The Musculoskeletal System

Republic of the Philippines
BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

City of Naga
Telephone No. (054) 472-0416 Loc. 132/127 Fax No. (054) 472-0415
Website : www.biscast.edu.ph
The Human Major Bones and Bone Groups,

Types of Muscles and Fibers.
City of Naga
The Human Major Bones and Bone Groups, Types of Muscles and
Fibers.
Introduction
The skeletal system is the body system composed of bones and cartilage and performs the following
critical functions for the human body:
 Protection of vital structures, such as the spinal cord, brain, heart, and lungs.
 Support of body structures.
 Body locomotion through coordination with the muscular system.
 Hematopoiesis, or generation of blood cells, within the red marrow spaces of bones.
 Storage and release of the inorganic minerals’ calcium and phosphorous, which are
needed for functions such as muscle contraction and neural signal conduction.
The most apparent functions of the skeletal system are the gross functions—those visible by
observation. Simply by looking at a person, you can see how the bones support, facilitate movement,
and protect the human body.
Major Bones: Classification of Bones

Long Bones
The bones of the body come in a variety of sizes and shapes. The four principal types of bones
are long, short, flat and irregular. Bones that are longer than they are wide are called long bones. They
City of Naga
consist of a long shaft with two bulky ends or extremities. They are primarily compact bones but may
have a large amount of spongy bone at the ends or extremities. Long bones include bones of the thigh,
leg, arm, and forearm.
A long bone is one that is cylindrical in shape, being longer than it is wide. Keep in mind,
however, that the term describes the shape of a bone, not its size. Long bones are found in the arms
(humerus, ulna, radius) and legs (femur, tibia, fibula), as well as in the fingers (metacarpals,
phalanges) and toes (metatarsals, phalanges). Long bones function as levers; they move when muscles
contract.
Short Bones
Short bones are roughly cube shaped with vertical and horizontal dimensions approximately equal.
They consist primarily of spongy bone, which is covered by a thin layer of compact bone. Short bones
include the bones of the wrist and ankle.
A short bone is one that is cube-like in shape, being approximately equal in length, width, and
thickness. The only short bones in the human skeleton are in the carpals of the wrists and the tarsals of
the ankles. Short bones provide stability and support as well as some limited motion.
Flat Bones
Flat bones are thin, flattened, and usually curved. Most of the bones of the cranium are flat
bones. The term flat bone is somewhat of a misnomer because, although a flat bone is typically thin, it is
also often curved. Examples include the cranial (skull) bones, the scapulae (shoulder blades), the
sternum (breastbone), and the ribs. Flat bones serve as points of attachment for muscles and often
protect internal organs.
City of Naga
Irregular Bones
Bones that are not in any of the above three categories are classified as irregular bones. They are
primarily spongy bone that is covered with a thin layer of compact bone. The vertebrae and some of the
bones in the skull are irregular bones.
An irregular bone is one that does not have any easily characterized shape and therefore does not
fit any other classification. These bones tend to have more complex shapes, like the vertebrae that
support the spinal cord and protect it from compressive forces. Many facial bones, particularly the ones
containing sinuses, are classified as irregular bones.
Sesamoid Bones
A sesamoid bone is a small, round bone that, as the name suggests, is shaped like a sesame seed.
These bones form in tendons (the sheaths of tissue that connect bones to muscles) where a great deal of
pressure is generated in a joint. The sesamoid bones protect tendons by helping them overcome
compressive forces. Sesamoid bones vary in number and placement from person to person but are
typically found in tendons associated with the feet, hands, and knees. The patellae (singular = patella)
are the only sesamoid bones found in common with every person.
Source: https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/skeletal/classification.html
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-dutchess-ap1/chapter/the-skeletal-system/
City of Naga
City of Naga
Introduction to Human Muscles

There are more than 600 muscles in the human body. A kind of elastic tissue makes up each
muscle, which consists of thousands, or tens of thousands, of small muscle fibers. Each fiber
comprises many tiny strands called fibrils.
Impulses from nerve cells control the contraction of each muscle fiber. A muscle’s strength
depends mainly on how many fibers are present.
To fuel a muscle, the body makes adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which muscle cells turn into
mechanical energy.
Muscle Types
Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal Muscle, attached to bones, is responsible for skeletal movements.

The peripheral portion of the Central Nervous System (CNS) controls the skeletal muscles. Thus, these
muscles are under conscious, or voluntary, control. The basic unit is the muscle fiber with many
nuclei. These muscle fibers are striated (having transverse streaks) and each acts independently of
neighboring muscle fibers.
Smooth Muscle
Smooth muscle, found in the walls of the hollow internal organs such as blood vessels,
the gastrointestinal tract, bladder, and uterus, is under control of the autonomic nervous system.
Smooth muscle cannot be controlled consciously and thus acts involuntarily. The non-striated
(smooth) muscle cell is spindle-shaped and has one central nucleus. Smooth muscle contracts slowly
and rhythmically.
City of Naga
Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac muscle, found in the walls of the heart, is also under control of the autonomic nervous
system. The cardiac muscle cell has one central nucleus, like smooth muscle, but it also is striated, like
skeletal muscle. The cardiac muscle cell is rectangular in shape. The contraction of cardiac muscle is
involuntary, strong, and rhythmical.
Smooth and cardiac muscle will be discussed in detail with respect to their appropriate systems.
This unit mainly covers the skeletal muscular system.
Source: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/249192
https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/muscular/types.html
https://images.app.goo.gl/ggTSzRUXE9uZLX65A
City of Naga
The musculoskeletal system is an organ system that enables an organism to move,

support itself, and maintain stability during locomotion.
Key Points
 The musculoskeletal system‘s primary functions include supporting the body, allowing motion,
and protecting vital organs.
 The musculoskeletal system is made up of the body’s bones (the skeleton), muscles, cartilage,
tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that support and bind tissues and organs
together.
 The skeleton serves as the main storage system for calcium and phosphorus.
 The skeleton also contains critical components of the hematopoietic (blood production) system
and fat storage. These functions occur in red marrow and yellow marrow, respectively.
 To allow motion, different bones are connected by articulating joints. Cartilage prevents the
bone ends from rubbing directly on to each other while the muscles contract to move the bones
associated with the joint.
The musculoskeletal system (also known as the locomotor system) is an organ system that gives
animals (including humans) the ability to move, using the muscular and skeletal systems. It provides
form, support, stability, and movement to the body.
The musculoskeletal system is made up of the body’s bones (the skeleton), muscles, cartilage, tendons,
ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together.
Its primary functions include supporting the body, allowing motion, and protecting vital organs.
The bones of the skeletal system provide stability to the body analogous to a reinforcement bar in
concrete construction.
Muscles keep bones in place and also play a role in their movement. To allow motion, different bones
are connected by articulating joints, and cartilage prevents the bone ends from rubbing directly onto
each other.
MIDTERM PROJECT
 Draw and label the Skeletal System
or Muscular System
City of Naga
City of Naga
Importance of studying Human Anatomy and Physiology in the Field of

Physical Education and Sports.
1. Helps in physical fitness: Strong and fit body is an inevitable asset in the field of sports. Study
of anatomy and physiology helps a sport person to understand the structure and function of
different parts of human body and to acquire a fit and healthy body.
2. Provides knowledge about body structure: on the basis of knowledge of body structure, a sport
person knows about the strength and weakness of his body and accordingly they can develop
forte in the field of game which is suitable for the sport person as per their body structure.
3. Helps in selection of games: on the basis of knowledge of body structure, the coach and player
can choose an appropriate sport/ game which is suitable for a particular sport. Like tall students
can be selected for basketball and volleyball. And short and stout students can be selected for
weight lifting.
4. Protects from sports injuries: on the basis of anatomy, sports equipment are designed that help
in safe play.
5. Helps in the process of rehabilitation: knowledge of ligaments, tendons and muscles helps in
rehabilitation from the injuries sustained during the game or sport.
6. Helps in maintaining healthy body: study of anatomy and physiology provides detailed
knowledge about all body parts, their nature and functions. This helps the player to adopt good,
safe and healthy use of body.
7. Helps to know about individual differences: there is a lot of difference between the body of
male and female. The knowledge of anatomy and physiology helps in understanding these
individual differences. On the basis of these differences, the size of the court, time of game and
equipment are designed differently for male and female players.
Source: https://www.sarthaks.com/7393/elucidate-the-importance-of-anatomy-and-physiology-in-the-field-of-sports

The Musculoskeletal System

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Musculoskeletal System

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Republic of the Philippines

BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

The Human Major Bones and Bone Groups,

 Support of body structures.

 Body locomotion through coordination with the muscular system.

Major Bones: Classification of Bones

Introduction to Human Muscles

Skeletal Muscle, attached to bones, is responsible for skeletal movements.

The musculoskeletal system is an organ system that enables an organism to move,

Importance of studying Human Anatomy and Physiology in the Field of

You might also like