4

3 The graph shows a typical population growth curve.

population
X

time

(a) Name the part of the population growth curve labelled X.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Describe strategies for managing human population size.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 4]

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Question Answer Marks

2(b) any two from: 2

regulation of, mesh size / net design;
other species-specific methods, e.g. pole and line;
fishing quotas ;
closed seasons;
protected areas / reserves;
conservation laws;
international agreements / implementation / monitoring;

2(c) any two from: 2

parasites / sea lice;
disease;
habitat destruction;
pollution from waste;
invasive species;
use of antibiotics;

Question Answer Marks

3(a) exponential / log (phase) ; 1

3(b) any three from: 3

increasing / introducing, availability of, family planning / contraception;
providing / improving, education on family planning;
increasing, career / job / higher education, opportunities for women;
encouraging, marriage / children, later in life;
improving accessibility to childcare;
improving provision of health care;
introducing / using, pronatalist / antinatalist, policies;
AVP;

© UCLES 2020 Page 6 of 14

 2

Section A

1 The diagram shows typical population pyramids for a more economically developed country
(MEDC) and a less economically developed country (LEDC).

MEDC LEDC
age group age group
male 100+ female male 100+ female
95–99 95–99
90–94 90–94
85–89 85–89
80–84 80–84
75–79 75–79
70–74 70–74
65–69 65–69
60–64 60–64
55–59 55–59
50–54 50–54
45–49 45–49
40–44 40–44
35–39 35–39
30–34 30–34
25–29 25–29
20–24 20–24
15–19 15–19
10–14 10–14
5–9 5–9
0–4 0–4
10 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 6 8 10
percentage of population percentage of population

(a) (i) Explain why the MEDC and LEDC population pyramids have a different shape.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Compare the male age groups above 64 with the female age groups above 64 for the
MEDC.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Suggest one impact an ageing population can have on a country.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 6]
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Question Answer Marks

1(a)(i) any three from: 3

MEDC low(er) birth rate / LEDC high(er) birth rate;
availability of contraceptives;
MEDC low(er) death rate / LEDC high(er) death rate;
MEDC long(er) life expectancy / LEDC low(er) life expectancy;
MEDC more elderly dependents / LEDC more younger dependents;
availability of health care;
availability of nutritious food;
availability of clean safe water;

1(a)(ii) fewer males than females in each age group / ORA; 2

same trend / percentage decreases with age for both males and females;

1(b) any one from: 1

increased cost of health care;
increased cost of pensions;
increase in (elderly) dependency;
smaller working population;
fewer people paying (income) tax;
increased knowledge base;

Question Answer Marks

2(a) storm surges / tsunamis / snowmelt / land relief / saturated soil / compacted soil / deforestation / cultivation / urbanisation / rise 1

in sea level / climate change;

2(b) any one positive effect: 2

deposition of silt on farmland / increased fertility of soil;
idea of benefits of planned flooding, e.g. reservoir / HEP;

any one negative effect:

loss of, life / livestock / crops;
damage to, buildings / infrastructure;
contamination of water / water-related disease;
financial loss;

© UCLES 2020 Page 5 of 14

 6

Section B

5 (a) The table shows the population structure for two countries in 2015.

population structure (percentage in each age group)

country 60 years and
0–14 years 15–59 years
over
Japan 13 54 33
Niger 51 45 4

(i) Complete the pie chart to show the population structure of Japan.
Use the key provided.

population structure of Japan population structure of Niger

0 0

Key
0 – 14 years

15 – 59 years

60 years and over

[3]

(ii) Suggest two problems that Japan may have as a result of its population structure.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) Explain why Niger’s population structure means its population may increase rapidly.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(iv) Suggest two problems that Niger may have as a result of a rapid population increase.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(v) Describe two strategies that the government of Niger could use to control the rate of
population increase.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Can a less economically developed country (LEDC), such as Niger, feed its increasing
population sustainably?

Give reasons for your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 15]

© UCLES 2019 0680/11/M/J/19 [Turn over

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Question Answer Marks

5(a)(i) divisions correct (e.g. division at 13 and 67) ;; 3

correct shading;

5(a)(ii) any two from: 2

high cost of care for elderly;
low percentage of population under 15 years so lack of workforce in future;
so output declines;
so these few have to face high cost of care of large elderly population;
strain on economic resources, e.g. pensions;
strain on, health care / social care;
high dependency ratio;

5(a)(iii) any two from: 2

large number in child bearing age / high birth rate;
many under 15 who will soon be of child bearing age;
many in 15–59 group will increase 60 years and over population;

5(a)(iv) any two from: 2

insufficient schools / lack of money for schools;
insufficient, health services / hospitals;
job shortage / high unemployment;
difficult to feed large population;
difficult to provide (clean) water for large population;
shortage of housing;
shortage of infrastructure;
deforestation;
poverty;

5(a)(v) any two from: 2

education on, family planning / contraception;
promotion / increasing availability of, contraceptives;
educating women for employment so that they have children later;
national population policies / antinatalist policies / raising age of marriage;

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Question Answer Marks

5(b) opinion based on any four evidence: 4

not sustainable:
will need to clear more land for farming;
increase water taken from, rivers / ground water / need for irrigation;
increase use of, insecticides / herbicides;
increase use of artificial fertilisers;
need, money / investment;
need skilled workers;
need for imports;

sustainable:
biological controls to reduce pests;
organic fertilisers / manure, to increase yields;
crop rotation to maintain fertility;
rainwater harvesting;
trickle-drip irrigation / other named improved irrigation technique (e.g. clay pot irrigation);
large working population;

© UCLES 2019 Page 9 of 13

 18

8 Bulgaria is a country in Europe.

The graph shows the population of Bulgaria between 1890 and 2015. The graph is incomplete.

10

6
population
/ million 5

0
90
95

19 0
19 5
19 0
19 5
19 0
19 5
30

19 5
19 0
19 5
19 0
19 5
19 0
19 5
19 0
19 5
19 0
19 5
19 0
95

20 0
20 5
20 0
15
0
0
1
1
2
2

3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9

0
0
1
18
18
19

19

20
year

(a) (i) Complete the graph using the information in the table.

population
year
/ million
1890 3.15
1895 3.30
1900 3.75
[2]

(ii) Describe the trends in the population of Bulgaria between 1890 and 2015.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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 19

(b) Bulgaria is a more economically developed country (MEDC).

Which population pyramid, A, B or C, best represents the population of Bulgaria in 2016?

A B
age age
group group
100+ 100+
95-99 95-99
90-94 90-94
male 85-89
80-84 female male 85-89
80-84 female
75-79 75-79
70-74 70-74
65-69 65-69
60-64 60-64
55-59 55-59
50-54 50-54
45-49 45-49
40-44 40-44
35-39 35-39
30-34 30-34
25-29 25-29
20-24 20-24
15-19 15-19
10-14 10-14
5-9 5-9
0-4 0-4

population population

C
age
group
100+
95-99
90-94
male 85-89 female
80-84
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
population

population pyramid ..................... [1]

PLEASE TURN OVER FOR QUESTION 8(c)

© UCLES 2020 0680/12/M/J/20 [Turn over

 20

(c) ‘Improved health and education are the best ways to manage the population size of a country.’

How far do you agree with this statement? Use examples to support your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 11]

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2020 0680/12/M/J/20

0680/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme May/June 2020
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks

8(a)(i) three points correctly plotted; 2

completion of line to join;

8(a)(ii) growth from 1890 to 1990; 2

decline from 1990 to 2015;

8(b) A; 1

8(c) Level of response marked question: 6

Level 3 [5–6 marks]

A coherent response is given that develops and supports the candidate’s conclusion using relevant details and
examples.
Indicative content and subject-specific vocabulary are generally used precisely and accurately.
Good responses are likely to present a balanced evaluation of the statement.

Level 2 [3–4 marks]

Development and support of the conclusion is evident, though the response may lack some coherence and/or detail.
Indicative content and subject-specific vocabulary are used but may lack some precision and/or accuracy. Irrelevant
detail may be present.
Responses contain evaluation of the statement, but this may not be balanced.

Level 1 [1–2 marks]

The response may be limited in development and/or support. Contradictions and/or irrelevant detail may be present.
Indicative content and subject-specific vocabulary may be limited or absent.
Responses may lack structure or be in the form of a list. Evaluation may be limited or absent.

No response or no creditable response [0 marks]

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Question Answer Marks

8(c) Indicative content for:

‘Improved health and education are the best ways to manage the population size of a country’

agree:
improved healthcare reduces infant mortality therefore more children likely to survive so parents have fewer children
better education provides information and options regarding family planning
improved education for women means more job opportunities and children at an older age
better jobs mean less need for children to provide income
may take more than one generation for the effects of better healthcare to be seen

do not agree:
government can supply incentives to support population development, e.g. raise the age of marriage, antinatalist and
pronatalist polices, sterilisation, immigration and migration etc.
availability of family planning methods affects use
cultural and religious views impact on family size
increased immigration due to better healthcare and education
(description of other ways as better)

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 3

2 The map shows the human population density of the world in 2018.

Tropic of
Cancer

Equator

Tropic of
Capricorn

Key human population

low density
medium density
high density

(a) Describe the distribution of high human population density in 2018 shown on the map.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) Give reasons why some areas of the world have a low population density.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 5]

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Question Answer Marks

1(a)(i) limestone / sandstone / shale; 1

1(a)(ii) any two from: 2

sedimentary rocks, buried / underground;
(high) temperature;
(high) pressure;

1(b) any two from: 2

accessibility issue / cost of extraction too high;
environmental impact assessment issue;
concerns from local residents;
too dangerous;
(limited) quotas;
not one of the (metamorphic) rocks that is (currently) in (high) demand;

Question Answer Marks

2(a) any three from: 3

areas of high population density are unevenly spaced;
higher density in coastal areas;
majority of high population densities are in northern hemisphere;
high density in Europe;
eastern side of North America;
eastern side of South America;
use of data from map, e.g. linear distribution of high population in, NE Africa;

2(b) any two from: 2

extreme climate, e.g. desert;
difficult terrain, e.g. mountainous;
(very) remote / poor accessibility;
low land fertility;
limited availability of water;
limited natural resources;
lack of jobs;
political factors / conflict;

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 14

9 (a) The map shows changes to the population in Australia between 2015 and 2016.

Key
population increase > 1.5%
population increase 0.5 – 1.5%

population increase < 0.5%

0 1000 population decrease
km

(i) Describe the changes to the population in Australia between 2015 and 2016.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Suggest reasons for the changes to the population in Australia between 2015 and 2016.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2019 0680/11/O/N/19
 15

(b) State three ways a country can manage the growth of its population.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

3 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

(c) ‘A growing population is good for the environment and the economy of a country.’

How far do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 14]

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Question Answer Marks

8(c)(iv) any two from: 2

unsuitable land (for crops);
unsuitable climate (for crops);
profitability;
lack of demand for crops / (more) demand for meat;
lack of knowledge (about, growing crops / arable farming);
lack of money to change farming type;
animals also provide other products;
tradition;

Question Answer Marks

9(a)(i) any three from: 3

increase in population of 1.5% or more in north (east);
population growth to the east of the country;
population decline in most areas of the country;
Tasmania / island to south, has small increase or increase <0.5%;
most of population increase is around the coast;
central region (of Australia) is area of population decrease;

9(a)(ii) any two from: 2

increased urbanisation;
migration / immigration;
many areas do not have employment opportunities;
better climate at the coast;
older population (means fewer births) in many areas / ageing population;
drought / crop failure / wild fires / desertification;

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Question Answer Marks

9(b) any three from: 3

migration / immigration, controls;
public education / family planning;
educating women (so women have, careers / children later);
birth control programmes / availability of contraceptives;
pronatalist or antinatalist policy / encouraging or penalising certain family sizes;
example of a named policy in a specific country;
raising the age for marriage;
improved healthcare;

9(c) Level of response marked question: 6

Level 3 [5–6 marks]

A descriptive response, well-argued, covering and linking both sides of the debate. Response must provide a conclusion.
Response will include specific examples or development to support the statements made.
Factually accurate and well laid out.

Level 2 [3–4 marks]

A well-argued response but containing broad descriptions and lacking the support of relevant examples or development. The
links between the economy and the environment may not be clear within the response.
Or
A one-sided response covered in depth and supported with relevant examples to support the statements made.
Typically factually correct but may contain some errors or vague detail.

Level 1 [1–2 marks]

The response may be lacking in depth, or may be in the form of a list. Some information may be inaccurate. The response
may describe generalisations and lack technical language.

No response or no creditable response [0].

Level of response indicative content:

Candidates may agree or disagree that a growing population is good for the environment and also agree or disagree that it is
good for the economy of a country.

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 5

3 People migrate for many reasons.

(a) Describe three economic reasons for migration.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

3 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

(b) State one environmental reason for migration

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 4]

© UCLES 2020 0680/11/O/N/20 [Turn over

0680/11 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme October/November 2020
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks

2(c) any two from: 2

use insulation / reduce heating;
increase number of windows to reduce lighting costs;
turn electrical devices off when not in use;
use / buy, energy-efficient devices;
use devices more efficiently;

Question Answer Marks

3(a) any three from: 3

(to achieve) higher wages;
(to improve) career opportunities / employment opportunities;
(to achieve) a higher standard of living / more wealth;
(to benefit from) lower taxes;
(for reduced) cost of services, e.g. education, health care;
(for improved) national economic stability, qualified, e.g. lower inflation;

3(b) for a different climate / to move away from a named natural disaster, e.g. drought, flooding, volcano, forest fires; 1

Question Answer Marks

4(a) any two from: 2

removal of natural vegetation / deforestation;
overcultivation;
overgrazing;
water / rainfall / flood / rivers;
land relief / steep slopes;

4(b) any one from: 1

desertification;
silting of rivers;
loss of, habitat / biodiversity;
displacement of, people / animals;
malnutrition / famine;

© UCLES 2020 Page 6 of 14