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Pelangi Top One Add Math f4 Chap4
Pelangi Top One Add Math f4 Chap4
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L--,l l. lndices
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I lndeks'. 2. Laws of indices I Hukum lndeks'.
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.o-m=L.a*O
,|
d^m'
. (2n)n = gnn
. am X an = am+n
.am+an=an-n
. ai =\r[i
' (ab)'- an x b'
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. an = |,{fr (Gr
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s33.zo I = '(+l= ff,0+o
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l- Simplify each of the following using laws of indices. @
rorrnrl Mempermudahkah setiap yangberikut dengan menggunakan hukum indeks.
(ii)
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(i) a5 x {2 2(5P't + 8(52a) x
+
= 315r-rr;, t
1'z'1
= 45
= 45*2
=a7 = L15r-rry
(a) (3')n x 93 + 81 3
(b)
e)} .gf (c) 2dba x 5ab2
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.l 49 @ Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
'N ***oral Mathematics Form 4 Chapter 4 tndices, Surds and Logaithms
2*=64 Smart
aax-16
-z
Compare the powers of both sides of
the equation when the bases are the
X=6 same.
Bandingkan kuasa kedua-dua belah
persamaan apabila asasnya adalah sama.
(b) (2,-'x)(8'-4) - I
@
A sample of radioactive material with an initial mass of 250 g decay from time to time such that its mass is
halved every hour. Determine its mass after l0 hours in the form where k, a, b and p are integers.
", 4+Y
Salu sampel bahanradioaktif ilengan jisimperrnulaan250 gmerqut ilari semasake semasd, dengan jisimnya diseparuhkan setiap
Amoeba is a unicellular organism which has the ability to alter its shape. It carries out binary fission to
increase its number, that is, splits into two halves. In a certain colony, at the initial stage, there are 18
amoebae. Find the number of amoebae in the colony after the 6'h flssion in the form of 2*3" where m and
z are positive integers. @!EUlg-
Ameba ialah sejenis organisma unisel yang sentiasa berubah bentuknya. Ameba menjalankan proses pembelahan dedua untuk
menambah bilangannya, iaitu membahagi kepada ilua. Dalam sqtu koloni tertentu, didapan ada 78 ameba pada awalnya.
Cari bilangan ameba dalam koloni tersebut selepas pembelahan ke-6 dalam bentuk 2^3 dengan keadaan m dan n ialah integer
positif.
Rational numbers are the numbers that can be 5. 1/4 is read as "surd 4 order 3".
3,{4
expressed in fractional torm 9 where a and b are disebut sebagai "surd 4 peringkat 3".
b
integers and b I 0.
Nombor nisbah ialah nombor yang boleh diungkapkan 6. Laws of surds:
dalam bentuk pecahan aengan keadaan a dan b Hukum surd:
ntegerdanb*0.
I iatah
. G*{6=lao
lrrational numbers are the numbers that cannot be . ./a*lb= 19
expressed in fractional form. b 1/
Nombor tak nisbah ialah nombor yang tidak boleh fora>0andb>0
Ciungkapkan dalam bentuk pecahan.
untuka>0danb>0
Below are some examples:
*rikut adalah beberapa contoh: 7. Conjugate surd of a + \6 is a - ./6, similarly
a - lb is a + {b. A rational number is obtained
Rational number lrrational number when the conjugate pair is multiplied.
Nombor nisbah Nombor tak nisbah Surd konjugat bagi a + ^,6 ialah a - t6, sama juga a - tE
ialah a + 16. Satu nombor nisbah diperoleh apabita mendarab
^2
'1 n = 3.14159265 dengan surd konjugat.
1 e = 2.71828182... 1a+{6)(a-^'[61=u'-o
z (Euler numberl nombor 8. To simplify an expression involving surd as denominator,
Euler) rationalising the denominator by multiplying the
a= .61803398... numerator and denominator with conjugate surd. For
t.zs = 1
. 1 _mG
lrecurring decimal/ mG^ mG
perpuluhan berulang)
, 1 -mla-nr[6
,A=2 tE = 1.58740105... mia+nib" mG- n"tE
( :rom the examples, root of a number can be either I miZ + n,,ib
?tional or irrational. An irrational number in the form mia-nt6^ m^iA+ny6
:'j root is called surd.
)aipada contoh-contoh yang diberi, punca kuasa suatu
-.cmbor boleh menghasilkan nombor nisbah atau nombor
:at nisbah. Suatu nombor tak nisbah dalam bentuk punca
,,asa dikenali sebagai surd.
sion to
are 18
m and
t aonvert the following recurring decimals to fractional form in its lowest term. re
a untuk l-karkan perpuluhan berulang berikut kepada bentuk pecahan termudah.
,walny0..
t integer
@@
0.8888...
Lerx=0.8888...-e SmarlTip
Multiply with a suitable
integer so that the For the decimals in the two equations
! x 10: IOx = 8.888... O recurring decimal part can (@ and @), the digits after the decimal
point must be the same.
3-O' 9x=8 - be eliminated.
Bagi perpuluhan dalam dua persamaan
Itu (@ dan @), digit-digit selepas titik
x=99 perpuluhan mesti sama.
Hence,0.8888... =-.89
t. Determine whether each of the following is a surd or not. Give your reason. ,40
Tentukan sama ads setiap yang berikut ialah surd atau bukan. Beri alasan anda.
{ii} 6..= 3
Not all the roots are surds.
Surd. Its value is a non-recurring Nor a sttrd. Its value Itdak semua punca kuasa
is an lnteger. ialah surd.
decimal.
t
Additional Mathematlcs Fonn 4 Chapter 4 tndices,surds and Lqgar,rhms ISI
F + *ll*6t,;:'::;;;i:,:i..:,a -
3y'5 and 4y'5 are similar surds.
TS,.,,,1:;:,r,,;..,,;:,.;,i.,;,{;,,. Factorisation is carried out
.
. ..-.. ,.. .. ...-..arr{
with V5 as the common factor.
.l', 3,'/5 dan 4,/5 ialah surd serupa.
. .,,';,1,-i:,:,i Pemfaktoran dilakukan dengan
,/5 sebagai faktor sepunya.
,rl :,i ;:, i.r,l :t'.i{,.,;
-...:. | : t,...::,-\e,.:...tja:a... a :..
ifi{:##i;'{s,;efi?.!rlii:*$*}ff::**i:;:l
22{t
,B ,E'- ,/4
-=-I-
Multiply with same surd
as the denominator.
2{.i
'3
10. Simplify the following expressions by rationalising the denominators using conjugate surds. @
Permuilahkan ungkapan berikut dengan menisbahkan penyebut melalui surd konjugat.
4-1
= 5(2 -{3\ 2 - y'3 is conjugate surd
for2+€.
2- tt3 ialah surd konjugat
bagi 2 + tE.
o-rl p+q=irr*TTr,
O +t/11
--..-.-=--.=*?
(3 -tt2l(1+l2l (3+
I +,11\ + (1 -fi,
,r_(
+
= ?.+,/2 7.:{T
9-2
6
7
tr) p-q=T|y,-#
O+\tLl - O*,/21
- O-fi',O+{Xl O+fr)?-,/21
32-(
9+fr-3+fr,
9-2
=?fr
7
A squarq has an area of 216 m3. W,rite the length, in m, of the side of the square in surd form in its simplest
t*r. @gu*-
$uoh segi empat sama mempunyai luas 216 m1 lUlis panja ng dalam n1 sisi segi empat sama te$ebut datam benn* surd yang
2dingingkas.
B "6o0
cm c
The diagram shows a right-angled triangle ABC.
Calculate l.lt4-e)^
@&IUIE-
Rajah di atas menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga bersudut tegak The diagram shows a cuboid with a square base.
Hitung The volume of the cuboid is 32(4 - ,/7)
(i) the perimeter, in cm, of the triangle, Without using a calculator, flnd the height^r.
of
perimeter, dalam cIJ,a segi tiga itu, the cuboid, ir, -. @-oor,rrg-
(ii) the area, in cm2, of the triangle. Rajah di atas menunjukkan sebuah kuboid bertapak segi
luas, dalam cm'z, segr tiga itu. empat sama. lsi padu kuboid, tersebut ialah 32(4 - V7 ) *r.
Tanpa menggunakan kalkulator, cai tinggi kub oid tersebut,
ilalamm.
Yerifyl Mengesahkan
log, a' = x, log, 1 = 0,
log,a = 1
The diagram shows the graphs of exponential and 5. Laws of logarithms/ Hukum logaritnta:
ogarithmic functions. . log"xy = logax + log"/
4akh di bawah menunjukkan graf fungsi eksponen dan
ttgsi logaritma. . to1"i = logax - log.y
Y Y= a'
. log"x" = n logax for any real number n
untuk sebarang nombor nyata n
t/1) *r.
ieight of 6. Change of base of logarithms:
Penukaran asas logaritma:
B r-trnvert the following equations in the form of index to the form of logarithm or vice versa. 4
aforkon persamaan dalam bentuk indeks kepada persamaan dalam bentuk logaritma atau sebaliknya.
gesahkan
log, 1 = 0,
(e) rog,. (+) = (f) roc,. (+) =
16. Without using a calculator, find the value of each of the followinC. Pry
Tanpa menggunakan kalkulator, cari nilai bagi setiap yangberikut.
I@
logr32
(a) log, 256
Let log,12 = x
2'=32
2, = 25<____)il::ff?xT:,:* I
x=5 [theindices. I
L7. Determine the value of x for each of the following equations without using a calculator. 40
Tentukan nilai x bagi setiqp persamaan berikut tanpa menggunakan kalkulator.
(a) logrx = -3
(b) lognx
Logrx = 4
x =34
=81
+ log,o 4
(b) tos,I (c) -!toe.,
+ tog,
f log*p + )1og,q
@
kryrlS+logr4-3logr2
(a) 2logr4 + logr 5 -log, 10
(b) logn 24 -t S^
I + logn 2
-ro8,(1L,I3)
= logr 9
= logr32
= 2 to8,, .--@!
=2
20. Evaluate each of the following. State the answer correct to 4 significant figures. re
Nilaikan setiap yang berikut. Nyatakan jawapan betul kepada 4 angka bererti.
= 0.47A7
log*4
* logn4
logo64
l.
=- logn64
logo43
_l
= lt"rp '-.G"+=I
_1
3
22. Given logrx = m andlogry = n, express each of the following in terms of m and, n. W
Dibeilogrx = m ilanlogry = n, ungkapkan setiap beikut daram sebutan m dan n.
\-
Addtttonal Mathematlcs Fotm 4 Chapter 4 tndices,surds and Logarlthms lN
! Solve the following problems. @ ri!?rn tJM
Seles aikan m as al ah b erikut.
Itre total savings, RMr, of Eucik ?aidi after n years is given by the formula s = 20 000(f .032),.
lpntlahslmpancn, aMs,6nelkzdidls@asn lalrand{furioleh rumuss = }o ooo{r.orz) @&qUis-
(i) Convert the given formula to an equation in the form of logarithm.
Tuka*an rumus yang dibui kepaila penamaan ilalam bmuk logaritma.
(ii) AJter how many year$ does finck Aaidl.s toral savings exceed RM30 000 for the first time?
seleps &empa &liunkaftJamlat cimfonsn 'Enej& Z*tdt alrorn metebihi nlrtl0 000 buat p*tama tralinya?
(i) r =20000(l.032),
,ofo=(r.032)'*@ s = 2O 000(I.032),
log,.orr:rfud= r*@ log,os = log,o 20 000(1.032),
Iog,os = log,o 20 O00 + n log,n i.032
n , =.Srg]j_
Iogio 1,032
n> 12.87
After 13 years, Eneik Zaidi's total savings exceeds RM30 000 for the flrst time.
Given that the world population can be estimated by using the formula p = 6.,?f 1.010)1 where / is the
number of years after 2019 and P is the world population in billions of people. @tEU!g-
Diberi populasi dunia boleh dianggarkan ilengan rumus P = 6.9(1 .010)r, ilengan keadaan t ialah bilangan tahun selepas 201.9 dan
P ialah populasi dunia dalam bilion.
pH = -log,o (1 x 1O-5)
= -(logro I + log,o l0r)
= -[og,o I + (-5) log,o l0]
= -[0 + (-5)]
=l
Hence, liquid.4 is acidic.
A bacterial colony B with the initial mass of Ahmad deposited RM3 500 in a flxed deposit
2 picogram (pg) will increase every day, that is account with interest rate of 5"/" per annum
3 times the mass of the previous day. Find rhe and compounded yearly. Determine the number
time, in the nearest day, that will be taken by of years taken for his account to become
the bacterial colony B to become 15 pg. RM5 411.20.
@rg- Ahmad menyimp an RM3 500 dalam akaun simpanan tetap
dengan kadar faedah 5o/o setahun dan dikompaun setiap
Suatu koloni bakteria B dengan jisim asal 2 pikogram (pg)
akan bettambah setiap hari, iaitu 3 kali jisimnya pada hari tahun. Tentukan tempoh, dalam tahun, yang diambil untuk
sebelumnya. Cari masa, dalam hari yang terhampir, yang amaun dalam akaunnya menjadi RMs 431.20.
akan diambil oleh koloni bakteria B untuk menjadi 75 pg.
L
Addittonal Mathematics Fotm 4 Chapter 4 tndices,surds and Logarithms lSl
dp and q.
(b) Given log, - = *-#-, express y in terms of x.
Dibcrilog_2 - p danlog*7 = q, ungkapkanlogr4x3 dalam Diberilogr. = ungkapkan y ,oro* ,rturon *.r,
*utanp dan q. GF,
13l
with an
er, in cm.
:r in surd a Given 23* = m,2v = n and 23**v = 5 + 8*, express m in Simpliff:
:rrms of n. Permudahkan:
samayant >h 23' = rlb T = n dan Zktt = 5 + 8x, ungftapkan m dalam ,/n - +,,18 -r/n + s,/1
dalam cm, *rdon n.
l2l
nda ilalam t3l
rnumber l4l
become
rm-
anantetap
Given logr 3 = o and logr 5
terms of c and b.
= b, express the following in
3
- Sotve the equation: 3r/1
I3I
i
I
iU?wW&
Useformula to find the matured value after g years.
,
I Gunakan rumus untuk mencari nilai matang selepas 8 tahun,
I
I
t
I
I
I
I
!
t2. fuchter scale, R, is a logarithmic function used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes.
I Skala Richter, R, ialah satu fungsi logaritma yang digunakan untuk mengukur tnagnitud
I ge*po bui.
I
R = roc,.(j:)
where/ dengankeadaan
4 = the measure of the amplitude of the earthquake wavel ukuran amplitud gelombang gempa bumi
Ao = the amplitude of the smallest detectable wavel amplitud gelombang terkecil yang dapat
dikesan
An earthquake is measured with a wave amplitude 390 times as great as Ao. Using the Richter scale,
determine the magnitude
ofthis earthquake, correct to one decimal place.
Amplitud gelombangbagi suatu gempabumi diukur sebagai3g\kaliAo. Dengan menggunakan skalaRichter,
tentukan magnitud gempa
bumi tersebut, betul kepada satu tempat perpuluhan.
fuw!fuids
Substitute the value of A into the given function.
Gantikan nilai A ke dalam fungsi yang diberikan.
3' Given a and b are positive numbers, show that ,/a + {6 = Gi zGF* 6 and hence simpliff Gtffi . 1@evafug*-
Diberi a dan b ialah nombor positiJ tunjukkan bahawa tl a + lT = \/;ffi + b dan seterustia ringkaskan ,/6 +ffi
.
tuw?tuidb
Square both sides of the equation to show it. Then, compare the like terms between G-+16 a6t/o affi a, 6 .
Kuasaduakan kedua-dua belah
Persamaan tersebut untuk menunjukkannya. Kemudian, bandingkan sebutan sepunya di antara
tl6 + 2t/5 dan,,la + 2r/fr + b.
.L.-