Embedded System: PART 1 (C Programming)

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Embedded System
PART 1(C Programming)
C-Basics
ENG.KEROLES SHENOUDA
https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/
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Why C, and not another language?
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 The primary design of C is to produce portable code while maintaining

performance and minimizing footprint (CPU time, memory, disk I/O, etc.). This
is useful for operating systems, embedded systems or other programs where
performance matters a lot ("high-level" interface would affect performance)
 One powerful reason is memory allocation. Unlike most programming
languages, C allows the programmer to write directly to memory.
 C gives control over the memory layout of data structures
 Moreover dynamic memory allocation is under the control of the programmer
(which also means that memory deallocation has to be done by the
programmer).
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History
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 Kernighan and Ritchie, in their first edition (1978) of "The C Programming

Language", provided the initial description of C. We call this description
"K&R" C. The language has since undergone three major revisions: C89, C95
and C99.
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Compilation Process
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C - Environment Setup
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IDE + Compiler
1. Install MinGW GCC
Install Eclipse C/C++ Development Tool (CDT) Minimalist GNU for Windows
https://sourceforge.net/projects/mingw/file
Java Downloads for All Operating Systems s/
2. Cygwin GCC
https://www.cygwin.com/setup-x86.exe
Cygwin is:
a large collection of GNU and Open Source tools
which provide functionality similar to a Linux
distribution on Windows.
a DLL (cygwin1.dll) which provides substantial
POSIX API functionality.
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Install MinGW GCC

6 embedded_system
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Install MinGW GCC

7 embedded_system
En you can see all the basic packets

became green
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Install MinGW GCC

8 embedded_system
Then you can see the

gcc and gdb and other
binary utilities installed
(Native Toolchain )
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Install MinGW GCC

9 embedded_system
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Install MinGW GCC

10 embedded_system
En you can see all the basic packets

became green
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Install MinGW GCC

11 embedded_system
Then you can see the

gcc and gdb and other
binary utilities installed
(Native Toolchain )
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Variable Name
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Comments
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 Sometimes programmers need

to add some notes beside their
code. Those notes are very
important to describe the code
and to clarify complex operation.
Notes or comments can be
added in two ways as shown in
the following example.
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Derived Primitive/Basic Types

User Defined
pointer Real Values Integer Values
Arrays
structure union
enum typedef unsigned signed
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Integer Values 15
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Unsigned Integer
size_in_bits
0 >>> (2 -1)
Signed Integer
long long 8 –9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to (size_in_bits-1)
9,223,372,036,854,775,807 (size_in_bits-1)
unsigned long long 8 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615

-(2) >>> +(2 -1)
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For example “char”
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For example if the Unsigned charvalue uses one byte (8 bits) to

hold the numeric value:
Another example if the Signed char value uses one byte (8 bits)
to hold the numeric
value. If Tow‟s Complement method is used to represent the
negative values:
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For example “char”
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For example if the Unsigned short value uses one byte (16 bits)
to hold the numeric value:
Another example if the Signed Integer value uses four byte (32 bits) to hold
the numeric
value. If Tow‟s Complement method is used to represent the negative values:
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Note
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int, this data type called the machine dependent data type, which means its
size and range
vary from a machine type to another machine type (EX: in 8 bit computers int
is 1 byte, in
16 bit computers int is 2 bytes, in 32 bit computers int is 4 bytes, in 64 bit
computers int is 8
bytes).
Know that (32 Bits computers) means the principle data unit size in those
computers are 32
bit, which mean the computer is designed and optimized to process 32 bit
values
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Floating-Point Types
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Type Storage size Value range Precision

float 4 byte 1.2E-38 to 6 decimal
3.4E+38 places
double 8 byte 2.3E-308 to 15 decimal
1.7E+308 places
long double 10 byte 3.4E-4932 to 19 decimal
1.1E+4932 places
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2′s Complement
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bool is a data type ?
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#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
int main()
{
bool a = true;
return 0;
}
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bool
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 Traditionally, there was no boolean type in C. However, C99 defines a standard

boolean type under <sdbool.h> header file. A boolean type can take one of
two values, either true or false. For example:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
int main()
{
bool a = true;
return 0;
}
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quiz:  what is the output
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quiz:  what is the output
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Integer and Float Conversions
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 In order to effectively develop C programs, it will be necessary to understand

the rules that are used for the implicit conversion of floating point and integer
values in C. These are mentioned below. Note them carefully.
 An arithmetic operation between an integer and integer always yields an integer
result.
 An operation between a real and real always yields a real result.
 An operation between an integer and real always yields a real result. In this
operation the integer is first promoted to a real and then the operation is
performed. Hence the result is real.
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Type Conversion in Assignments
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 Here in the first assignment statement though the expression’s value is a float
(3.5) it cannot be stored in i since it is an int.
 In such a case the float is demoted to an int and then its value is stored. Hence
what gets stored in i is 3.
 Exactly opposite happens in the next statement. Here, 30 is promoted to
30.000000 and then stored in b, since b being a float variable cannot hold
anything except a float value.
int i ;
float b ;
i = 3.5 ;
b = 30 ;
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Type Conversion in Assignments
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 in the assignment statement some operands are ints whereas others are
floats. As we know, during evaluation of the expression
 the ints would be promoted to floats and the result of the expression would
be a float. But when this float value is assigned to s it is again demoted to an
int and then stored in s.
float a, b, c ;
int s ;
s = a * b * c / 100 + 32 / 4 - 3 * 1.1 ;
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Quiz  What is the output

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k is an integer variable and a is a real variable.
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k is an integer variable and a is a real variable.
In the first statement, since both 2 and 9 are integers, the result is
an integer, i.e. 0. This 0 is then assigned to k. In the second
statement 9 is promoted to 9.0 and then the division is performed.
Division yields 0.222222. However, this cannot be stored in k, k
being an int. Hence it gets demoted to 0 and then stored in k.
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Hierarchy of Operations
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While executing an arithmetic statement, which has two or more Example 1.1: Determine the hierarchy of operations and
evaluate
operators, we may have some problems as to how exactly does it the following expression:
get executed. For example, does the expression 2 * x - 3 * y i=2*3/4+4/4+8-2+5/8
correspond to (2x)-(3y) or to 2(x-3y)? Similarly, does A / B * C
correspond to A / (B * C) or to (A / B) * C? To answer these i = 6 / 4 + 4 / 4 + 8 - 2 + 5 / 8 operation: *
questions satisfactorily one has to understand the ‘hierarchy’ of i = 1 + 4 / 4 + 8 - 2 + 5 / 8 operation: /
operations. i = 1 + 1+ 8 - 2 + 5 / 8 operation: /
i = 1 + 1 + 8 - 2 + 0 operation: /
i = 2 + 8 - 2 + 0 operation: +
i = 10 - 2 + 0 operation: +
i = 8 + 0 operation : -
i = 8 operation: +
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C Programming Input Output (I/O):

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printf() and scanf()

 C programming has several in-built library functions to perform input and
output tasks.
 Two commonly used functions for I/O (Input/Output) are printf() and scanf().
 The scanf() function reads formatted input from standard input (keyboard)
whereas the printf() function sends formatted output to the standard output
(screen).
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Input Output
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with scanf()
 Eclipse's terminal emulator
might be different and do
more buffering. Try calling
fflush(stdout); between the
printout and the call to
scanf().
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C Floats Input/Output
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int printf( const char* format, ... );
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Quiz
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Quiz
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Printf
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Tricks
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Solution
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Mathematical and Logical
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Expressions
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Expressions
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Expressions
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Coding Convention
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 Coding convention is a set of rules that enhance the readability and the
understandability of
the code. At the end of each chapter a list of standard and related coding
convention is
mentioned.
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Coding Convention
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Generally following roles must be obeyed to
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write an arranged code.
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C Fundamentals 49 embedded_system
Statements
 Control Statements
 if
 switch
Comments
 goto Operators
 for loop Keywords Identifiers
Relational operators
 while loop
Logical operators
 do-while loop
 break
Assignment operators Constants Data Types
 continue Arithmetic operators 1.Integer constants
 Nested Loop 2.Floating-point User Defined
 null statement constants
 expression statement 3.Character constants Primitive/Basic Types
4.String constants
Conditional operators
enum typedef Real Values Integer Values
min = (x < y) ? x : y;
Identifier = (test expression)? Expression1: Expression2 ;
Derived unsigned signe
Bitwise Operators d
Comma operators
int i , j; Arrays pointer

i=(j=10,j+20);
A set of expression separated by comma is a valid structure union
constant in the C language
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Identifiers
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 Identifiers are the names that are given to various program elements
such as variables, symbolic constants and functions.
 Identifier can be freely named, the following restrictions.
 Alphanumeric characters ( a ~ z , A～Z , 0～9 ) and half underscore ( _ )

can only be used.
 The first character of the first contain letters ( a ~ z , A～Z ) or half
underscore ( _ ) can only be used.
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Identifiers
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 Here are the rules you need to know:

 1. Identifier name must be a sequence of letter and digits, and must begin with a letter.
 2. The underscore character (‘_’) is considered as letter.
 3. Names shouldn't be a keyword (such as int , float, if ,break, for etc)
 4. Both upper-case letter and lower-case letter characters are allowed. However, they're not interchangeable.
 5. No identifier may be keyword.
 6. No special characters, such as semicolon,period,blank space, slash or comma are permitted
 Examples of legal and illegal identifiers follow, first some legal identifiers:
 float _number;
 float a;
 The following are illegal (it's your job to recognize why):

 float :e; float for; float 9PI; float .3.14; float 7g;
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Keywords
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 Keywords are standard identifiers that have standard predefined meaning in C. Keywords
are all lowercase, since uppercase and lowercase characters are not equivalent it's possible
to utilize an uppercase keyword as an identifier but it's not a good programming practice.
 1. Keywords can be used only for their intended purpose.
 2. Keywords can't be used as programmer defined identifier.
 3. The keywords can't be used as names for variables.
 The standard keywords are given below:
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Integer Literals
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An integer literal can be a decimal, octal, or hexadecimal constant. A prefix

specifies the base or radix: 0x or 0X for hexadecimal, 0 for octal, and nothing for
decimal.
An integer literal can also have a suffix that is a combination of U and L, for
unsigned and long, respectively. The suffix can be uppercase or lowercase and
can be in any order.
Here are some examples of integer literals:
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Floating-point Literals
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A floating-point literal has an integer part, a decimal point, a fractional part, and
an exponent part. You can represent floating point literals either in decimal form
or exponential form.
While representing decimal form, you must include the decimal point, the
exponent, or both; and while representing exponential form, you must include
the integer part, the fractional part, or both. The signed exponent is introduced
by e or E.
Here are some examples of floating-point literals:

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 The primary design of C is to produce portable code while maintaining

 Kernighan and Ritchie, in their first edition (1978) of "The C Programming

Install MinGW GCC

Install MinGW GCC

En you can see all the basic packets

Install MinGW GCC

Then you can see the

Install MinGW GCC

Install MinGW GCC

En you can see all the basic packets

Install MinGW GCC

Then you can see the

 Sometimes programmers need

Derived Primitive/Basic Types

unsigned long long 8 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615

For example if the Unsigned charvalue uses one byte (8 bits) to

Type Storage size Value range Precision

 Traditionally, there was no boolean type in C. However, C99 defines a standard

 In order to effectively develop C programs, it will be necessary to understand

Quiz  What is the output

k is an integer variable and a is a real variable.

Quiz  What is the output

k is an integer variable and a is a real variable.

C Programming Input Output (I/O):

printf() and scanf()

Eclipse's terminal emulator issue

write an arranged code.

int i , j; Arrays pointer

 Alphanumeric characters ( a ~ z , A～Z , 0～9 ) and half underscore ( _ )

 Here are the rules you need to know:

 The following are illegal (it's your job to recognize why):

An integer literal can be a decimal, octal, or hexadecimal constant. A prefix

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