M01-Mathematics (B1+B2) Rev.00

Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
for B1 & B2 certification

bu e ed a ta
Module 01
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
EASA Part-66 Basic Module

do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
MATHEMATICS
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
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t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
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without
Al
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in A n
co tel ny Th form
the
pi lec un e
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, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
prior
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in written
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
permission
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t-A a cu la d f N
of
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publisher.
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Rev.00| Pag.2
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
ARITHMETICS
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.3
MATHEMATICS ARITHMETIC
INTRODUCTION
or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag
ith be
S
rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T
t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
Arithmetic is the branch of mathematics dealing with the properties and
of
h d a e
manipulation of numbers. Performing arithmetic calculations with success
ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr
,
requires an understanding of the correct methods and procedures. Arithmetic
Sa n nt
ol
em o ta co s, t a
w
may be thought of as a set of tools. The aviation maintenance professional will
re ed e s e aw en
.
need these tools to successfully complete the maintenance, repair, installation,
ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
or certification of aircraft equipment
te b e w rig o
r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
m
e s
w ts. f th ct thi
Arithmetic is the basis for all aspects of mathematics. Math is used in measuring
do gh o ote in
d, ri se pr d
and calculating serviceability of close tolerance engine components, when

te rty u re ine
bu e ed a ta
calculating the weight and balance for the installation of new avionics and more
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co
, d al uth nt on
ed tu a co ati
co tel ny Th form
n
n
pi lec un e
li
Al
in A
Rev.00| Pag.4
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
DIGITS
•Digits are the whole numbers between 0 and 9.

THE INTEGERS
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m
WHOLE NUMBERS
h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
•Integers are all positive and negative whole numbers including 0
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
•Whole numbers are the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13… and so on
Rev.00| Pag.5
ARITHMETIC
DEFINITION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
entire number and must be maintained
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
occupies a place within the whole number which determines the value of the
specific place and cannot be moved. This is known as place value Each digit
When a large whole number is written, each digit within the number has a
Rev.00| Pag.6
ARITHMETIC
INTRODUCTION
Example:
Al
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in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
another. The result is called the sum

te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
•3+4=5
•2+7=9
•4+(-3)=1

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
them into columns according to place value and then add.
ADDITION OF WHOLE NUMBERS
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ßThis is the sum of the four whole numbers.
ou
t
When adding several whole numbers, such as 4 314, 122, 93 132, and 10, align
Addition is the process in which the value of one number is added to the value of
Rev.00| Pag.7
ARITHMETIC
OPERATION
Al
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in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
4 = 8)
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
the 2 is put in the right most
rt, ma gl
w y
ß The sum of the right-most
column total space and the 1 is
ith be
ou
t
added into the sum of the column
immediately to the left. (1 + 3 + 0 +
column (4 + 8 + 0) is equal to 12. So
column and add the left digit into the sum of the column immediately to the left.
If the sum in a column is greater than 9, write the right digit at the bottom of the
Rev.00| Pag.8
ARITHMETIC
OPERATION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
columns according to place value and then subtract
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
value of another. The answer is called the difference .
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
the two whole numbers
rt, ma gl
ß This is the difference of
w y
ith be
ou
t
When subtracting two whole numbers, such as 3 461 from 97 564, align them into
Subtraction is the process in which the value of one number is taken from the
Rev.00| Pag.9
ARITHMETIC
OPERATION
OPERATION
or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag
ith be
S
rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T
t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
Multiplication is the process of repeated addition. The result is called the product
pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
.
of
h d a e
ro in t re m op
ßWhen solving this problem, the first step is
t f ed in de de pr
,
Sa n nt
ol
to multiply the 5 in the number 35 by both
em o ta co s, t a
w
re ed e s e aw en
digits in the number 18.
.
ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
te b e w rig o
The second step is to multiply the 3 in the
r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
number 35 by both digits in the number 18. By
m
e s
doing this, both place value holders in the
w ts. f th ct thi
do gh o ote in
number 35 are multiplied by both place value

d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine
holders in the number 18. Then, the result

bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
from steps 1 and 2 are added together. Note

is pr or en co
, d al uth nt on
that recording of the products in each step

ed tu a co ati
must begin directly under the digit being

co tel ny Th form
multiplied on the second line and proceeds to

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pi lec un e
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the left
in A
Rev.00| Pag.10
OPERATION
or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag
ith be
S
rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T
t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
Division is the process of finding how many times one number (called the divisor)
pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
is contained in another number (called the dividend). The result is the quotient,
of
h d a e
and any amount left over is called the remainder.
ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr
,
Sa n nt
ol
em o ta co s, t a
w
re ed e s e aw en
.
ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
te b e w rig o
r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
When dividing small numbers, its
m
e s
possible use the multiplication table.
w ts. f th ct thi
do gh o ote in
Think of any of the numbers at the

d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine
intersection of a column and row as a

bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
dividend. The numbers at the top

is pr or en co
, d al uth nt on
and the left side of the table column

ed tu a co ati
and row that intersect are the divisor

co tel ny Th form
and the quotient. A process known as

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long division can also be used to

calculate division that involves large
in A
numbers
Rev.00| Pag.11
LCM/HCF
or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag
ith be
S
rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T
t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
LOWEST COMMON MULTIPLE (LCM) AND HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR (HCF)
pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
of
-The lowest common multiple of two or more whole numbers is the smallest positive
h d a e
ro in t re m op
number which is a common multiple of the numbers.
t f ed in de de pr
,
Sa n nt
ol
em o ta co s, t a
w
Example:
re ed e s e aw en
.
ag h is l b t l m
The multiples of 4 are 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, ..
n lis rw il h cu
te b e w rig o
The multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24…

r w d s te co in
Looking at both lists gives us 12 as the lowest
io de es on y in
common multiple.
m
e s
w ts. f th ct thi
do gh o ote in
-The highest common factor of two or more numbers is the highest number that will
d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine
divide in to the numbers.

bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co
Example:
, d al uth nt on
ed tu a co ati
The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12.

co tel ny Th form
The factors of 48 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48.

n
pi lec un e
li
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From the list the highest common factor is 12

in A
Rev.00| Pag.12
OPERATION
or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag
ith be
S
rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T
t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
A prime number is a number which has only two factors and those factors are 1
of
h d a e
and the number itself.
ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr
,
Sa n nt
ol
For example, 7 is a prime number. Its only
em o ta co s, t a
w
re ed e s e aw en
factors are 1 and 7. 19 is a prime number. Its
.
ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
only factors are 1 and 19. Here is a list of the
te b e w rig o
first eight prime numbers: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17
r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
and 19.
m
e s
w ts. f th ct thi
do gh o ote in
d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine
Every whole number can be written as a product of prime factors

bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co
To write a number as a product of prime numbers, 924 as a product of prime

, d al uth nt on
ed tu a co ati
we continuously divide the number by a prime as 924 ÷ 2 = 462

co tel ny Th form
shown in the following example à 462 ÷ 2 = 231

n
pi lec un e
li
Al
in A
Rev.00| Pag.13
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
Write 342 as a product of primes.
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
PRODUCT OF PRIMES CALCULUS
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Start by dividing the number by its lowest
prime factor. In this case the lowest prime
until the only remainder is a prime number.

factor is 2. Then continue dividing by 3, 5, 7 etc
Rev.00| Pag.14
ARITHMETIC
OPERATION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
Write 630 as a product of primes.
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
PRODUCT OF PRIMES CALCULUS
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Start by dividing the number by its lowest
prime factor. In this case the lowest prime
until the only remainder is a prime number.

factor is 2. Then continue dividing by 3, 5, 7 etc
Rev.00| Pag.15
ARITHMETIC
OPERATION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
When x = 5 and y = 2
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
values they are called variables.

io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
Calculate the value of 2 (x + 3y) - 4xy

te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
Example

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
solution:
Sa n nt o ig t-A
using formulae over and over again
w ,
gl h no N n r T f
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
•Common letters used are x, y, t, r, v, h. Because these letters can have different
Letters are frequently used in mathematics, this allows us to calculate quantities
Rev.00| Pag.16
ARITHMETIC
VARIABLE
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
Example

t f ed in de de pr
Let's take the fraction 1/9. It's reciprocal is 1/(1/9).
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
A few more examples:
The reciprocal of 6 is 1/6
The reciprocal of 8 is 1/8.
ex w o io n o
The reciprocal of 45 is 1/45
t-A a cu la d f N
The reciprocal of 1/6 is 6 (or 6/1).
o ig t-A
The reciprocal of 1/20 is 20 (or 20/1).
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r T f
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
How would the reciprocal of a fraction be written?
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
The reciprocal of a number is one divided by the number
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.17
ARITHMETIC
RECIPROCAL
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
numbers less than zero.
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
OPERATION OF SIGNED NUMBERS
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
Signed whole numbers are also called integers
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
positive or negative, depending on the values of the numbers.
ith be
ou
t
The sum (addition) of two positive numbers is positive. The sum (addition) of two
negative numbers is negative. The sum of a positive and a negative number can be
Positive numbers are numbers that are greater than zero. Negative numbers are
Rev.00| Pag.18
SIGNED NUMBERS
ARITHMETIC
SIGNED NUMBERS OPERATION
or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag
ith be
S
rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T
t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
Example
pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ADDITION OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE NUMBER
ex w o io n o
f
The weight of an aircraft is 2 000 pounds. A radio rack weighing 3 pounds and a
o
h d a e
ro in t re m op
transceiver weighing 10 pounds are removed from the aircraft. What is the new
t f ed in de de pr
,
Sa n nt
ol
weight? For weight and balance purposes, all weight removed from an aircraft is
em o ta co s, t a
w
re ed e s e aw en
given a minus sign, and all weight added is given a plus sign.
.
ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
te b e w rig o
2000 + (−3) +(−10) = 2000 + (−13) = 987
r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
m
Therefore, the new weight is 1987 pounds
e s
w ts. f th ct thi
do gh o ote in
SUBTRACTION OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE NUMBER

d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine
bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co
To subtract positive and negative numbers, first change the "-" (subtraction symbol)
, d al uth nt on
to a "+" (addition symbol), and change the sign of the second number to its opposite
ed tu a co ati
(that is, change a positive number to a negative number or vice versa).

co tel ny Th form
n
n
pi lec un e
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Al
Finally, add the two numbers together

in A
Rev.00| Pag.19
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
Example

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
Subtract 20 from −6: −6 – 20 = −6 + −20 = −26
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
SUBTRACTION OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE NUMBER
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
The temperature is −26°, or 26° below zero at 15 000 feet above the city.
•The daytime temperature in the city of Denver was 6° below zero (−6°). An
airplane is cruising at 15 000 feet above Denver. The temperature at 15 000 feet
is 20° colder than in the city of Denver. What is the temperature at 15 000 feet?
Rev.00| Pag.20
ARITHMETIC
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
Examples:

•3 × −6 = −18
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
positive and a negative number is always negative
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w , of
ig t-A
•3 × 6 = 18, −3 × 6 = −18, −3 × −6 = 18,
gl h no N n r T
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
MULTIPLICATION OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE NUMBERS
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
•The product of two negative numbers is always positive. The product of a
t
Rev.00| Pag.21
ARITHMETIC
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
number is always negative.
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
−6 ÷ −3 = 2
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
Examples:

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
6 ÷ 3 = 2 −6 ÷ 3 = −2,
ex w o io n o
6 ÷ −3 = −2
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
DIVISION OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE NUMBERS
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
negative numbers is always positive. The quotient of a positive and negative
•The quotient of two positive numbers is always positive. The quotient of two
Rev.00| Pag.22
ARITHMETIC
FRACTION
or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag
ith be
S
rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T
t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
FRACTION
pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
A fraction represents part of something, or, part of a whole thing. Anything can
ex w o io n o
be divided into equal parts. We can refer to the number of these equal parts
of
h d a e
ro in t re m op
when we are expressing how much of the whole item we are talking about.
t f ed in de de pr
,
Sa n nt
ol
em o ta co s, t a
w
re ed e s e aw en
.
Examples:
ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
The capacity of a fuel tank is 4 metric tons of fuel. If we divide the fuel tank into
te b e w rig o
4 equal parts (4 metric tons ÷ 4), each part has a capacity of 1 metric ton of fuel
r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
m
e s
w ts. f th ct thi
We use fractions to express how much of the whole tank capacity to which we
do gh o ote in
d, ri se pr d
are referring
te rty u re ine
bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
If one of the equal parts of the tank is filled with fuel, the tank has 1 metric ton
is pr or en co
, d al uth nt on
of fuel in it. A fraction that expresses this states the amount we are talking about
ed tu a co ati
compared to the total capacity of the tank.

co tel ny Th form
n
n
pi lec un e
li
Al
This is written as follows: 1/4

in A
Rev.00| Pag.23
FRACTION
or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag
ith be
S
rt, ma gl
a
•The bottom number represents the number of equal parts into which a whole
gl h no N n r T
t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
item has been divided. It is called the denominator
pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
of
h d a e
•The top number represents the specific amount of the whole item about which
ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr
,
we are concerned. It is called the numerator
Sa n nt
ol
em o ta co s, t a
w
re ed e s e aw en
.
ag h is l b t l m
•The line between the numerator and the denominator is a division line. It shows
n lis rw il h cu
te b e w rig o
that the numerator is divided by the denominator
r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
EXAMPLES OF FRACTION
m
e s
w ts. f th ct thi
do gh o ote in
d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine
bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co
, d al uth nt on
ed tu a co ati
co tel ny Th form
The denominator of a fraction cannot be 0. This would be like saying the whole item
n
pi lec un e
li
we are talking about has been divided into 0 pieces.

Al
in A
Rev.00| Pag.24
FRACTION
or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag
ith be
S
rt, ma gl
A proper fraction has a smaller numerator than the denominator
a
gl h no N n r T
t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
1/4, 1/2, 3/16, and 7/8 are all examples of proper fractions
ex w o io n o
of
h d a e
ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr
,
Sa n nt
ol
An improper fraction is a fraction in which the numerator is equal to or larger

em o ta co s, t a
w
than the denominator.
re ed e s e aw en
.
ag h is l b t l m
4/4, 9/8, 26/21, and 3/2 are all examples of improper fractions
n lis rw il h cu
te b e w rig o
r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
A whole number and a fraction together are known as a mixed number.
m
e s
Manipulating mixed numbers is discussed in greater detail in the next section of
w ts. f th ct thi
do gh o ote in
this chapter.
d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine
11/2, 51/4, 103/4, and 81/8 are all examples of mixed numbers
bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co
, d al uth nt on
ed tu a co ati
Fractions can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided. But to do so, certain
co tel ny Th form
rules must be applied to arrive at the correct result

n
pi lec un e
li
Al
in A
Rev.00| Pag.25
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
above to find the LCD.

bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
converted so that they have the same denominator.
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
•When adding and subtracting fractions, the lowest, or least common
w y
ith be
same. If the denominators are not the same initially, the fractions can be
ou
t
is the same as the LCM. We can therefore use either of the methods shown
To add or subtract fractions, the fractions must have a common denominator;
denominator (LCD) is often used because it often simplifies the answer. The LCD
that is, the denominators of the fractions to be added or subtracted must be the
Rev.00| Pag.26
LCD
ARITHMETIC
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
used as common denominators as well
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
simple
em o ta co s, t a
Example:

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
both 5 and 10 and it is the smallest
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
To add 1/5 + 1/10 the LCD can be found as follows:
List the multiples of 10 ¦ 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, etc…

List the multiples of 5 ¦ 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, etc…
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Note that 20 and 30 are also common to each list of multiples. These could be
Choose the smallest multiple common to each list. 10 is a multiple common to
But the least common denominator, 10, is usually chosen to keep the numbers
Rev.00| Pag.27
LCD
ARITHMETIC
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
REDUCING FRACTION
t-A a cu la d f N
they can both be divided by 2
Sa n nt
w , of
ig t-A
out of the numerator and denominator
gl h no N n r T
. ol S
That is, they cannot be divided by the same number (or factor)
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
A fraction needs to be reduced when it is not in "lowest terms." Lowest terms
For example, when both the numerator and denominator are even numbers,
means that the numerator and denominator do not have any factors in common.
To reduce a fraction, determine what the common factor(s) are and divide these
Rev.00| Pag.28
ARITHMETIC
REDUCING FRACTION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
Example:

t f ed in de de pr
MIXED NUMBERS
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
equivalent to 15 fifths
ex w o io n o
written as improper fractions
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
The number 3(4/5) represents 3 full parts and four fifths; Three full parts is
A mixed number is a combination of a whole number and a fraction, and can be
Rev.00| Pag.29
MIXED NUMBERS
ARITHMETIC
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
So the question becomes:

d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
Exerciseà Find the value of:
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
-Change each fraction so that its denominator is 30
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
-The LCD in this case is 30 (list the multiples of 5, 6 and 10 if necessary).
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.30
FRACTION ALGEBRA
ARITHMETIC
Exercise
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b traFind the value ofà
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
Solution:

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
multiply the denominators. An example will show how easy this process is
ou
t
There is a very simple rule for multiplying fractions: multiply the numerators and
Rev.00| Pag.31
FRACTION ALGEBRA
ARITHMETIC
Exercise:
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
Divide à

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
DIVISION OF FRACTIONS
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
To divide fractions, multiply by the reciprocal of the lower fraction
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.32
FRACTION ALGEBRA
ARITHMETIC
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
-The place values are based on powers of 10.

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m
numbers, decimal numbers also have place value.
h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
The number system that we use every day is called the decimal system.
ith be
ou
t
system probably had its origin in the fact that we have ten fingers (or digits)
The prefix in the word decimal is a Latin root for the word "ten." The decimal
The decimal system has ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, and like whole
Rev.00| Pag.33
DECIMAL NUMBER
ARITHMETIC
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
Examples:

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
SOLVE à 2.34+37.5+0.09
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
ADDITION OF DECIMAL NUMBERS
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
tenths, ones with ones, hundreds with hundreds, and so forth
ith be
ou
t
are aligned vertically and according to place value. That is, adding tenths with
To add decimal numbers, they must first be arranged so that the decimal points
Rev.00| Pag.34
DECIMAL NUMBER
ARITHMETIC
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
Examples:

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
SOLVE à 37.272 - 14.88
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w , of
ig t-A
SUBTRACTION OF DECIMAL NUMBERS
gl h no N n r T
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
tenths from tenths, ones from ones, hundreds from hundreds, and so forth
points are aligned vertically and according to place value. That is, subtracting
To subtract decimal numbers, they must first be arranged so that the decimal
Rev.00| Pag.35
DECIMAL NUMBER
ARITHMETIC
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
Examples:

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
SOLVE à 2.34+37.5+0.09
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
ADDITION OF DECIMAL NUMBERS
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
tenths, ones with ones, hundreds with hundreds, and so forth
ith be
ou
t
are aligned vertically and according to place value. That is, adding tenths with
To add decimal numbers, they must first be arranged so that the decimal points
Rev.00| Pag.36
DECIMAL NUMBER
ARITHMETIC
DECIMAL NUMBER
or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag
ith be
S
rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T
t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
MULTIPLICATION OF DECIMAL NUMBERS
pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
To multiply decimal numbers, vertical alignment of the decimal point is not
ex w o io n o
required. Instead, align the numbers to the right in the same way as whole
of
h d a e
ro in t re m op
numbers are multiplied (with no regard to the decimal points or place values)
t f ed in de de pr
,
Sa n nt
ol
and then multiply.

em o ta co s, t a
w
re ed e s e aw en
-The last step is to place the decimal point in the correct place in the answer. To
.
ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
do this, "count" the number of decimal places in each of the numbers, add the
te b e w rig o
total, and then "give" that number of decimal places to the result
r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
m
e s
w ts. f th ct thi
Examples:
do gh o ote in
d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine
bu e ed a ta
SOLVE à 0.2 × 6.03

tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co
, d al uth nt on
ed tu a co ati
co tel ny Th form
n
n
pi lec un e
li
Al
in A
Rev.00| Pag.37
places.
dividing.
dividend.
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
number of places.
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
Then divide.
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
unless the divisor is a decimal.
DIVISION OF DECIMAL NUMBERS
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
When the divisor is a decimal, it must be changed to a whole number before
- The decimal in the quotient will be placed directly above the decimal in the
Division of decimal numbers is performed the same way as whole numbers,
-At the same time, move the decimal point in the dividend to the right the same
-To do this, move the decimal in the divisor to the right until there are no decimal
Rev.00| Pag.38
DECIMAL NUMBER
ARITHMETIC
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
DIVISION OF DECIMAL NUMBERS
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.39
DECIMAL NUMBER
ARITHMETIC
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
EXAMPLE:

t f ed in de de pr
ROUNDING OFF
round up by 1
ro in t re m op
discarding the rest
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
-The degree of accuracy desired determines the number of digits to be retained
-When the digit immediately to the right of the last retained digit is 5 or greater,
A decimal is rounded off by keeping the digits for a certain number of places and
Rev.00| Pag.40
DECIMAL NUMBER
ARITHMETIC
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
numbers and to millimeters
t-A a cu la d f N
DECIMAL EQUIVALENT CHART
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Decimal equilvalent chart is a fraction to decimal to millimeter conversion chart.
Measurements starting at 1⁄64 inch up to 1 inch have been converted to decimal
Rev.00| Pag.41
DECIMAL NUMBER
ARITHMETIC
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
RATIO
em o ta co s, t a
word "to."

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. S
simple mathematical tool that allow meaningful comparisons
ol
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
A ratio is the result of one number or quantity divided by another. Ratios are a
A ratio may be expressed in three ways: as a fraction, with a colon, or with the
Rev.00| Pag.42
RATIO
ARITHMETIC
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
PROPORTION
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
along the diagonal and then divide by the third number
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
A proportion is a statement of equality between two or more ratios
t
Normally when solving a proportion, three quantities will be known, and the
fourth will be unknown. To solve for the unknown, multiply the two numbers
Rev.00| Pag.43
ARITHMETIC
PROPORTION
Example:
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
between two or more ratios
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
Percentage means "parts out of one hundred." The percentage sign is "%".
t
Ninety percent is expressed as 90% (= 90 parts out of 100). The decimal 0.90
equals 90⁄100, or 90 out of 100 or 90%. A proportion is a statement of equality
Rev.00| Pag.44
ARITHMETIC
PERCENTAGE
Al
radical sign
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
produce a given number
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
ROOT
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
The two most common roots are the square root and the cube root
t
The square root of 25, written as 25, equals 5. That is, when the number 5 is
Finding the square root of a number is the most common application of roots
Numbers whose square roots are whole numbers are called perfect squares
squared (multiplied by itself), it produces the number 25. The symbol is called a
A root is a number that when multiplied by itself a specified number of times will
Rev.00| Pag.45
ARITHMETIC
ROOT
Al
li
in A n Roots tableà
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
exponent instead of a radical sign.

io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
ROOT
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
FRACTIONAL INDICIES
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
of the radical sign. The square root of a number is written with a 1⁄2as the
ou
t
Another way to write a root is to use a fraction as the index (or exponent) instead
Rev.00| Pag.46
ARITHMETIC
ROOT
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
POWERS AND INDICES
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w , of
ig t-A
many times a number, called the base, is multiplied by itself.
gl h no N n r T
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
Powers and exponents are also known as indices
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
The power (or exponent) of a number is a shorthand method of indicating how
Rev.00| Pag.47
POWER
ARITHMETIC
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
positive

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
bases are the same
POWERS AND INDICES
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
When multiplying numbers with powers, the powers can be added as long as the
A number with a negative power equals its reciprocal with the same power made
Rev.00| Pag.48
POWER
ARITHMETIC
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
Power example:
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
POWERS AND INDICES
the bases are the same.
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
When dividing numbers with powers, the powers can be subtracted as long as
Rev.00| Pag.49
POWER
ARITHMETIC
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
GEOMETRY
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.50
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
shapes

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
expressed in square unit
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Mensuration is the measuring of geometric magnitudes, lengths, areas and
Area is a measurement of the amount of surface of an object. Also, the space
volumes. Specific formulas are used to calculate the areas of various geometric
inside the borders of a geometric construction is the area of that figure. Area is
Rev.00| Pag.51
GEOMETRY
ARITHMETIC
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
sum of all of the angles is 360°.
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
parallel to each other. All of the angles of a rectangle are right angles and the
A rectangle is a 4-sided figure with opposite sides that are equal in length and
Rev.00| Pag.52
GEOMETRY
ARITHMETIC
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
area of a square is the same as that of a rectangle:
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
that are parallel to each other
Sa n nt
w , of
ig t-A
Area = Length × Width or, A = L × W
gl h no N n r T
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
All the angles contained in a square are right angles and the sum of all of the
A square is a 4-sided figure with all four sides of equal length and opposite sides
angles is 360°. A square is actually a rectangle with 4 equal sides. Therefore the
Rev.00| Pag.53
GEOMETRY
ARITHMETIC
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
obtuse triangle has one angle greater than 90°

t f ed in de de pr
-An isosceles triangle has 2 sides of equal length
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
-An equilateral triangle has 3 sides of equal length
always equal to 180°
-A scalene triangle has three sides of differing length
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
Triangles are often classified by their sides:
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
angles less than 90°. A right triangle has one right angle (a 90° angle). An
Triangles can also be classified by their angles: An acute triangle has all three
A triangle is a three-sided figure. The sum of the three angles in a triangle is
Rev.00| Pag.54
GEOMETRY
ARITHMETIC
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.55
GEOMETRY
ARITHMETIC
Al
li
n
trapezoid is:
in A
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt o ig t-A
Area = 1/2(Base₁ + Base₂) × Height
w ,
gl h no N n r T f
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
The sum of the angles in a trapezoid is 360°. The formula for the area of a
and base₂ and a height which is the perpendicular distance between the bases
A trapezoid is a four-sided figure with one pair of parallel sides known as base₁
Rev.00| Pag.56
GEOMETRY
ARITHMETIC
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
is equal to the diameter times π (3.141 6).
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w , of
ig t-A
A circle is a closed, curved, plane figure
gl h no N n r T
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Every point on the circle is an equal distance from the center of the circle. The
diameter is the distance across the circle (through the center). The radius is the
distance from the center to the edge of the circle. The diameter is always twice
the length of the radius. The circumference of a circle, or distance around a circle
Rev.00| Pag.57
GEOMETRY
ARITHMETIC
°
Al
Circle:
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.58
GEOMETRY
ARITHMETIC
°
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
Wing surface area is important to aircraft performance.
rt, ma gl
w y
wing "chord" dimension is similar to the area of a rectangle.
ith be
The wingspan, S, is the length of the wing from wingtip to wingtip
ou
t
a general formula for many wing shapes that can be described using an average
precise dimensions for the clearly defined geometric area of the wing. However,
There are many different shapes of wings. To calculate wing area exactly requires
Rev.00| Pag.59
GEOMETRY
ARITHMETIC
°
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w , of
ig t-A
The formula for calculating wing area is:
gl h no N n r T
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
Area of a Wing = Wing Span × Mean Chord or AW = SC
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.60
GEOMETRY
ARITHMETIC
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
can be employed if appropriate
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
Volume is the amount of space within an object
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
spaces and cubic meters for larger spaces, however any distance measuring unit
Volume is expressed in cubic units. Cubic centimeters are typically used for small
Rev.00| Pag.61
GEOMETRY
ARITHMETIC
WEIGHTS AND MEASUREMENT
or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag
ith be
S
rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T
t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
pa ts
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
The ISO publishes documents that provide extensive detail on the application of
of
h d a e
ro in t re m op
SI units. ICAO, the International Civil Aviation Organization, maintains liaison with
t f ed in de de pr
,
Sa n nt
ol
the ISO regarding the standardized application of SI units in aviation

em o ta co s, t a
w
re ed e s e aw en
.
ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
-ICAO publishes ANNEX 5 - Units of Measurement to be Used in Air and Ground
te b e w rig o
Operations to guide aviation organizations and individuals in the use of SI, the
r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
standardized system of weights and measures in aviation
m
e s
w ts. f th ct thi
do gh o ote in
-The metric system is formalized in SI (the International System of Units) which is

d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine
the official system of weights and measure of ICAO, the International Civil
bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co
Aviation Organization
, d al uth nt on
ed tu a co ati
co tel ny Th form
n
n
pi lec un e
li
Al
in A
Rev.00| Pag.62
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
Conversion table from IMPERIAL SYSTE TO SI(METRIC)
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.63
GEOMETRY
ARITHMETIC
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ALGEBRA
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.64
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
rules for operating with numbers
io de es on y in
in place of the letters and symbols
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
numbers and show relationships between them
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
-A variable is the name given to a value or number that is not yet known
-In algebra, formulas and equations are written with numbers, letters and
ou
t
Arithmetic uses numbers, while Algebra uses letters or symbols to represent
symbols. Known number values are substituted into the formulas and equations
-Algebra extends the concepts of arithmetic so that it is possible to generalize the
Rev.00| Pag.65
ALGEBRA
INTRODUCTION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
(a – c)
em o ta co s, t a
Example:

coefficient of y
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
When a number appears in front of a letter or variable, it is known as a
coefficient. In the terms listed above, 4 is the coefficient of x and 3 is the
every time x appears in an expression or equation, it will have the same value
In algebra, like terms have the same value. If a variable is described as x, then
In the expression v + 4x – 3y + (a – c) there are 4 terms, namely v, 4x, 3y and
Rev.00| Pag.66
ALGEBRA
INTRODUCTION
- Addition:
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
property of addition:
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
a + b = c --> 1 + 2 = 3
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
a + b = b + a à1 + 2 = 2 + 1
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
EVALUATING SIMPLE ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
they are added, subtracted, multiplied or divided
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
When solving algebraic equations, the rules described for adding,
- Addition is commutative. This means that the order in which terms are
In fact, algebra is a way of generalizing what happens to numbers when
subtracting, multiplying, and dividing whole numbers and fractions apply.
added does not change the sum. The following illustrates the commutative
Rev.00| Pag.67
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
Addition is also associative
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
are added first before adding the third term:
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m
3+3=1+5 =6
h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
a
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c) à(1 + 2) + 3 = 1 + (2 + 3)
pa ts
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
Completing the addition in the brackets first, this becomes:
the order in which the terms are added. The following illustrates the
ou
t
associative property of addition. Brackets are used to define which terms
When more than two terms are added, the sum is the same regardless of
Rev.00| Pag.68
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
:
Al
li
-Subtraction
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
the same difference as y - x.

do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
-Subtraction is not commutative

io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
c - b = a à 3 - 2 = 1
If x = 5 and y = 3, then,
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
x - y = 2, (5 - 3) = 2 but y - x = -2, (3 - 5) = -2
e co ext ight ag
the terms. The result or difference is expressed with an "=" sign
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
By substituting numbers for the letters x and y, we can show how this is true
As with numbers, when subtracting algebraic terms, a "-" sign is used between
It definitely matters which term is subtracted from the other. x - y may not have
Rev.00| Pag.69
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
MATHEMATICS ALGEBRA
OPERATION
or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag
ith be
S
rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T
To make subtraction more flexible, subtraction of terms can be thought of as
t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
addition of a negative or opposite value. For example, a - b = c can be
pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
manipulated so that the subtraction becomes addition of a negative number:
ex w o io n o
of
a - b = a + (-b) and a + b - c = a + b + (-c)
h d a e
ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr
,
Sa n nt
ol
em o ta co s, t a
w
Thus, the commutative property of addition applies:
re ed e s e aw en
.
ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
a - b = (-b) + a
te b e w rig o
-If a = 7 and b = 5, substitution of these values for a and b gives the following
r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
result:
m
7 - 5 = (-5) + 7, 7 - 5 = 2 and (-5) + 7 = 2
e s
w ts. f th ct thi
do gh o ote in
d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine
bu e ed a ta
Similarly, thinking of a term that is being subtracted as the addition of the same
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co
term with the opposite sign allows the use of the associative property of
, d al uth nt on
ed tu a co ati
addition:
co tel ny Th form
(a - b) - c = a + ((-b) + (-c))
n
pi lec un e
li
Al
in A
Rev.00| Pag.70
MATHEMATICS ALGEBRA
OPERATION
or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag
ith be
S
rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T
t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
MULTIPLICATION
pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
As with numbers in arithmetic, when multiplying algebraic numbers, the "•" sign is
ex w o io n o
f
used between the terms
o
h d a e
ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr
As always, the product is expressed with an "=" sign.
,
Sa n nt
ol
em o ta co s, t a
w
a × b = c à 2 • 3 = 6 (If a = 2 and b = 3 then c = 6)
re ed e s e aw en
.
ag h is l b t l m
Multiplication is both commutative and associative just like addition. Therefore,
n lis rw il h cu
te b e w rig o
the following illustrates the commutative property of multiplication:

r w d s te co in
a × b = b × a
io de es on y in
m
e s
And the associative property of multiplication is illustrated as follows:
w ts. f th ct thi
do gh o ote in
(a × b) × c = a × (b × c)
d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine
Multiplication is also distributive. The following illustrates how a term made up of

bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co
added variables is multiplied by another term.

, d al uth nt on
ed tu a co ati
This is the distributive property of multiplication:

co tel ny Th form
a × (b × c) = ab + ac
n
pi lec un e
li
Al
in A
Rev.00| Pag.71
becomes:
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
Then, any combining of like variables can occur
This is written without the "•" symbol as follows:

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
MULTIPLYING POLYNOMIALS
Since multiplication is commutative, ba = ab as follows:
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w , of
ig t-A
by each term in the polynomial multiplier
gl h no N n r T
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
-(a + b) • (a - b) also written (a + b)(a - b) àa • a - a • b + b • a - b • b
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
The like terms, -ab and ab, added together equal 0. Thus the final expression
t
When multiplying polynomials, each term in a bracketed polynomial is multiplied
Rev.00| Pag.72
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
rearranged or reversed
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
DIVISION
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
terms to be divided. The "/" sign is also frequently used.
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Division in algebra is the same as in arithmetic. A "÷" sign is used between the
- Just as with numbers, in algebra division is neither commutative or associative
-The terms to be divided must be defined as dividend and divisor and cannot be
Rev.00| Pag.73
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n
manipulating numeric fractions
e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
SIMPLE ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. S
A simple algebraic fraction can look like:
ol
e co ext ight ag
In algebra, as with numbers, fractions can exist
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
The rules for manipulating simple algebraic fractions are the same as the rules for
Rev.00| Pag.74
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
LINEAR EQUATIONS
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
variables

7 = 2x + 1
t f ed in de de pr
0 = -10x + 4
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
t-A a cu la d f N
o ig t-A
on a graph. In a linear equation the highest power of x is 1
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r T f
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
Some examples of linear equations follow:
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
equations are used in aviation to show the relationship between two or more
A linear equation is an algebraic equation that forms a straight line when plotted
Algebraic equations are equations that involve one or more variables. Algebraic
Rev.00| Pag.75
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
rules
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
SINGLE BRACKETS
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
EXPANDING BRACKETS
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
Example: t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
Expand 3(x + 4) m h d a e
3(x + 4)= 3x + 12
ex w o io n o
ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
t-A a cu la d f N
Multiple 3 by both terms to get
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
the brackets must be multiplied as shown in the following examples
Expanding brackets is equivalent to removing brackets
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
When solving equations in algebra it is often necessary to expand brackets.
When removing brackets be aware that we must always follow the precedence
If we have a number or a variable multiplying bracketed terms, then all terms in
Rev.00| Pag.76
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
other
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
following examples
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
MULTIPLYING TWO BRACKETED TERMS
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
by each other, for example:
in en T S
pa ts a
(x + 3) (x + 4)
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
-The easy way to do this is to break one
-We must multiply all four terms by each
If we want to multiply two bracketed terms
bracket and keep the other as shown in the
Rev.00| Pag.77
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
other
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
following examples
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
MULTIPLYING TWO BRACKETED TERMS
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
by each other, for example:
in en T S
pa ts a
(x + 3) (x + 4)
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
-The easy way to do this is to break one
-We must multiply all four terms by each
If we want to multiply two bracketed terms
bracket and keep the other as shown in the
Rev.00| Pag.78
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
x = 3
2x = 6
em o ta co s, t a
Examples:
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m
Solve: 2x + 4 = 10
h d a e
Divide both sides by 2,
ex w o io n o
Subtract 4 from both sides:
t-A a cu la d f N
SOLVING LINEAR EQUATIONS
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
Solve each of the following linear equations
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
(usually x) is at one side of the equation and the numbers are at the other
ith be
ou
t
To solve linear equations, we rearrange the equation so that the unknown variable
Rev.00| Pag.79
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra coefficients of x2 and x respectively
io de es on y in
Examples of quadratic equations are:

r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ax2 + bx + c = 0
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
A quadratic equation has the general form:
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Where a, b and c are real numbers and a cannot be zero. a and b are called the
We can define a quadratic equation as an equation where the highest power of x is 2
Rev.00| Pag.80
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.81
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
MATHEMATICS ALGEBRA
OPERATION
or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag
FINDING FACTORS
ith be
S
rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T
t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
We will look at a number of methods of factorizing quadratic equations
pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
f
METHOD 1: USING BRACKETS
o
h d a e
ro in t re m op
The simplest quadratic equations are when the coefficient of x2 is one, i.e. when
t f ed in de de pr
,
Sa n nt
ol
a = 1. To factorize this type of equation we find two numbers that when
em o ta co s, t a
w
re ed e s e aw en
multiplied give c, and when added give b
.
ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
te b e w rig o
Example:
r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
m
Factorize x2 + 5x + 6 = 0
e s
w ts. f th ct thi
do gh o ote in
Just a reminder here a = 1, b = 5 and c = 6

d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine
bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
The first step is to write out brackets:

is pr or en co
(x + ?) (x + ?) = 0
, d al uth nt on
ed tu a co ati
To complete the brackets we want two numbers whose product is 6, and whose
co tel ny Th form
sum is 5
n
pi lec un e
li
Al
The obvious choice is 2 and 3

The factors are: (x + 2) (x + 3) = 0
in A
Rev.00| Pag.82
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
METHOD 2: THE 'BOX METHOD'

io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
FINDING FACTORS
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
equal to 1. This method is demonstrated using the following example
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
This method can be used to factorize quadratic equations when the a is not
t
Rev.00| Pag.83
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
Example:
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
METHOD 3: FACTORIZE OUT COMMON TERMS

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m
Factorize x^2 + 4x = 0
h d a e
FINDING FACTORS
ex w o io n o
x is common to both terms, so:
The factors are simply x and x + 4
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.84
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
X^2 – y^2
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu The factors of x^2 – y^2 are (x - y) (x + y)
Look at the following quadratic equations:
ag h is l b t l m
METHOD 4: DIFFERENCE OF TWO SQUARES
re ed e s e aw en
We can now factorize the examples above à
X^2 - 4 = 0 x^2 - 9 = 0 x^2 - 25 = 0
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
We can write the difference of two squares in the general form:
difference of x2 and 22, the second is the difference of x2 and 32
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
Each example is the difference of two things squared the first one is the
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.85
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
other)
m h d a e
Formula
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ß SOLVING USING FACTORS
ith be
formula called the Quadratic
ou
t
Quadratic equations are solved
either by factorizing or by using a
solutions will be the same as each

two solutions (sometimes the two
Quadratic equations will always have
Rev.00| Pag.86
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
USING THE QUADRATIC FORMULA
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.87
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
in Arithmetic
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
INDICES AND POWERS IN ALGEBRA
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ß Rules of Indices table
ou
t
In algebra, indices or powers are manipulated in the same manner as described
Rev.00| Pag.88
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
MATHEMATICS ALGEBRA
OPERATION
or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag
ith be
S
rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T
LOGARITHMS
t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
pa ts
An index or exponent tells the user how many times to multiply a number (the
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
base) by itself
of
h d a e
ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr
,
Sa n nt
A logarithm answers the question: how many of one number are multiplied to
ol
em o ta co s, t a
w
arrive at another number?
re ed e s e aw en
.
ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
te b e w rig o
Logarithms are especially useful when there is a need to compare numbers that

r w d s te co in
have a very wide range between the smallest number and the largest number.
io de es on y in
Rather than use the actual values, it is helpful to compare the logarithms or to
m
e s
w ts. f th ct thi
build a scale of comparison based on logarithms of the actual values

do gh o ote in
d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine
You will need to be able to:

bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co
, d al uth nt on
Change between writing a number in log form and exponential form

ed tu a co ati
co tel ny Th form
Solve equations using logarithms that do not require tables or an electronic

n
pi lec un e
li
calculator
Al
Rewrite equations using the rules of logarithms

in A
Rev.00| Pag.89
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
LOGARITHMS

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.90
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
MATHEMATICS ALGEBRA
OPERATION
or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag
ith be
S
rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T
t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
NUMBER BASES
pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
The binary number system has only two digits: 0 and 1
of
h d a e
ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr
,
Sa n nt
ol
The prefix in the word "binary" is a Latin root for the word "two" and its use was

em o ta co s, t a
w
first published in the late 1700s.
re ed e s e aw en
.
ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
te b e w rig o
-The use of the binary number system is based on the fact that switches or valves
r w d s te co in
have two states: Open or Closed (ON or OFF)
io de es on y in
m
e s
w ts. f th ct thi
- Primary uses of the binary number system include computer architecture and
do gh o ote in
d, ri se pr d
digital electronics. In computers, information is stored as a series of 0's and 1's,

te rty u re ine
bu e ed a ta
forming strings of binary numb

tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co
, d al uth nt on
ed tu a co ati
-Binary numbers are written with a subscript 2, for example 100112 and 10001102
co tel ny Th form
are binary numbers

n
pi lec un e
li
Al
When reading or pronouncing a binary number, it is common to simply say "1" or "0"
in A
moving from left to right until all the digits are pronounced
Rev.00| Pag.91
MATHEMATICS ALGEBRA
OPERATION
or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag
ith be
S
rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T
t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
PLACE VALUES
pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
of
h d a e
ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr
,
The decimal number system used in every day life is a base-10 system. There are 10
Sa n nt
ol
em o ta co s, t a
w
digits available for use as place value holders; 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9
re ed e s e aw en
.
ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
te b e w rig o
r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
m
e s
w ts. f th ct thi
do gh o ote in
d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine
When positioned in a number, they are also positioned to represent a place value. If
bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co
9 is exceeded, the place value resets to 0 and a 1 must be placed in the next place
, d al uth nt on
value column to the left

ed tu a co ati
co tel ny Th form
n
n
pi lec un e
The figure illustrates the decimal number system place values. They are derived by
li
Al
sequentially raising 10 to a higher power moving from right to left. Thus, each
position has a value 10 times that of the position to its right
in A
Rev.00| Pag.92
MATHEMATICS ALGEBRA
OPERATION
or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag
ith be
S
rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T
t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
PLACE VALUES
pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
of
h d a e
ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr
,
The binary number system is a base-2 system. There are 2 digits available for use as
Sa n nt
ol
em o ta co s, t a
w
place value holders; 0 and 1. Each place value in the binary number system
re ed e s e aw en
.
represents 2 raised to a sequentially higher power (from right to left)
ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
te b e w rig o
r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
m
e s
w ts. f th ct thi
do gh o ote in
d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine
bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co
This is similar to the decimal system we use in everyday life. The figure illustrates the
, d al uth nt on
place values of the binary number system. It shows to what power 2 is raised to
ed tu a co ati
co tel ny Th form
establish value and the decimal number system equivalent of each place
n
pi lec un e
li
Al
Each place value position has a value 2 times that of the position to its right
in A
Rev.00| Pag.93
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
to binary numbers
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
digits available are 0 and 1.
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
PLACE VALUES
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
To exceed 1, the place value is reset to 0 and a 1 is placed in the next place value
column to the left. Place values are used to convert our every day decimal numbers
When writing binary numbers and placing digits in positions of place value, the only
Rev.00| Pag.94
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
PLACE VALUES
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w , of
ig t-A
left by placing a 1 or a zero in the binary place value positions
gl h no N n r T
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
The figure illustrates how the decimal number in the left column is built from right to
Rev.00| Pag.95
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
4578 has place values shown in the table below:
The octal number system has 8 digits 0, 1, 2…, 7.
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
THE OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM
t-A a cu la d f N
provides an abbreviated method of writing Binary numbers
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
One use of octal numbers is that they can be made from binary numbers by
t
octal number has a place value that is a power of 8. For example, the octal number
grouping consecutive binary digits into groups of three so the Octal number system
Octal numbers are written using a subscript 8, for example 12 3058. Each digit in an
Rev.00| Pag.96
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
THE HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. S
The first 16 hexadecimal numbers are 0, 1, 2…, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
ol
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
Hexadecimal numbers are written using a subscript 16, for example
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
A is equivalent to 10 in decimal, B is equivalent to 11 and so on
ou
t
make up all numbers, to make 16 digits the letters A, B, C, D, E and F are used.
The hexadecimal number system has 16 digits. Since there are only 10 digits that
Rev.00| Pag.97
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
MATHEMATICS ALGEBRA
OPERATION
or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag
ith be
S
rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T
t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
of
h d a e
ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr
,
Sa n nt
ol
em o ta co s, t a
w
re ed e s e aw en
.
ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
te b e w rig o
r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
m
e s
w ts. f th ct thi

do gh o ote in
d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine
Each digit in a hexadecimal number has a place value that is a power of 16.
bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co
For example, the octal number A4F716 has place values shown in the next table
, d al uth nt on
ed tu a co ati
co tel ny Th form
n
n
pi lec un e
li
Al
in A
Rev.00| Pag.98
MATHEMATICS ALGEBRA
OPERATION
or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag
ith be
S
rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T
t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
of
h d a e
ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr
,
Sa n nt
ol

em o ta co s, t a
w
re ed e s e aw en
.
ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
te b e w rig o
r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
m
e s
w ts. f th ct thi
Each digit in a hexadecimal number has a place value that is a power of 16.
do gh o ote in
d, ri se pr d
For example, the octal number A4F716 has place values shown in the next table
te rty u re ine
bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co
, d al uth nt on
ed tu a co ati
co tel ny Th form
n
n
pi lec un e
li
Al
Hexadecimal numbers are used to describe locations in computer memory

in A
Rev.00| Pag.99
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
number by its place value and add

io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
NUMBER SYSTEM CONVERSION
t-A a cu la d f N
BINARY, OCTAL AND HEXADECIMAL TO BASE 10 (DECIMAL)
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
This is quite simple, just multiply each digit in the binary, octal or hexadecimal
Rev.00| Pag.100
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
BINARY, OCTAL AND HEXADECIMAL TO BASE 10 (DECIMAL)
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.101
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
8
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
continuously by 16
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
taking out the remainder at each step

te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
DECIMAL TO EITHER BINARY, OCTAL OR HEXADECIMAL
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
To convert from decimal to hexadecimal use the same procedure but divide
To convert a number from decimal to binary, continuously divide the number by 2,
To convert from decimal to octal use the same procedure but divide continuously by
Rev.00| Pag.102
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.103
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.104
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
GEOMETRY
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.105
explored.
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. S
GEOMETRY IN AVIATION MAINTENANCE
ol
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
Aircraft maintenance data is often presented on a graph
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
interpret the vital information conveyed by graphs are given in this sub-module
Trigonometric functions are also important in acoustics, electricity and electronics

structural repair, simple trigonometry and trigonometric relationships are also
Since the use of geometry and calculations are important when fabricating parts for
Explanation and examples of how graphs are constructed, used and how to
Rev.00| Pag.106
GEOMETRY
INTRODUCTION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
ANGLE
em o ta co s, t a
DEGREES
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
o ig t-A
written as 36°16' 34’’
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r T f
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
Angles are measured either in degrees or radians
full circle is divided into 360°
in en T S
a
-Seconds are given the symbol
pa ts
rt, ma gl
w y
minute is divided into 60 seconds
ith be
ou
-Degrees are further divided in to 60
t
16 minutes and 34 seconds is therefore
is 1/360 of a full circle. In other words a
Degrees are given the symbol °. A degree
minutes. Minutes have the symbol '. Each
-An angle with the measure of 36 degrees,
Rev.00| Pag.107
GEOMETRY
INTRODUCTION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
circle
circle.
ANGLE
em o ta co s, t a
RADIANS
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
numerical value
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
Angles are measured either in degrees or radians
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
Radians have no symbol, sometimes
t
circle by an arc equal in length to the
however, to avoid confusion, they are
radius, r. There are 2π radians in a full

the angle subtended at the center of a
written with the word 'radians' after the
One radian is defined to be equivalent to
The figure shows a comparison of degree

and radian measurement for every quarter
Rev.00| Pag.108
GEOMETRY
INTRODUCTION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
Degrees To Radians
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
CONVERTING BETWEEN DEGREES AND RADIANS
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
To convert from degrees to radians (and vice versa) we use the fact that
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.109
GEOMETRY
INTRODUCTION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
Radians To Degrees
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w , of
ig t-A
To convert from radians to degrees we also use the fact that:
gl h no N n r T
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
CONVERTING BETWEEN DEGREES AND RADIANS
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.110
GEOMETRY
INTRODUCTION
Al
TRIANGLES
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
PROPERTIES OF SHAPES
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
There are five types of triangle, as described in figure
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
All triangles have three sides and the sum of the angles in any triangle is 180°
Rev.00| Pag.111
GEOMETRY
SHAPE
Al
TRIANGLES
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
There are five types of triangle, as described in figure
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
All triangles have three sides and the sum of the angles in any triangle is 180°
Rev.00| Pag.112
GEOMETRY
SHAPE
equally
SQUARE
Al
RECTANGLE
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
FOUR SIDED FIGURES
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
is 90°. The diagonals are equal and bisect each other.
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. S
There are six types of four sided shapes
ol
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
diagonals are equal and bisect each other. This means they divide each other
The square has four sides of equal length. Each of the interior angles is 90°. The
The rectangle has two pairs of opposite and equal sides. Each of the interior angles
Rev.00| Pag.113
GEOMETRY
SHAPE
RHOMBUS
Al
TRAPEZIUM
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
PARALLELOGRAM
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
are not equal in length.

bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
The diagonals bisect each other
The diagonals bisect each other

io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
This shape has one pair of opposite sides that are parallel to each other
ith be
ou
t
The rhombus has four sides of equal length. The diagonals are not equal in length.
The parallelogram has two pairs of opposite, equal and parallel sides. The diagonals
Rev.00| Pag.114
GEOMETRY
SHAPE
MATHEMATICS GEOMETRY
GRAPHS
or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag
ith be
S
rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T
t
ou
w y
in en T S
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS
ig t-A
pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
Graphs and charts are pictorial presentations of data, equations and formulas
of
h d a e
ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr
,
Sa n nt
ol
Through their use, the relationship between two or more quantities may be more
em o ta co s, t a
w
re ed e s e aw en
clearly understood
.
ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
Graphs show certain conditions or relationships at a glance that might require
te b e w rig o
considerable time to ascertain from the same information in a written description or
r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
table pr loa Unl e c d b tra
m
e s
w ts. f th ct thi
do gh o ote in
d, ri se pr d
INTERPRETING GRAPHS AND CHARTS

te rty u re ine
bu e ed a ta
The words graph and chart are synonymous. Aviation maintenance technicians are
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co
more concerned with reading and interpreting the information presented on graphs
, d al uth nt on
ed tu a co ati
and charts than they are in actually constructing them

co tel ny Th form
n
n
pi lec un e
li
Al
in A
Rev.00| Pag.115
GRAPHS
or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag
ith be
S
rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T
t
ou
w y
in en T S
INTERPRETING GRAPHS AND CHARTS
ig t-A
pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
of
h d a e
The type of graph in figure is commonly used. It presents two different but related
ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr
,
variables to be considered by the user
Sa n nt
ol
This particular graph is useful in
em o ta co s, t a
w
re ed e s e aw en
analyzing the decrease in engine
.
ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
power as altitude increases.
te b e w rig o
r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
One variable, altitude, is presented on
m
the horizontal axis. It increases as one
e s
w ts. f th ct thi
moves to the right

do gh o ote in
d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine
-The other variable, the percent of sea

bu e ed a ta
level power, is presented on the

tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co
vertical axis. It increases as one moves

, d al uth nt on
ed tu a co ati
up the axis
co tel ny Th form
n
n
pi lec un e
li
Al
-The line is drawn on the graph in the

precise position that shows the
in A
relationship between these two

variable Rev.00| Pag.116
Al
movements
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
scales at the edge of the graph

io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m
graph is shown in figure and is called a nomogram
h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
GRAPHS WITH MORE THAN TWO VARIABLES
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
horizontal or vertically until all the known variables have been included in the
-The value of the unknown variable should be able to be read off of one of the
When interpreting this type of graph, start with the known variables and move
A graph or chart with more than two variables may be encountered. This type of
Rev.00| Pag.117
GRAPHS
GEOMETRY
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
GRAPHS WITH MORE THAN TWO VARIABLES
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.118
GRAPHS
GEOMETRY
COORDINATE
or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag
ith be
S
rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T
t
ou
w y
in en T S
CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM
ig t-A
pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
A rectangular coordinate system, known as the Cartesian Coordinate System, is
of
used to define the plane, that is, to create the space for a graph
h d a e
ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr
,
Sa n nt
ol
em o ta co s, t a
w
- It consists of two intersecting axes at right angles to each other
re ed e s e aw en
.
- The x axis is horizontal and the y axis is vertical
ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
- The point where the axes intersect is called the Origin
te b e w rig o
- Each axis is calibrated in even increments, but the axes do not have to be
r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
marked in the same increments as each other
m
e s
w ts. f th ct thi
do gh o ote in
To locate a point on the coordinate system, an ordered pair is required

d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine
bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co
- This consists of two values presented as (x, y).

, d al uth nt on
- The first value is located horizontally along the x axis.

ed tu a co ati
co tel ny Th form
- The second value is located vertically along the y axis

n
pi lec un e
li
Al
in A
Rev.00| Pag.119
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.120
GEOMETRY
COORDINATE
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w , of
ig t-A
This is summarized in the follow figure:
gl h no N n r T
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
quadrant, x-coordinates are positive and y-coordinates negative.
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
positive, in the second quadrant x-coordinates are negative and y-coordinates
positive, in the third quadrant both coordinates are negative and in the fourth
The large roman numerals in the diagram label the four quadrants of the graph.
These labels are not normally shown. In the first quadrant, both coordinates are
Rev.00| Pag.121
GEOMETRY
COORDINATE
FUNCTION
or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag
ith be
S
rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T
t
ou
w y
in en T S
GRAPHS OF EQUATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
ig t-A
pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
of
h d a e
The graph of an equation is made up of the set of points where the equation is
ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr
,
true. Rectangular axes are used. Solving a two variable equation by giving one of
Sa n nt
ol
em o ta co s, t a
w
the variables a series of values results in ordered pairs that can be plotted
re ed e s e aw en
.
ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
FUNCTION
te b e w rig o
r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
A function relates an input to an output. It can be said that a function defines the
m
e s
w ts. f th ct thi
relationship between the input (usually x) and the output (usually y). In
do gh o ote in
mathematics we say y is a function of x

d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine
bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co
-What this means is that we have an equation that links x and y, and when we
, d al uth nt on
choose a value of x we can find the value of y

ed tu a co ati
co tel ny Th form
n
n
pi lec un e
li
Al
in A
Rev.00| Pag.122
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
FUNCTIONS

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
Two very common functions are shown in the table below
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.123
GEOMETRY
FUNCTION
Example:
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta y = 4 x + 2, for -3 ≤ x ≤ 3
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
Draw a graph of the function:

io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
Create a table and plot the points on a graph

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w , o ig t-A
LINEAR FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
gl h no N n r T f
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.124
GEOMETRY
FUNCTION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
SLOPE OF A LINE
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
of the graph
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
with respect to x.
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
graph is increasing or decreasing.
ou
t
When dealing with straight line graphs we
-The slope gives us a value on how fast the

are often interested in the slope or gradient
-It gives us a value for how fast y is changing
Rev.00| Pag.125
GEOMETRY
FUNCTION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
The general form of a quadratic function is:
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
If a is positive the graph has a minimum point.
t f ed in de de pr
If a is negative the graph has a maximum point.
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
ex w o io n o
For a quadratic function of the form y = ax^2 + bx + c
Quadratic graphs cross the x-axis no more than twice.

t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.126
GEOMETRY
FUNCTION
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.127
GEOMETRY
FUNCTION
triangle.
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
angles, and metro, which means measure
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Trigonometry is the study of the relationship between the angles and sides of a
The word trigonometry comes from the Greek trigonon, which means three
Rev.00| Pag.128
TRIGONOMETRIC
GEOMETRY
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
the opposite side
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
o ig t-A
labeled with a capital letter.
Sa n nt
,
RIGHT TRIANGLES, SIDES AND ANGLES
w f
referred to as the hypotenuse
gl h no N n r T
. S
labeled with a lower case letter
ol
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
therefore referred to as the adjacent side
ith be
ou
t
-Side b is next to, or adjacent to, angle A and is
angle C is a 90° angle. Notice that each angle is
The triangle in figure is a right triangle because
-Side c is always across from the right angle and is

Across from each angle is a corresponding side, each
-Side a is opposite from angle A, and is referred to as
Rev.00| Pag.129
TRIGONOMETRIC
GEOMETRY
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in cosine (cos), and tangent (tan
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
are the same. These ratios are known as functions.
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
RELATIONSHIPS, SINE, COSINE AND TANGENT
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
The relationships or ratios between the sides are the same as long as the angles
The three primary trigonometric functions and their abbreviations are: sine (sin),
Rev.00| Pag.130
TRIGONOMETRIC
GEOMETRY
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
1 unit
circle.
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
a
are shown in the following table
pa ts
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS FOR ANGLES GREATER THAN 90°
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
angles greater than 90° we use the unit
t
off the sine, cosine and tangent values of
angles of 0°, 90°, 180°, 270° and 360°. They
Using the unit circle above, it is easy to read
To find values of sine, cosine and tangent for
-A unit circle is a circle with a radius of length
Rev.00| Pag.131
TRIGONOMETRIC
GEOMETRY
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
1 unit
circle.
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
a
are shown in the following table
pa ts
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS FOR ANGLES GREATER THAN 90°
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
angles greater than 90° we use the unit
t
off the sine, cosine and tangent values of
angles of 0°, 90°, 180°, 270° and 360°. They
Using the unit circle above, it is easy to read
To find values of sine, cosine and tangent for
-A unit circle is a circle with a radius of length
Rev.00| Pag.132
TRIGONOMETRIC
GEOMETRY
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
INVERSE SINE
t f ed in de de pr
INVERSE COSINE
We say 0 = sin-1x.
We say 0 = tan-1x.
We say 0 = cos-1x.
INVERSE TANGENT
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Given sin 0 = x how do we find 0?
Given tan 0 = x how do we find 0?

Given cos 0 = x how do we find 0?
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
(This is sometimes called arcsin of x)
We read 'tan-1x' as tan inverse of x. T y, i me tion des ex

(This is sometimes called arccos of x)
We read 'sin-1x' as sine inverse of x.
(This is sometimes called arctan of x). Sa n nt

w , o ig t-A
We read 'cos-1x' as cosine inverse of x.
gl h no N n r T f
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.133
TRIGONOMETRIC
GEOMETRY
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
the other side of the triangle

do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
triangle when two sides are known
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
PYTHAGORAS' THEOREM
The Pythagoras' Theorem states that a^2 + b^2 = c^2.
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
Pythagoras' Theorem is named after the ancient Greek mathematician,
w y
ith be
ou
t
Pythagoras (~500 B.C.). This theorem is used to find the third side of any right
-Where c = the hypotenuse of a right triangle, a is one side of the triangle and b is
Rev.00| Pag.134
TRIGONOMETRIC
GEOMETRY
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
In this case, however, the x values will be angles
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
GRAPHS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
we create a table of x values and calculate the corresponding y values.
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
We graph trigonometric functions in exactly the same way as other functions i.e.
Rev.00| Pag.135
TRIGONOMETRIC
GEOMETRY
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
In this case, however, the x values will be angles
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
GRAPHS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
we create a table of x values and calculate the corresponding y values.
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
We graph trigonometric functions in exactly the same way as other functions i.e.
Rev.00| Pag.136
TRIGONOMETRIC
GEOMETRY
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
POLAR COORDINATES

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
Theorem à
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
the diagram below
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
makes with the positive x-axis.
ou
-These two values give a pair of
Lines can be defined using their
t
length, r, and the angle 0 the line
length of the line using Pythagoras'

-The line has 5 units along the x-axis
point in a plane for the line shown in
coordinates locating the position of a
and 7 units up the y-axis. We find the
Rev.00| Pag.137
TRIGONOMETRIC
GEOMETRY
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
POLAR COORDINATES

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.138
TRIGONOMETRIC
GEOMETRY
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
.
THANK YOU FOR
ol S
YOUR ATTENTION
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t

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M01-Mathematics (B1+B2) Rev.00

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Al

for B1 & B2 certification

EASA Part-66 Basic Module

photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods,

and calculating serviceability of close tolerance engine components, when

en r us ted nsi tra re

rit , pu oth nts py g d

en r us ted nsi tra re

column total space and the 1 is

number 35 are multiplied by both place value

holders in the number 18. Then, the result

from steps 1 and 2 are added together. Note

that recording of the products in each step

must begin directly under the digit being

multiplied on the second line and proceeds to

Think of any of the numbers at the

intersection of a column and row as a

dividend. The numbers at the top

and the left side of the table column

and row that intersect are the divisor

and the quotient. A process known as

long division can also be used to

rit , pu oth nts py g d

divide in to the numbers.

The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12.

The factors of 48 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48.

From the list the highest common factor is 12

Every whole number can be written as a product of prime factors

To write a number as a product of prime numbers, 924 as a product of prime

we continuously divide the number by a prime as 924 ÷ 2 = 462

shown in the following example à 462 ÷ 2 = 231

until the only remainder is a prime number.

until the only remainder is a prime number.

pr loa Unl e c d b tra

Calculate the value of 2 (x + 3y) - 4xy

en r us ted nsi tra re

en r us ted nsi tra re

The reciprocal of 8 is 1/8.

SUBTRACTION OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE NUMBER

(that is, change a positive number to a negative number or vice versa).

Finally, add the two numbers together

en r us ted nsi tra re

en r us ted nsi tra re

en r us ted nsi tra re

compared to the total capacity of the tank.

This is written as follows: 1/4

we are talking about has been divided into 0 pieces.

en r us ted nsi tra re

rules must be applied to arrive at the correct result

above to find the LCD.

en r us ted nsi tra re

List the multiples of 10 ¦ 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, etc…

en r us ted nsi tra re

So the question becomes:

en r us ted nsi tra re

en r us ted nsi tra re

en r us ted nsi tra re

en r us ted nsi tra re

en r us ted nsi tra re

en r us ted nsi tra re

en r us ted nsi tra re

SOLVE à 0.2 × 6.03

en r us ted nsi tra re

en r us ted nsi tra re