GROUP MEMBERS:

ADALIA, MEL BRIANNE J.

ANTONIO, MARC ALFRED
DE GRACIA, DIVINE HEART M.
DELA CRUZ, LIAN VINCENT P.
GABAYERON, CRISFER JOHN R.
MADRIDEJO, PAULO P.
MANZANO, MARIEL
PADULLO, JULIA MAE
PALOMADO, REY GABRIEL B.
PEREÑA, REYMART JAMES C.
REDAZA, NOREEN MARIZ D.
RUMARATE, JAKE AIDAN
STA.ANA, SONNY BOY R.

PROFESSOR:
MR. SAN LUIZ,
JEZREEL
THE CAVITE
MUTINY
 The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was a historical uprising that
occurred on 20 January 1872 involving almost 200 Filipino
and Spanish soldiers and workers at Fort San Felipe in
Cavite. The soldiers and workers rallied against the unfair
treatment by the Spanish officers in implementing the
payment of tributes, as well as the imposition of forced
labor (polo y servicio), which the soldiers and workers were
supposedly exempted from. The mutiny was unsuccessful,
and the rebels were quickly crushed by the Spanish forces.
The event is believed to have inspired many Filipinos
patriots and reformists, fueling nationalistic spirit that
culminated in the Philippine Revolution of 1896.
 I. AUTHOR'S BACKGROUND
CAVITE There were a total of four accounts of the 1872 Cavite

MUTINY
Munity, with two viewpoints:

THE ACCOUNT OF SPANIARDS AND FILIPINOS

CONTROVERSY
IN SPANISH PERSPECTIVE:
● Jose Antonio Julian Montero y Vidal, a Spanish writer, historian, geographer,
and politician who was born on January 28, 1851 in Gergal (Almeria, Autonomous
Community of Andalusia) and died in the early twentieth century. He served in
various capacities in Spain's overseas provinces of the Philippines and Cuba, on
which he wrote extensively.
GERGAL
Work
José Montero y Vidal developed an essay and literary work focused on the history, geography
and ethnography of the Philippines, an area in which he stood out as one of the greatest
specialists of the last third of the 19th century ; not in vain was he a corresponding member of the
Royal Academy of History . Several of his works were declared useful for the Army and awarded
at the General Exhibition of 1887 and are still today a reference of literature written in Spanish in
the Philippines:

Filipino stories 1st ed., Madrid, 1876. 2nd ed., Madrid, 1883. 321 pages. With titles like
"Enriqueta" or "El payo de Chang-Chuy".
The stock market, commerce and commercial companies . Madrid, 1882-1884. 5 eds. 262 pp.
Cholera in 1885 . Madrid, 1885. 2 eds. 144 pp.
The Philippine archipelago and the Mariana Islands, Carolinas and Palau. Its geographical
and statistical history. Madrid, 1886. 2 eds. 512 pp. 2 maps.
General history of the Philippines from the discovery of these islands to the present day .
Madrid, 1887-1895. 2 eds. 606 pp. Gold Medal at the General Exhibition of 1887 .
History of Malay-Mohammedan piracy in Mindanao, Jolo, and Borneo . Madrid, 1888. 4 eds.
Gold Medal at the General Exhibition of 1887 .
Works: short novels, monographs, literary articles, poetry, portrait of the author . 1889.
 The mutiny’s masterminds were three Filipino priests, Mariano Gomez, Jose
Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, more commonly known as “Gomburza,” according to
Vidal

Vidal said the root cause of the mutiny was the stripping of privileges of the
soldiers and workers of the Cavite arsenal, particularly their exemption from
payment of tributes and forced labor. The workers were asking the Spanish
officials to reinstate their privileges.

● Rafael de Izquierdo, a Spanish general, politician, and statesman who served

as governor-general of the Philippines from April 4, 1871 until January 8, 1873.
He was born in Santander, Spain, on September 30, 1820. Antonio Izquierdo del
Monte and Antonia Gutiérrez de la Cámara are his parents. The conservative nature
of the left government was reflected in the punitive measures adopted against priests
suspected of insurrection in 1872, a pivotal event in the emergence of a Filipino
nationalist movement. In contrast to his predecessor, Carlos Mara de la Torre y Nava
Cerrada's liberal government, he is also noted for his use of "Iron Fist" governance.

SANTANDER, SPAIN
 He participated in the First Carlist War in Navarre.
He reached the military rank of captain by the age of 17.
At the start of the Second Carlist War in Africa, he was already a lieutenant colonel
and at the end of the war brigadier general.
He was then assigned to Lugo, Spain as military governor in 1861.
Replacing General Carlos María de la Torre on 4 April 1871, Rafael Izquierdo was
installed as Governor-General of the Philippines. He is responsible for the opening of
steamship and telegraph lines in the country.
 The mutiny was hatched by a group of native Filipino priests, several mestizos,
and lawyers who were fighting against the crimes and abuses experienced by
Filipinos under the Spanish regime. The governor-general also believed that the
rebels wanted to install either Jose Burgos or Jacinto Zamora as the head of the
new Philippine government they aimed to put up as replacement for the Spanish
government in the Philippines.
IN FILIPINO PERSPECTIVE:
● Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, a hardworking researcher with a voracious
appetite for knowledge. This drove him to write extensively on a variety of topics, including
medicine, health, linguistics, literature, philology, history, geography, anthropology, politics,
government, economy, agriculture, society, industry, trade, religion, customs, travel, and
emigration. On April 13, 1857, he was born in Manila and lived at Intramuros' Cabildo St.
Tavera attended the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, Colegio San Juan de Letrán, and the
University of Sto. Tomas, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree at the age of 16 in
1873. Then go to the Faculty of Medicine to further his education. Between 1897 and 1898.
He went on to teach Descriptive Anatomy at UST's Faculty of Medicine. He became a
Filipino physician, naturalist, historian, and politician of Spanish and Portuguese descent.
He was also known for his writings about different aspects of Philippine Culture.
MANILA
In Paris, the Pardos de Tavera befriended many powerful French politicians, including
Prime Minister Léon Gambetta and presidents Maurice de MacMahon and Jules Grévy.
The Pardos de Tavera made a living by receiving the income made by their real
properties left in the Philippines.
He enrolled at the University of Paris to continue his degree in medicine.
One of his prominent professors was Étienne Stéphane Tarnier (1828–1897), an
obstetrician and one of the pioneers of introducing Pasteur and Lister theories in
obstetrics.
In 1880, Trinidad received his licentiate in medicine at the Faculté de Médecine de Paris
and in 1881, his bachelor in medicine.
In December 1885, he received his diploma in Malay language.
He tracked down rare collections of books and maps about the Philippines, its culture,
tradition and history.
While a student at the École nationale, he wrote Contribución para el estudio de los
antiguos alfabetos Filipinos (Contribution to the study of ancient Filipino alphabet) in
1884 which was published in Lausanne and El sánscrito en la lengua tagala in 1887.
 The mutiny simply started as a rally organized by the workers of the arsenal
pushing for the acquisition of sufficient resources as well as reforms in the
educational system in the Philippines, an objective that was far different from
what the Spanish officers suggested. However, the Spanish friars, afraid of losing
their hold on the Filipinos as well as the privileges they enjoyed, told the Spanish
authorities that the Filipino workers aimed to free themselves from Spanish rule.
The Spanish government, upon hearing that the mutineers aimed to overthrow
the government, did not investigate the matter further and harshly arrested those
they thought were involved in the mutiny.
● Edmond Plauchut, is a close friend of Novelist George Sand and her son
Maurice Sand. After his brief journalist career in Angoulême, Plauchut
departed France in 1850 to join French trade activity in Manila, Philippines.
Plauchut arrived in Manila in 1851, following journeys through the Middle East,
British Ceylon, and coastal East Asia. In 1861, he returned to France and resided
with the Sand family at their château in Nohant, where he died and was buried.

a French journalist, writer, traveler, and close

friend of novelist George Sand (1804-1876) and
her son Maurice Sand (1823-1889).
 On 20 January 1872, the day of the mutiny, the workers received their salaries
and were surprised and angered at the same time due to deductions of tributes
and payments in lieu of forced labor from their salaries. They staged the mutiny
right away but it was crushed as soon as it started because of a lack of
coordination between the mutineers.
II. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

On the 20th of January 1872, a mutiny occurred in Fort San Felipe Arsenal in
Cavite, Philippines. This revolt was composed of about 200 Filipino military
personnel, and laborers of the Cavite Arsenal, headed by Sgt. Ferdinand La
Madrid. The major reason for this mutiny was injustice brought by the ironfisted
leadership of Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo. It was remarked as a form of
dissatisfaction from the workers; they were coerced to pay a monetary payment
and forced labor called “polo y servicio” for the taxes. When the laborers got their
pay, the taxes and fine paid to free them from forced labor were taken from their
salary; this ignited the revolt. However, there were two faces of the mutiny: the
viewpoint of the Spaniards and Filipinos.
 The Spaniards' accounts were documented by Jose Montero Y Vidal, a Spanish historian, who
was then supported by Gov. Rafael de Izquierdo. On Vidal’s viewpoint, he said that it was an
attempt of the Indios to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines. According to
Vidal and Izquierdo, on January 20, 1872, the feast of the Virgin of Loreto in the district of
Sampaloc was held. Apparently, the fireworks displays were heard by the mutineers in Cavite
and mistook it as a sign of attack. Sgt. Lamadrid, leading, along with the 200 Filipinos attacked
and they invaded the arsenal, killing Spanish officers at sight. Gov. Izquierdo summoned for
more reinforcement of the Spanish troops in Cavite. The said revolution ceased immediately,
and Sergeant Lamadrid was one of the people who were killed in the battle. Izquierdo took the
opportunity to implicate the friars and other notable Filipinos known for their liberal
preferences. Patriots were arrested, and sentenced to life imprisonment, death, or exile. These
include Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Jose and Pio Basa, and Antonio M. Regidor. At the same
time, the Central Government failed to conduct a thorough investigation to verify the true
circumstances, they relied on the reports of Izquierdo, the friars and the opinion of the public.
To cause fear among the Filipinos, Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were found guilty of
treason for instigating the Cavite mutiny. The three priests were put to death by garrotte in
Bagumbayan, on the 17th of February 1872.
 In contrast, Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera's accounts proved that it
was a mere mutiny of the Filipinos who were discontented with the abolishment of
their benefits. He indirectly blamed Gov. Izquierdo's strict policies for the incident.
Sergeant Lamadrid, united with the residents of Cavite, laborers, and military,
killed the Spanish officials that they could meet inside the arsenal. Izquierdo
instructed more Spanish armies in Cavite, resulting in repressing the mutiny.
Tavera verified that Izquierdo and the friars convinced the Madrid government
that the Filipinos are aiming to destroy the Spanish freedom by the Cavite Mutiny
without having a thorough investigation. Those educated patriots that participated
in the mutiny were convicted to life imprisonment while the native clergy headed
by the GOMBURZA were killed by garrote. This act spurred the Filipinos to fight
for their country and led to the Philippine Revolution of 1896. Edmund Plauchut
corroborated Tavera's account that the Cavite Mutiny transpired because of the
dissatisfaction of the residents in Cavite.

This revolt in the year of 1872, led to the awakening of nationalism and paved the
way for the outbreak of Philippine Revolution of 1896.
III. CONTENT ANALYSIS
Several key elements about the 1872 Mutiny remained consistent
among the four accounts, to our analysis.

First, once Gen. Izquierdo revoked their privileges, there was unhappiness among the
arsenal workers as well as members of the native army. Second, Gen. Izquierdo
implemented tough and inflexible rules that caused Filipinos to flee and turn away
from the Spanish administration in disdain. Third, the central government failed to
conduct an investigation into what actually occurred, instead relying on reports from
Izquierdo and the friars, as well as public opinion. Fourth, the friars' happy days were
numbered in 1872 when the Spanish Central Government chose to strip them of their
ability to intervene in government issues as well as the supervision and management
of schools, causing them to make frantic efforts to extend their stay and authority.
During the Spanish colonial period, Filipinos were abused. The Spaniards, particularly
priests, keep a close eye on the Filipinos' every move (Gomburza). Filipinos were
treated unequally during this time, and because Gen La Madrid suspected Filipinos
of plotting a revolution, he decided to strip them of all their rights and privileges,
including "Exemption from forced labor." The GOMBURZA's death provoked Filipinos'
nationalism and drive for liberation. There are various accounts or points of view for
the Cavite Mutiny, but it surely paved the way for the Philippines' independence.
Filipinos did not like what the Spaniards did, but one particular individual, a young
man, who knew what the Spaniards did because his brother told him, and this kid was
Rizal, wrote a book called "El filibusterismo" which inspired Filipinos to band together
to fight the Spaniards.
Bonifacio was one of the most notable people who followed Rizal's book, and it was
because of them that a revolution against the Spaniards was launched. The Cavite
Mutiny is the object of discourse: we possess no definitive account of the event nor
any satisfactory biography of any of the three priests to give a faithful depiction of
what really happened. Without the mutiny, the Gomburza would not have been slain,
and without the Gomburza's death, Rizal's book would not have been written. There
will be no revolution during this period without the Book; nonetheless, there may be a
revolution without all of this, but it will not be as significant as Rizal's revolt.

A dramatic transformation in 1896 as a reflection of our longing to be free of the

oppressive Spanish occupiers. June 12 became a significant date as a culmination of
this revolution. However, there is another year that deserves our attention: 1872, the
year of the Cavite Mutiny.
IV. RELEVANCE TO THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY

This event was an essential part in Philippine history because it sparked the start of
the resistance against the authority for Philippine Independence in 1898. During the
Spanish colonization, tax reforms were implemented that required the soldiers to
serve the army and pay taxes. Many things happened after to combat the unfair
treatment. This was also the time when the three priests were executed (Gomburza)
by the Spaniards. The 1872 event gave inspiration to Filpinos to fight for Philippine
independence. This was also Jose Rizal’s inspiration to create his masterpiece
"ElFilibusterismo' that pertains to GOMBURZA. Also, its significance reminds us how
the Spaniards treated the Filipinos badly in the past. Many heroes, both known and
unknown, sacrificed their lives to secure reforms and independence.
 On the basis of our analysis, the four narratives of the Mutiny of 1872 were followed by
numerous fundamental facts. The following objectives were reached while tackling this topic
such as explaining why Cavite Mutiny took place in 1872, determining who sparked the
incident technically and confirming that the three secular priests did not take part in the
mutiny yet conspired against it.

The Mutiny happened in the year 1872, fueled the Philippine revolution that led to our
country’s independence. And for us, it is important to know what happened and to know why
it happened for us to fully understand the reason why we, Filipinos, revolted against the
foreign colonizers. We must not forget that our forefathers had to go through a lot before
we were able to prevail and cherish our liberty in order to build a better future that is more
historically linked with our past. Because it will enable us to better discern what happened at
that event. Moreover, it will make us feel the burn of nationalism and patriotism because our
ancestors made incredible efforts for our freedom. We should be aware of our past to
satisfactorily comprehend our country's struggles to attain the sovereignty that we enjoy as
of now. We should also not take for granted our freedom. Just like what Elias said in Noli Me
Tangere, "may we not forget those who fell during the night."
V. REFLECTION
The 1872 Cavite Mutiny served as evidence of our natives’ nationalism and unity. They
showed strength to fight against the oppression of the Spanish government. We learn how
to appreciate the freedom we have now because of our predecessors' actions in the past.
We should not take our liberty for granted. We should love our country more and be proud
of it. A person will take advantage of another if he or she does not stand up for
themselves and fight for what is right. Sometimes all it takes is one individual to start
something to inspire others to do the same, to defend their rights. It is important to recall
that the seeds of nationalism planted in Cavite Mutiny grew into the Philippine Revolution
and, later, Emilio Aguinaldo's Declaration of Independence, both of which took place in
Cavite. Do not be afraid to raise your rights and use your voice to uphold your inherent
rights in your territory or even country. We should also devote ourselves to the nation’s
rights and use our voices as power if ever there is someone who has the power and
authority to disregard the rights of every Filipino just to gain a self-beneficial
phenomenon.
VI. REFERENCES

● Augustyn, Adam. “Cavite Mutiny”. Retrieved from Cavite Mutiny | Summary, Importance, & Facts

● Koh, Eusebio. “The 1872 Cavite Mutiny”. Retrieved from https://filipinojournal.com/the-1872-cavite-mutiny/

● Manalo, Kyle. (2018). Readings in the “Philippine History: What Happened in the Cavite Mutiny?” Readings in
the Philippine History: What Happened in the Cavite Mutin…

● Piedad-Pugay, C. (2012, September 5). “The two faces of the 1872 Cavite Mutiny”. Retrieved from
https://nhcp.gov.ph/the-two-faces-of-the-1872-cavite-
mutiny/#:~:text=Trinidad%20Hermenigildo%20Pardo%20de%20Tavera,the%20bloody%20incident%20in%20Cav
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● Arts and Culture. (n.d.). “Rafael de Izquierdo y Gutiérrez”. Retrieved from

https://artsandculture.google.com/entity/rafael-de-izquierdo-y-guti%C3%A9rrez/m04gpvmw?hl=en

 ●The Biography. (2019). “Biography of Rafael de Izquierdo (1820-1882)”. Retrieved from https://thebiography.us/en/izquierdo-
rafael-de

● Jalbuna, Joven. (2020). “History 614”, Course hero. Retrieved from Cavite Mutiny (Content and Context analysis).docx - HIST 614
CONTENT ANALYSIS CAVITE MUTINY BY JOVEN M JALBUNA On there was an uprising of some Filipino

●Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopedia. (2018). "Cavite Mutiny".Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/event/Cavite-Mutiny.

●University of San Jose-Recoletos Main Campus, (2013). “Accounting 103”. Retrieved from
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● Anarygoi. (2020). “Pioneers of Faculty of Medicine and Surgery: Dr. Trinida

H. Pardo de Tavera and Dr. Juan Miciano y Zulueta”. Retrieved from http://anargyroifoundation.org/pioneers-of-faculty-of-
medicine-and-surgery -dr-trinidad-h-pardo-de-tavera-and-dr-juan-miciano-y-zulueta/

● Samson. (2020). “Cavite Mutiny”. Retrieved from. https:/www.researchgate.net/publication/346989320_Cavite_mutiny

● Prof. Next Door. (2020). “1872 Cavite Mutiny: Discussion and analysis-Readings in Philippine History. Retrieved
fromhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GruhpddknXY

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