Assignment No: 1

Department of Chemistry

Submitted by:
Mehmood Ahmad
Submitted to:
Ma’am Sadia
Topic:
Contribution of Isaac Newton
Roll No:
Chem-1934
Govt. Graduate College Chowk Azam.
Isaac Newton.
Introduction:
 Newton was born on December 25, 1642 in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire,
England.
 He was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer and author.
 Newton was never married.
 In 1705, he was knighted by Queen Anne of England, making him Sir Isaac
Newton.

Early life and family:

 Newton spent most of his early life with his maternal grandmother after his
mother remarried.
 He attended the King’s School in Grantham before enrolling at the
University of Cambridge’s Trinity College in 1661.
 His education interrupted by a failed attempt to turn him into a farmer.
 At age 12, Newton was reunited with his mother after her second husband
death.

Major work of Newton:

 Newton began developing his influential theories on light, calculus, and
mechanics while on break from Cambridge University.
 First major public scientific achievement was designing and
constructing a reflecting telescope in 1668.
 In 1687 publication of “Principia” a landmark work that established the
universal laws of motion.
 Newton second major book “Opticks,” detailed his experiments to
determine the properties of light.
  It's said that Newton invented a cat door so his cats would stop scratching to get
in, but the truth of that one is a bit sketchy.
 In 1671, he was elected to the Royal Society the following year and
published his notes on optics for his peers.
 In 1684, English astronomer Edmund Halley paid a visit to the secluded
Newton. Upon learning that Newton had mathematically worked out the
elliptical paths of celestial bodies, Halley urged him to organize his notes.
The result was the publication of "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica" (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy).
 The death of Hooke allowed Newton to take over as president of the Royal
Society in 1703, and the following year he published his second major work
“Opticks”.

Newton Laws of motion:

In 1687, following 18 months of intense and effectively nonstop work,
Newton published Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
(Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), most often known as
Principia

Principia is said to be the single most influential book on physics and

possibly all of science. Its publication immediately raised Newton to
international prominence.

Principia offer an exact quantitative description of bodies in motion, with

three basic but important laws of motion:

 First Law
A stationary body will stay stationary unless an external force is
applied to it.
Example: Wearing a seat belt in a car while driving is an example of
Newton’s 1st law of motion.
 Newton's Second Law of Motion says that acceleration
(gaining speed) happens when a force acts on a mass (object).
Riding your bicycle is a good example of this law of motion at
work. Your bicycle is the mass. Your leg muscles pushing on the
pedals of your bicycle is the force. When you push on the pedals,
your bicycle accelerates. You are increasing the speed of the
bicycle by applying force to the pedals.
 Third Law
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Example: The swimmer while swimming pushes against the pool wall
with his feet and in return accelerates (swims) in the direction opposite to that of
his push.

Newton and theory of gravity:

Newton’s three basic laws of motion outlined in Principia helped him arrive at his
theory of gravity. Newton’s law of universal gravitation states that two objects
attract each other with a force of gravitational attraction that’s proportional to
their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
their centers.

 These laws helped explain not only elliptical planetary orbits but
nearly every other motion in the universe.
 They also allowed him to calculate the mass of each planet.

NEWTON HIT BY AN APPLE: Legend has it that a young Isaac

Newton was sitting under an apple tree when he was bonked on the
head by a falling piece of fruit, a 17th-century “aha moment” that
prompted him to suddenly come up with his law of gravity . 

Books of Newton:
 Method of Fluxions
 Newton philosophy of Nature
  Arithmetica Universalis
 The principia

Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St John

by Isaac Newton.

The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms

by Isaac Newton.

Death:
 Toward the end of this life, Newton lived at Cranbury Park, near
Winchester, England, with his niece, Catherine (Barton) Conduit, and her
husband.
 March 1727, Newton experienced severe pain in his abdomen and blacked
out, never to regain consciousness. He died the next day, on March 31,
1727, at the age of 84.