saqarTvelodan, magram amis mizezad
mematianes, 1125 wels, maTi mTavari mowinaaRmdegis, kievis didi mTavris
vladimir monomaxis gardacvaleba da yivCaRebsa da rus mTavrebs Soris
dadebuli zavi mohyavs. giorgi III-is dros yivCaRebi kvlav Canan saqarT-
velos laSqarSi, magram ara ukve dedawulianad gadmosaxlebulni. eseni
iyvnen ubralod moqiravne razmebi, romlebic mefes garkveuli droiT
sWirdeboda. amasTan, Tamaris jarSi ixseniebian `yivCaRni axalni~. axali
yivCaRebis razmebis xseneba niSnavs, rom daviTis droindeli yivCaRebis
Camomavlebi isev msaxurobdnen saqarTvelos samxedro nawilebSi da es
Zveli yivCaRebi organulad iyvnen dakavSirebulni qarTul samxedro
struqturebTan, SeiZleba ukve gaqarTvelebulni da gaqristianebul-
nic. axali yivCaRebis daqiravebuli razmebi aqtiur monawileobas Re-
bulobdnen qarTvelTa brZolebSi. Tamaris istorikosis cnobiT, abu-
baqr aTabagTan SebrZolebis win, Tamaris samefo karze samsaxurSi iyo
yivCaRTa mTavris, sevinjis Zma salavaTi. is Tavisi razmiT monawileobas
iRebda samefo karis mier warmoebul samxedro operaciebSi. samsaxurad

54
dgoma ar niSnavda droebiT daqiravebas, roca samefo kars anazRaurebis
sanacvlod gadmohyavda CrdiloeT kavkasiidan daqiravebulebi. aseT
samxedro samsaxurSi myofebs, samefo xelisufleba jamagirs uniSnavda
da mudmiv mzadyofnaSi hyavda. yivCaRebi Canan saqarTvelos laSqarSi
Tamaris memkvidris rusudanis mefobis drosac, 1228 wlis bolnisis br-
ZolaSi, xorezmSah jalal ad-dinis winaaRmdeg. yivCaRTa razmi ixsenieba
saqarTveloSi 1300-1308 wlebSic. rogorc vxedavT, daviT aRmaSeneblis
dros yivCaRTa Camosaxleba da maTi daqiravebuli razmebis mowveva qa-
rTveli mefeebis mier, ukve tradiciad iqca.
sanam yivCaRTa salaSqrod mowvevis sakiTxi aqtualuri iyo kavkasia-
Si, maT regularulad qiraobdnen, magram, mas mere, rac, XIII saukunidan,
yivCaRTa miwebi aiTvisa oqros urdos monRolurma saxelmwifom, maT
dakarges TavianTi TviTmyofadoba da aiTqvifnen monRolur-TaTrul
politikur da eTnikur sivrceSi. amis Semdeg, yivCaRTa roli samxedro
kampaniebSi mcirdeba da qarTuli samxedro-politikuri sivrcidan
samudamod qreba.

55