POLITEKNIK KUCHING SARAWAK

KM 22, Jalan Matang

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Faks : 082-845023
93050 Kuching Laman Web : www.poliku.edu.my
SARAWAK, MALAYSIA GPS :1.630823,110.195364

Tel : 082-845596/7/8

DJF51082
Faks : 082-845023

Laman Web : www.poliku.edu.my

QUALITY CONTROL
GPS :1.630823,110.195364

Tel : 082-845596/7/8

Version: SESSION 1 2021/2022 Faks : 082-845023

Laman Web : www.poliku.edu.my

GPS :1.630823,110.195364

FORMULAS & TABLES Tel : 082-845596/7/8

Faks : 082-845023

Laman Web : www.poliku.edu.my

FOR GPS :1.630823,110.195364

DIPLOMA IN
MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

POLITEKNIK KUCHING SARAWAK

PREPARED BY

HO YOONG CHOW
© ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

NO. TITLE PAGE

1. FORMULAS 1-2

2. A. Normal Distribution Table 3-4

3. B. Factors for Computing Center Line And Three-Sigma Control Limits 5

4. C. Cumulative Poission Distribution Table 6-7

5. D (i) Sample-Size Code Letters 8

6. D (ii) Single Sampling Plans for Normal Inspection (Master Table) 9

7. D (iii) Single Sampling Plans for Tightened Inspection (Master Table) 10

8. D (iv) Single Sampling Plans for Reduced Inspection (Master Table) 11

 Formulas
A. Statistics

i. Average
 Ungrouped data  Grouped data
ΣX Σfx
X X
n f

ii. Standard Deviation

 ungrouped population
∑(𝑋𝑖 −𝑋̅)2
σ=√
𝑁
 Ungrouped sample
𝑛 ∑ 𝑋𝑖2 −(∑ 𝑋𝑖 )2
s=√
 Grouped population 𝑛(𝑛−1)

∑ 𝑓(𝑋i −𝑋̅)2
σ=√
𝑁
 Grouped sample
𝑛(∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑋𝑖2 )−(∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑋𝑖 )2
s=√
 (theory) sample data 𝑛(𝑛−1)
∑(𝑋𝑖 −𝑋̅)2
s=√
(𝑛−1)

B. Variable Control Charts

i. Average and Range Charts ii. Average and Standard Deviation Charts

 X chart:  X chart:
i1 X 
m m
X
1. Center line, X  1. Center line, X  i 1

m m

2. Upper Control Limit, UCL X  X  A 2 R 2. Upper Control Limit, UCL X  X  A 3 s

3. Lower Control Limit, LCL X  X  A 2 R 3. Lower Control Limit, LCL X  X  A 3 s

 R chart  s chart
 R i1 s i
m m

1. Center line, R  i1 i 1. Center line, s 

m m
2. Upper Control Limit, UCL R  D 4 R 2. Upper Control Limit, UCLs  B 4 s
3. Lower Control Limit, LCLR  D3 R 3. Lower Control Limit, LCL s  B 3 s

 Revising the Charts:  Revising the Charts:

 XX  XX
m m
d d
1. New Center line, X  X new  i1
1. New Center line, X  X new  i1

m - md m - md
2. New Upper Control Limit, UCL X  X 0  A 0 2. New Upper Control Limit, UCL X  X 0  A 0

3. New Lower Control Limit, LCL X  X 0  A 0 3. New Lower Control Limit, LCL X  X 0  A 0
R0 s0
4. Sigma,  0  d2 4. Sigma,  0  c4
 R  Rd  s s
m m

5. New Center line, R 0  R new  i1 i 5. New Center line, s 0  s new  i 1 i d

m - md m - md
6. New Upper Control Limit, UCLR  D2 0 6. New Upper Control Limit, UCLs  B6 0
7. New Lower Control Limit, LCLR  D10 7. New Lower Control Limit, LCL s  B5 0

C. Capability Index

USL  LSL USL  X X  LSL

i. Cp = CPK=
6 3 3
ii. ,

1
D. Attribute Control Charts

i. Fraction Nonconforming (p) Chart

np  Revising the Charts:
1. Fraction, p 
i1np  np d
n
n
1. New Center line, p new 
i1 n  nd
n
i1 np
n

2. Center line, p 
i1 n
n
2. New Upper Control Limit,

p( 1  p ) p new( 1  p new )
3. Upper Control Limit, UCL p  p  3 UCL p  p new  3
n
new
n
3. New Lower Control Limit,
p( 1  p )
4. Lower Control Limit, LCL p  p  3 p new( 1  pnew )
n LCL p  pnew  3
new
n

ii. Percent Nonconforming (100p) Chart

 n np 
1. Center line, 100p  100  in1 
 i1 n 
 
p( 1  p ) 
2. Upper Control Limit, UCL100 p  100 p  3
 n 
 
 
p( 1  p ) 
3. Lower Control Limit, LCL100p  100 p  3
 n 
 

iii. Number of Nonconforming (np) Chart

 np
n

1. Center line, np  i1

m

2. Upper Control Limit, UCL np  np  3 np( 1  p )

3. Lower Control Limit, LCL np  np  3 np( 1  p )

iv. Count of Nonconformities (c) Chart

 c
n
 Revising the Charts:
1. Center line, c  i1
i1 c  c d
n
m 1. New Center line, c new 
m  md
2. Upper Control Limit, UCL c  c  3 c
2. New Upper Control Limit, UCL c  c new  3 c new
Lower Control Limit, LCL c  c  3 c
new

3.
3. New Lower Control Limit, LCL c  c new  3 c new
new

v. Nonconformities per Unit (u) Chart

c
1. Nonconformities per unit, u 
n
i1 c
n

2. Center line, u 
i1 n
n

u
3. Upper Control Limit, UCL u  u  3
n

u
4. Lower Control Limit, LCL u  u  3
n

Note:
 NONE of the formula in page 1 and 2 content “Cube Root” ( 3 ), only “3 x ”.
 Symbol ‘m’ in this booklet refers to the number of group (g).

2
 TABLES

A. Normal Distribution Table

Xi  
Z=


3
4
 B. Factors For Computing Center Line And Three-Sigma Control Limits

5
C. Cumulative Poission Distribution Table

np0
c 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.990 0.951 0.905 0.819 0.741 0.670 0.607 0.549 0.497 0.449 0.407
1 1.000 0.999 0.995 0.982 0.963 0.938 0.910 0.878 0.844 0.809 0.772
2 1.000 1.000 0.999 0.996 0.992 0.986 0.977 0.966 0.953 0.937
3 1.000 1.000 0.999 0.998 0.997 0.994 0.991 0.987
4 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.999 0.999 0.998
5 1.000 1.000 1.000
c 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
0 0.368 0.333 0.301 0.273 0.247 0.223 0.202 0.183 0.165 0.150 0.135
1 0.736 0.699 0.663 0.627 0.592 0.558 0.525 0.493 0.463 0.434 0.406
2 0.920 0.900 0.879 0.857 0.833 0.809 0.783 0.757 0.731 0.704 0.677
3 0.981 0.974 0.966 0.957 0.946 0.934 0.921 0.907 0.891 0.875 0.857
4 0.996 0.995 0.992 0.989 0.986 0.981 0.976 0.970 0.964 0.956 0.947
5 0.999 0.999 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.996 0.994 0.992 0.990 0.987 0.983
6 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.998 0.997 0.997 0.995
7 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.999 0.999 0.999
8 1.000 1.000 1.000
c 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
0 0.111 0.091 0.074 0.061 0.050 0.030 0.018 0.011 0.007 0.004 0.002
1 0.355 0.308 0.267 0.231 0.199 0.136 0.092 0.061 0.040 0.027 0.017
2 0.623 0.570 0.518 0.469 0.423 0.321 0.238 0.174 0.125 0.088 0.062
3 0.819 0.779 0.736 0.692 0.647 0.537 0.433 0.342 0.265 0.202 0.151
4 0.928 0.904 0.877 0.848 0.815 0.725 0.629 0.532 0.440 0.358 0.285
5 0.975 0.964 0.951 0.935 0.916 0.858 0.785 0.703 0.616 0.529 0.446
6 0.993 0.988 0.983 0.976 0.966 0.935 0.889 0.831 0.762 0.686 0.606
7 0.998 0.997 0.995 0.992 0.988 0.973 0.949 0.913 0.867 0.809 0.744
8 1.000 0.999 0.999 0.998 0.996 0.990 0.979 0.960 0.932 0.894 0.847
9 1.000 1.000 0.999 0.999 0.997 0.992 0.983 0.968 0.946 0.916
10 1.000 1.000 0.999 0.997 0.993 0.986 0.975 0.957
11 1.000 0.999 0.998 0.995 0.989 0.980
12 1.000 0.999 0.998 0.996 0.991
13 1.000 0.999 0.998 0.996
14 1.000 0.999 0.999
15 1.000 0.999
16 1.000

6
Cumulative Poission Distribution Table (cont.)
np0
c 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
0 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.000
1 0.011 0.007 0.005 0.003 0.001
2 0.043 0.030 0.020 0.014 0.006 0.003 0.001
3 0.112 0.082 0.059 0.042 0.021 0.010 0.002
4 0.224 0.173 0.132 0.100 0.055 0.029 0.008 0.002
5 0.369 0.301 0.241 0.191 0.116 0.067 0.020 0.006 0.001
6 0.527 0.450 0.378 0.313 0.207 0.130 0.046 0.014 0.004 0.001
7 0.673 0.599 0.525 0.453 0.324 0.220 0.090 0.032 0.010 0.003 0.001
8 0.792 0.729 0.662 0.593 0.456 0.333 0.155 0.062 0.022 0.007 0.002
9 0.877 0.830 0.776 0.717 0.587 0.458 0.242 0.109 0.043 0.015 0.005
10 0.933 0.901 0.862 0.816 0.706 0.583 0.347 0.176 0.077 0.030 0.011
11 0.966 0.947 0.921 0.888 0.803 0.697 0.462 0.260 0.127 0.055 0.021
12 0.984 0.973 0.957 0.936 0.876 0.792 0.576 0.358 0.193 0.092 0.039
13 0.993 0.987 0.978 0.966 0.926 0.864 0.682 0.464 0.275 0.143 0.066
14 0.997 0.994 0.990 0.983 0.959 0.917 0.772 0.570 0.368 0.208 0.105
15 0.999 0.998 0.995 0.992 0.978 0.951 0.844 0.669 0.467 0.287 0.157
16 1.000 0.999 0.998 0.996 0.989 0.973 0.899 0.756 0.566 0.375 0.221
17 1.000 0.999 0.998 0.995 0.986 0.937 0.827 0.659 0.469 0.297
18 1.000 0.999 0.998 0.993 0.963 0.883 0.742 0.562 0.381
19 1.000 0.999 0.997 0.979 0.923 0.812 0.651 0.470
20 1.000 0.998 0.988 0.952 0.868 0.731 0.559
21 0.999 0.994 0.971 0.911 0.799 0.644
22 1.000 0.997 0.983 0.942 0.855 0.721
23 0.999 0.991 0.963 0.899 0.787
24 0.999 0.995 0.978 0.932 0.843
25 1.000 0.997 0.987 0.955 0.888
26 0.999 0.993 0.972 0.922
27 0.999 0.996 0.983 0.948
28 1.000 0.998 0.990 0.966
29 0.999 0.994 0.978
30 0.999 0.997 0.987
31 1.000 0.998 0.992
32 0.999 0.995
33 1.000 0.997
34 0.999
35 0.999
36 1.000

7
 D (i) Sample-Size Code Letters

8
 D (ii) Single Sampling Plans for Normal Inspection (Master Table)

9
 D (iii) Single Sampling Plans for Tightened Inspection (Master Table)

10
 D (iv) Single Sampling Plans for Reduced Inspection (Master
Tab)Table)

11
 Department of
Mechanical Engineering

Politeknik Kuching Sarawak

KM 22, Matang Road
93050, Kuching,
Sarawak

Tel: +6082-845596
Fax:+6082-845023

PREPARED BY

HO YOONG CHOW
ycho@poliku.edu.my

NOT FOR SALE