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The environmental performance of temporary urban interventions: Technical

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 PLEA 2020 A CORUÑA
Planning Post Carbon Cities

The environmental performance of temporary urban

interventions:
Technical assessment of regeneration initiatives in the city centre of São
Paulo, with focus on thermal and acoustic performance
RANNY L. X. N. MICHALSKI1, LUCÉLIA RODRIGUES2, JOANA C. S. GONÇALVES3, ROBERTA C. K.
MULFARTH,4, LEONARDO M. MONTEIRO5, RENATA TUBELO6, ALESSANDRA R. P. SHIMOMURA7,
CAROLINA O. BLEY8, MARIANA S. VITTI9, DANIEL F. BILESKY10, MAYSA M. GUIMARAES11
1,3,4,5,7,8,9,10,11
Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, University of Sao Paulo, (FAUUSP, LABAUT), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
2,6
University of Nottingham, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Architecture, London, UK.

ABSTRACT: Temporary urbanism is an approach to reactivate urban spaces through short-term interventions in a
range of urban contexts. In central São Paulo, the Luz and Santa Ifigênia neighbourhoods, characterized by
deprivation of their physical environments and social structures, were the focus of this investigation. The Mungunzá
Container Theatre and the General Osório Square, located within these neighbourhoods, were selected as case-
studies. Whilst the thermal performance of the container theatre itself was the main interest, in the case of the
Square the fundamental issue was the environmental noise. The objective was to identify adequate strategies to
improve environmental conditions in these locations in order to enhance positive social impact, and, then, contribute
to the regeneration of these neighbourhoods. This research was based on fieldwork and analytical procedures of
thermal and acoustic performances. In the container theatre building, the adoption of external shading and wider
openings for ventilation reduced its indoor peak temperatures and delivered thermal comfort during the warmest
period of the year. In the Square, sound absorber road surface material and an acoustic shell were proposed to
reduce noise and promote better acoustic quality for outdoor performances.
KEYWORDS: Temporary urbanism, Thermal performance, Acoustic performance, Fieldwork, Analytical work.

1. INTRODUCTION central São Paulo. Given the predominant warm

Temporary urbanism is an approach to reactivate
urban spaces through temporary and short-time
interventions in a range of urban contexts [1]. Different
from the conventional top–down master planning
approach, temporary urbanism is flexible, innovative
and more engaging with the local population. It often
involves the erection of temporary buildings and/or
changes to the landscape and urban furniture.
In the neighbourhoods of the city centre of São
Paulo, Brazil, as in many megacities in the world, spaces
between buildings and public squares are vastly used by
informal business and street markets, or are
abandoned and crime ridden [2]. Nevertheless, positive
changes have recently been made on these spaces
through the adoption of temporary interventions,
promoted by a series of governmental and non-
governmental institutions [3, 4, 5]. The provision of
cultural and social spaces for the population to gather
safely have proved to be helpful means to increase
social cohesion and community capital in deprived
urban areas [6, 7].
In this context, the work presented in this paper
investigated the environmental performance of
temporary design interventions for two nearby sites in
conditions of São Paulo’s humid subtropical climate,
coupled with the magnitude of the problem of noise
pollution, the environmental studies focused on
thermal and acoustic performances. The technical work
was based on fieldwork and analytical procedures,
leading to environmental-focused design proposals.
2. CLIMATE
São Paulo (latitude 23.85° S; longitude 46.64° W;
altitude 792 m) is located in a region of humid
subtropical climate (Cfa) [8], being characterized by
warm-humid summer days, with predominantly
partially cloudy sky, and cool and drier winter days,
with predominantly sunny sky. Air temperatures are
moderate in most of the year with an annual average
temperature of approximately 19 °C [9]. Due to the
subtropical conditions, overcast sky occurs during 60%
of the year, and diffuse radiation can reach 50% or
more of the total global radiation on the horizontal plan
in all seasons. January is the hottest month, followed by
February, with an average of nearly 23 °C, absolute
minimum of 14 °C and absolute maximum of 34 °C.
Relative humidity varies between 31% and 100%.
Maximum global solar radiation on the horizontal plan
is 1,068 W/m2, being 578 W/m2 diffuse. July is the
coolest month, followed by August, with an average of
16 °C, absolute minimum of 8 °C and absolute
maximum of 27 °C. Relative humidity varies between
26% and 100%. Maximum global radiation is 719 W/m2,
being the diffuse accountable for 435 W/m2, more than
half of the total [9].
Regarding acoustic conditions, noise pollution is one
of the biggest environmental problems in urban centres
considered a public health issue, affecting health and
quality of life [10]. The main sources of noise in central
areas of the cities are those related to transport. In
order to tackle this issue, in São Paulo, a recent
municipal law established the development of the first
city noise map, to be finished in 2023 [11]. The noise
map allows the diagnosis of the actual noise conditions
and, therefore, it can inform potential interventions for
improvement, as it already happens in Europe [10, 12].
Performance wise, the Brazilian standard ABNT NBR
10151 sets acoustic criteria for environments outside
buildings [13]. The standard describes procedures for
acoustic measurement and evaluation, and establishes
limits for sound pressure levels for different outdoor
environments, as a function of land use, occupation,
and time of the day the exposure occurs.
3. CASE-STUDY INTERVENTIONS
In central São Paulo, the neighbourhoods of Luz and
Santa Ifigênia are characterized by a high level of
deprivation of their physical environments, with a
significant number of degraded and vacant buildings
alongside with underused public spaces mainly
occupied by homeless and drug-addicts. On the other
hand, they are also the location of important cultural
facilities and listed buildings. In addition to that, the
area encompassed by the two neighbourhoods is one of
the main pool of jobs in the city and is well connected
by public transportation modes to the edges of the city,
where most of the poor population lives [14].
Given the nature of its physical and social problems,
the area has been the focus of small-scale urban
interventions as well as temporary urbanism initiatives
[2, 3, 15]. In this context, the Cultural Complex
Mungunzá Container Theatre, here called Cultural
Complex Mungunzá (Compania de Artes Teatro
Mungunzá) [3] and the Open City Centre Square Largo
General Osório, here called General Osório Square
(Centro Aberto Largo General Osório, CALGO) [2] were
selected as case-studies. Figure 1 shows their locations
and pictures. They were selected because a degree of
temporary urbanism approach was undertaken on both
cases. The first case, the Mungunzá Container Theatre,
is a result of a bottom-up approach, dedicated to
cultural and theatre related activities. It was built on an
abandoned site, supported by two light-weight
structures, one made of industrial containers and
another being a geodesic dome made of polycarbonate
triangular structures and enclosed by a plastic layer.
The second case, General Osório Square, is a top-
down approach initiative, implemented by the local city
authorities, where a previously underused square was
treated to accommodate different kinds of leisure
activities, including the provision of movable outdoor
furniture, such as beach chairs, tables and umbrellas, to
be placed on a wooden deck used for short
performances surrounded by wide pavements. Despite
their different approaches, both projects aimed to
increase the permanence of residents on their
locations, by proposing cultural and social activities.
Figure 1: Locations and views: General Osório Square and
Cultural Complex Mungunzá.
4. METHOD
This research was based on fieldwork and analytical
work focusing on thermal and acoustic performances.
In situ measurements recorded outdoor conditions in
both case-study areas as well as inside the structures of
the Container Theatre in August 2018. The
measurements were cross-compared to time-lapse
observations in order to understand how people
interact with the built environment on specific climatic
conditions, helping to inform about suitable temporary
uses and potential improvements on the existing ones.
4.1. Thermal analysis
With regard to the thermal analysis, in the Cultural
Complex Mungunzá, measurements of dry-bulb
temperature (DBT), wet-bulb globe temperature
(WGBT) and relative humidity (RH) were continuously
taken in four locations: inside the container building
(the theatre), the geodesic structure, outdoors under a
tree and under the sun, from 11:45 am to 3:45 pm, with
readings each 15 minutes. In the General Osório Square,
spot measurements were taken in the middle of the
day, between 12 am and 1 pm.
The equipment used for the external continuous
monitoring consisted of data loggers Hobo Onset
U23001 with weather shield. Internally, data loggers
Hobo Onset U12 were adopted. In addition, grey globes
to measure mean radiant temperatures were adopted
in both indoors and outdoors. The spot measurements
were taken with thermo-hygrometer Hanna.
For the assessment of outdoors thermal comfort,
the index of Predicted Thermal Sensation, developed by
Monteiro to the climate of São Paulo [16] was adopted.
In the sequence, thermal analytical studies addressed
the performance of the container structure with focus
on the intensity of its occupation and the risk of
overheating during the warmest period of the year. For
this purpose, indoor peak summer temperatures were
calculated using the Centre Scientifique et Technique du
Bâtiment (CSTB) method [17].
4.2. Acoustic analysis
The acoustic assessment consisted of sound
pressure level evaluation, computational simulations
and an intervention design proposal to improve the
quality of the outdoor spaces. Sound pressure levels
were measured in different points in order to
characterise acoustic conditions in the selected
locations. Results were also compared with the values
established by the Brazilian Standard ABNT NBR 10151
[13]. For the measurements, a sound level meter Larson
Davis model SLM 831 and a sound level meter
calibrator Larson Davis model 200 CAL were used.
The A-weighted equivalent continuous sound
pressure level (LAeq), maximum and minimum A-
weighted sound pressure levels (LAmax and LAmin) and
statistical levels (LAN), where N is the percent
exceedance level, were measured. LA90 is the A-
weighted sound pressure level that is exceeded for 90%
of the time interval considered and it is an indicator of
the residual noise. On the other hand, LA10 is the A-
weighted sound pressure level that is exceeded for 10%
of the time interval and it is an indicator of events.
For the advanced analytical studies on urban noise,
the software CadnaA was used. The software
acoustically models the outdoor environment based on
the following inputs: contour lines, buildings, roads and
noise sources, ground and surfaces absorption, number
of different types of vehicles per hour and speed limits
of the roads. Then, based on these assumptions, it is
possible to calculate and predict the environmental
noise of the place. The purpose of the analytical
simulations was to identify effective solutions to
improve the acoustic outdoor environment of the case
studies, in order to create appropriate and health
conditions to the development of outdoor
social/communal activities. Following the analysis of
the base-case acoustic urban environment, alternative
scenarios for the road surfaces, insertion of landscape
and other strategies were compared.
In addition to the measurements and simulations
analysis of potential uses, an acoustic shell for musical
performance was proposed to be installed in General
Osório Square, in order to adequately direct sound to
the audience, located in the middle of the square.
5. FINDINGS: CULTURAL COMPLEX MUNGUNZÁ
5.1. Measurements
The measured data (Fig. 2) revealed comfortable
conditions both indoors and outdoors during the time
of the fieldwork, being consistent with a typical winter
day for the city of São Paulo, with a clear sky and
perceivable air movement, as per the adaptive comfort
criteria [18]. The highest air and globe temperatures
were found within the geodesic structure, followed by
the container building (unoccupied during the
measurements). The lowest temperatures were found
outdoors, under the tree (Fig. 2). The geodesic dome
had its poorer thermal performance associated to the
high thermal transmittance of its plastic skin that
combined to higher levels of global radiation
significantly impacted on the amount of heat that
passed through the structure. Whilst in the indoor
measurements air temperatures were higher than (but
very close to) the radiant ones (with the exception of
one measurement in the geodesic) because of lack of
internal thermal mass, outside it was the opposite:
radiant temperatures were higher than the air ones due
to the effect of the sky diffuse radiation.
The peak temperature inside the container reached
24.5 °C at 11h45 and 24 °C in the geodesic structure at
2 pm, 6 °C higher than under the tree, where the
maximum temperature registered was 18 °C.
Comparatively, the nearest weather station (located in
a park area) had a measured air temperature value
slightly lower by less than 0.5 °C (Fig. 2). Exposed to the
sun, air temperature varied between 19 °C and 21 °C
for most of the time, whereas the globe temperature
reached 24 °C at 2 pm (Fig. 3). The results in the
container and in the geodesic structure showed the
potential risk of thermal discomfort in the warmest
periods of the year, when external temperatures can
reach as high as 34 °C and solar radiation can represent
more than the double of a typical winter day (as the day
of the fieldwork) [9]. Although only the results of
temperatures are shown here, it is worth mentioning
that relative humidity varied throughout the
measurement points during the day, from 75% in the
morning to 35% in the afternoon. Nevertheless, despite
the typical dry conditions, the findings of relative
humidity did not indicate any risk for comfort or health
in any of the four measurement points.
The Physiological Equivalent Temperatures (PET)
were calculated taking into account the hourly
predicted thermal sensation for the position under the
sun and the respective comfort temperatures for the
month of August. The results indicated the oudoor
thermal conditions in the slightly cold band for most of
the time (Fig. 4). Adding to the measurements, the
time-lapse image series showed air movement of leaves
of trees, whilst people were seating under the sun. It is
important to consider that this was a typical winter day,
with mild temperatures near 20 °C.
Figure 2: Measurements of DBT and WGBT in three locations
at Cultural Complex Mungunzá: container theatre, geodesic
dome, shaded outdoors (under the tree), compared to the
closest weather station in São Paulo, on August 10th 2018,
from 11:45 am to 3:45 pm.
Figure 3: Cultural Complex Mungunzá, summary of
measurements of temperatures, RH and LAeq recordings in the
outdoor position, exposed to the sun on August 10th.
Figure 4: Calculated outdoor thermal comfort zone for the
month of August with the predicted thermal sensation for the
case-study area and air temperature under the sun [16].
Looking at noise conditions on site, the measured A-
weighted equivalent continuous sound pressure level
(LAeq) was 63 dB, lower than the 65 dB daytime limit
established by ABNT NBR 10151 (2019) [13]. According
to the standard, for outdoors, in mixed-use area with
predominance of cultural activities, leisure and tourism,
a 65 dB limit is allowed for LAeq for the daytime period,
and a 55 dB limit is allowed for the night period.
Maximum and minimum sound pressure levels were 87
and 52 dB. Considering the statistical levels, LA10 was
64 dB and LA90 was 56 dB. Recorded sounds were
locksmiths in the surroundings, children playing
outdoors on the site´s external area and the adjacent
road traffic. In this particular case, traffic was not
identified as a problematic noise source in the
surroundings of the cultural complex.
5.2. Design Optimisation
Alternative design scenarios were tested to reduce
the solar gains and increase heat losses through the
metal and glazed envelope of the container building. A
set of opportunities to improve its thermal
performance were also identified. The climate-
responsive design strategies examined were: 1. the
increase of ventilation, 2. additon of brise-soleil on east
and west glazed facades, 3. additon of brise-soleil on
east and west facades combined with the increase of
ventilation, and, 4. increase of internal thermal mass in
the ceiling (Fig. 5). Despite the unprotected glazed
facades and the minimum aperture for ventilation, the
current light reflective colour of the external cladding
(specially in the roof) proved to be benefitial to the
thermal performance of the base-case. Maximum
indoor temperatures for each of the strategies and
their potential thermal comfort conditions were
calculated using the CSTB method [17].
Figure 5: Analytical studies of the building of the container
theatre, showing the range of design interventions tested to
improve thermal performance.
The findings showed that the increase of the area of
ventilation and adoption of shading (strategy number 3)
would be able to reduce summer peak temperature
from 28.4 oC (base case) to 26.6 oC, increasing the
indoor thermal comfort conditions. The introduction of
internal thermal mass reduces the peak temperature to
26.3 oC, a small improvement compared to the
combined effect of shading and ventilation. However,
introducing the ventilation alone already results in
comfortable conditions for 90% of the occupants. The
thermal performance of the container in a typical
autumn day is very similar to the summer one. As a
result, more than 90% of the users would feel
comfortable in both summer and winter periods. In the
typical winter day, the external fixed horizontal shading
over glazed areas coupled with the selective use of
ventilation reduce peak temperatures from 24 oC to
21.9 oC, keeping the internal space comfortable.
6. FINDINGS: GENERAL OSÓRIO SQUARE
6.1. Measurements
In the General Osório Square, outdoor thermal
conditions were within the neutrality zone, showing
temperatures around 19 oC in the middle of the day,
when the square is often used by local workers and
residents (Fig. 6). Despite that, the time-lapse revealed
people with different preferences, both under the
shadow and exposed to the sun in a variety of activities
such as talking, eating, resting, or just waiting. This is
result from the environmental diversity provided by the
landscape coupled with the availability of urban
furniture and other public amenities, such as portable
deck-chairs and umbrellas. Thermal conditions were
not a problem to the square occupancy.
On the other hand, measurement results indicated
the urban noise as an issue in the location, LAeq value
was measured at 66 dB, and a LAmax at 89 dB. LAmin was
54 dB, L A10 was 69 dB, and L A90 was 59 dB.
Figure 6: General Osório Square, summary of outdoor
measurements on August 10th, including temperatures, RH
and LAeq recordings.
For outdoors artistic performances in the General
Osório Square, 66 dB is a high sound pressure level,
compromising some activities such as listening to music
and understanding speech. Therefore, the need of
acoustic structures to qualify short-term music
performances was identified. However, prior to the
design of such structures, analytical studies on how to
improve local urban noise were developed.
6.2. Design Optimisation
Acoustic computational simulations were
undertaken to examine different scenarios with the aim
of reducing urban noise levels and, thus, improving
user’s outdoor comfort. The alternative scenarios
examined were: 1. vehicles prohibited at adjacent
streets, 2. road’s speed limit reduced to 10 km/h, 3.
surface of the road changed to an asphalt with greater
sound absorption, 4. circulation of heavy vehicles
prohibited on the studied area, 5. road’s speed limit
reduced to 10 km/h and road’s surface changed to an
asphalt with higher sound absorption. Simulation
results pointed out to the significant contribution of
reducing speed limits and changing the sound
absorption of the roads. Figure 7 shows the base case
and the best alternative (number 5).
Figure 7: Simulations of urban noise in the area of the case-
studies. On the left, base case. On the right, alternative 5. The
darker the colour (closer to purple), higher the noise levels.
After testing the alternatives, the other potential
temporary initiative proposed at General Osório Square
was an acoustic shell to be placed on the existing stage
of the square. The idea was to create a new urban
equipment within the square that could have the same
cultural ethos of the surroundings – a new equipment
for artistic performances, where plays and music
performances could be presented. The starting point
considered an acoustic shell that could be easily
assembled and disassembled and stored within the
municipality container, located at the square and
currently used to store the movable beach chairs used
during the day. The form intention was to create a
structure for musical performances which was able to
take the sound up to the middle of the square and to
reduce the interference of the streets´ noise. Figure 8
shows the proposal: a planar acoustic system with its
geometry allowing the reflected sound generated at the
deck to reach up the middle of the square.
Figure 8: Final proposal - Section.
 7. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
The local remarkable social-economic complexity
and a series of cultural initiatives found in the area of
Luz and Santa Ifigênia neighbourhoods provide a
potential for a programme of successful temporary
structures, such as what can be observed in the Cultural
Complex Mungunzá or in the General Osório Square.
Different kinds of temporary structures already in place
in the area of interest are showing signs of positive
social changes in these deprived neighbourhoods.
Nevertheless, the diversity and quality of these physical
structures can be questioned and technically improved
in order to enhance even further their positive social
impact both inside buildings and in open spaces. This
was the case of the container building, with the
insertion of external shading and wider openings for
ventilation, which improved its thermal performance.
Strategic designed interventions were based on the
temporary character of the building. For this reason,
the increase of the internal thermal mass was
disregarded due to its impact on the overall structure
and its small contribution to the final thermal
conditions of the internal space.
The external measurements revealed a thermal
environment close to comfort on a typical sunny winter
day in São Paulo, that favours outdoor activities. In
addition, the diversified thermal conditions created in
the General Osório Square, as well as in the area of the
Cultural Complex Mungunzá, are important qualities
that, coupled with the urban furniture and short-term
events, invite pedestrians to stop and stay, effectively
using these urban public spaces. However, the acoustic
studies showed that there was room for improvement.
Modifications of the surrounding urban surfaces proved
to have a significant impact in reducing urban noise and
promoting more comfortable and adequate acoustic
environment for outdoor performances.
Proposing a temporary structure for the General
Osório Square with a cultural focus, such as an acoustic
shell, also allowed a social improvement to be carried
out within the area. It would encourage new cultural
activities and promote the continuance of the activities
that have been developed there and that are widely
accepted by the community, but with very little
interference on the location, its social structure and
use. Moreover, the facility of assembling and
disassembling the proposed structure allows it to be
transported and used in different places in the city,
according to its necessity, making the intervention
more feasible.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to FAPESP (no. 2017/08754-5), the
University of São Paulo, the University of Nottingham,
View publication stats
and the University of Birmingham for supporting this
research. Thanks to the Secretary of Urban
Development of São Paulo City for the information
provided. Thanks to Cultural Complex Mungunzá for the
access to fieldwork. The authors would also like to
thank the technician from FAUUSP, Ranieri Higa, for his
support with the fieldwork.
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