THERMAL P0WER PLANT

THERMAL ENERGY GENERATI0N

• A Thermal Power Plant converts the heat energy of
coal into electrical energy.
• Coal is burnt in a boiler which converts water into
steam. The expansion of steam in turbine produces
mechanical power which drives the alternator coupled
to the turbine.
• In thermal generating stations coal, oil, natural gas etc.
are employed as primary sources of energy.
 IN INDIA
• In India, 65% of total power is generated by the
Thermal Power Stations.
• Yamunanagar Thermal Power Project i.e D.C.R.T.P.P
(Deen Bandhu Chotu Ram Thermal Power Plant) is a
project of Haryana Power Generation Corporation
limited (HPGCL). It is situated at village Kalanor In
Yamunanagar. Its total capacity is 600 MW as at
present with two units working with capacity.
• Having two unit of 2 x 300 MW = 600 MW
 EFFICIENCY
• the efficiency of a steam turbine is limited by the
maximum temperature of the steam produced and
is not directly a function of the fuel used (for the
same steam conditions, coal, nuclear and gas
power plants all have the same theoretical
efficiency)
A GENERAL LAYOUT
LAYOUT
 GLOSSARIES
• Operating pressure
• Boiler efficiency
• Steaming hours
• Heating surface
• Generating surface
• Superheated steam
 BASIC GLOSSARIES
• Operating pressure – the pressure at which the
boiler is operated in service

• Boiler efficiency - the ratio between the thermal

energy actually absorbed by water and the thermal
energy available in fuel (80 – 90 %)

• Steaming hours -the time during which the boiler

generates steam

• Heating surface -the total surface of all parts exposed

to combustion gases (tubes, superheater, economiser)
 BASIC GLOSSARIES
• Generating surface - a part of the surface in
which water is heated and steam is generated
(tubes, drum)

• Superheated steam = saturated steam + more

heat at constant pressure –> dry steam (to avoid
damage to turbine blades)
 MAIN ELEMENTS
• FURNACE
• BOILER
• SUPERHEATER
• TURBINE
• CONDENSER
 FURNACE
• a chamber in which heat is produced –
combustion of fuel & generation of hot
gases.

• burners – break oil into fine particles to

ensure efficient combustion
 BOILER
• steam generator – saturated & superheated
steam
• steam drum - a reservoir of water/steam at
the top end of the water tubes, it stores the
steam generated in the water tubes and acts
as a separator for the steam/water mixture
(difference in densities)
• water circulation – natural or forced
 SUPERHEATER
• consists of heaters and super-heater tubes

• converts saturated steam into dry steam

 TURBINE
• steam is admitted to the turbine

• heat energy is converted into mechanical

energy – useful work

• high pressure turbine

• low pressure turbine

 CONDENSER
heat exchanger
• tubes sea water
• steam water (condensate)
• vacuum is created due to steam /
condensate volume difference
• vacuum is maintained by constant cool
water circulation through the tubes
LAY0UT OF A CONDENSER
STEAM FLOW

S.HEATER L.P

R.H.

condenser
 WATER FLOW
B STEAM
O
I
L
E C COOLING
R O HOT WATER
N TOWER
D
E
N

D.M.
S
ECONOMIZER E
PLANT R
COOL WATER

B.F.P
 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA
1. Locations of TPPs are avoided within 25 km of the
outer periphery of the following:

• Metropolitan cities
• National park and wildlife sanctuaries
• Ecologically sensitive areas like tropical forest,
biosphere reserve, important lake and coastal
areas rich in coral formation.
 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA

2. The sites should be chosen in such a way that

chimneys of the power plants do not fall within the
approach funnel of the runway of the nearest
airport.
3. Those sites should be chosen which are at least 500
m away from the flood plain of river system.
4. Location of the sites are avoided in the vicinity(say
10 km) of places of archaeological, historical,
Cultural/religious/tourist importance and defence
installations
 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA
5. Forest or prime agriculture lands are avoided for
setting up of thermal power houses or ash
disposal. Guidelines of Central Electrical Authority
(CEA), Government of India, for location selection
Thermal Power plants (TPPs):
1. The choice of location is based on factors like
availability of land, water, coal, construction
material, etc.
2. Land requirement for TPP is 0.2 km2 per 100 MW.
 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA
3. The land for housing is taken as 0.4 km2 per
project.
4. Land requirement for ash pond is about 0.2
km2 per 100 MW.
5. Water requirement is about 40 cusecs per
1000 MW.
6. Location of thermal power station is avoided in
the coal-bearing area.
7. Coal transportation is preferred by dedicated
marry-go-round rail system.
 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST

Rs Lakh/MW 200/210/250 300/330/350 500 MW 600 MW and

MW MW Above

2009-10 18.20 16.00 13.00 11.70

2010-11 19.24 16.92 13.75 12.37

2011-12 20.34 17.88 14.53 13.08

2012-13 21.51 18.91 15.36 13.82

2013-14 22.74 19.99 16.24 14.62