Diaphragm For Seismic Analysis

‫ﺗﺻﻣﯾم ﺑﻼطﺔ اﻟدﯾﺎﻓرام ﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻗوى اﻟزﻻزل‬

Rigid – Semi Rigid - Flixible

Dr Youssef Hammida
1
 The rigid diaphragm‫اﻟدﯾﺎﻓرام اﻟﺻﻠب‬
is a convenient analytical technique for distributing the lateral forces
to the frames and walls; forces are distributed to those elements as a
function of their relative stiffnesses and position.
Analysis using the rigid diaphragm assumption is generally adequate
when the diaphragm in-plane stiffness is high relative to that of the
frames.
There are some circumstances, however, where the rigid diaphragm
assumption may not be appropriate: floors with numerous openings,
roof diaphragms of metal decking without concrete fill or of plywood
sheathing, etc. Long, narrow diaphragms may be considered rigid in
one direction but not in the other.
For structures with multiple wings, such as L- or C-shaped buildings
where the ends of the wings can drift independently of each other,
the rigid diaphragm analysis may not be appropriate since it would
lock the ends of the wings together, constraining them to move in
unison.
In these cases it may be necessary or required to analyze the
structure modeled with semi-rigid diaphragms. It is often appropriate
to analyze some stories using the rigid diaphragm assumption and
other stories using the semi-rigid assumption.
‫اﻟدﯾﺎﻓرام اﻟﺻﻠب ھو اﻟذي ﯾﺣول اﻟﺣﻣوﻻت اﻷﻓﻘﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟرﯾﺎح واﻟزﻻزل‬
‫اﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر اﻟرأﺳﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺟدران واﻷﻋﻣدة ﻛل وﻓﻖ ﺻﻼﺑﺗﮫ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم ﯾﻣﻛن ﻓرض اﻟدﯾﺎﻓرام ﺻﻠب ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗﻛون ﺻﻼﺑﺗﮫ ﻛﺑﯾرة‬
‫وﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺗﮭﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر اﻟرأﺳﯾﺔ‬

2
‫ ﺣﯾث ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺎت اﻷﺟﻧﺣﺔ ﯾﻣﻛن أن‬C ‫ أو اﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛل‬-L ‫ ﻣﺛل‬،‫ﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ ھﯾﺎﻛل ﻣﻊ أﺟﻧﺣﺔ ﻣﺗﻌددة‬
‫ ﻗد ﻻ ﯾﻛون ﺗﺣﻠﯾل دﯾﺎﻓرام ﺻﻠب‬،‫ﺗﻧﺗﻘل ﺑﺷﻛل ﻣﺳﺗﻘل ﻋن ﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ اﻟﺑﻌض‬
‫ وﺗﻘﯾﯾد ﻟﮭم ﻣن اﻟﺣرﻛﺔ‬،‫ھو اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳب ﻷﻧﮫ ﺳﯾﻛون ﻗﻔل ﻟﻧﮭﺎﯾﺎت اﻷﺟﻧﺣﺔ ﻣﻌﺎ‬
‫ﻟذﻟك ﯾﻔﺿل دﯾﺎﻓرام ﻏﯾر ﺻﻠب‬

diaphragm can be considered "flexible" if it is constructed of

untopped steel decking or wood structural panels and the structural
system is steel, concrete or masonry frames or walls, or when the
maximum in-plane deflection of the diaphragm under lateral load is
more than two times the average drift of the adjacent lateral frames.
In contrast, it specifies that a diaphragm can be considered "rigid" if it
is a concrete slab or concrete-filled metal deck, with some limitations.
Otherwise, the diaphragm must be modeled and analyzed as semi-
rigid.

It may also be more practical to analyze the diaphragms as semi-rigid

and avoid the need to perform the deflection calculations necessary
to classify the diaphragms otherwise.
It is permissible in any case to model and analyze the diaphragm as
semi-rigid.

3
 ‫اﻟدﯾﺎﻓراﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺣوي ﺑﻼطﺔ ﺧرﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ ﻣﺛل اﻟﺳﻘف‬
‫اﻟﺧﺷﺑﻲ واﻟﻣﻌدﻧﻲ ﻣن اﻟواح اﻟﺻﺎج اﻟﻔوﻻذي ﯾﻣﻛن اﻋﺗﺑﺎرھﺎ ﻏﯾر ﺻﻠﺑﺔ‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﻓرض اﻟدﯾﺎﻓرام ﺷﺑﮫ ﺻﻠب ﻋوﺿﺎ ﻋن اﺟراء اﻟﺣﺳﺎب اﻟﻼزم ﻟﻺﻧﺗﻘﺎﻻت‬
‫وﯾﻣﻛن ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم وﻗﺑول ﻓرض اﻟدﯾﺎﻓرام ﻧﺻف او ﺷﺑﮫ‬
‫ﺻﻠب ﺣﺗﻰ وﻟو ﻛﺎن ﺻﻠﺑﺎ‬
‫اﻟدﯾﺎﻓرام‪"Diaphragm" :‬‬
‫ﯾطﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻧﺎص اﻟﻣﺳﺗوﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘوم ﺑﻧﻘل اﻷﺣﻣﺎل اﻷﻓﻘﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻣن اﻟرﯾﺎح واﻟزﻻزل ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺗوﯾﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر اﻻﺧرى ارأﺳﯾﺔ اﻟﻣرﺗﺑطﺔ ﺑﮭﺎ‬

‫ﺣﯾث ﺗﻌﺗﺑر اﻟﺑﻼطﺎت دﯾﺎﻓراﻣﺎت ﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗﻘوم ﺑﻧﻘل اﻷﺣﻣﺎل اﻟﺟﺎﻧﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋن اﻟﻘوى‬
‫اﻟزﻟزاﻟﯾﺔ أو اﻟرﯾﺎح إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر اﻟراﺳﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﻋﻣدة وﺣواﺋط اﻟﻘص‪.‬‬
‫وﺗوزع اﻟﻘوى اﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر ﻛل وﻓﻖ ﺻﻼﺑﺗﮫ‬

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 ‫اﻟﺪﯾﺎﻓﺮام ﺳﻮاء ﻛﺎن ﺻﻠﺐ او ﻣﺮن ﻓﮭﻮ ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ وﯾﺘﺄﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻼﺑﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺮأﺳﯿﺔ‬

‫‪ -‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﯾﺎﻓﺮام اﻟﻤﺮن اﻟﺤﻤﻮﻻت اﻷﻓﻘﯿﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ‬

‫اﻟﺠﺪران ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺼﻒ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻼطﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ طﺮﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺪار ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﺣﺴﺎب ﺣﻤﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻮد‬
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‫ﺣﺴﺎب اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻟﺒﻼطﺔ اﻟﺪﯾﺎﻓﺮام‬

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‫ﺣﺴﺎب ﺣﺼﺔ اﻟﺠﺪران ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺺ وﻓﻖ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺠﺪران ﻓﻲ دﯾﺎﻓﺮام ﺻﻠﺐ‬

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‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻗﻮى اﻟﻘﺺ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪي ﺑﯿﻦ ﺑﻼطﺎت اﻟﺪﯾﺎﻓﺮام‬

‫ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ‬

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‫اﻟﺪﯾﺎﻓﺮام = اﻟﺼﻠﺐ – ﺷﺒﮫ ﺻﻠﺐ ‪ -‬اﻟﻤﺮن‬
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‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻗﻮى اﻟﻘﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻼطﺔ اﻟﺪﯾﺎﻓﺮام اﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﺪران‬

‫وﻓﻖ ﻣﺴﺎرات وﻣﺠﻤﻌﺎت ﻗﺼﯿﺔ – ﻛﻤﺮة ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻧﺔ‬

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 ‫اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﻧﻮع اﻟﺪﯾﺎﻓﺮام ﺣﺪدھﺎ اﻟﻜﻮد وﻓﻖ ﺳﻤﺎﻛﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻼطﺔ اﻟﺪﯾﺎﻓﺮام وﻧﻮﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة‬
‫‪ -‬ﻓﻜﻞ ﺑﻼطﺎت اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﻮاﻋﮭﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﻼطﺎت اﻟﺘﻐﻄﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﯿﻖ اﻟﺼﻨﻊ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ‪Rigid‬ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫‪-‬وﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻜﻮدات ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻧﺘﻘﺎل دﯾﺎﻓﺮام‬
‫ﺑﻼطﺔ اﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺣﺪود ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ واﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬
‫– ‪semi‬‬
‫اﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻗﻰ ﺑﻼطﺎت واﺳﻘﻒ اﻟﺴﺘﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاح اﻟﺼﺎج واﻟﺼﻨﺪوﯾﺶ اﻟﻌﺎزل‬
‫ﻓﺘﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺮﻧﺔ‪flexible‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺎ ﻧﻘﺼﺪه ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻧﻮع اﻟﺪﯾﺎﻓﺮام ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮع‬
‫وﻣﺎدة اﻟﺪﯾﺎﻓﺮام ﻧﻔﺴﺔ‬
‫اﻣﺎ ﺗوزﯾﻊ ﻣﻘدار ﻗوة اﻟﻘص اﻷﻓﻘﯾﺔ ﻓﯾﻌﺗﻣد ﻋﻠﻰ‬-
‫ﻧوع اﻟدﯾﺎﻓرام وﺻﻼﺑﺎت اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر اﻟرأﺳﯾﺔ‬

 in the analysis of multistory buildings subjected to lateral loads, a common

assumption is that the floor system undergoes no deformation in its own
plan [1, 2].
 Building structures are typically designed using the assumption that the
floor systems serve as a rigid diaphragm between the vertical elements of
the lateral load-resisting system.
 For the majority of buildings, floor diaphragms offer the most economical
and rational method of resisting the lateral forces, since they are ordinarily
included in the buildings to support the vertical workloads.
 It is thus, of the utmost importance, that they must be provided with
sufficient in-plane stiffness and strength, together with efficient
connections to the vertical structural elements

 investigation into the Floor Diaphragms Flexibility inReinforced Concrete

Structures and Code Provision
 All the seismic codes generally accept that in most cases the floor
diaphragms may be modeled as fully rigid without inplane deformability.

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  Even though a rigid floor diaphragm is a good assumption for seismic
analysis of the most buildings, several building configurations may exhibit
significant flexibility in floor diaphragms.
 In these configurations, some codes like (EC8, NZS4203, GSC- 2000) set
certain qualitative criteria related to the shape of the diaphragm, while
some others (2800, UBC-97, SEAOC-90, FEMA-273) set quantitative criteria
relating the in-plane deformation of the diaphragm with the average drift
of the associated storey

15
 ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع اﻟﺪﯾﺎﻓﺮام ﺻﻠﺐ ام ﺷﺒﮫ ﺻﻠﺐ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺤﺴﺎب‬
‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺪﯾﺎﻓﺮام واﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﺮاﺳﻲ‬

A. Floor diaphragms shall be classified as either

“flexible”, “stiff”, or “rigid”.
B. “Flexible” when the maximum lateral deformation of the diaphragm along
its length is more than twice the average inter-storey drift of the storey
immediately below ( λ ≥ 2 ),
C. “rigid” when this
lateral deformation of the diaphragm is less than half the
average inter-storey drift of the associated storey (
λ < 5.0 ) and
D. “stiff” when the diaphragm it is neither
flexible nor rigid ( 0. λ <≤ 25 ).
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‫ﺣﺴﺎب ﻗﻮى ﻣﺜﻠﺚ اﻟﻘﺺ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪى اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻼطﺎت اﻟﺪﯾﺎﻓﺮام‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ طﺎﺑﻖ‬

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‫اﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﯾﺎﻓﺮام ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬

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 Eccentricity – For rigid diaphragms,
 the accidental eccentricity associated with seismic loading is concentrated
and applied at the center of mass, whereas for semi-rigid diaphragms,
accidental eccentricity is applied to every node for seismic loads.
 If no diaphragm is assigned eccentricity will not be applied to any node.
 For wind cases and rigid diaphragm, load is applied at geometric centroid,
in case of semi-rigid diaphragm loads are distributed in 10 nodes, so that
the summation of these forces with respect to centroid will be equivalent
to lateral and torsional wind cases.

 Reporting forces – In-plane chord, shear, and collector forces are only
reported when using semi-rigid diaphragms.
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟدﯾﺎﻓرام اﻟﺻﻠب ﻗوى اﻟﻌطﺎﻟﺔ ﺗطﺑﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻣرﻛز اﻟﻛﺗﻠﺔ‬ 

‫ﻟﻛن ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل اﻟدﯾﺎﻓرام ﻏﯾر ﺻﻠب ﺗطﺑﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘد اﻷﻋﻣدة واﻟﺟدران‬ 

Forces in diaphragms under earthquakes

‘Inertia’ forces
– Inertia at a particular floor
• ‘Transfer’ forces
– Forces develop between primary lateral
force resisting structures
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‫‪– These forces are often very large.‬‬
‫= ‪Force distribution in a floor diaphragm‬‬
‫‪Inertia + Transfer forces‬‬

‫‪Floor plan configuration issues‬‬

‫دﯾﺎﻓرام اﻷﺷﻛﺎل اﻟﻐﯾر ﻣﻧﺗظﻣﺔ ﯾﻘﺿل ﻗرﺿﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم ﺷﺑﮫ ﺻﻠﺑﯨﺔ‬

‫او اﻟﻔﺻل ﺑﯾن اﻷﺟﻧﺣﺔ وﺣرﯾﺔ اﻟﺣرﻛﺔ‬

‫دﯾﺎﻓرام ﺻﻠب‪(rigid diaphragm ):‬‬

‫أي أن اﻟﺑﻼطﺔ ذات ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﻛﺑﯾرة وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻻ ﯾﺣدث ﺗﺷوه ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺗوي اﻟﺑﻼطﺔ و‬
‫ﯾﻛون ﺗوزﯾﻊ اﻷﺣﻣﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر اﻹﻧﺷﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﺗﺑﻌﺎ ﻟﻧﺳب ﺟﺳﺎﺋﺗﮭﺎ‬

‫دﯾﺎﻓرام ﺷﺑﮫ ﺻﻠب)‪Simi rigid diaphragm‬‬

‫أي أن ﺻﻼﺑﺔ اﻟدﯾﺎﻓرام ﻏﯾر ﻛﺎﻓﯾﺔ و ﯾﺣدث ﺗﺷوه ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺗوي اﻟﺑﻼطﺔ وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻻ ﯾﻛون ﺗوزﯾﻊ اﻷﺣﻣﺎل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر اﻹﻧﺷﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﺗﺑﻌﺎ ﻟﻧﺳب ﺟﺳﺎﺋﺗﮭﺎ‬
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‫ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون اﻻﻧﺗﻘﺎل اﻟﺟﺎﻧﺑﻲ اﻷﻋظﻣﻲ ﻟﻠدﯾﺎﻓرام أﻛﺑر ﻣن ﺿﻌﻔﻲ ﻣﺗوﺳط اﻹزاﺣﺔ ﻟﻠطﺎﺑﻖ اﻟﻣراﻓﻖ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺣدﯾد ذﻟك ﺑﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻹزاﺣﺔ اﻟﻣﺣﺳوﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗوي اﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻧﻘطﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﺗﺻف اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠدﯾﺎﻓرام‬
‫ذاﺗﮫ‪ ،‬ﺑﺗﺄﺛﯾر اﻟﺣﻣل اﻟﺟﺎﻧﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ إزاﺣﺔ اﻟدور ﻟﻠﻌﻧﺎﺻر اﻟرأﺳﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون وﺟود اﻧﻘطﺎﻋﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌض أﺟزاء اﻟدﯾﺎﻓرام وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻧﺧﻔض ﺻﻼﺑﺔ اﻟﺑﻼطﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟدﯾﺎﻓرام اﻟﻣرن ھو ﻟﻠﺳﻘوف واﻟﺑﻼطﺎت اﻟﻣﻌدﻧﯾﺔ ﺳﺗﯾل دون ﺑﻼطﺔ ﺧرﺳﺎﻧﺔ او ﺧﺷﺑﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺪﻳﺎﻓﺮام اﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺮأﺳﯿﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ وھﻮ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﯿﺔ )أي ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺸﻮه( ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ھﻮ ﻗﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻔﺘﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺮأﺳﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫أﻣﺎ اﻟﺪﻳﺎﻓﺮام اﻟﻠﯿﻦ ﻓﮫﻮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ إﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﻧﺤﯿﻒ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﯿﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ھﻮ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻔﺘﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺮأﺳﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺸﻮھﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﻳﻮزع اﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺮأﺳﯿﺔ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺻﻼﺑﺘﮫﺎ‪ ،‬وإﻧﻤﺎ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻤﻠﮫﺎ‬
‫ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺒﻼطﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﯿﺔ دﻳﺎﻓﺮام ﺻﻠﺐ أﻣﺎ اﻟﻔﻮﻻذﻳﺔ اﻟﺨﻔﯿﻔﺔ واﻟﺨﺸﺒﯿﺔ ﻓﺘﻌﺘﺒﺮان‬
‫دﻳﺎﻓﺮام ﻟﯿﻦ‪.‬‬

‫وﺑﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ھﻮ دﻳﺎﻓﺮام اﻟﺴﻘﻒ اﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻓﮫﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺸﻮه ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻘﻮة ﺟﺎﻧﺒﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﻤﺎ أﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺸﻮه ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻔﺘﻞ أﻳﻀﺎً إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬

‫‪21‬‬
‫اﻧﺗﻘﺎل ودوران اﻟدﯾﺎﻓرام اﻟﺻﻠب ﻓﻲ ﺗواﺟد ﻓﺗل – ﺗورﺷن‬

‫ﻻﻣرﻛزﯾﺔ ﺑﯾن ﻣرﻛز اﻟﻛﺗﻠﺔ واﻟﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺟدران اﻟﻘﺻﯾﺔ‬

‫‪22‬‬
 ‫ا‬

‫اﺷﻛﺎل ﻏﯾر ﻣﻔﺿﻠﺔ وﺗواﺟد اﻟﻔﺗﺣﺎت واﻟﺳﻼم واﻟﻣﺻﺎﻋد‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟدﯾﺎﻓراﻣﺎت وﯾﻔﺿل ﺗﺟﻧﺑﮭﺎ‬

‫‪23‬‬
‫اﺷﻛﺎل واﻧواع ﺑﻼطﺎت اﻟدﯾﺎﻓرام‬

‫‪24‬‬
‫‪Structural Behaviour of Diaphragms‬‬

‫ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﻋﻣل اﻟدﯾﺎﻓرام وﻧﻘل اﻟﻘوى اﻷﻓﻘﯾﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻛور واﻟﺟدران‬

‫‪Beam Analogy‬‬ ‫‪- deep beaam‬اﻟﻌﻣل اﻟﺟﺎﺋزي واﻟﻛﻣرة اﻟﻌﻣﯾﻘﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻌﻣل اﻟﺑﻼطﺔ ﻛﺟﺎﺋز ﻋﻣﯾﻖ ﻣﺳﻧود ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر اﻟرأﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻣن اﻟﻛور واﻟﺟدران واﻷﻋﻣدة وﺗﺗوﻟد ﻓﯾﮭﺎ ﻋزوم اﻧﺣﻧﺎء وﻗوى ﻗص‬

‫وﻗوى ﻣﺣورﯾﺔ ﺷﺎدة ﺿﺎﻏطﺔ وﯾﺟب اﯾﺟﺎد اﻟﺗﺳﻠﯾﺢ اﻟﻼزم ﻟﻛل ﺣﺎﻟﮫ‬

‫واﺿﺎﻓﺗﮫ اﻟﻰ ﺗﺳﻠﯾﺢ اﻟﺣﻣوﻻت اﻟﺷﺎﻗوﻟﯾﺔ‬

‫‪25‬‬
26
27
28
The code is allowing the designer to consider Rigid Diaphragm for
reinforced concrete monolithic slab-beam floors or those consisting of
prefabricated/ precast elements with topping reinforced screed.

The following condition has been proposed to evaluate the flexibility of a

diaphragm.

‫ﺗﺻﻣﯾم ﻛﻣرات ﻣدﻓوﻧﺔ ﻛﻠﯾﻛﺗور ﻣﺟﻣﻌﺎت ﻟﻧﻘل ﺣﺻﺔ اﻟﺟدار‬

‫ﻣن اﻟﻘص ﻣن اﻟﺑﻼطﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺟدار‬

29
‫اﻧﺗﻘﺎل اﻟدﯾﺎﻓرام وﻓﻖ ﻧوﻋﮫ وﻗﯾﻣﺔ ﺗوزﯾﻊ ﻗوى اﻟﻘص‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺟدران وﻓﻖ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ اﻟدﯾﺎﻓرام‬

‫‪30‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﮫ ﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم اﻟﺑﻼطﮫ ﺗﺣت اﻻﺣﻣﺎل اﻟﺷﺎﻗوﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﺣﯾﺔ واﻟﻣﯾﺗﺔ‬
‫ﻻﺑد ﻣن اﻟﺗﺣﻘﻖ ﻣن ﻣﻘدار ﻗوه اﻟﺷد و اﻟﺿﻐط وﻗوى اﻟﻘص‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗوﻟده ﻓﻲ ‪ diaphragm‬و ﺣﺳﺎب ﻣﻘدار اﻟﺗﺳﻠﯾﺢ اﻟﻼزم‬
‫اﻟذي ﯾﻘﺎوم ھذه اﻟﻘوى‬

‫‪31‬‬
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 ‫‪ ‬ﺗﺻﻣﯾم ﺑﻼطﺔ اﻟدﯾﺎﻓرام ﻛﺟﺎﺋز ﻋﻣﯾﻖ‬
‫‪ ‬اﯾﺟﺎد ﻣﺧطط اﻟﻌزم واﻟﺟﮭد اﻟﻘﺎطﻊ‬
‫‪ ‬اﯾﺟﺎد ﺗﺳﻠﯾﺢ اﻻﻧﻌطﺎف ﻋﻧد اﻷطراف وﺗﺳﻠﯾﺢ اﻟﻘص اﻟﻌرﺿﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻣﺎ اﻟﻌﻣل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻛﻣرات‬
‫‪ ‬ﺛم ﺗﺳﻠﯾﺢ ﻛﻠﯾﻛﺗور ﻣن اﻟﻘوى اﻟﺷﺎدة اﻟﻣﺳﺎوﯾﺔ ﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ رد اﻟﻔﻌل اﻷﻓﻘﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻧد ﻣﺳﺎﻧد اﻟﺟدار‬

‫‪34‬‬
 TYPES OF DIAPHRAGM

Rigid Diaphragms

A diaphragm may be considered rigid when its midpoint displacement, under

lateral load, is less than twice the average displacements at its ends.
Rigid diaphragm distributes the horizontal forces to the vertical resisting
elements in direct proportion to the relative rigidities.
It is based on the assumption that the diaphragm does not deform itself and
will cause each vertical element to deflect the same amount.
Rigid diaphragms capable of transferring torsional and shear deflections and
forces are also based on the assumption that the diaphragm and shear walls
undergo rigid body rotation and this produces additional shear forces in the
shear wall.

Rigid diaphragms consist of reinforced concrete diaphragms, precast

concrete diaphragms, and composite steel deck.

35
 FLEXIBLE DIAPHRAM.

Flexible diaphragms — Roofs or floors including, but not necessarily limited

to, those sheathed with plywood, wood decking, or metal decks without
structural concrete topping slabs.
Metal decks with lightweight fill may or may not be flexible. Diaphragms are
considered flexible when the maximum lateral deformation of the
diaphragm is more than two times the average story drift of the associated
story.
This may be determined by comparing the computed midpoint in-plane
deflection of the diaphragm itself under lateral load with the drift to
adjoining vertical elements under tributary lateral load.
A diaphragm is considered flexible, when the midpoint displacement, under
lateral load, exceeds twice the average displacement of the end supports.
It is assumed here that the relative stiffness of these non-yielding end
supports is very great compared to that of the diaphragm.
Therefore, diaphragms are often designed as simple beams between end
supports, and distribution of the lateral forces to the vertical resisting
elements on a tributary width, rather than relative stiffness.
Flexible diaphragm is not considered to be capable of distributing torsional
and rotational forces.
Flexible diaphragms consist of diagonally sheated wood diaphragms,
sheathed diaphragms etc.
The rigidity of the diaphragms is classified into two groups on relative
flexibility: rigid and flexible diaphragm.

36
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39
40
41
The components at the diaphragm boundary acting in
tension and compression are known as the tension chord and
the compression chord, respectively.

42
 If the diaphragm moment is resisted by tension and compression
chords at the boundaries of the diaphragm as shown in Figure
3-1a, then equilibrium requires that the diaphragm shear be
distributed uniformly along the depth of the diaphragm as
shown in Figure 3-1c.
Tension and compression elements
called collectors are required to “collect” this shear and transmit
it to the walls
A collector can transmit all its forces into the
ends of the walls as shown on the right side of Figure 3-2a,
or if the forces and resulting congestion are beyond practical

43
 limits, the collector can be spread into the adjacent slab as
shown on the left side of Figure 3-2a.

Figure 3-3. As used in this Guide, a collector is an element that takes distributed
load from the diaphragm and delivers it to a vertical element, whereas a
distributor takes force from a vertical element and distributes it into the diaphragm.

‫ ﺗﺄﻣﯾن دﯾﺎﻓرام ﺻﻠب وﻛﻣرات ﻣدﻓوﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻘف طﺎﺑﻖ اﻷﻗﺑﯾﺔ‬

‫ اﻷﻗﺑﯾﺔ‬-‫اﻟﺑدروم ﻟﺗﺣوﯾل ﻗوى اﻟﻘص اﻟﻰ ﺟدران اﻟﺑدروم‬

44
In addition, the inclined ramps can act as unintended diagonal braces
that interrupt intended framing action of the vertical elements and result
in considerable axial load in the diaphragm. Expansion joints can relieve
this action
if provided at every level.

45
‫‪ ‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﺗواﺟد ﺑﻼطﺎت اﻟﺳﻼﻟم ورﻣب اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات‬
‫ﯾﺟب ﺗﺻﻣﯾم ﺑﻼطﺔ اﻟدﯾﺎﻓرام ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗوى اﻟﺿﻐط‬
‫ﻋﻧد اﺗﺻﺎل اﻟﺑﻼطﺔ اﻟﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺳﻘف اﻷﻓﻘﻲ‬
‫‪46‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﺗواﺟد ﻓﺗﺣﺎت ﻛﺑﯾرة ﻓﻲ ﺑﻼطﺔ اﻟدﯾﺎﻓرام‬
‫ﻓﯾﺟب ﺗﺻﻣﯾم ﺟواﻧب اﻟﻔﺗﺣﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘوى اﻟﺷﺎدة‬
‫اﻟﺿﺎﻏطﺔ‬

‫‪47‬‬
 ‫‪ ‬ﻛذﻟك ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﺷﻛل ﺑﻼطﺔ اﻟدﯾﺎﻓرام ﻏﯾر ﻣﻧﺗظم وﯾﺣوي ﻛﺳرات‬
‫او رﺟوﻋﺎت ﯾﺟب وﺿﻊ ﻛﻣرات ﻣدﻓوﻧﺔ وﺗﺳﻠﯾﺢ اﻟﻣﺟﻣﻊ ‪ -‬ﻛﻠﯾﻛﺗور‬

‫‪48‬‬
‫‪ ‬اﻟﻘوى اﻷﻓﻘﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟرﯾﺎح او اﻟزﻻزل ھﻲ داﺋﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣوﺟودة وﻣوزﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﺗظﺎم ﻓﻲ ﺑﻼطﺔ اﻟدﯾﺎﻓرام‬

‫‪49‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗوزع ﻗوى اﻟرﯾﺎح او اﻟزﻻزل واﻧﺗﻘﺎﻟﮭﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻰ ﺑﻼطﺎت اﻟدﯾﺎﻓرام اﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬

‫‪50‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﺻﯾم ﺑﻼطﺔ اﻟدﯾﺎﻓرام ﻣﺛل ﺟﺎﺋز‪ -‬ﻛﻣرة ﻋﻣﯾﻘﺔ‬
‫واﯾﺟﺎد اﻟﺗﺳﻠﯾﺢ اﻟﻼزم ﻣن اﻟﻌزم واﻟﻘص‬
‫واﺿﺎﻓﺗﮫ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻘطﻊ اﻟﺗﺳﻠﯾﺢ اﻟﺷﺎﻗوﻟﻲ‬

‫‪51‬‬
52
‫‪ ‬اﻟدﯾﺎﻓرام اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر اﻟﻣرن ﯾﻘﺎﯾﻠﮫ ﻛﻣرة ﻋﻣﯾﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳﺎﻧد ﻣرﻧﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻣرة‬

‫‪53‬‬
Horizontal Diaphragms of Complex shape

54
55
56
– ‫ﻛود اﻣرﯾﻛﻲ‬ diaphragm ACI 318 -14

57
58
59
60
61
What is the center of rigidity for a semi-rigid diaphragm?
 Answer: Center of rigidity is only applicable to rigid diaphragms because in-plane slab
deformation is variable across laterally loaded semi-rigid diaphragms.
 During computation, an arbitrary coordinate is selected and loaded, then center of rigidity
is derived, as a function of stiffness, according to the displacement at this specific poin

ASCE 2009 -‫اﻟﻛود اﻟﺳوري اﻟﻣواﻓﻖ ﻟﻠﻛود اﻷﻣرﯾﻛﻲ‬

62
‫ دﯾﺎﻓرام‬- diaphragm

63
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66
67
Diaphragm Reinforcement

68
 Large diameter diaphragm and collector reinforcing bars are
commonly spliced using mechanical couplers.

 Because lap splices of No. 14 bars or larger are prohibited by ACI

318,mechanical couplers are required.

 Location of Construction Joints

Construction joints create weakened planes within a diaphragm.
They can also impact development and splices of reinforcement.
Shear-friction reinforcement can be provided across construction
joints if necessary to maintain continuity of the diaphragm in
shear.
 The impacts to the continuity and development of chord
and collector reinforcement at construction joints should also
be understood

69
 seismic Design of Composite Steel Deck and Concrete-
filled Diaphragms

Flexibility of the diaphragm material.

Among the usual building materials, wood or steel decking
without concrete are the most flexible.

Aspect ratio (length/width) of the diaphragm. The greater

the length/width ratio of the diaphragm, the greater the
lateral distortions may be. In general, diaphragms with
aspect ratios greater than 5 may be considered flexible.

Stiffness of the vertical structure. The flexibility of the

diaphragm should also be judged in accordance with the
distribution of rigid vertical elements in the plan. In the
extreme case of a diaphragm in which llelements are of equal
stiffness, better performance is expected than when there
are major differences in this respect.

70
 Openings in the diaphragm. Large openings in the diaphragm
for purposes of illumination, ventilation, and visual
connections between stories cause flexible areas that impede
the rigid assembly of the vertical structures.

71
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75
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77
Shear Transfer
The strength of the diaphragm deck determined for the field of
the diaphragm must be adequately transferred to the perimeter
framing members if that strength is to be utilized.
A variety of fasteners can be utilized to accomplish this load transfer.
These include arc-spot (or puddle) welds, self-tapping/self
drilling screws, powder-actuated fasteners, and steel headedstud anchors.
Additionally, the side seam fastening can be accomplished using welds,
screws, or crimping, either traditional “button-punching” or proprietary
seaming.
As has already been mentioned, the side seam fastening has little
influence on composite deck diaphragm strength.

DESING EXAMPLE

78
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80
81
82
Diaphragm forces- ‫ﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﯾﺗﺎب‬

83
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