Nuclear Materials

REVIEW: Texture and Anisotropy

Mark Daymond daymond@queensu.ca

Queen’s University
KINGSTON, ONTARIO, CANADA.

anisotropy
isotropic = same (iso) in all directions (tropic)

anisotropy = not (an) the same in all directions

a major source of anisotropy is crystallographic

texture or preferred orientation

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 crystallographic texture

random = isotropic preferred orientation

or textured = anisotropic

Describing texture

The ‘poles’ of a cube

are projected into 2
dimensional
representation

2
 Stereographic projection
for quantitative representation
in the form of a “pole figure”

crystallographic texture of 
a CANDU pressure tube
R A

T A

T R

0002 pole figure

3
 anisotropic properties
yield stress thermal expansion

c=9.2x10-6K-1

 1pyr[1213]  12  1pr[1210 ] a=5.15x10-6 K-1

3 3

critical resolved shear stresses for Zr

4
 Anisotropic Properties of Pressure tubes
R

T A Axial Transverse
MPA MPa
YS 370 500

UTS 500 650

Plasticity

• Plastic anisotropy
• Von Vises’ criterion for isotropic yield in
3-dimensions
• Hill’s anisotropy relations for plasticity

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5
 von Mises stresses

The effective stress,  , is defined as:

  1
2
 1   2    2   3    3   1 
2 2 2

1
2

Hence,    y when the criterion for yielding is met.

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von Mises strains

The effective strain increment, d , is defined such that the

work done as a result of a stress increment is

dw   d   1d 1   2 d 2   3d 3

2
 
1
d  d 1  d 2 2  d 2  d 3 2  d 3  d 1 2 2

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6
 von Mises strains
d  1 
d1  1  2 3 
d  2 

d  1 
d2  2  3 1
d  2 
d  1 
d3  3  1 2 
d  2 
 1   1   1 
d 1 : d 2 : d 3   1   2   3  :  2   3   1  :  3   1   2 
 2   2   2 

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examples
 1   1   1 
d 1 : d 2 : d 3   1   2   3  :  2   3   1  :  3   1   2 
 2   2   2 
2 ≠ 0 , 1 = 3 = 0 (tensile test)
d 1 : d 2 : d 3  0.5 : 1.0 : 0.5

21 = 2 , 3 = 0 (pressurized, thin walled tube)

d 1 : d 2 : d 3  0 : 1 : 1
1 = 2 , 3 = 0 (pressurized, thin walled, spherical shell)

d 1 : d 2 : d 3  1 : 1 : 2

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7
 Definitions of Directions




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Real materials –
particularly low
symmetry ones –
are often
anisotropic.

Yield locus for

rolled Mg (hcp)
after straining
[from Kelly and
Hosford, 1968]

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 Hill – anisotropic derivation from von Mises

The effective stress,  , is now defined as:


  F  1   2   G  2   3   H  3   1 
2 2 2

1
2

Where: F + G + H = 1.5

Reduces to von Mises when F=G=H=0.5

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Hill – anisotropic derivation from von Mises

Yield occurs when:

F  1   2   G  2   3   H  3   1   C 2 / 2
2 2 2

Where:

C 2 / 2  F  H  12y  F  G  22 y  G  H  32y

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9
 example, F=0.35, G=0.19, H=0.96

i ≠ j k = 0 (tensile test)

Yield occurs when  = iy

 1 y  0.62 C 2
 2 y  0.96 C 2
 3 y  0.66 C 2

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example, F=0.35, G=0.19, H=0.96

   (pressurized, thin walled tube)

Yield occurs when  (hoop stress) √C2

  (pressurized, thin walled, spherical shell)

Yield occurs when   (tangential stresses) √C2

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10
 Hill/von Mises strains
2
 
1
d  F d 1  d 2   G d 2  d 3   H d 3  d 1 
2 2 2 2

3
d
d 1  F  1   2   H  1   3 
d

d
d 2  G  2   3   F  2   1 
d
d
d 3  H  3   1   G  3   2 
d
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This results in strain ratios

d 1 : d 2 : d 3 
F  1   2   H  1   3 : G 2   3   F  2   1 : H  3   1   G 3   2 

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11
 example, F=0.35, G=0.19, H=0.96

2 = 1 , 1 = 3 = 0 (tensile test)

d 1 : d 2 : d 3  0.35 : 0.54 : 0.19

21 = 2 , 3 = 0 (pressurized, thin walled tube)

d 1 : d 2 : d 3  0.31 : 0.37 : 0.67

1 = 2 =1, 3 = 0 (pressurized, thin walled, spherical shell)

d 1 : d 2 : d 3  0.96 : 0.19 : 1.15

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References

B.D. Cullity and S.R. Stock, The elements of X-ray

Diffraction, third edition, Prentice Hall Inc., 2001,
Chapters 2, 14
G.E. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy, 3rd Edition,
McGraw Hill McGraw-Hill Inc, 1986, Chapter 3

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