Lab Report

22/9/2021
Material Engineering

Mattiullah
IEM-20-14
 EXPERIMENT:01
BRINELL HARDNESS TESTER
Background
To test the hardness of the any material using the BRINELL HARDNESS TESTER.

Principle
The apparatus in the BRINELL HARDNESS YESTER includes a machine for the testing and
a ball indenter made of the tungsten type material (the most important part). The diameter of
the ball used for indentation in BRINELL HARDNESS TESTER has various size ranges
from 2.5mm,5mm and 10mmetc.They are used in combination of different loads applied for
different measures (Maximum load that can be applied is 2000Kg)

Procedure
The sample is put on the phase of the Brinell Hardness Tester. The machine is set by the ideal
mix of load and time. The machine is then turned on and load is applied on the sample with
the help of the tungsten ball Indenter. When machine has delivered the load on the sample,
distance of the indent is directly proportional to the profundity of the infiltration which is
inversely relative to the hardness of the sample. The line which can be seen through the
magnifying lens is changed to the focal point of the indent to such extent that it will slow up
to the diameter of the roundabout index with the angle of 0, mark occurring with one side of
the indent. Then, at that point the measurement is taken. After this, the hardness of the sample
is mined

Result
Diameter measured by the microscope of the given sample or material is 4.18mm.
Thus, the hardness found is 207HB 10/3000.

Discussion &Conclusions
From the experiment we performed on the Brinell Hardness Tester we conclude that sample
is made of the quite hard material using tungsten ball indenter of 10mm under 2000kg force
applied.

EXPERIMENT:02
ROCKWELL HARDNESS TESTER
Background
To test the hardness of the material using the ROCKWELL HARDNESS TESTER apparatus.

Principle
The apparatus includes a testing sample, a Diamond core indenter and the Rockwell Hardness
Testing Machine

Procedure
The sample is placed on the bed of Rockwell Hardness Tester machine. Then sample is light
touch with the indenter. First, the diamond cone is applied a very less force on the surface of
the surface of the sample. Second, a major force is applied on the sample. Lastly, force is
released from the sample. A permanent indent on the surface is formed which is denoted by
“e”
Hardness of the sample on ROCKWELL can be calculated by the following formula
Rockwell Hardness = (0.2-e)500

Result
Hardness of the sample is 19.9 HRC 15kg

Discussion & Conclusions

Hardness of the sample determined by the Rockwell Hardness Tester under 15kg load is
19.9HRC, where c denotes that the material is measured by using diamond indenter.

EXPERIMENT:03
VICKERS
Background
To test the hardness of the material using Vickers Hardness Tester.

Principle
The apparatus of the Vickers hardness tester consists of the test sample, load, and pyramid
shaped diamond indenter.

Procedure
The procedure of the Vickers hardness tester consists of the optical technique, size of space
left by the indenter estimated, the profundity of space brought to the indenter is estimated by
the profundity estimation strategies. The size of the indenter is characterized by the test
power in the outside of the workpiece. The first step is to place the diamond pyramid shape
indenter into the machine and then put the sample into the indenter. After putting the sample
into the indenter, load is applied on the sample by Vickers.
Hardness of the sample using Vickers Hardness Tester can be calculated by the following
formula
Vickers Hardness HV = Test force F/Surface area of the indentation

Result
Hardness of the sample determined by the Vickers is 125HV

Discussion & Conclusions

If the force of the 10 grams load is applied on the sample then the hardness of the sample is
125HV

EXPERIMENT 04
Tensile Test of given Steel sample
Background
The tensile test is a mechanical test used in materials science and engineering to measure the
material's response to applied tensile force. It involves applying a controlled pulling force on
opposite ends of the material until the breaking point is reached. Tonometer is a tensile
loading instrument used to assess the tensile characteristics of tiny specimens.

Principle
Tensile testing is a valuable tool for determining the strength qualities of a material. The
strength qualities of a material can be assessed by measuring the percentage elongation of the
material up to its failure point. The stress-strain curve is a graph in which the deformation of
a sample during tensile test is independent of its dimensions. Tensile strength, yield point,
and precession are all terms used to describe how strong a material is.To conduct a uniaxial
tensile test on the testing sample in order to determine its strength qualities, such as %
elongation, by plotting a stress-strain curve.

Procedure
In a tensile test, a sample is subjected to a continuously growing uniaxial tensile force on a
tonometer until it breaks, at which point measurements are taken to determine the sample's
specific qualities, such as percentage elongation. The force-extension measurements are used
to plot a stress-strain curve.
 Testing Sample (Steel)
 Tonometer Machine
 Vernier Caliper
 Elongation Gauge
 Reduction Gauge
 Graph Paper

1. The real dimensions of the steel sample, such as the original length and diameter,
were measured using a Vernier caliper before the tensile test began.
2. The steel sample was put into a die frame along the grip section and bolted to the
tonometer machine between the fixed and moving jaws.
3. By introducing two 1000Kg load beams, the machine's load capacity was
increased to 2000Kg.
4. The graph was rolled onto the drum construction, which required the plotting of a
stress-strain curve.
5. The mercury scale needle was set to zero and the magnification was set to 8X.
6. The pulling power was now gradually applied by rotating the hand wheel until the
testing steel sample was broken.
7. By simultaneously pressing the ink knob, the graph was plotted at the same time
8. The graph was detached from the drum construction, and the different dimensions
were measured.
9. Finally, observations and dimensions of the testing steel sample were obtained
from the graph.
10. To perform a tensile test on a cast iron sample, follow the same steps as for steel.
11. Percentage Elongation in Length = 09%
12. Percentage Reduction in Area = 60%
13. Percentage Elongation in Length = 09%
14. Percentage Reduction in Area = 60%
15. Percentage Elongation in Length = 09%
16. Percentage Reduction in Area = 60%
Results
Percentage elongation in length=0.9%
Percentage Reduction in Area=60%

Discussion and Conclusions

Stress-strain curve for cast iron ends with a near straight line.
Discuss Cast iron is a brittle material as soon as the elastic limit is
Exceeded, it tends to tear apart
Cast iron is a brittle material as soon as elastic limit is exceeded

0.97 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.99 0.99

1.00 1.00
0
4
8
12
16
20
Stress-Strain
Curve (Cast Iron)
Strain
EXPERIMEN: 05
Tensile test of a given Brass sample and comparison its behavior
with Steel sample
Background
The tensile test is one of the mechanical tests used in materials science and engineering, in
which a controlled tensile force is applied the opposite ends of the material until the breaking
point of the material is reached to determine the force of the material in response to the
applied tensile force. Tonometer-A tensile load device used to evaluate various tensile
properties of small samples, such as B. elongation

Principle
Stress is the force per unit area of a material. Strain is extension per unit length. In a tensile
test, the graph in which the deformation has nothing to do with the sample size is called the
stress-strain curve. Tensile strength, yield point, percent elongation, and percent area
reduction describe the stress-strain curve of the material.

Procedure
To perform a uniaxial tensile test on the test sample, use to draw a stress-strain curve to
measure its strength characteristics, such as elongation. In the tensile test, the sample is
subjected to continuously increasing uniaxial tensile force on the densitometer until the
sample breaks and undergoes unique characteristics to determine the sample, such as
elongation. From the force elongation measurement. Create a stress-strain curve
Materials Engineering Lab Report 10
In the tensile test, a sample is subjected to a continually increasing
Uniaxial tensile force on tonometer until the sample breaks and
Observations are made to determine the unique properties of a
Sample like percentage elongation. A stress-strain curve is plotted
From the force - extension measurements.
Materials & Equipment’s:
 Testing sample (Brass)
 Tonometer Machine
 Vernier Caliper
 Elongation Gauge
 Reduction Gauge
 Graph Paper
 Adhesive Tape
Materials Engineering Lab Report 10
In the tensile test, a sample is subjected to a continually increasing
Uniaxial tensile force on tonometer until the sample breaks and
Observations are made to determine the unique properties of a
Sample like percentage elongation. A stress-strain curve is plotted
From the force - extension measurements.
Materials & Equipment’s:
 Testing sample (Brass)
 Tonometer Machine
 Vernier Caliper
 Elongation Gauge
 Reduction Gauge
 Graph Paper
 Adhesive Tape
 Testing sample (Brass)
 Tonometer Machine
 Vernier Caliper
  Elongation Gauge
 Reduction Gauge
 Graph Paper
 Adhesive tape

1. Before starting the tensile test, use a Vernier caliper to measure the actual dimensions of
steel sample, original length and diameter
2. Put the brass sample into the mold frame along the clamping part, and use the screws to
connect the of the tension meter machine to the fixed jaw, and the movable jaw
3. The load capacity of machine is adjusted to 1000Kg by inserting a 100kg load beam
4. The graph was rolled onto the drum structure through which stress strain curve is plotted
5. The pointer on the mercury scale is set to the zero position, and the magnification is set to
8X
6. Pull gradually, and apply force by turning the hand wheel until the brass sample breaks
7. Simultaneously draw graphics by pressing the ink buttons simultaneously
8. Observations were taken from the graph and dimensions of testing brass sample
9. Repeat the same procedure for steel iron as shown in the above experiment and compare
the results for both of them

Result
The value of tensile strength for brass is much higher than steel

Experiment 06
To perform impact chirpy test of given steel sample
Background
The Chirpy impact test is useful for analyzing and predicting the behavior of various
materials under impact stresses or dynamic loading, and it provides useful information about
how the material would respond under sudden impact.

Principle
Toughness refers to a material's ability to absorb energy without shattering and to deform
plastically before rupture when strained. The Chirpy Impact Test is a standardized high strain
rate test that measures a material's impact toughness by breaking a notched sample with a
single blow from a large pendulum hammer, with the amount of energy absorbed serving as a
measure of the material's resistance to the applied impact. The Chirpy Impact Tester is a
device that measures how much energy a material absorbs during fracture.

Procedure
Using a chirpy impact testing machine, run a chirpy impact test on a given testing sample to
determine the amount of energy absorbed by the material (toughness) under impact loading.
The provided notch sample is exposed to an abrupt impact produced by a single swing of a
large hammer on a chirpy impact testing machine, which fractures the sample at a notch. The
energy absorbed by a specific sample can be calculated using the scale provided.
 Notch Sample (Mild Steel)
 Chirpy Impact Testing Machine
 Digital Receipt Machine

1. 1. First, the machine's massive 300J pendulum hammer was lifted and put to the
starting position by pressing the button, and the pin was adjusted to keep the hammer
from falling.
2. The black dial indicator's reading was set to zero.
3. The mild steel notch sample was placed on the anvil in the machine's lower half, and
its position was adjusted in the middle with a centering device.
4. Before the frictionless heavy pendulum hammer falls, the pin was removed, allowing
it to swing freely.
5. The hammer pendulum was freed by pressing the "pin-off" button, and it now swings
downward after the pin was removed.
6. The sample was struck with the striking edge on the rear side of the notch and
dropped down.
7. The amount of energy absorbed by the sample was determined by the machine's dial
indicator position.
8. The machine also issued a digital receipt of the amount of energy absorbed by the
sample.

Results
The fractured mild steel sample has a grey and fibrous surface, indicating that it is ductile and
undergoes plastic deformation. The amount of energy absorbed by mild steel sample before
Rapture
Manual Reading: 135J
Digital Reading; 132J

Discussion & Conclusions

The findings of the experiment revealed that the mild steel sample fractured but did not
entirely break and that certain parts of the sample remained attached, indicating that it was
ductile. Because mild steel is a robust material, we determined that it absorbed more energy
in the ductile fracture as a result of these findings.

Experiment 07
To prepare the sample for microstructural examination under
optical microscope.
Metallography is
the study of
material and their
behavior with
Reference to their
microscopic or
macroscopic
structure using
Metallurgical
techniques with
metallurgical
microscope
Metallography is
the study of
material and their
behavior with
Reference to their
microscopic or
macroscopic
structure using
Metallurgical
techniques with
metallurgical
microscope
Background
Metallography is the study of materials and their behavior using metallurgical techniques and
a metallurgical microscope in relation to their microscopic or macroscopic structure.

Principle
Metallography examination was invented by Alloys Beck Von Widmannstetter between 1808
and 1840.A metallurgical microscope reveals the extremely tiny scale structure or physical
arrangement of metal molecules in a material called microstructure. The most important tool
for metallurgical inspection is the metallurgical microscope. It provides information on:
 grain size and shape;
 Phase size, shape, and distribution.
 Alloy mechanical and thermal treatment

Procedure
To compare the metallography of heat-treated steel samples and investigate their
microstructure. The steel sample should be chosen first when evaluating the structure of a
material. With the use of appropriate cutting instruments, the sample should be sliced into a
number of little samples after selection. Then, on tiny steel, various heat treatments should be
applied samples. A thermoplastic resin disc should be used to mount small heat treated steel
samples. Then, using increasingly finer emery papers, intermediate and fine grinding is
performed on small heat treated mounted steel samples. For fine polishing, the specimen is
rubbed against the velvet cloth covered surface of a spinning polishing wheel to eliminate
fine scratches. Because the granular structure in a steel sample cannot normally be observed
under a microscope after fine polishing, the steel samples are commonly etched using 10%
concentrated nitric acid for 30sec to 3min. The specimen is properly cleansed and dried after
etching. Now, the structure of a heat treated steel sample can be studied under the microscope
 Heat treated Steel Samples
 Grinding Machine
 Polishing Machine

1. For grinding, metallographic samples were grind to clean the surface using emery
paper of P600 and P1000 grids by rotating its orientation by 180° for approximately
05 minutes on grinding machine
2. For polishing, metallographic samples were press with moderate pressure on
polishing disk equipped with Teflon cloth and moisten the polishing cloth with 3.5m
red diamond paste.
3. The polished sample was cleaned in ethanol and gently wiped under running water
with cotton.
4. Finally, metallographic samples were polished on a polishing disc using a velvet
cloth, which was moistened with 0.25m green diamond paste.
5. The final sample was gently wiped with cotton under running water before being
thoroughly rinsed with a 10% concentrated nitric acid solution.
6. The sample was then dried with a drier.
7. A sample was taken to a metallographic lab, where a metallurgical microscope was
used to study the microscopic view of its structure on a computer monitor.
Results
Sir No. Explanation
Fig 1 As Received Sample: The steel sample in
the initial state had a ferrite-pearlite
microstructure and BCC crystal structure.
Fig 2 Annealed Sample: The steel sample after
annealing had a coarse pearlite
microstructure and FCC crystal structure.
This sample becomes soft and has low
brittleness
Fig 3 Normalized Sample The steel sample after
normalizing had a fine pearlite
microstructure and BCC crystal structure.
This sample has high hardness and strength.
Fig 4 Water Quenched Sample: The
microstructure of water quenched sample is
mainly composed of ferrite and marten site
phases and had a BCT structure.
Fig 5 Oil Quenched Sample: The steel sample
after oil quenching had a needle like marten
site microstructure and BCT crystal
structure.
Fig 6 Brine Quenched Sample: While quenching
a steel sample in brine water resulted in lath
marten site structure. This sample has a
unique ability to be strengthened to a very
high level.
Discussion and conclusions:
The experiment is performed using different sample.
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