1.

Introduction to Speciation
Type of Speciation
 Allopatric
 Sympatric
 Phyletic
 Divergent
Same species:
 Same species can interbreed.
 Offspring can reproduce
Speciation is how a new kind of plant or animal species is created. Speciation occurs
when a group within a species separated from other members of its species and
develops its own unique characteristics.

Allopatric speciation occurs

when a species separates into two
separate groups which are isolated
from one another. A physical barrier,
such as a mountain range or a
waterway, makes it impossible for
them to breed with one another. Each
species develops differently based
on the demands of their unique
habitat or the genetic
characteristics of the group that are
passed on to offspring. Cannot
interbreed.
Example: An example of speciation is the Galápagos finch. Different species of these
birds live on different islands in the Galápagos archipelago, located in the
Pacific Ocean off South America. The finches are isolated from one another by the
ocean. Over millions of years, each species of finch developed a unique beak that is
especially adapted to the kinds of food it eats. Some finches have large, blunt beaks that
can crack the hard shells of nuts and seeds. Other finches have long, thin beaks that
can probe into cactus flowers without the bird being poked by the cactus spines. Still
other finches have medium-size beaks that can catch and grasp insects. Because they
are isolated, the birds don’t breed with one another and have therefore developed into
unique species with unique characteristics. This is called allopatric speciation.

Sympatric speciation- Occurs when there are no physical barriers preventing any
members of species from mating with another, and all members are in close proximity to
one another. A new species develop spontaneously based on a different food source or
characteristic. Polymorphism occur: Genetic differences. Live together, no geographic
isolation, but may have other isolation. ecological behavior change. Cannot interbreed.

Example: A possible example of sympatric speciation is the apple maggot, an insect that
lays its eggs inside the fruit of an apple, causing it to rot. As the apple falls from the tree,
the maggots dig in the ground before emerging as flies several months later. The apple
maggot originally laid its eggs in the fruit of a relative of the apple—a fruit called a
hawthorn. After apples were introduced to North America in the 19th century, a type of
maggot developed that only lays its eggs in apples. The original hawthorn species still
only lays its eggs in hawthorns. The two types of maggots are not different species yet,
but many scientists believe they are undergoing the process of sympatric speciation.

Barriers/ Isolations
Prezygotic barriers: barriers occur before can make a zygote. No fertilization
Behavior isolation: prevent male attract female
 Temporal isolation: different breeding season
Habitat isolation: different habitat (water and land) preventing them to mate

Postzygotic barriers:
Off springs are unable to reproduce/ develop
Genetic different

Speciation is the process by which new species arise from existing species. Two patterns for
the process of speciation have been proposed: phyletic speciation and divergent speciation.
Phyletic speciation: A process of gradual change in a single population. Phyletic speciation
could be drawn as a line. Species A becomes species B, which becomes species C. It has been
proposed for human evolution and evolution of horse. The problem with phyletic speciation is
that it would only occur if there were a gradual change in the selective regime that progressively
favored the modern form.
The gradual transformation of one species into another without an increase in species number
at any time within the lineage.

Divergent speciation: Form of a branching tree. Species A splits into species A and B. Species
B may subsequently branch into species C, and so on. Species A, B and C may exist all at the
same time and any of them may be ended by extinction at same point in the process. Divergent
speciation is consistent with fossil evidence of biological evolution.
Divergent speciation, the branch points in the tree described above, results from reproductive
isolation of two parts of a population. Reproductive isolation means that interbreeding between
the two groups is prevented by some barrier. Once interbreeding ends, two processes cause
the isolated group to become different from the parent population:
a. Genetic variation occurs independently in the two groups. Lack of interbreeding prevents
sharing of these independent genetic variations. Thus the genetic variation on which
natural selection acts is different in the two groups.
b. Selection may be different for the two groups. If selection differs, different variants will be
favored in the two groups.
Over time, the two populations become sufficiently different that they can no longer
interbreed even the barriers are removed.

http://www.uwyo.edu/bio1000skh/lecture36.htm

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TNN-WGYWks

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4mvuhwRfpc
How do new species form?
Interbreeding between the populations of two emerging species must be blocked, by their
becoming isolated from each other. Enough time must pass during this time of isolation for
mutations to accumulate and for the two populations to become genetically distinct from each
other. They must become sufficiently different from each other that if the two populations were
brought together again, they would not be able to share their genetic pools.

Pattern of Speciation:
Adaptive radiation: One common ancestor gives rise to many distinct species.
Condition:
- High competition
- Adaptation arise that allow for the exploitation of a new niche
- Individuals move to the less competitive areas and thrive
Model of Speciation
-Due to accumulation of many small changes over time
-Due to small number of drastic changes

The Tempo of Speciation

Gradualism: the rate of evolution to be slow and constant, with small changes accumulating
to form big changes.
Punctual equilibrium: Species diverge in bursts of relatively rapid change and then remain
stable for relatively long periods.
Gradualism:
Small changes accumulate to form major changes. What might be considered a small,
insignificant change may in itself not lead to speciation, but may increase fitness. Numerous
similar changes, which would occur over many generations equivalent to thousands of year
or more may lead to speciation. Slow and gradual change.
Punctual Equilibrium: long period of stability followed by short burst of change. Then long
period of stability, short burst of change. Supported by evidence: fossil records, geologic
and atmospheric evidence. Suggest that rates of change accelerate over short period in
small, peripheral populations and then stabilize for long periods in large, central populations.