1. Who is Santiago Alvarez? How come his writing is a primary source?

Santiago Alvarez is a revolutionary general, founder and honorary president of the first
directorate of the Nacionalista party. He is also known as "Kidlat ng Apoy" because of his
bravery and dedication as a commander of Cavite's famous battles. His writing was considered
as a primary source because he was present in the event, he was a member in the Katipunan
secret society under the Magdiwang faction led by Andres Bonifacio. Him being there satisfies
the definition of a primary source of having a testimony of eyewitness.

2. Who is Teodoro Agoncillo? How come his writing is a secondary source?

Teodoro Agoncillo is a prominent 20th-century Filipino historian. He and his contemporary

Renato Constantino were among the first Filipino historians renowned for promoting a distinctly
nationalist point of view of Filipino history. His work is considered a secondary work because it is
a historical writing and is published as a history book.

Santiago Alvarez’s Katipunan and The
Revolution
Upon reading the excerpt I have observed the
following:
 Focuses on the Tejeros convention
 It provided a clear image in my mind as
to what happened therefore, I can say
that the narration of the events is vivid
 It includes direct quotations
 It shows what happened after the Tejeros
Convention specifically the secret
meeting held by the Magdalo
 It also includes General Apoy’s
acceptance of his replacement as the
General Captain
Memoirs of a General and Teodoro Agoncillo's
History of the Filipino People
Upon reading the excerpt I have observed the
following:
 Focuses on the thoughts, feelings and
emotions of Supremo Andres Bonifacio
specifically how he wished that he should
be rightful to be the president of the
revolutionary government
 It shows assemblies prior to Tejeros
convention meaning it doesn’t start with
the the Tejeros convention it even
includes assemblies where Emilio
Aguinaldo was present
 As compared to the work of Alvarez, this
work provided a shortened version of the
Tejeros Convention
 It shows letters of Andres to Mariano
Alvarez and Emilio Jacinto

There are similarities between the two works; one of which is how the both emphasized how Supremo
Bonifacio explained the meaning of ‘K’ as freedom and how it was countered by the Magdalo group
claiming that without government they would be like bandits or aimless animals which enraged General
Apoy. The other emphasis is made on the scene with Daniel Tirona insulting Supremo about his lack of
educational attainment.
 EXTERNAL CRITICISM
Santiago Alvarez’s Katipunan and Memoirs of a General and Teodoro
The Revolution Agoncillo's History of the Filipino
People
Author’s The author is directly related to the The author is not directly related to
interest events. He is the captain general the events. He is a well-known
during the time of the event historian
Observation of As he was directly related to the He was not physically present in the
facts event, he was able to have an event but he was living during those
inside view times
Knowledge for He has the general and technical Him being a historian qualifies him to
reporting knowledge to report such events report the events
events for he is one of the participants in
the said event
Date of event He wrote his memoirs on the year He wrote this on 1947, 50 years after
and work 1927, 30 years after the convention the convention. According to his
on March 25,1897 work the Tejeros convention took
place on March 22, 1897. The date he
mentioned is 3 days earlier from
what Alvarez recorded. This date is
Emilio Aguinaldo’s birthday.
Manner of It was written originally in Tagalog His manner of writing is conventional
writing texts and was later on translated. or through the perspective of the
His manner of writing is direct and foreigners but he also introduced the
clear to what he wants to narrate Filipino-centric style
Primary or It Is considered a primary source It is considered secondary for he is
Secondary because it provides the reader an not present in the event and we can
inside view of what took place in also consider the time difference
the Tejeros convention when he wrote the account as to the
actual happening of the event

INTERNAL CRITICISM
Santiago Alvarez’s Katipunan and The Memoirs of a General and Teodoro
Revolution Agoncillo's History of the Filipino People
The connection of the author between his Although he is not present in the convention
document is natural and plausible because he itself, his connection to the document is
is a participant in the narrated event. He plausible since he is a historian. That is an
played an important role as a captain general enough reason as to how familiar he is with
of the magdiwang faction. Knowing this fact, the subject. As a historian, he is equipped
we can deduce that he is familiar with the with the knowledge needed to relate these
subject being in the place in the indicated events.
time.