OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

for the course 18ECP102L- Industrial Training- I

Submitted by
Shourjo Ghosh (RA1811004010062)

Semester – V Academic Year: 2020–21

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
of
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

S.R.M. Nagar, Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram District

AUGUST 2020

1
 SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(Under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956)

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this report titled “OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION” is the

bonafide work of “SHOURJO GHOSH (RA1811004010062)”, who carried out the
industrial training. Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge the work
reported herein does not form any other project report or dissertation on the
basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this
or any other candidate.

Signature Signature

Mr. Shourjo Ghosh Dr. K. Vijayan

ECE III Year Industrial training coordinator
Dept. of Electronics and Dept. of Electronics and
Communication Engineering Communication Engineering

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success and final outcome of this Project required a lot of guidance,
assistance from many Professors and I am extremely privileged to have got this
all along the completion of my project. I owe my deep gratitude to my training
guide Mr. Pintu Basak who took keen interest in our project work and guided
us all along, till the completion of our project work by providing all the
necessary information for developing a practical approach. I am thankful and
fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support and guidance from
all Professors of ECE Department. I would like to express my gratitude towards
my parents and seniors for their kind co-operation and encouragement which
helped me in completion of the Project.

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 RKYPGNB434—2020 127012

ADVANCED LEVEL TELECOM TRAINING CENTRE (ALTTC), GHAZIABAD

(UNO'9 ITU CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE)
APEX TRAINING INSTITUTE OF BSNL(A GDVT. OF INDIA ENTERPRISE)
A Joint Venture Of International Teleoommunloatlon Union, Geneva, UNDP And The Government Of India In 1976

CEKTIFICATE
Thi• is ro ce«9 mar xrxua.

has successfu//ycompleted live /n/e›ac//ve on/tne/›ain/ng

VOCATIONAL TRAINING ON ELECTRONICS & COMI\/IUNICATION

2 W/202d

NSC:BTTCALYANI

DATE Chief General Manager

(ALTTC)
4
 ABSTRACT

This paper deals with communication using optical fibers. The communication
process involves information generation, transmission, reception and interpretation.
As needs for various types of communication such as voice, images, video and data
communications increase demands for large transmission capacity also increase.
This need for large capacity has driven the rapid development light wave
technology. This paper gives an overview of fiber optic communication systems
including the characteristic, architecture, optical fiber system and application of
fiber optic. In optical communication transmitters are light sources, receivers are
light detectors and the channels are optical fibers. In optical communication the
channel i.e, an optical fiber plays an important role because it carries the data from
transmitter to the receiver.
 Pages
CONTENTS
7

• Introduction 9

10
• Fiber- Optics
(i) Components of an Optic Fiber

11
(ii) Types of Optic Fibers

(iii) Fiber Color Code 12

13
• Working Principle of Optical Fiber
14 15
• Fiber- Optic Transmission System
16
• Fiber- Optic Transmitter
17
• Optical Repeaters and Amplifiers
18
• Optical Receivers

• Advantages and Disadvantages 19

• Applications of Optical Fiber Communication

• Conclusion

• References

7
6
 INTRODUCTION

Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to

another by sending pulses of infrared light through an optical fiber. The light forms an
electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. This type of
communication can transmit voice and video through local area networks or across long
distances with much lower levels of loss in the transmission medium and possibly most
important of all, fiber optical communications has enabled much higher data rates to be
accommodated. Since the earliest days of telecommunications there has been an ever
increasing need to transmit more data even faster. Initially single line wires were used.
These gave way to coaxial cables that enabled several channels to be transmitted over the
same cable. However these systems were limited in bandwidth and optical systems were
investigated.

Data rates have improved and in addition to this the performance of the optical fiber has
been improved to enable much greater distances to be achieved between repeaters. As an
indication of this the speeds that can now be achieved along through a fiber optic system
exceed 10 Tbps. When the first fiber optic transmission systems were being developed, it
was thought that the fiber optic cabling and technology would be prohibitively
expensive. However, this has not been the case and costs have fallen to the extent that
fiber optics now provides the only viable option for many telecommunications
applications. In addition to this it is also used in many local area networks where speed is
a major requirement.
 Fiber – Optics

An optical fiber (or optical fiber) is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass
(silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair. Optical fibers
are used most often as a means to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber and
find wide usage in fiber-optic communications, where they permit transmission over
longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than wire cables.

Components of an Optical Fiber:

a) Core - Thin glass center of the fiber where the light travels.
b) Cladding - Outer optical material surrounding the core that reflects the light back
into the core.
c) Buffer coating - Plastic coating that protects the fiber from damage and moisture.

Optical fibers typically include a transparent core surrounded by a transparent cladding

material with a lower index of refraction. Light is kept in the core by the phenomenon of
total internal reflection which causes the fiber to act as a waveguide.

Types of Optical Fibers:

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a) Single-mode fibers: Used to transmit one signal per fiber. These fibers are used
in telephone and TV sets. Single mode fiber core diameter is much smaller than
multimode fiber. Its typical core diameter is 9 µm even if there are others available. With
a thinner core size, SMF is only allowed to carry a single light-wave along a single path

b) Multi-mode fibers: Used to transmit multiple signals per fiber. These signals are
used in computer and local area networks. Multimode fiber core diameter is 50 µm and
62.5 µm typically, which enables it to have higher "light gathering" ability and simplify
connections. The thick core size makes MMF able to carry different light-waves along
numerous paths.

Fiber Color Code:

Inside the cable or inside each tube in a loose tube cable, individual fibers will be color
coded for identification. Fibers follow the convention
10 created for telephone wires except
fibers are identified individually, notFor
in pairs.
splicing, like color fibers are spliced to
 Working Principle of Optical Fiber

The working principle of optical fiber is the transmission of the information in the
form of light atoms otherwise photons. The cores of the fiberglass & the cladding have a
special refractive index to twist inward light at a particular angle. Whenever light gestures
are transmitted through the optical cable, then they do not reflect the cladding & core
within a sequence of zigzag bounces, sticking to a method is named as total internal
reflection.
Light travels through the fiber core, bouncing back and forth off the boundary
between the core and cladding. Because the light must strike the boundary with an
angle greater than the critical angle, only light that enters the fiber within a certain
range of angles can travel down the fiber without leaking out. This range of
angles is called the acceptance cone of the fiber. The size of this acceptance cone
is a function of the refractive index difference between the fiber's core and cladding.
In simpler terms, there is a maximum angle from the fiber axis at which light may
enter the fiber so that it will propagate, or travel, in the core of the fiber. The sine of
this maximum angle is the numerical aperture (NA) of the fiber.

Fiber- Optic Transmission System

Fiber optic data transmission system comprises a number of different elements:

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 • Transmitter (light source)
• Fiber optic cable
• Optical repeater
• Receiver (Detector)

In the system the transmitter of light source generates a light stream modulated to
enable it to carry the data. Conventionally a pulse of light indicates a "1" and the
absence of light indicates "0". This light is transmitted down a very thin fiber of
glass or other suitable material to be presented at the receiver or detector. The
detector converts the pulses of light into equivalent electrical pulses. In this way the
data can be transmitted as light over great distances.

Fiber- Optic transmitter:

The sources used for fiber optic transmitters need to meet several criteria: it has to
be at the correct wavelength, be able to be modulated fast enough to transmit data
and be efficiently coupled into fiber. The most commonly used devices are light
emitting diodes, LEDs, and semiconductor laser diodes.
The simplest transmitter device is the LED. Its main advantage is that it is cheap,
and this makes it ideal for low cost applications where only short runs are needed.

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LEDs are used mainly in local-area-network applications where the data rates are
typically in the range 10-100 Mb/s and transmission distances are a few kilometres.
Where higher levels of performance are required, i.e. it is necessary that the fiber
optic link can operate over greater distances and with higher data rates, then lasers
are used. Although more costly, they offer some significant advantages. In the first
instance they are able to provide a higher output level and in addition to this the light
output is directional and this enables a much higher level of efficiency in the transfer
of the light into the fiber optic cable.

LEDs have a limited bandwidth while all types of lasers are very fast. Another big
difference between LEDs and both types of lasers is the spectral output. LEDs have
a very broad spectral output which causes them to suffer chromatic dispersion in
fiber, while lasers have a narrow spectral output that suffers very little chromatic
dispersion.

Optical Repeaters and amplifiers:

There is a maximum distance over which signals may be transmitted over fiber optic
cabling. This is limited not only by the attenuation of the cable, but also the
distortion of the light signal along the cable. In order to overcome these effects and
transmit the signals over longer distances, repeaters and amplifiers are used. These
devices convert the optical signal into an electrical format where it can be processed
to ensure that the signal is not distorted and then converted back into the optical
format. It may then be transmitted along the next state of the fiber optic cable.

13
 An alternative approach is to use an optical amplifier. These amplifiers directly
amplify the optical signal without the need to convert the signal back into an
electrical format. The addition of repeaters and amplifiers helps removal of signal
distortion and to increase signal level before transmission is continued down the link.
Though repeaters can extend transmission distances, they are costly, complex, and
prone to failure. Repeaters need to be monitored continuously that adds cost to the
network owner. A much simpler alternative for fiber-optic systems is the use of
optical amplifiers. In optical amplifiers, optical signals are directly amplified without
converting them into electrical form. Optical amplifiers do not regenerate signals.
They amplify the noise along with the signal. This is a negative point for amplifiers.
Since Optical amplifiers are simpler and less costly, they can be spaced more closely
than regenerators, thus reducing noise and allowing transmission over thousands of
kilometers.

Optical Receivers:

sinThe optical receiver is a critical element of an optical communication ce

system
it often determines the overall system performance. Light travelling along aoptic
fiber
cable
needs to be converted into an electrical signal so that it can be processed and the
data that is carried can be extracted. The component that is at the heart of the

14
 receiver is a photo-detector. This is normally a semiconductor device and may be
a p-n junction, a p-n photo-diode or an avalanche photo-diode.
Photo-transistors are not used because they do not have sufficient speed. Once
the optical signal from the fiber optic cable has been applied to the photo-
detector and converted into an electrical format it can be processed to recover the
data which can then be passed to its final destination. The important blocks of
optical receiver are:
- Photo detector / Front-end
- Amplifier
- Signal processing circuitry / Data recovery

Advantages and Disadvantages

The advantages of optical fiber include the following:

• Bandwidth is higher than copper cables

• Less power loss and allows data transmission for longer distances
• The optical cable is resistance for electromagnetic interference
• The size of the fiber cable is 4.5 times better than copper wires and
• These cables are lighter, thinner, and occupy less area compare with metal wires.

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• Installation is very easy due to less weight.
• The optical fiber cable is very hard to tap because they don’t produce
electromagnetic energy. These cables are very secure while carrying or
transmitting data.
• A fiber optic cable is very flexible, easily bends, and opposes most acidic
elements that hit the copper wire.

The disadvantages of optical fiber include the following:

• The optical fiber cables are very difficult to merge & there will be a loss of the
beam within the cable while scattering.
• The Installation of these cables is cost-effective. They are not as robust as the
wires. Special test equipment is often required to the optical fiber. • Fiber optic
cables are compact and highly vulnerable while fitting
• These cables are more delicate than copper wires.
• Special devices are needed to check the transmission of fiber cable.

Applications of Fiber-Optic Communication:

Fiber optic cables find many uses in a wide variety of industries and applications.
Some uses of fiber optic cables include:

• Medical
Used as light guides, imaging tools and also as lasers for surgeries.
• Defense/Government
Used as hydrophones for seismic waves and SONAR , as wiring in aircraft,
submarines and other vehicles and also for field networking.
• Data Storage
Used for data transmission
• Telecommunications
Fiber is laid and used for transmitting and receiving purposes.
• Networking

16
 Used to connect users and servers in a variety of network settings and help
increase the speed and accuracy of data transmission.
• Industrial/Commercial
Used for imaging in hard to reach areas, as wiring where EMI is an issue, as
sensory devices to make temperature, pressure and other measurements,
and as wiring in automobiles and in industrial settings.
• Broadcast/CATV
Broadcast/cable companies are using fiber optic cables for wiring CATV,
HDTV, internet, video on-demand and other applications.

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 CONCLUSION

Fiber optic transmission of data is generally used for long distance

telecommunications network links and for high speed local area networks. Currently
fiber optics is not used for the delivery of services to homes, although this is a long
term aim for many telecom companies. By using optical fiber cabling here, the
available bandwidth for new services would be considerably higher and the possibility
of greater revenues would increase. Currently the cost of this is not viable, although it
is likely to happen in the medium term. The fiber optic network grounded wire has a
dramatic effect on the way of communication without any effect on the human being
because it does not radiate electromagnetic waves in space. My purpose in this domain
in the next research is to study the maintenance of this fiber network.
 References:

1. S. E. Miller, E. A. Marcatili and T. Li, "Research toward optical-fiber transmission

systems Part I. The transmission media", Proc. IEEE, vol. 61, pp. 1703, 1973.
2. T. Kimura and K. Daikoku, "A proposal on optical fiber transmission systems in a
low loss l.0-1.4 μm wavelength region", Opt. and Quant. Elect., vol. 9, pp. 33, 1977.
3. M. J. Buckler, L. Wilson and F. P. Partus, "Optical fiber transmission properties
before and after cable manufacture", Proc. Conf. Optical Fiber Transmission II,
1977-Feb.
4. C. K. Kao and J. E. Goell, "Design process for fiber optical systems", Electronics,
pp.
113, Sept. 1976.
5. D. Marcuse, "LED fundamentals comparison of front and edge emitting diodes", J.
Quant. Electron., vol. QE13, pp. 819, 1977.
6. Wikipedia