Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 10

ÁGIJGĘĢĪ Ł ĞHJĘĒÍHĿĒĘHĬĨ ĒÎĖHGĨĴĒÍ :

RR
+*/
a#-!
r r
M
MM
I HF G
E BF E D

O BMHO >KG:< HKHG:=H


ËÎGÊĔÎ ÏÎĬ ĦÊ ĈÎÌĮĞFĞĒĞÊ ĎÌĞĴĖĬİĞĔÊĔ ÀÊĮĨĦĞĒÊ ĔĖĦ ĈĖĬJÑ RM
á
ǼĚİĮĖĬ ĖÌ ÂĒÎÌÎIĠÊ L ÄĖİĮĞĨÌ IËĞĖÌĮÊĦ ÏÎĬ ĦÊ ĎÌĞĴĖĬİĞĮĚ ÀÎIIĖĬĒĞÊĦĖ
ÆIJĞGIJĞ AÎĒĒÎÌĞ ÕĂĮÊĦĞÊÖÑ HC
M
ĈĬÎFĖİÎĬ ĔĖ ĈÎİĮGĬÊĔÎ ĔĖĦ ĒIJĬİÎ ÄĖİĮĞĨÌ ĬÊĒĞÎÌÊĦ ĔĖ ĦÎİ ĬĖİĞĔIJÎİ İĨĦĞĔÎİ ĖÌ R<
ol
ĦÊ ǼÊĖİĮĬĠÊ ĔĖ ÁĖİÊĬĬÎĦĦÎ IËĞĖÌĮÊĦ ĔĖ ĦÊ ĈÎÌĮĞFĞĒĞÊ ĎÌĞĴĖĬİĞĔÊĔ ÀÊĮĨĦĞĒÊ MC

ĔĖĦ ĈĖĬJN L ĔĖĦ ĒIJĬİÎ ĔĖ ĈĬĖGĬÊĔÎ ÁĖİÊĬĬÎĦĦÎ İÎİĮĖÌĞËĦĖ Ė ĞÌİĮĞĮIJĒĞÎÌÊĦĞĔÊĔ LE


ÊIËĞĖÌĮÊĦ ĔĖ ĦÊ ĎÌĞĴĖĬİĞĔÊĔ ÀĞĖÌĮĠFĞĒÊ ĔĖĦ ÇIJĬÑ :
V

]ol
HC
)J
M
ûA
r
JC
&}
O
JC
J
O2
ol
1
r
ol
mq+
]ol
JC
OE
DND
M
V
ĎÐB DÅĈÕ C
1
ol
ÅÖ ĊIJHĨĘHİHĪJ FGÍ FGIJGĘĢĪ ĒÎĖHGĨĴĒÍÖ M
O,
ŦÖ ĊIJHĨĘHİHĪ FG İIJGĹGĨĘHĬĨ Ł İIJGĘĒKĘHĬĨÔ ol
OE
ol
UÖ ĊIJHĨĘHİHĪ FG HĨĴGIJĨĒÍHĿĒĘHĬĨ FG ĘĪJĴĪJ ĒÎĖHGĨĴĒÍGJÔ
ÙÖ ĊIJHĨĘHİHĪ FG ĠIJĒFKĒÍHFĒFÔ HC
ol
ÚÖ ĊIJHĨĘHİHĪ FG JHĠĨHĞHĘĒĨĘHĒ Ī IJGÍGĹĒĨĘHĒÖ
<
ÅÅÖ ÂÍ FGIJGĘĢĪ ĒÎĖHGĨĴĒÍÖ JC
``
ÅÅÅÖ ÄHJĘĒÍHĿĒĘHĬĨ ĒÎĖHGĨĴĒÍÖ
ÅÈÖ ÎĒĨGIJĒ FG ĘĪĨĘÍKJHĬĨÖ
AM
AL

Ŗ
S
w
O
:q

B b o b ` e l ! v! c f p ` ^ i f w ^ ` f É k ^j_fbkq^i! 217
Bbpab i^ ^mol_^`fÉk ab i^ Jbv Ebkbo^i abi ^j_fbkq^i, A^_b jbk`flk^o* nrb ob`fbkqb+
?j_fbkqb&bk^abi^kqb*i^ JE?'bkl`qr_obab jbkqbpb^mol_^olk kloj^pbkbpqb`^jml*
0..3* v j~p fkqbkp^jbkqb abpab i^ `ob^`fÉk `ljlbiBb`obqlQrmobjl.32+0./1+NAKlbi
abiKfkfpqboflabi?j_fbkqbbk j^vlab0..6* Bb`obqlQrmobjl.4.+0./1+NAK*nrb_rp`^k
i^obdri^`fÉkbfkpqfqr`flk^ifa^a^j_fbkq^ie^k abp^oolii^ovmob`fp^obij^o`lobdri^qloflab
fkdobp^albkrk^bq^m^abfkrpfq^a^^`qfsfa^a, i^`boqfcf`^`fÉk^j_fbkq^i,

Qf_fbkbkilnrbpbobcfbob^bpq~ka^obp^j_fbk+ ?mob`f^jlpbkcfk*nrbbkj^qbof^^j_fbkq^ipb
q^ibp* nrba^ ^Ñk jr`el mlo ob`loobo* obpriq^ bpq~molar`fbkalrkqo~kpfqlabpabi^p_rbk^p
fkkbd^_ib nrbpbsfbkbk molar`fbkal fjmlo+ fkqbk`flkbp e^`f^ i^ abcfkf`fÉk l_gbqfs^ ab rk
q^kqbp^s^k`bp,Nlobgbjmil*`lki^^mol_^`fÉk* j^o`l fkpqfqr`flk^i v obdri^qlofl* il`r^i klp
bi 03 abj^owlab0./1*ab ilpbpq~ka^obpab pfqÑ^rkmbia^Çlj~p^iqlbkj^qbof^abdbpqfÉk
`^ifa^a ^j_fbkq^i m^o^ prbilp* jbaf^kqb Bb+ ^j_fbkq^i,
`obqlQrmobjl..0+0./1+KGL?K*pb`ljmibqÉ
i^obdri^`fÉkpl_obilpm^qolkbpab`^ifa^a^j+ Cpqb krbsl bp`^iÉk abm^o^ ^ i^ krbs^ fkpqf+
P bsfpq^ b a fq^ a ^  m l o ^ ir j k l p  ab i^ D ^`riq^a ab B bob`el ab i^ S k fs b op fa ^ a  ab Jfj^

_fbkq^i m^o^ ilpqobp mofk`fm^ibp`ljmlkbkqbp qr`flk^ifa^a ^j_fbkq^i mbor^k^ rk abp^cÅl


^j_fbkq^ibp*s^ibab`fo8^fob/*^dr^0vprbilp, bklojb8molmf`f^obi`rjmifjfbkqlbcb`qfslab
i^obdri^`fÉk^j_fbkq^i,Cpqbobqlbufdbkloj^p
Jlppb`qlobpb`lkÉjf`lp8fkarpqof^*mbpnrboÅ^* nrb fjmlkd^k `lkar`q^p ob^ifw^_ibpqÄ`kf`^*
jfkboÅ^* efaol`^o_rolp*qo^kpmloqbpv`ljrkf+ b`lkÉjf`^* ^j_fbkq^i vpl`f^ijbkqb e^_i^k+
`^`flkbp*sfsfbka^*`lkpqor``fÉkvp^kb^jfbk+ al*vrk^^`qfsfa^aabfk`bkqfslp*prmbosfpfÉk*
ql* `rbkq^k `lk iÅjfqbp j~ufjlp mbojfpf_ibp* vcfp`^ifw^`fÉk `lk ob`roplp prcf`fbkqbpvnrb
`rvlfk`rjmifjfbkql*^afcbobk`f^abilpCA?p1* pb^8 abp`bkqo^ifw^a^* fkabmbkafbkqb* qÄ`kf`^
dbkbo^ obpmlkp^_fifa^a ^ajfkfpqo^qfs^ v* mlo &jriqfafp`fmifk^of^'*mobpbkqb*vbkcl`^a^bkpr
il q^kql* plk afob`q^jbkqb cfp`^ifw^_ibp mlo l_gbqfslfkpqfqr`flk^i,
bi Mod^kfpjlp ab Cs^ir^`fÉk v Dfp`^ifw^`fÉk
?j_fbkq^i*`ob^alq^j_fÄkbkbi^Çl0..6&bk Ck bi mobpbkqb ^oqÅ`ril klp ^_l`^objlp bk
^abi^kqb*biMCD?', cloj^ fkqolar`qlof^ ^ ^j_lp bibjbkqlp*s^ib
ab`fo* q^kql ^i j^o`l obdri^qlofl ^j_fbkq^i
Sk^sbwbpq^_ib`falpilpbpq~ka^obp^j_fbkq^+ _^pb*`ljl^i^q^ob^abprmbosfpfÉkvcfp`^ifw^+
ibp*bpmlpf_ibbkcl`^oi^bi^_lo^`fÉkvbs^ir^+ `fÉk ^j_fbkq^i* mbopfdrfbkal alp molmÉpfqlp8
`fÉkabilpfkpqorjbkqlpabdbpqfÉk^j_fbkq^i f' fk`bkqfs^o i^ fksbpqfd^`fÉk ^`^aÄjf`^ bk bi
abmi^kfcf`^`fÉk*lmbo^`fÉkv`fboobabmolvb`+ `^jml abi abob`el ^j_fbkq^i* bkqob nrfbkbp
qlp*e^`f^bi`rjmifjfbkqlob^iabilpl_gbqfslp jrvmolkqlqbkao~ki^obpmlkp^_fifa^aab`lk+
^j_fbkq^ibpbpq^_ib`falpbkilpCA?p, qof_rfo^ `lkpqorfo rk jbglocrqrol9vff' bjfqfo
rk^ ^iboq^ qbjmo^k^ pl_ob^idrklp ^pmb`qlp
Pbpmb`ql ab ilp bpqraflp ab fjm^`ql ^j+ nrbmlaoÅ^ab_fifq^oilpkrbslpjb`^kfpjlpab
_fbkq^i v pr bs^ir^`fÉk* bi m^Åp `rbkq^ `lk prmbosfpfÉkvcfp`^ifw^`fÉk^j_fbkq^i*ilp`r^ibp
obdri^`fÉk ab k^qro^ibw^ qo^kpb`qlof^i nrb obmobpbkq^kmfbw^pcrka^jbkq^ibpabiQfpqbj^
bpq^_ib`b mofk`fmflp* `lk`bmqlp v mol`baf+ L^`flk^iabEbpqfÉk?j_fbkq^ivabi^NliÅqf`^
jfbkqlpm^o^i^l_qbk`fÉkabi^`boqfcf`^`fÉk L^`flk^iabi?j_fbkqb,
<?QJ > <OP N /06

/, Jlp CA?p ab ^fob crbolk ^mol_^alp mlo Bb`obql Qrmobjl .52+0../+NAK &00-.4-0../'* Bb`obql Qrmobjl .47+
0..1+NAK&/3-.5-0..1'vBb`obqlQrmobjl..1+0..6+KGL?K&0/-.6-0..6',

0, JlpCA?pab^dr^crbolk^mol_^alpmloBb`obqlQrmobjl.01+0..7+KGL?K&/7-/0-0./1',

1, Ck bi `^pl abi fk`rjmifjfbkql ab ilp CA?* i^ obpmlkp^_fifa^a ^ajfkfpqo^qfs^ bpq~ `lkaf`flk^a^ mlo ibv ^i
bpq^_ib`fjfbkqlabobi^`fÉk`^rp^+bcb`qlbkqobi^ obcbofa^sfli^`fÉkvi^^`qfsfa^aabi^ajfkfpqo^al*`lkclojbil
bpq^_ib`bbi^oqÅ`ril1/,2abi^JE?,

22. Tf q l Tbo k^ A l o l k ^ a l


N^o^ ildo^o nrb i^ obdri^`fÉk ^j_fbkq^i kl abnrb i^ `lkq^jfk^`fÉk pb buqfbka^ kl plil Ü
pb^ `^ifcf`^a^ `ljl ibqo^ jrboq^ * bk mofjbo dbldo~cf`^jbkqb pfklq^j_fÄk ^ qo^sÄp ab i^
`^abk^qoÉcf`^*abqbojfk^oi^pbsbofa^aaba^Çl kkko6
ird^oab_bjlp^grpq^oklp^ilpmlpqri^alpabi
- "F
ĔĖĬĖĒĜÎ ÊIËĞĖÌĮÊĦN ĬÊIÊ ĔĖĦ ÁĖĬĖĒĜÎ ĪIJĖ ĜÊ l`^pflk^alpb`lksfboqbbk rk^ q^ob^ fkjbk+ FEGF E
abp^oolii^alprmolmf^fabkqfa^avprpmolmflp p^jbkqb`ljmibg^*`lpqlp^*fjmob`fp^v*mloil J>S&
CÀEŃ
mofk`fmflpob`qlobp*ilp`r^ibpbpq~kabpqfk^alp q^kql*obfqbol*`lkqolsbopf^!, I HF G
^fkpmfo^oi^bi^_lo^`fÉkabkrbs^obdri^`fÉk*pr E BF E D

fkqbomobq^`fÉk*^mif`^`fÉk*prmbosfpfÉkv`fboq^+ Ckbi`^plabimofk`fmflabmobsbk`fÉk*`lkqbkf+
jbkqbprcfp`^ifw^`fÉk, albkbi^oqÅ`rilTGabi^JE?*pbbpq^_ib`b`ljl
l_gbqfslab i^ dbpqfÉk ^j_fbkq^i bi mobsbkfo*
N^o^ fkf`f^o* bumlkaobjlpbkcloj^ fkqolar`+ sfdfi^ovbsfq^oi^abdo^a^`fÉk abilpb`lpfpqb+
qlof^vjrv_obsbjbkqbi^pklsba^abpbkqÄo+ j^p,Nloprm^oqb*bkbi^oqÅ`rilTfipbob`lkl`b
jfklp ab mofk`fmflpv`^o^`qboÅpqf`^p nrbqo^b bumobp^jbkqbbi mofk`fmflmob`^rqlofl*bi`r^i
bi abob`el ^j_fbkq^i*qlalpbiilp dbpq^alp^ _rp`^fjmlkboi^l_ifd^`fÉkabrk^^``fÉkbcf+
m^oqfoabob^ifa^abpabsbi^a^p^i^irwabkrbslp `^w^c^sloabi^j_fbkqbli^pmboplk^p*fk`irpl &M
T
p^_bobpvkrbslpbkclnrbp, `r^kalbufpq^ara^bkqlokl^iofbpdl^j_fbkq^i
nrbpb_rp`^dbpqflk^o, Vh
ON
B) IKBG<BIBHL=>E=>K><AH:F;B>GM:E OE
ë1
Ckbpqbloabkabfab^p*bimofk`fmflabmobsbk+ MC
hg
,) Ie\aV\c\bfWXceXiXaV\talceXVThV\ta `fÉkcrbafpbÇ^alm^o^i^ppfqr^`flkbpabofbpdl >P
<
^j_fbkq^i `fboql l`lkl`fal*alkab i^ ^``fÉk V
1
J^p`fbk`f^pk^qro^ibpbkpbÇ^knrbi^`ljmibgf+ _rp`^kbrqo^ifw^obimbifdolljfqfd^oprpbcb`qlp9
a^aobpriq^pbork^`^o^`qboÅpqf`^fkebobkqb^ilp mlopr m^oqb*bimofk`fmflmob`^rqlofl^`qÑ^bk <N
OE
^prkqlp^j_fbkq^ibp, Gabkqfcf`^oi^ fkjfkbk`f^ `lkqbuqlppfdk^alp mloi^ ara^ li^ fk`boqbw^ h
ls
ab ofbpdlp^j_fbkq^ibp* `^i`ri^opr pbsbofa^a pl_ob i^ ^jbk^w^ nrb pb `fbokbpl_ob bi ^j+ r
M'
vmol_^_fifa^a*l^_loa^obi bpqraflabi a^Çl _fbkqb*kll_pq^kqbbiil*bimofk`fmflfjmlkbbi ^'
M
^j_fbkq^i*nrbmloabcfkf`fÉkbp8afcrpl*^`rjr+ ab_boab^``fÉklmloqrk^*bpab`fo*^kqbpabpr `r
ON
i^qfsl*fqfkbo^kqb*pfkÄodf`l*bkqoblqo^pmolmfb+ sbofcf`^`fÉk, ON
eb
a^abp*obpriq^kpboq^ob^pq^k`ljmibg^p`ljl ;1
S
`lkqolsbopf^ibp, -) Ie\aV\c\bWX\agXeaT_\mTV\taWXVbfgbf ol
T`U\XagT_Xf
J^fk`boqfarj_obnrbolab^^i^p`^rp^pv`lk+ :r
ON
pb`rbk`f^pabilpa^Çlp^j_fbkq^ibp^pÅ`ljl J^qbloÅ^b`lkÉjf`^abjrbpqo^nrbilpjb`^+ hg
M
V
i^ k^qro^ibw^ foobsbopf_ib ab ^idrk^p abbii^p* kfpjlpabjbo`^alklildo^kmlopÅplilprk^ á
H1
`lkpqfqrvbkabp^cÅlpnrbab_bkpbo^colkq^alp ^pfdk^`fÉk bcf`fbkqb ab ilp _fbkbpv pbosf`flp ol
mlobiabob`el^j_fbkq^ivprplmbo^alobp, ^j_fbkq^ibp* o^wÉk mloi^ `r^i jr`e^p sb`bp M
^
bpqlpqbojfk^kpfbkalpl_obbumilq^alp,Pb`lo+ eb
ON
Alk bpqb molmÉpfql k^`fbolk mofk`fmflp nrb abjlpnrb bk i^ j^vloÅ^ ab`^plp ilp _fbkbp eb
mbocfi^olki^p`^o^`qboÅpqf`^pbpbk`f^ibpabiab+ v pbosf`flp ^j_fbkq^ibp `lkpqfqrvbk _fbkbp OE
Vh
ob`el^j_fbkq^i,Llpobcbofjlp^ ilpmofk`fmfl mÑ_if`lp, eb
ll
abmobsbk`fÉkvmob`^r`fÉk*ilp`r^ibpabcfkbk <
>P
i^ k^qro^ibw^ ^kqf`fm^qfs^ abbpq^ krbs^ o^j^ Ckbpqbpbkqfal*i^^m^of`fÉkabbuqbok^ifa^abp `b
abi Bbob`el* `rv^p kloj^p mlpfqfs^p _rp`^k ^j_fbkq^ibpvabc^ii^pbk ilp jbo`^alp ab+
moflofq^of^jbkqb mobsbkfo i^ ^cb`q^`fÉk ^ ilp jrbpqo^ki^kb`bpfa^aabnrbbufpq^i^obdri^+
..
b`lpfpqbj^pbkird^oabobm^o^oilp, `fÉkbkbpqb`^jml*bfjmlkbbil_gbqfslab*^ á2
qo^sÄpabafsboplpjb`^kfpjlp*ildo^onrbilp
Nfbkpb*mlobgbjmil*bki^olqro^abiliblar`ql ^dbkqbpb`lkÉjf`lpfkqbok^if`bkbkprp`lpqlp .
b`r^qlof^kl*`rv^p mbokf`flp^p obmbo`rpflkbp abmolar``fÉk*i^pfksbopflkbpobi^`flk^a^p`lk S
e^k iibd^al ^ krbpqolp oÅlpv ^jbk^w^k `lk i^dbpqfÉkabilpofbpdlp^j_fbkq^ibp^pl`f^alp à
O
bum^kafopb^i @o^pfi,Qf^biilpbprj^biofbpdl `lkbiabp^ooliilabprp^`qfsfa^abp,

B b o b ` e l  v c f p ` ^ i f w ^ ` f É k  ^ j _ f b k q ^ i  22/
Bb bpq^ j^kbo^ pb `lkqof_rvb ^ nrb ilp mob+ J^ kb`bpfa^a ab i^ m^ri^qfk^ ^ab`r^`fÉk ab
`flp bk i^ b`lkljÅ^ obcibgbk qlalp ilp `lpqlp i^p ^`qfsfa^abp v mo~`qf`^p pl`f^ibp ^ i^p krb+
^pl`f^alp `lk pr molar``fÉk +fk`irfalp ilp s^p bufdbk`f^p ^j_fbkq^ibp abi obi^qfs^jbkqb
^j_fbkq^ibp+abj^kbo^nrb^qo^sÄpabimob`fl krbslabob`el^j_fbkq^i*bumif`^bipbkqfalv
ilp`lkprjfalobpl_qbkd^kfkcloj^`fÉkob^iv rqfifa^aabimofk`fmflabdo^ar^ifa^a,bi`r^i*pf
qljbkjbglobpab`fpflkbpab`lkprjl, _fbkklcloj^m^oqbabi^ifpq^abilpmofk`fmflp
`lkpfabo^alp bk i^ JE?* pÅpbbk`rbkqo^ jbk+
Ckbpqbloabkabfab^pvobdobp^kal^iabob`el `flk^albumobp^jbkqbbkpr^oqf`ri^al2,A^_b
^j_fbkq^i*i^pfqr^`fÉkbumif`^a^mloi^p`fbk`f^p jbk`flk^onrbbpqbmofk`fmflbk`rbkqo^ ob`l+
b`lkÉjf`^pabqbojfkÉi^^m^of`fÉkabimofk`fmfl kl`fjfbkqlbumobplbkbiifpq^alabmofk`fmflp
^j_fbkq^i abfkqbok^ifw^`fÉk abilp`lpqlp^j+ abiPbdi^jbkqlabimol`bafjfbkql^ajfkfpqo^+
_fbkq^ibp*`lkl`fal`lilnrf^ijbkqb`ljl nrfbk qfslp^k`flk^alo*^mol_^almloPbplir`fÉkabi
`lkq^jfk^m^d^ l `lkq^jfk^alom^d^alo , AlkpbglBfob`qfslabiMCD?./0+0./0+MCD?-AB,

A^_bjbk`flk^onrbpf_fbkbpqbmofk`fmflml+ Rlal`^j_fl*vbiqbj^^j_fbkq^iklpfjmlkb
P bsfpq^ b a fq^ a ^  ml o ^ ir j k l p  ab i^ D ^`riq^a ab B bob`el ab i^ S k fs b op fa ^ a  ab Jfj^

aoÅ^ m^ob`bopfjfi^o^i ab obpmlkp^_fifa^a mlo s^oflp*fkslir`o^rkmol`bplababp`r_ofjfbkql


bi a^Çl ^j_fbkq^i* j^kqfbkbk fjmloq^kqbp abimol_ibj^*^k~ifpfpab^iqbok^qfs^p*jbafa^p
afcbobk`f^p* i^p `r^ibp mbocb`q^jbkqb mlaoÅ^ ab plir`fÉk* mobm^o^`fÉk ab fksbopflkbp* `lk+
grpqfcf`^oi^bi^_lo^`fÉkabrk^oqÅ`rilabfksbp+ qo^q^`flkbp* fjmibjbkq^`fÉk* bkp^vlp* `loob`+
qfd^`fÉkêkqboafp`fmifk^of^, `flkbp*bq`,*nrbm^ri^qfk^jbkqbklpmbojfqfo~
^i`^kw^oplir`flkbp`^a^sbwj~pmbocb`q^p,
?ilpbcb`qlpnrbklpl`rm^kbkbpqbjljbkql*
afobjlp nrb jfbkqo^p bk i^ obpmlkp^_fifa^a A^_bjbk`flk^onrbbki^obdri^`fÉk^j_fbk+
mlobia^Çl^j_fbkq^ii^crk`fÉkbpobm^o^alo^ q^i ^odbkqfk^ bpqb mofk`fmfl ob`f_b bi klj_ob
l`ljmbkp^qlof^aba^Çl^j_fbkq^i molar`f+ ab mofk`fmflabmoldobpfsfa^a vpbbk`rbkqo^
al*bimofk`fmfli^fkqbok^ifw^`fÉkabilp`lpqlp ob`lkl`fjfbkqlbkbi^oqÅ`ril2abi^Jbv03453*
^j_fbkq^ibpqfbkb rk^crk`fÉk eliÅpqf`^*`lj+ `lkbipfdrfbkqbqbuql8
mlkbalo^*mobsf^^ia^Çl*nrb_rp`^i^`lkpfab+
o^`fÉk*sfpf_fifw^`fÉk*`lkq^_fifw^`fÉkbfksbopfÉk Jlpl_gbqfslp^j_fbkq^ibpab_bo~kpboildo^alp
bcb`qfs^abilpd^pqlpnrbfkslir`o^i^dbpqfÉk bkcloj^do^ar^i*^qo^sÄpabjbq^pfkqbofk^pv
obpmlkp^_ibabilpofbpdlp^j_fbkq^ibpabi^p cfk^ibp*molvb`q^a^pbkrk`olkldo^j^qbjmlo^i
^`qfsfa^abpb`lkÉjf`^p, nrbc^`fifqbi^^ab`r^`fÉk`loobpmlkafbkqb^i^p
^`qfsfa^abpobi^`flk^a^p`lkbplpl_gbqfslp,
.) Ie\aV\c\bWXZeTWhT_\WTW
/) Ie\aV\c\bWXf\Za\Y\VTaV\TbeX_XiTaV\T
J^p`fbk`f^p k^qro^ibpabjlpqo^olk klplil i^
m^ri^qfk^ abdo^a^`fÉk ab ilp b`lpfpqbj^p ^ J^ eXf\_\XaV\T b`liÉdf`^* abcfkfa^ `ljl i^ `^+
`^rp^ ab i^ ^``fÉk erj^k^* pfkl q^j_fÄk ab m^`fa^aabilppfpqbj^pk^qro^ibpab^_plo_bo
nrÄ j^kbo^ i^ sfa^ erj^k^ pbsbÅ^ ^cb`q^a^ mboqro_^`flkbppfknrbpbsb^kjlafcf`^alpprp
mloi^`lkq^jfk^`fÉkabprbpm^`flsfq^i,Ckq^i bpqor`qro^p*crk`flk^ifa^albnrfif_ofl9^pÅ`ljl
pbkqfal*biabob`el^j_fbkq^ipbe^molmrbpql i^ VTcTV\WTW WX VTeZT  ab ilp b`lpfpqbj^p*
j^kqbkbobi bnrfif_oflvcrk`flk^ifa^a ab ilp `lkaf`fÉk nrbbumif`^ i^pcrk`flkbp k^qro^ibp
b`lpfpqbj^p*^qo^sÄpabi^`loob``fÉk ab`lk+ abafpmbopfÉk* ^rqlabmro^`fÉk vabdo^a^`fÉk
ar`q^pnrb^i^irwabi^`fbk`f^vprp`lkpq^kqbp ab`lkq^jfk^kqbpnrbmlpbbkilp`ljmlkbk+
<?QJ > <OP N /06

abp`r_ofjfbkqlppbabjrbpqo^kofbpdlp^pm^o^ qbp^j_fbkq^ibp*^fob*^dr^vprbil*obpmb`qfs^+
ilpb`lpfpqbj^pvm^o^i^sfa^bkdbkbo^i, jbkqb9`lkpqfqrvbk`lk`bmqlpk^qro^ibp`i^sbp

2, Tbo^oqÅ`ril11pl_obbpq~ka^obp^j_fbkq^ibp,

220 Tf q l Tbo k^ A l o l k ^ a l


m^o^`ljmobkabobimofk`fmflabpfdkfcf`^k`f^l `lk i^ cfk^ifa^a ab mobpbos^o i^p `lkaf`flkbp ë
obibs^k`f^^j_fbkq^i, b`lpfpqÄjf`^pnrbprpqbkq^ki^^`qfsfa^aerj^k^ X X
vi^sfa^bkqla^pprpcloj^ppl_obbimi^kbq^, +*,
tz
?j_lp`lk`bmqlp molsbkfbkqbpab i^`fbk`f^p T+?+Å
k^qro^ibp*^irabk^ ilnrbbkabob`elmlaoÅ^+ Jlpjbo`^alp*i^molar``fÉk*i^`riqro^vmo~`+ MM
;;
jlp abkljfk^o rj_o^ibp ab qlibo^k`f^ ^ i^ qf`^jbkqbqla^c^`bq^abi^sfa^pl`f^ierj^k^ I HF G
`lkq^jfk^`fÉk* `rv^ bufpqbk`f^ bumif`^* bk pbbk`rbkqo^fkbp`fkaf_ibjbkqbsfk`ri^a^`lk E BF E DY

m^oqb*i^^m^of`fÉkabimofk`fmflabpfdkfcf`^k`f^ pbosf`flpv_fbkbp^j_fbkq^ibp,OrÄara^`^_b
lobibs^k`f^^j_fbkq^i abilpfjm^`qlp,Nlobi pl_obi^fkcirbk`f^abi`ifj^pl_obi^bp`^pbwl
`r^i*klqla^mboqro_^`fÉkablofdbk^kqoÉmf`^ ^_rka^k`f^ ab`fboqlp _fbkbpv`lkpb`rbkqb+
lk^qro^iab_bafpm^o^o^rqlj~qf`^jbkqbrk^ jbkqb pl_obprp mob`flp ab jbo`^al* ènrfÄk
^``fÉkmobsbkqfs^labdbpqfÉk^j_fbkq^ivjr+ mlaoÅ^ mlkbo bk `rbpqfÉk i^ fkcirbk`f^ abi
`eljbklpi^kb`bpfa^aabrk^obdri^`fÉk*pfkl b`lpfpqbj^ pl_obi^`riqro^*lpl_obi^`^ifa^a
pÉil`r^kalklpbk`lkqo^jlp^kqbpfqr^`flkbp absfa^ l p^ira ab i^p mboplk^p=* èbp mlpf_ib
ob^ibplmlqbk`f^ibpnrbfkslir`o^krkofbpdlfk+ `lk`b_fo i^p ^`qfsfa^abp ab molar``fÉk v MH
á
jfkbkqblrka^Çlobibs^kqb^ilpb`lpfpqbj^p, qo^kpcloj^`fÉkfkarpqof^iabpsfk`ri^a^pabi^p
crk`flkbp^j_fbkq^ibpabmolsfpfÉkabj^qbof^ M'
+^
Ci mofk`fmfl ab pfdkfcf`^k`f^ l obibs^k`f^* kl v^pfjfi^`fÉkababpb`elp= îM
ob
pb bk`rbkqo^ bumobp^jbkqb ob`lkl`falbk i^ R1
ob
ifpq^ ab mofk`fmflpab i^ JE?* pfk bj_^odl* il Ck q^i pbkqfal* abpab rk^ mbopmb`qfs^ ^kqol+ 7=
'
mlabjlpbk`lkqo^o`ljl`ofqbofl^fli^odlab ml`Äkqof`^*bibnrfif_oflvcrk`flk^ifa^aabilp V
1
pr^oqf`ri^al,J^JE?^irab^i^kb`bpfa^aabi^ b`lpfpqbj^pobpriq^pboabsfq^ifjmloq^k`f^m^o^ 3
pfdkfcf`^k`f^abifjm^`qlla^Çl^j_fbkq^ibk i^plpqbkf_fifa^aabilppfpqbj^pb`lkÉjf`lpv ^f
vh
pbfpl`^pflkbp*^iobdri^o8 i^p pl`fba^abp* bpq^p Ñiqfj^pcrbkqbpab `^a^ .
+A
sbwj~pvj^vlobpkb`bpfa^abp, r
^f
f' CiQfpqbj^abCs^ir^`fÉkabGjm^`ql?j+ ./
^
_fbkq^i&QCG?'* Cpmob`fp^jbkqbabbpqlnrbpbl`rm^biabob+ ^f
xT
ff' Jlpmi^kbpab`fboob* `el^j_fbkq^i*abi^molqb``fÉkabi^pcrk`flkbp kf
ol
êff' J^cfdro^abf^bjbodbk`f^^j_fbkq^i* ^j_fbkq^ibp* nrb kl plk lqo^ `lp^ nrb rk^
MG
fs' Jlp bpq~ka^obp ab `^ifa^a ^j_fbkq^i v* `lkpb`rbk`f^abij^kqbkfjfbkqlabibnrfif_ofl ol
EBà
cfk^ijbkqb* abilpb`lpfpqbj^p, CH

s' Ci oÄdfjbk abcfp`^ifw^`fÉk v`lkqoli ^j+ LE


k{
_fbkq^i, ?elo^_fbk*`r~ibpplki^pkloj^p^j_fbkq^ibp, M
`
Qfdrfbkal^i molcbplo P^Ñi @o^Çbp*bi abob`el C
?pfjfpjl* `ljl sbobjlp j~p ^abi^kqb* bi mlpfqfsl^j_fbkq^imrbababcfkfopb`ljl8 A
ol

obnrfpfqlabpfdkfcf`^k`f^cloj^m^oqbabi^ab+ M
^,
cfkf`fÉkjfpj^abiabob`el^j_fbkq^imlpfqfsl, bi `lkgrkql ab kloj^pgroÅaf`^p nrb ob+ ol

dri^ki^p`lkar`q^perj^k^pnrbmrbabk ol

GG, CJBCPCAFM?K@GCLR?J fkcirfobkrk^j^kbo^obibs^kqbbkilpmol+ JC


^f
`bplpabfkqbo^``fÉknrbqfbkbkird^obkqob ol
TG
J^^m^of`fÉkabiabob`el^j_fbkq^ivpr_^d^gb ilppfpqbj^pnrbilplod^kfpjlpsfslpvprp <
^f
abmofk`fmflp*bkclnrbpvkloj^ppbbumif`^bki^ pfpqbj^pab^j_fbkqb*jbaf^kqbi^dbkbo^+ \\
kb`bpfa^aabobdri^o*bpq^sbwklplili^pobi^`fl+ `fÉkabbcb`qlpabilpnrbbpmbo^rk^jlaf+
kbpfkqbomboplk^ibp*pfkli^pnrbfkslir`o^k^i^ cf`^`fÉkpfdkfcf`^qfs^abi^p`lkaf`flkbpab
\h
pl`fba^abperj^k^p`lkprbkqlokl^j_fbkq^i* bufpqbk`f^abaf`elplod^kfpjlp, 3 15

Vb
3
(
3, @P?|CQ@?JJCQRCPMQ*P^Ñi,HZgnZe]^?^k^\ah<f[b^gmZeKbuf`^kl,Afra^aabKÄuf`l80...*m,07,Ck8K^qbof^ibp JO
abbkpbÇ^kw^abiNofjboNoldo^j^Pbdflk^iJ^qfkl^jbof`^klabA^m^`fq^`fÉkbkBbob`elvNliÅqf`^p?j_fbkq^ibp,
Afra^aabKÄuf`l80..2,

B b o b ` e l  v c f p ` ^ i f w ^ ` f É k  ^ j _ f b k q ^ i  221
Nbol kl plil biil* bi jfpjl ^rqlo klp ^iboq^ &,,,'af`el^pmb`qlqÄ`kf`labiabob`el^j+
pl_obi^ob`fmol`fa^aabi^pfkqbo^``flkbpbkqob _fbkq^i+nrb e^`bm^qbkqbi^ fjmloq^k`f^
ilppfpqbj^p8^j_fbkqbvpl`fba^a,Cpab`fo*q^k abilpbpqraflppl`f^ibppl_obbi^j_fbkqb+*
obibs^kqb`ljlmobpq^o^qbk`fÉk^i^p^``flkbp prbib pbo lisfa^al* `lk i^ `lkpb`rbk`f^
abi^pl`fba^anrbmrbabk^cb`q^obibnrfif_ofl abnrbbi abob`el^j_fbkq^i* bk jr`elp
^j_fbkq^i*bpsfdfi^oi^pob^``flkbpl^``flkbp `^plp*qbojfk^pfbkalml_i^almlokloj^p
ĔĖ ĦÊ ÌÊĮIJĬÊĦĖĹÊ ĪIJĖ ÏIJĖĔĖÌ ĒÎÌĔĞĒĞÎÌÊĬ ĖÌ nrbplkpl`f^ijbkqbfkbcf`fbkqbpvnrb*mlo
jr`elppbkqfalp^ilppfpqbj^ppl`f^ibp, iljfpjl*qfbkbkrk^bufpqbk`f^cloj^i, 4

Ckq^ipbkqfal*bimolcbplo@o^Çbpklpfksfq^^bp+ ?elo^_fbk*biabob`el^j_fbkq^iqo^p`fbkabpr
q^o^qbkqlp^bpq^al_ibafjbkpfÉkabiabob`el bumobpfÉkmlpfqfs^vklpfksfq^^ibbobiobpqlabi
^j_fbkq^i*mlorki^alqÄ`kf`l+b`lpfpqÄjf`lv pfpqbj^groÅaf`lfk`lomlo^kalkrbslpbkclnrbp
mlolqol*pl`f^i, vkrbslpmofk`fmflp*abp^cf^kal`lkpqor``flkbp
v`lkcolkq^kal^kqfdr^pfkpqfqr`flkbpgroÅaf`^p
Nobpbos^obibnrfif_oflb`lpfpqÄjf`l*nrbcfk^i+ `lkob^ifa^abpobsbi^a^pmlokrbslpp^_bobpb
Pbsfpq^ b a fq^ a ^  m l o ^ ir j k l p  ab i^ D ^`riq^a ab B bob`el ab i^ S k fs b op fa ^ a  ab Jfj^

jbkqb bp bi l_gbqfsl abi abob`el ^j_fbkq^i* fk`irplkrbs^p`fbk`f^p,


fjmif`^ bkqbkabo pr crk`flk^jfbkql* m^o^ il
`r^ibiBbob`elab_bs^ibopb*`ljle^pfalv^ DDD* ADN><GDU<>DçI<H=D@IO<G
^mrkq^al* ab jÑiqfmibpafp`fmifk^p `fbkqÅcf`^p*
bkqobbii^pi^_flildÅ^*i^nrÅjf`^*i^fkdbkfboÅ^* Cpqlpkrbslpmofk`fmflpvbkclnrbp^j_fbkq^ibp
i^ jbqblolildÅ^* i^ jbqolildÅ^* bkqob jr`e^p `fboq^jbkqb ab_bk pbo^mif`^alp ^ i^ cfp`^if+
j~p, Bb^eÅi^ fkkbd^_ib k^qro^ibw^ qÄ`kf`^ b w^`fÉk* plil bk bp^ jbafa^bpnrb mlaobjlp
fkqboafp`fmifk^of^abiabob`el^j_fbkq^i, e^_i^omolmf^jbkqbabcfp`^ifw^`fÉk^j_fbkq^i,

Qfkbj_^odl*i^bcb`qfsfa^aabi^obdri^`fÉk^j+ Bbpabbimrkqlabsfpq^abiHZgZ`^f^gm(i^cfp+
_fbkq^iklabp`^kp^Ñkf`^jbkqbbki^ofdrolpfa^a `^ifw^`fÉk^j_fbkq^i`lkpqfqrvbrkfkpqorjbkql
qÄ`kf`^nrbibpfosfÉabprpqbkql*pfklnrbabmbk+ ab dbpqfÉk ^j_fbkq^i* afofdfal ^ ^i`^kw^o ilp
ab^af`flk^ijbkqbabprsf^_fifa^apl`f^i*abkqol l_gbqfslpabi^mliÅqf`^^j_fbkq^imbor^k^*^mol+
abi^`r^imlabjlpbk`lkqo^ork^jriqfmif`fa^a _^a^mloBb`obqlQrmobjl./0+0..7+KGL?K,
abc^`qlobp*`ljl ilp`riqro^ibp*`lkar`qr^ibp*
mpf`liÉdf`lp*b`lkÉjf`lp*bkqobjr`elplqolp, Bbpabrk mrkqlabsfpq^ ibd^i* i^cfp`^ifw^`fÉk
^j_fbkq^i `lkpqfqrvb rk^ ^`qfsfa^a obdri^a^
N^o^bimolcbploP^Ñi@o^Çbp*ilnrbÄiabkljf+ mlobiabob`el^ajfkfpqo^qfsl*nrbpbofdbmlo
k^_^bia^ql qÄ`kf`lpl`f^i bpbinrbbkabcfkf+ prp kloj^p v mofk`fmflp dbkbo^ibp* v nrb pb
qfs^mbojfqbdbkbo^ork^kloj^qÄ`kf`^jbkqb bgbo`bbkbpqof`qlobpmbqlabi^pd^o^kqÅ^pvilp
^ab`r^a^, Nlo biil* obcfofÄkalpb ^i abob`el abob`elpabilp^ajfkfpqo^alp*`ljlmlobgbj+
^j_fbkq^ijbuf`^kl^cfoj^nrb8 mil*biabob`el^i^abcbkp^*^iab_falmol`bpl*
bkqoblqolpj~p,
&,,,' abbpqb Ñiqfjl^qof_rql`^ob`bk mlo
`fboqli^pkloj^pgroÅaf`l^j_fbkq^ibpnrb Sk^mofjbo^`rbpqfÉk*abofs^a^ab`lk`b_fo^i^
plk clojri^a^p pfk `lkpfabo^oqlalp ilp cfp`^ifw^`fÉk `ljl rk fkpqorjbkqlabdbpqfÉk
c^`qlobp `oÅqf`lp ab Åkalib pl`f^i nrb pb ^j_fbkq^iv*mloilq^kql*`ljlrk^mfbw^`i^sb
e^ii^kfkslir`o^alpbki^obi^`fÉkpl`fba^a+ bk ilpbpcrbowl mlo`lk`obq^oilpl_gbqfslpab
k^qro^ibw^v*pl_obqlalbimlonrÄab`fbo+ i^p mliÅqf`^p^j_fbkq^ibp* o^af`^ bkbpq^_ib`bo
<?QJ><OPN /06

q^p^``flkbpnrbpbbpqfj^kabpc^slo^_ibp rk pfpqbj^ ab pbdrfjfbkqlv jbaf`fÉk ab i^


m^o^bi^j_fbkqb ,W^Ç^ab8 `lkqof_r`fÉknrbi^^`qfsfa^acfp`^ifw^alo^sfbkb

4, z]^f*(m,10,

222 Tf q l Tbo k^ A l o l k ^ a l


molar`fbkal*mlobgbjmil*bki^afpjfkr`fÉkab Bbsrbiq^^iBbob`el*rk^q^ob^crka^jbkq^i ë
ofbpdlp^j_fbkq^ibp&mobsbk`fÉk^j_fbkq^i'*l m^o^ i^ ^`qfsfa^a ab prmbosfpfÉk vcfp`^ifw^+ XX
bkbifk`objbkqlabilpÅkaf`bpab`rjmifjfbkql `fÉk* `rvl `rjmifjfbkql bp mboj^kbkqb* ,*2
abi^pkloj^pv`ljmoljfplp^j_fbkq^ibpmlo bp i^ ab `ljm^qf_fifw^o ilp mofk`fmflp mol+
m^oqbabilp^ajfkfpqo^alp, mflp abi abob`el^ajfkfpqo^qfsl `lk ilp abi JJ
JJ
abob`el ^j_fbkq^i* v abqbojfk^o* bk `^a^ I HF G
Sk^pbdrka^`rbpqfÉk*o^af`^bk`ljm^qf_fifw^o `^pl*abnrÄj^kbo^bpq^`lebobk`f^ab_bo~ E BF E D

i^q^ob^bk`ljbka^a^`lkilpob`roplpb`lkÉ+ qo^pi^a^opb^ i^p^`qfsfa^abpabprmbosfpfÉk*


jf`lp*qÄ`kf`lpverj^klpkb`bp^oflpm^o^pr cfp`^ifw^`fÉk* p^k`fÉk vaf`q^alab jbafa^p
`rjmifjfbkql, Nolqbdbob`lpfpqbj^p co~dfibp* `loob`qfs^p,
mobpbos^opbosf`flp^j_fbkq^ibpbpbk`f^ibp*^kqf+
`fm^opfqr^`flkbpabofbpdl^j_fbkq^ifkjfkbkqb ?pÅ*èabnrÄj^kbo^pb^mif`^o~*mlobgbjmil*
l `lkqbkboi^ bum^kpfÉk abi a^Çl ^j_fbkq^i* bi mofk`fmfl abi abob`el ^ajfkfpqo^qfsl mlo
obmobpbkq^k abp^cÅlp8 `ljmibglp* `lpqlplp* bi`r^ii^ara^c^slob`b^i^ajfkfpqo^al*`lk
^iq^jbkqbbpmb`f^ifw^alpv*^i^sbw*fkqboafp`f+ bimofk`fmfl^j_fbkq^inrbfjmlkbi^^``fÉk eb
á
mifk^oflp,Bbp`lkl`bobpq^ob^ifa^abk ilpj~p mob`^rqlof^= èJ^ `lifpfÉk bp plil ^m^obkqb=
^iqlpkfsbibpabab`fpfÉk mliÅqf`^ obmobpbkq^bi èJ^ ^mif`^`fÉk ab ^j_lp mofk`fmflp pb mol+ :r
M0
mofjbom^ple^`f^bico^`^plvbiabp`oÄafqlab ar`bbk mi^klpafpqfkqlp=Cpq^pplk^idrk^p vh
eb
i^pfkpqfqr`flkbp^j_fbkq^ibp, ara^pnrbmlpf_ibjbkqbklpqo^bo~i^`^prÅp+ ûM
ĞŊĞ
qf`^ v nrb mlaoÅ^k jlqfs^o fksbpqfd^`flkbp ò
:
?pfjfpjl* il^j_fbkq^i kl`lkpqfqrvb rk^bp+ ^`^aÄjf`^p, V
mb`f^ifa^a*pbqo^q^abi^obpriq^kqbabrk^^`r+ 3
jri^`fÉkabp^_bobpmolsbkfbkqbpabjÑiqfmibp Jl`fboqlbpnrbilpmofk`fmflp^j_fbkq^ibpclo+ A
Q
)Z
afp`fmifk^pabip^_boerj^kl,Ckq^ipbkqfal*bi j^k m^oqb ab i^p ^`qfsfa^abp ^j_fbkq^ibpab h
)>

bpqraflab i^cbkljbklildÅ^ ^j_fbkq^i bufdb prmbosfpfÉk*cfp`^ifw^`fÉkvaf`q^alab^``flkbp r


JC

nrb i^p fkpqfqr`flkbp ^j_fbkq^ibp abp^ooliibk `loob`qfs^p* v pr ^mif`^`fÉk* mlo il q^kql* bp Zm
Z
`ljmbqbk`f^pm^o^i^dbpqfÉkabiqo^_^glfkqbo+ l_ifd^qlof^, JC
zl
afp`fmifk^ofl, qÖ
eb
JlpÑiqfjlpjbpbpe^kpfalabjr`e^^`qfsfa^a 1
l
J^bcf`^`f^abiqo^_^glabcfp`^ifw^`fÉk^j_fbkq^i abkqolabiMCD?,Ckrkmboflalab`r^qoljbpbp eb
IJÓ
fjmif`^i^bufpqbk`f^abrk^`riqro^fkpqfqr`flk^i pbe^k^mol_^almfbw^pobdri^qlof^p`i^sbpm^o^ Seb
nrb molmf`fb bi qo^_^gl `lkgrkql v pfkÄodf`l pr crk`flk^jfbkql* `ljl bi Pbdi^jbkql ab ^f
R1
ĦŊĦ
ab8fkdbkfbolp*nrÅjf`lp*pl`fÉildlp*_fÉildlp* QrmbosfpfÉkBfob`q^&06-0-0./1'*biPbdi^jbkql b
V
b`lkljfpq^pv^_ld^alp*mlo`fq^oplil^idrk^p abiNol`bafjfbkql?ajfkfpqo^qfslQ^k`flk^alo C
1
molcbpflkbp*bkrk^j_fbkqbfkqbkpfslbk`llo+ &/1-/0-0./0'*i^jbqlalildÅ^m^o^bi`~i`rilab eb
afk^`fÉk* obpmbql molcbpflk^i vqlibo^k`f^, ?i i^pjriq^p&/0-.1-0./1'*ilpifkb^jfbkqlpm^o^i^ M
O,
obpmb`ql*klmlabjlpbpq^oj~pab^`rboal`lk ^mif`^`fÉkabjbafa^p`loob`qfs^p&01-.1-0./1'* eb
M.
bimolcbploNbaolH,DoÅ^p+`fq^almlobimolcbplo bkqoblqolp, eT
A^ccbo^qq^+nrfbkmlpqriÉbimofk`fmfl^j_fbkq^i âl
JC

]^ bgm^k]bl\biebgZkb^]Z]^geZmhfZ]^]^\blbhg^l ( Ck i^p prmbosfpflkbp ab_bo~k ab^mif`^opb ilp eb


f-f
bkrk^oqÅ`rilqfqri^al GZ>exnlneZ<f[b^gmZe^g mofk`fmflpabmobsbk`fÉkvmob`^r`fÉk*^ifdr^i <
JC
eZ>hglmbmn\b|g*Kkbg\bibhl]^eZKhezmb\Z<f[b^gmZe nrb bi ab fkqboafp`fmifk^ofba^a* pfdkfcf`^k`f^* AA
lnl\^imb[e^]^\hglmbmn\bhgZbbsZ\b|g ( mr_if`^al do^ar^ifa^abfkqbok^ifw^`fÉkab`lpqlp,Pb`rÄo+
bkJ^Jbv?`qr^ifa^a*abi01ab^dlpqlab/7725, abpbnrbbpqlpmofk`fmflpklk^`bkabbgbo`f`flp
F

D
2
5, A?DDCP?RR?* LÄpqlo, RbloÅ^ ab ilp Nofk`fmflp ab Bbob`el ?j_fbkq^i , Ck8 K^qbof^ibp ab bkpbÇ^kw^ abi Nofjbo JO
Noldo^j^Pbdflk^iJ^qfkl^jbof`^klabA^m^`fq^`fÉkbkBbob`elvNliÅqf`^p?j_fbkq^ibp,0..2,

Bbob`el v cfp`^ifw^`fÉk ^j_f bkq ^i 223


qbÉof`lp*pfklnrbobpmlkabk^`lkaf`flk^kqbp Ci `ofqbofl ab pfdkfcf`^k`f^ l obibs^k`f^ ab ilp
ob^ibpabofs^a^pabi^ k^qro^ibw^abi^p`lp^p, ofbpdlp b fjm^`qlp bpq~ `lkb`q^al `lk bi ab
o^wlk^_fifa^avbcf`fbk`f^,J^q^ob^abmobpbos^o
BfcÅ`fijbkqb* rk bnrfml cloj ^al plil mlo fk+ bi^j_fbkqbab_bbpq^opfbjmobbkbi`bkqolab
dbkfbolpmlao~ ^colkq^opfqr^`flkbpbk i^pnrb i^p mobl`rm^`flkbps^c^kbpab ilp prmbosfpl+
fkqbosfbkb c^`qlobp ibd^ibp abofs^alp ab i^p obpscfp`^ifw^alobp,ab^eÅi^ fj mloq^k`f^abi^
d^o^kqÅ^pvcloj^ifa^abpmolmf^pabilpmol`baf+ mboqfkbk`f^vmolmlo`flk^ifa^aabi^pjbafa^p
jfbkqlp^ajfkfpqo^qfslp*lpfqr^`flkbpb`lkÉjf+ `loob`qfs^p* ab j^kbo^ nrb pr fj m ibj bkq^+
`^p*afofdfa^p^bs^ir^oi^obi^`fÉk`lpql+bcf`^`f^ `fÉk pb^ sf^_ib* qÄ`kf`^* b`lkÉjf`^* pl`f^i v
abbsbkqr^ibpjbafa^p`loob`qfs^p, ^ j _ fb k q^ ij b k qb  e^_i^kal v pb `lkpqfqrv^
bk rk objbafl bcf`^wv ^ i^ sbw bcf`fbkqb m^o^
Bbi jfpjl jlal* bnrfmlp `lk mobs^ibk`f^ ab mobsbkfoa^Çlp,
molcbpflk^ibp abi abob`el qbkao~k ml`^p ml+
pf_fifa^abp ab mlkabo^o `loob`q^jbkqb i^ ob^i Llobpriq^oÅ^bcf`fbkqb*abpabrk mrkqlabsfpq^
j ^dkfqra ab ilp ofbpdlp ^j_fbkq^ibp v af`q^o ^j_fbkq^i* bkcl`^opb bk fjm^`qlp foobibs^kqbp
Pbsfpq^ baf q ^a^ m l o  ^ i r j k l p  ab i^ D^`riq^a ab Bbo b` el ab i^ Skf s bo p f a^a ab Jfj^

jbafa^p`loob`qfs^pbcf`^`bpvbcf`fbkqbp, nrb afpqo^fd^k ob`roplp abpqfk^alp ^ molqbdbo


b`lpfpqbj^pq^k^plj_olplp`ljlco~dfibp`rv^
Nlobpq^o^wÉk*obpriq^crka^jbkq^ii^`ljmlpf+ obibs^k`f^^j_fbkq^i obpriq^l_sf^,
`fÉkjriqfafp`fmifk^of^abilpbnrfmlpabprmbo+
sfpfÉk v*^abj~pabp^oolii^obk prp fkqbdo^kqbp Mqol bibjbkql `i^sb ^ `lkpfabo^obp bi `ofqbofl
`^m^`fa^abpm^o^biqo^_^glfkqboafp`fmifk^ofl, ab moldobpfsfa^a l do^ar^ifa^a* nrb ab_bo~
bpq^omobpbkqbbkbi^``flk^oabiMCD?* klplil
Nlolqol i^al* bs^ir^o i^ fkjfkbk`f^ ab ofbpdlp bk bi af`q^al ab mi^wlp o^wlk^_ibp* pfkl bk bi
^j _fbkq^ibp v pr pbsbofa^a* obmobpbkq^ rk^ pbdrfj fbkql mboj ^kbkqb ab pr bcb`qfs^ fj +
q^ob^ `ljmibg^* afp`ob`flk^i v nrb mlaoÅ^ pr+ mibjbkq^`fÉk* il nrb pb bk`rbkqo^ ifd^al ^ i^
mlkbo`lkpb`rbk`f^pdo^sbp*bpqlprj^al^ilp plpqbkf_fifa^a v mobaf`qf_fifa^a ab i^ ^`qfsfa^a
`lkqolibp^ilpnrbpbbk`rbkqo^kpljbqfalpilp cfp`^ifw^alo^ v i^ `ob^`fÉk ab abpfk`bkqfslp ^i
crk`flk^oflp bk`^od^alp ab ob^ifw^oi^* mlaoÅ^ fk`rj mifj fbkql ^ qo^sÄp ab i^ mlpf_fifa^a ab
dbkbo^o ^rql`bkpro^ bk ilp prmbosfplobp, Ck fjmlpf`fÉkabjriq^pbcb`qfs^p,
o^wÉk ab biil* obpriq^ mboqfkbkqb alq^o ^ bpqlp
crk`flk^oflp ab i^p d^o^kqÅ^p kb`bp^of^p m^o^ Alk obi^`fÉk^ bpqlÑiqfjl* i^ mr_if`^`fÉk abi^
ob^ifw^o rk qo^_^gl qÄ`kf`l* l_gbqfsl* elkbpql* jbqlalildÅ^ m^o^ bi `~i`ril ab i^p p^k`flkbp
o^wlk^_ibbfkabmbkafbkqb, mb`rkf^of^p obmobpbkq^ rk fj mloq^kqb ^s^k`b
bkqÄojfklpabmobaf`qf_fifa^avqo^kpm^obk`f^,
CiMCD?ab_bo~bpq^omobpbkqb*il`r^ibkpÅjfp+ Qfk bj_^odl* `loobpmlkab mlkbo ^qbk`fÉk ^i
jlv^prmlkbrkdo^kobql,Sk^sbwmobpbkqb*pr `lk`bmql]^ [^g^_b\bhbez\bmh (bi`r^iqfbkbpfdkf+
^``fÉk ab_b pbo `lebobkqb `lk ilp mlpqri^alp cf`^qfs^ fkcirbk`f^bkbiobpriq^alab i^cÉojri^
abiabob`el^j_fbkq^i*vbkbpmb`f^iabpmibd^o ab`~i`rilabi^ jriq^,
rk^^``fÉk mobsbkqfs^ obpmb`qlabilobibs^kqb
lpfdkfcf`^qfsl, J^abcfkf`fÉk`lkqbkfa^bkbij^kr^ibumif`^qfsl
m^o^ i^^mif`^`fÉkabi^ jbqlalildÅ^ab`~i`ril
èAr~i bpbi ofbpdl=Orb i^ ^rqlofa^a ^j_fbkq^i abjriq^p*`lkpfabo^^i _bkbcf`flfiÅ`fql`ljl8
prmbosfplo^ pb ofka^ ^kqb i^ `lj mibgfa^a ab
qbj^^j_fbkq^ilbsbkqr^ijbkqbabia^Çl^j+ &,,,' bi _ b k b cf` fl  l _ qb k fa l  l nrb bpmbo^
24A;32?@> -.4

_fbkq^ivobkrk`fb^prab_boabfkqbkq^o*e^pq^ l_qbkbobi fkco^`qlo^i kl `rj mifo rk^ l_ifd^+


bi iÅj fqb ab prp mlpf_fifa^abp* fabkqfcf`^o ilp `fÉk ^j_fbkq^i cfp`^ifw^_ib* bp ab`fo* bp il nrb
ofbpdlp^j_fbkq^ibppfdkfcf`^qfslp*obcrdf~kalpb mbo`f_b* mbo`f_foÅ^ lmbkp^_^ mbo`f_fobi^aj f+
bk i^ pfjmib`lkpq^q^`fÉk ab fk`rjmifjfbkqlp kfpqo^al `lj bqfbkal i^ fkco^``fÉk* ^pÅ `ljl
cloj^ibp nrb* ^rknrb ob^ibp* ml`l ^mloq^k ^i il nrb ^eloo^* ^eloo^oÅ^ l mbkp^_^ ^eloo^o
ildolabpr ob^icrk`fÉk mobsbkqfs^, `lj bqfbkal i^ fkco^``fÉk,

224 Tfql Tbok^ Alolk^al


Cpq^ abcfkf`fÉk `lkqbjmi^ alp `ljmlkbkqbp8 ab rk^ cÉojri^ `rv^p s^of^_ibp mrbabk bpq^o ë
f' il nrb bi ^ajfkfpqo^al abgÉ ab fksboqfo m^o^ prgbq^p^jÑiqfmibp`lk`irpflkbp*qla^pm^pf_ibp XX
`rj mifoi^l_ifd^`fÉklbi`ljmoljfpl^j_fbk+ ab `lkq^o `lk crka^jbkq^`flkbp bnrfs^ibkqb \Zk
q^i fjmrbpql^qo^sÄpab rk^ kloj^* rk fkpqor+ bkplifabw*mlaoÅ^kobpq^oibcfojbw^^i^pobplir+ SH
j bkql ^j_fbkq^i r lqo^ crbkqb* v êf' il nrb bi `flkbp p^k`flk^alo^p* pfqr^`flkbp nrb obpq^oÅ^ MM
OO
^ajfkfpqo^all_qrsllbpmbo^_^l_qbkbo`ljl bcf`^`f^^bpqbfkpqorjbkql, ĎDCĊ
L?AGML?J
fkdobplmlopr fk`rjmifjfbkql,
Orfbkbp`lkl`bkilpjÄqlalpabs^ilo^`fÉkb`l+
Pbpmb`ql abi mofj bo `lj mlkbkqb* bi `~i`ril kÉjf`^abilp_fbkbpvpbosf`flp^j_fbkq^ibpp^+
mlaoÅ^qbkboprpafcf`riq^abp*pfkbj_^odl*mlo _bkil`lkqolsbopf^inrbmrbabobpriq^obpq^q^ob^,
ildbkbo^i*bpq^fkcloj^`fÉkpbbk`rbkqo^afpml+ ?pfjfpjl*^fpi^oilp_bkbcf`flpb`lkÉjf`lpobpri+
kf_ibbkilpjbo`^alp9mfÄkpbpbmlobgbjmilbk q^kqbpabrk^sfli^`fÉkabi^obdri^`fÉk^j_fbkq^i
bi `~i`ril ab il nrb pb abgÉ ab fksboqfo m^o^ i^ `lkpqfqrvbrkqo^_^glbkbuqobjlmliÄjf`l,
`lkpqor``fÉk ab rk^ mi^kq^ abqo^q^j fbkql ab
bcirbkqbpfkarpqof^ibp, Jl^j_fbkq^ibpbkbpbk`f^`ljmibgl*bpqba^ql ol
-
ab_bpbo`lkpfabo^al^i jlj bkqlab mobm^o^o
Qfk bj_^odl* bpqfj^o ilp fkdobplp mbo`f_falp i^p obplir`flkbp p^k`flk^alo^p* iibs^kal i^ 8o
O0
l nrb pb mi^kb^_^k mbo`f_fo* nrb ^abj~p pb j lqfs^`fÉk ab prp `lk`irpflkbp ^ rk krbsl R1
&M
O0
bk`rbkqo^k obi^`flk^alp afob`q^jbkqb `lk i^ kfsbi abplcfpqf`^`fÉkqÄ`kf`^vgroÅaf`^*^k`i^k+
fkco^``fÉk* pÅ obsfpqb mol_ibj^p j^vlobp v klp alprp^cfoj^`flkbpbkbsfabk`f^`fbkqÅcf`^vbi HC
<
iibs^k^qboobklpbkbuqobjl`lkqolsbopf^ibp, o^wlk^jfbkql bk ilp mofk`fmflp ^j_fbkq^ibp*
`rfa~kalpb ab kl fkdobp^o abj^pf^al ^ cfg^o
J^ ob^i rqfifa^a ab i^p jriq^p* bk bi j^o`l ab mlpf`fÉk pl_obqbj^pml`lcfojbp*`ljl ilpv^ HC
M
i^p mliÅqf`^p ^j_fbkq^ibp* abofs^ ab pr bcb`ql jbk`flk^alpabs^ilofw^`fÉkabia^Çl^j_fbk+ .
+A
abpfk`bkqfs^alo ab `lkar`q^p fiÅ`fq^p* bi `r^i q^ilbiabfkdobplpb`lkÉjf`lpabofs^alpabi^p r
./
bpq~ sfk`ri^al kl plil `lk pr fjmlpf`fÉk pfkl qo^pdobpflkbpibd^ibp`ljbqfa^p, `r
B
`lk pr mol_^_fifa^a ab `l_ol bcb`qfsl* bi `r^i JC
M
bpq~ ifd^al`lk prplifabwgroÅaf`^, Nloprm^oqb*ilpgrb`bpnrbobsfpbkbpq^pobplir+ M
&M
`flkbpab_bk abpbo`lkp`fbkqbpab i^ bklojb 3
r
J^s^ilo^`fÉkb`lkÉjf`^abia^Çl^j_fbkq^i`lkp+ `ljmibgfa^a ab i^p fkqbo^``flkbpnrbbpq~k bk #H
S]
qfqrvblqol`ljmlkbkqbabi^cÉojri^ab`~i`ril grbdl bk ilp pfpqbj^p k^qro^ibp v pl`f^ibp* ^pÅ
abi^pjriq^pnrbmlaoÅ^obpq^oplifabw^i^pobpl+ `ljlabilpiÅjfqbpabi^p`fbk`f^pvilpbpqraflp JC
M
ir`flkbpabp^k`fÉk,Qf_fbkbp`fboqli^b`lkljÅ^ m^o^bumif`^obpqlpcbkÉjbklp, M
<
^j_fbkq^i mlkb ^ krbpqo^ afpmlpf`fÉk afsboplp -
jÄqlalp afofdfalp ^ s^ilofw^o jlkbq^of^jbkqb ?ofpqÉqbibpbkprl_o^{qf`^^Lf`Éj^`ljbk`fl+ ol
bia^Çl^j_fbkq^i*v^ pb^ bkcrk`fÉk ^ krbpqo^p k^rkm^p^gb*`fq^almloBljfkdlEÉjbwMob^* M
M,
mobcbobk`f^p* pbkpf_fifa^abp* l ^ qo^sÄp abi ^fpi^+ jrvmboqfkbkqbm^o^do^cf`^obpq^`rbpqfÉk8 ol
VH
jfbkqlab i^ fkcirbk`f^ ab ilp _fbkbpvpbosf`flp ol

^j_fbkq^ibppl_objbo`^alp`lkl`falp*il`fboql Fbjlp* mlo q^kql* ab bpq^o `lkqbkqlp pf* R1


JC

bpnrbqlalfkqbkqlabs^ilo^o^pmb`qlp^j_fbk+ ^i qo^q^o ab qbj^p fk`fboqlp v`ljbkw^oab ol

q^ibp`^obkqbpabjbo`^alppbo~rkbgbo`f`flprgbql mobjfp^p fk`fboq^p* `lkpbdrfjlp mobpbkq^o <


JC
^pr_gbqfsfa^avjr`e^`lkqolsbopf^molcbpflk^i, rk bpnrbj^ ^jmifl ab i^ sboa^a, Nlonrb >>

bp molmflab rk^ jbkqb ^ab`r^a^ bpmbo^o


Nloilq^kql* rk pfpqbj^ ab fjmlpf`fÉk ab p^k+ bk`^a^`^pl^nrbii^`^kqfa^aabbu^`qfqra
<H
`flkbp mb`rkf^of^p nrb mofsfibdf^ i^ ^mif`^`fÉk nrb^ajfqbi^k^qro^ibw^abiqbj^`lk`obql, 6 :L

Ř
Q
à
6, EöKCXMPC?* Bljfkdl,@oZenZ\b|g]^DfiZ\mh<f[b^gmZe6Pgbglmknf^gmhik^o^gmbohiZkZeZ`^lmb|gZf[b^gmZe* O
Qbdrka^baf`fÉk,K^aofa8Caf`flkbpKrkaf+Nobkp^*0..0,

B b o b ` e l  v c f p ` ^ i f w ^ ` f É k  ^ j _ f b k q ^ i  225
GT, ?K?LCP?BCAMLAJSQGöL abilpmofk`fmflp^ajfkfpqo^qfslpv^j_fbk+
q^ibp*i^crka^jbkq^`fÉkfkqboafp`fmifk^of^v
f' J^cfp`^ifw^`fÉk `lkpqfqrvb rk fkpqorjbkql abi^`^m^`fa^aabilplmbo^alobpmÑ_if`lp
abi^ mliÅqf`^^j_fbkq^i mbor^k^*i^`r^ipb m^o^ j^kbg^oi^pfk`boqbw^p,
molmlkbildo^o*^qo^sÄpabi^mobpbos^`fÉk
ab i^p crk`flk^ifa^abp ab ilpb`lpfpqbj^p s' CiÄufqlabiMCD?pbqo^ar`fo~bki^`lkcf^kw^
v bi rpl o^`flk^i ab krbpqolp ob`roplp* i^ ab i^ `fra^a^kÅ^ bk pr ^``flk^o* il nrb pb
sfdbk`f^bcb`qfs^abilpabob`elperj^klp obcibg^o~ c^slo^_ibjbkqb bk ilp `lpqlp ab
crka^jbkq^ibpvi^jbglo^abi_fbkbpq^oab qo^kp^``fÉkabilpmolvb`qlpnrbbpqÄk_^gl
i^ ml_i^`fÉk, pr ~j _fql ab prmbosfpfÉk*v bpql ^ pr sbw*
bki^jbglo^abi^`^ifa^aabi^pfksbopflkbp*
ff' Ck bpqb loabk ab fab^p* bp crk`fÉk ab i^ jbafa^ `ljl crk`fÉk ab pr `ljmoljfpl
prmbosfpfÉkvcfp`^ifw^`fÉk^j_fbkq^i`lkqof+ `lkbi^j_fbkqbvi^pl`fba^a,
_rfo^i^dbpqfÉkvmobsbk`fÉkabilpofbpdlp
^j_fbkq^ibp*^qo^sÄpabilpob`roplpibd^ibp sf' J^fkqbk`fÉk^ibp`of_fobpq^piÅkb^pcrbj l+
Pbsfpq^ b a fq^ a ^  m l o ^ ir j k l p  ab i^ D ^ `riq^a ab B bob`el ab i^ S k fs b op fa ^ a  ab Jfj^

nrbi^ ibvmlkb^prafpmlpf`fÉk, qfs^oi^`roflpfa^aabilpkrbslplmbo^alobp


abi abob`el bk bi qbj^ ^j_fbkq^i, Ci `r^i
fff' Ci MCD? ab_bo~ e^`bocobkqb ^ ilp abp^cÅlp `lkpqfqrvb rk^ ab i^p do^kabp mobl`rm^+
fkebobkqbp^ilpqbj^p^j_fbkq^ibp*^qo^sÄp `flkbpvobqlpabkrbpqolqfbj mlvbufdbab
abrk^lod^kfw^`fÉknrbmoljrbs^biqo^_^+ krbslpmolcbpflk^ibp*afpmrbpqlp^molcrk+
glfkqboafp`fmifk^ofl*fkabmbkafbkqb*qÄ`kf`l* afw^obkprbpmb`f^ifa^a^m^oqfoabp^_bobp
abp`bkqo^ifw^al*`lloafk^alvbcf`fbkqb, molsbkfbkqbpablqo^pafp`fmifk^p*v^m^oqfo
ab bpqlp jfo^o `lk lglp `oÅqf`lp v obpmbql
fs' J^ plifabw ab i^p obplir`flkbp ^ajfkfpqo^+ il nrb ef`fbolk v `lkpqorvbolk krbpqolp
qfs^pabmbkabo~abi^^mif`^`fÉk^ab`r^a^ mobab`bplobp,
<?QJ > <OP N /06

226 Tfql Tbok^ Alolk^al

You might also like