Refrigeration & Air Conditioning: Arun Jose Tom, Rac, Ccet

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Module III
REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING
ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,CCET
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Syllabus
 Multi pressure systems - multi compression and multi evaporator,

systems. Inter cooling - flash inter cooling and flash gas removal-
Different combinations of evaporator and compressor for different
applications, Cascade system

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 Refrigerants and their properties-Eco-friendly Refrigerants, mixed
refrigerants, selection of refrigerants for different applications
 Vapour absorption systems - Ammonia – water system - simple system-

drawbacks-Lithium Bromide water system- Electrolux-comparison
with vapour compression system- steam jet refrigeration.

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Vapour Absorption
Refrigeration System

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The vapour absorption system uses heat energy, instead of

mechanical energy as in vapour compression systems, in order to
change the conditions of the refrigerant required for the
operation of the refrigeration cycle

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 In the vapour absorption system, the compressor is replaced by an

absorber, a pump, a generator and a pressure reducing valve
 These components in vapour absorption system perform the same

function as that of a compressor in vapour compression system

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 The most widely used absorption refrigeration system is the ammonia–

water system, where ammonia (NH3) serves as the refrigerant and water
(H2O) as the transport medium.
 Other absorption refrigeration systems include water–lithium bromide

and water–lithium chloride systems, where water serves as the
refrigerant

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Simple Vapour Absorption System
 Compressor is replaced by an absorber, a pump, a generator and a

pressure reducing valve
 Ammonia is used as the refrigerant

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Absorber
 Ammonia vapor leaves the evaporator and enters the absorber, where
it dissolves and reacts with water to form NH3.H2O(aqua-ammonia).
 This is an exothermic reaction; thus heat is released during this

process

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 The amount of NH3 that can be dissolved in H2O is inversely
proportional to the temperature.
 Therefore, it is necessary to cool the absorber to maintain its temperature

as low as possible, hence to maximize the amount of NH3 dissolved in
water
 The liquid NH3 + H2O solution, which is rich in NH3(called strong

solution), is then pumped to the generator.

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 The pump increase the pressure of the solution
 Note: A strong ammonia solution contains as much ammonia as possible

whereas a weak ammonia solution contains considerably less ammonia

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Generator
 The strong solution of ammonia in the generator is heated by some

external source such as gas or steam
 During the heating process, the ammonia vapour is driven off the
solution at high pressure leaving behind the hot weak ammonia
solution in the generator

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 This weak ammonia solution flows back to the absorber at low

pressure after passing through the pressure reducing valve
 The high pressure ammonia vapour from the generator is fed to the
condenser

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Condenser & Evaporator
 The high pressure ammonia vapour from the generator is condensed in the
condenser to a high pressure liquid ammonia
 This liquid ammonia is expanded in the expansion valve to a low pressure

liquid
 Low pressure liquid ammonia is evaporated in the evaporator and

completes the cycle

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Additional Features
 The vapor, which is rich in NH3, passes through a rectifier, which

separates the water and returns it to the generator
 The hot NH3 + H2O solution, which is weak in NH3, then passes
through a regenerator, where it transfers some heat to the rich solution

 Compared with vapor-compression systems, absorption refrigeration
systems have one major advantage: A liquid is compressed instead of a
vapor. The steady-flow work is proportional to the specific volume, and
thus the work input for absorption refrigeration systems is very small.
 The operation of these systems is based on heat transfer from an external

source. Therefore, absorption refrigeration systems are often classified as
heat-driven systems
 The absorption refrigeration systems are much more expensive than the vapor-
compression refrigeration systems. They are more complex and occupy more
space
 Absorption refrigeration systems are primarily used in large commercial and

industrial installations
Heat absorbed in the evaporator

COP =
Work done by pump + Heat supplied in the generator
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Domestic Electrolux (Ammonia Hydrogen)

Refrigerator
 The refrigerator is also called three-fluid absorption system
 The three fluids used in this system are ammonia, hydrogen and water
 Ammonia is used as the refrigerant

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 Hydrogen is used to increase the rate of evaporation of the liquid

ammonia passing through the evaporator
 Hydrogen is also non-corrosive and insoluble in water
 Water is used as the solvent for absorbing the ammonia vapour

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Principle of operation
 The strong ammonia solution from the absorber through heat

exchanger is heated in the generator by applying heat from an
external source
 During this heating process, ammonia vapours are removed from the
solution and passed to the condenser

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 A rectifier or a water separator fitted before the condenser removes
water vapour carried with the ammonia vapours, so that dry ammonia
vapours are supplied to the condenser
 The hot weak solution left behind in the generator flows to the absorber
through the heat exchanger. This hot weak solution while passing
through the heat exchanger is cooled

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 The heat removed by the weak solution is utilized in raising the

temperature of strong solution passing through the heat exchanger. In
this way the improvement in the performance of a plant is achieved
 The ammonia vapours in the condenser are condensed by using

external cooling source

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 The liquid refrigerant leaving the condenser flows under gravity to the
evaporator where it meets the hydrogen gas
 The hydrogen gas which is being fed to the evaporator permits the liquid
ammonia to evaporate at a low pressure
 During the process of evaporation, the ammonia absorbs latent heat from
the refrigerated space and thus produces cooling effect

28  The mixture of ammonia vapour and hydrogen is passed to the absorber
where ammonia is absorbed in water while the hydrogen rises to the top
and flows back to the evaporator
Note:
 The hydrogen gas only circulates from the absorber to the evaporator and
back
 The whole cycle is carried out entirely by gravity flow of the refrigerant
 It cannot be used for industrial purposes as the COP of the system is very
low

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Lithium Bromide Absorption Refrigeration System
 Water is used as the refrigerant whereas lithium bromide, which is a

highly hydroscopic salt, as an absorbent
 Lithium bromide solution has a strong affinity for water vapour

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 In this system, the absorber and the evaporator are placed in one shell
which operates at the same low pressure of the system
 The generator and condenser are placed in another shell which

operates at the same high pressure of the system

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Principle of operation
 The water for air-conditioning coils or process requirements is chilled as

it is pumped through the chilled water tubes in the evaporator by giving
up heat to the refrigerant water sprayed over the tubes
 Pressure inside the evaporator is maintained very low, therefore, the

refrigerant water evaporates

35  The water vapours thus formed will be absorbed by the strong lithium
bromide solution which is sprayed in the absorber
 In absorbing the water vapour, the lithium bromide solution helps in

maintaining very low pressure (high vaccum) needed in the evaporator, and
the solution becomes weak
 This weak solution is pumped by a pump to the generator where it is heated

up by using steam or hot water in the heating coils

36  A portion of water is evaporated by the heat and the solution now becomes
more strong
 This strong solution is passed through the heat exchanger and then sprayed
in the absorber
 The weak solution of lithium bromide from the absorber to the generator is
also passed through the heat exchanger. This weak solution gets heat from
the strong solution in the heat exchanger, thus reducing the quantity of steam
required to heat the weak solution in the generator

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 The refrigerant water vapours formed in the generator due to heating
of solution are passed to the condenser where they are cooled and
condensed by the cooling water flowing through the condenser water
tubes
 The cooling water for condensing is pumped from the cooling water
pond or tower

38  This cooling water first enters the absorber where it takes away the heat
of condensation and dilution
 The condensate from the condenser is supplied to the evaporator to

compensate the water vapour formed in the evaporator
 The pressure reducing valve reduces the pressure of condensate from

the condenser pressure to the evaporator pressure

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 The cooled water from the evaporator is pumped and sprayed in the
evaporator in order to cool the water for air-conditioning flowing through
the chilled tubes. This completes the cycle

Vapour Compression Vapour Absorption
40 Compressor is used No compressor is used
Suitable for low capacity Suitable for higher capacity
High grade mechanical energy & electrical

Low grade heat energy is sufficient
energy is needed
COP is more COP is less
Many moving parts Very few moving parts
Higher noise and vibration Less noise and vibration
Very low maintenance is required

Regular maintenance is required
Vapour Compression Vapour Absorption
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Initial investment is less Initial investment is more
Leakage can be easily detected due to presence of

Leakage cannot be detected easily
water
Mechanical efficiency is low Mechanical efficiency is high

42 Advantages of vapour absorption system over vapour compression system
No compressor
Low power requirement
Utilizes waste energy
Low running cost
Less vibrations and noise
Low maintenance
Minimum refrigeration cost

43 Disadvantages of vapour absorption system over vapour compression
system
High initial capital cost

Poor COP
Higher heat rejection
Low working pressures
Corrosive nature of lithium bromide

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Steam Jet Refrigeration System

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The basic principle of boiling of liquid at lower

temperature by reducing the pressure on its surface
is used in steam jet refrigeration system

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Main components are
 Flash chamber or evaporator
 Steam nozzle
 Ejector
 condenser

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Working
 The warm water coming out of the refrigerated space is sprayed into
the flash chamber or evaporator where some of which is converted into
vapours after absorbing the latent heat, thereby cooling the rest of
water

49  The high pressure steam from the boiler is passed through the steam
nozzles thereby increasing its velocity
 This high velocity steam in the ejector would entrain the water vapours
from the flash chamber which would result in further formation of
vapours
 The mixture of steam and water vapour passes through the venturi tube
of the ejector and gets compressed

50  The temperature and pressure of the mixture rises considerably and
fed to the water cooled condenser where it gets condensed
 The condensate is again fed to the boiler as feed water
 A constant water level is maintained in the flash chamber and any loss
of water due to evaporation is made up from the make-up water line
 In order to maintain the required reduced pressure in the flash

chamber, the water vapours produced should be removed as early as
possible

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REFRIGERANTS

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Refrigerants
 Working fluid used in refrigerators
 A refrigerant is defined as “any substance that absorbs heat during

evaporation or vaporization and loses it during condensation in a
refrigeration system”

53 Desirable properties of an ideal
refrigerant
 Low boiling point and freezing point

 High critical pressure and temperature
 High latent heat of vaporization
 Low specific heat of liquid and high specific heat of vapour
 Low specific volume of vapour
 High thermal conductivity
 Non-corrosive to metal

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 Non-flammable and non-explosive
 Non toxic
 Low cost
 Easily and regularly available
 Easy of locating leaks by odour or suitable indicator
 Mixes well with oil
 High coefficient of performance
 Ozone friendly

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Desirable properties for refrigerant selection
 Thermodynamic Properties
 Chemical Properties
 Physical Properties
 Economic Properties

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Thermodynamic Properties
Boiling point or Boiling temperature
 The boiling point of the refrigerant should be lower because the liquid
refrigerant at the evaporator coil should vaporize easily
 High boiling temperature reduces the capacity of the system

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Freezing temperature
 The freezing point of the refrigerant should be lower than the

lowest operating temperature of the cycle to prevent blockage of
refrigerant in pipelines

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Evaporator & Condenser Pressure
 Both the evaporating and condensing pressures should be positive
 Positive pressures are necessary in order to prevent leakage of air and

moisture into the refrigerating system. It also permits easier detection of
leaks

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Critical pressure and temperature
 To avoid large power requirements, Critical pressure and temperature
should be high
Latent heat of vaporization

 High latent heat is preferred at low temperatures, as it increases the
refrigerating effect per kg of refrigerant

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Specific volume
 The specific volume should be low to reduce the size of the

compressor

61 Chemical Properties
Flammability
 Hydro carbon refrigerants are highly flammable
 Halo carbon refrigerants are neither flammable nor explosive
 The refrigerants should be non-flammable and non-explosive. For

flammable refrigerants, special precautions should be taken to avoid
accidents

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Toxicity
 The refrigerants should be non-poisonous to human and foodstuff
 The toxicity of refrigerant may be of prime or secondary importance

depending upon the application

63 Solubility of water
 If more water is present than can be dissolved by the refrigerant, the ice
will be formed which chokes the expansion valve
 Ammonia is highly soluble in water. Due to this reason, a wetted cloth

is put at the point of leak to avoid harm to the persons working in
ammonia refrigerating plants

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Miscibility
 The ability of a refrigerant to mix with oil is called miscibility
 Oil separators have to be used if the refrigerant is not miscible with

lubricating oil
 Refrigerants that are completely miscible with oils are easier to

handle

65 Effect on perishable materials
 Refrigerants should have no effect on the perishable materials
 The Freon group of refrigerants have no effect upon dairy products,

meats, vegetables, flowers and furs. There will be no change in colour,
taste or texture of the material when exposed to Freon
 Methyl chloride vapours have no effect upon furs, flowers, eating foods
or drinking beverages

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 Sulphur dioxide destroys flowers, plants and fur, but it does not affect
foods
 Ammonia dissolves easily in water and becomes alkaline in nature.

Since most fruits and vegetables are acidic in nature, therefore ammonia
reacts with these products and spoils the taste

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Physical Properties
Stability and inertness
 The refrigerants should be chemically stable as long as they are

inside the refrigeration system
 Refrigerant should be inert with respect to all materials used in

refrigerating system

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Corrosive Property
 The Freon group of refrigerants are non-corrosive with practically

all metals
 Ammonia is used only with iron or steel
 Sulphur dioxide is non-corrosive to all metals in the absence of water

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Viscosity
 For smaller frictional pressure drops, viscosity should be small in

both liquid and vapour phases
 The low viscosity of the refrigerant is desirable
 The heat transfer through condenser and evaporator is improved at

low viscosities

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Thermal Conductivity
 The refrigerant in the liquid and vapour states should have high
thermal conductivity
 This property is required in finding the heat transfer coefficients in

evaporators and condensers

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Dielectric Strength
 This is an important property for systems using hermetic compressors.

For these systems, the refrigerants should have a dielectric strength as
high as possible

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Leakage Tendency
 The leakage tendency of a refrigerant should be low. If there is a

leakage of refrigerant, it should be easily detectable

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Economic Properties
Cost
 The cost of refrigerant is not so important in small refrigerating units but

it is very important in high capacity refrigerating systems like industrial
and commercial
 Ammonia, being the cheapest, is widely used in large industrial plants

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Availability
 Refrigerants should be readily available near the usage point

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Refrigerants are classified into two groups:
1) Primary refrigerants: Directly take part in refrigeration system
2) Secondary refrigerants: Refrigerants which are first cooled by primary

refrigerants, Eg. Brines(NaCl, CaCl2, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol)

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78 Hydro-Carbon
Refrigerants
Halo-
Inorganic Primary Carbon or
Refrigerants Refrigerants Organic
Refrigerants
Azeotrope
Refrigerants
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Halo-Carbon / Organic
Refrigerants

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 The halo-carbon compounds are all synthetically produced and were
developed as Freon family of refrigerants
 This group consists of one or more of three halogens, chlorine, fluorine

and bromine and are named as Freon, Isotron, Areton
 These refrigerants are widely used for domestic , commercial and

industrial purpose

Refrigerant Number Chemical Name Chemical Formulae
R-11 Trichloro-monofluoro-methane CCl3F

R-12 Dichloro-difluoro-methane CCl2F2
R-13 Monochloro-trifluoro-methane CClF3
R-14 Carbontetrafluoride CF4
R-21 Dichloro-monofluoro-methane CHCl2F
R-22 Monochloro-difluoro-methane CHClF2
R-30 Methylene chloride CH2Cl2
R-40 Methyl chloride CH3Cl
R-160 Ethyl chloride C2H5Cl
R-113 Trichloro-trifluoro-ethane C2Cl3F3
R-114 Dichloro-tetrafluoro-ethane C2Cl2F4
R-115 Monochloro-pentafluoro-ethane C2ClF5
R-123 Dichloro-trifluoro-ethane CF3CHCl2
R-124 Monochloro-tetrafluoro-ethane CF3CHClF
R-134 a Tetrafluoro-ethane CF3CH2F
R-152 a Difluoro-ethane CH3CHF2
Refrigerants Properties
82
• Safest refrigerant, non-flammable and non-explosive
• It also considered as low pressure refrigerant
R-11
• Commonly used in large low pressure centrifugal chillers
• Applications- air conditioning in small buildings, factories,
departmental stores, theatres…etc
• Most widely used refrigerant

• Non toxic, non-flammable and non-explosive
R-12
• It is miscible with the compressor oil under all conditions
• Applications- large centrifugal chillers, process cooling, large and
small refrigeration systems
R-13 • Used as a low temperature refrigerant in cascade system

• Commonly used with reciprocating compressors
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R-14 • It serves as an ultra low temperature refrigerant for use in cascade
system
• Colorless, odourless gas

R-21 • Commonly used in centrifugal compressor systems for relatively high
temperature requirements
• Most commonly used in the air conditioning system

• This refrigerant is stable and is non-toxic, non-corrosive, non-irritating
R-22 and non-flammable
• It is employed in medium and low temperature commercial and
industrial refrigeration & air conditioning
• It causes ozone depletion
84 • It is a clear water white liquid
• Non toxic, non-flammable and non-explosive
R-30
• Halide torch is used for leak detection
• Commonly used in air conditioning of theatres, auditoriums and office
buildings
• Colourless liquid with a faint, sweet and non-irritating odour

R-40
• Corrosive in the presence of moisture
• Leaks detected by soap solution or by an electronic detector
• Colourless liquid with low operating pressures

R-160 • Toxic and flammable
• Due to its low operating pressure, it is not used in refrigerating
equipment
85
• It is used in commercial and industrial air conditioning with centrifugal
R-113
compressor systems
• It can be carried in sealed tins rather than cylinders
• It is non-toxic, non-explosive and non-corrosive even in the presence of

R-114 water
• It is used in fractional power household refrigerating systems and
drinking water coolers employing rotary vane type compressors
R-123
• It is a potential substitute to R-11
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• Most preferred substitute for refrigerant R-12

• Zero ozone depleting potential (due to no chlorine atom)
R-134 a • non-toxic, non-flammable and non-corrosive
• Used primarily as a high temperature refrigerant for domestic
refrigeration and automobile air conditioners
• Sensitive leak detector is used to detect leak
• It has similar characteristics as R-134a except that R-152a has slight

R-152 a
vaccum in the evaporator and the discharge temperature is higher
because of its high value of the ratio of specific heats
87
Azeotrope Refrigerants

88
The term ‘azeotrope’ refers to a stable mixture of refrigerants

whose vapour and liquid phases retain identical compositions
over a wide range of temperatures

Refrigerant Chemical
Azeotropic mixing refrigerants
Number
89 Formulae
R-500 73.8% R-12 & 26.2% R-152a CCl2F2/CH3CHF2
48.8% R-22 & 51.2% R-115

R-502 CHClF2 / CClF2CF3
40.1% R-23 & 59.9% R-13

R-503 CHF3 / CClF3
48.2% R-32 & 51.8% R-115

R-504 ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,CCET
CH2F2 / CClF2CF3
90 • It is non-flammable, low in toxicity and non-corrosive
• It is used in both industrial & commercial applications but only in
systems with reciprocating compressors
R-500
• It has fairly high solubility with oil
• Leaks detected by soap solution or by an electronic detector or by a
halide torch or a coloured agent
• It is non-flammable, non-toxic and non-corrosive

• It is a good refrigerant for obtaining medium and low temperatures
R-502 • It is used in frozen food lockers, frozen food processing plants, frozen
food display cases and in storage units for frozen foods and ice cream
• It is only used with reciprocating compressors
• It is suitable where temperatures from -180C to -510C are needed
91

R-503
halide torch
• This refrigerant will hold more moisture than some other low
temperature refrigerants

R-504
halide torch
• The refrigerant is used in industrial processes where a low temperature
range of -400C to -600C is desired
92
Inorganic Refrigerants

93
These refrigerants were exclusively used before the

introduction of halo-carbon refrigerants

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R-717 Ammonia NH3
R-729 Air
R-744 Carbon dioxide CO2
R-764 Sulphur dioxide SO2
R-118 Water H 2O
95 • Oldest and most widely used refrigerant
• Its greatest application is found in large and commercial reciprocating
compression systems where high toxicity is secondary
R-717 • Widely used in vapour absorption system
• It is a colourless gas and poisonous gas
• The use of this refrigerant is extensively found in cold storage,
warehouse plants, ice cream manufacture, ice manufacture, food
freezing plants…etc
R-729 • Dry air is used as a gaseous refrigerant in some compression systems,

particularly in aircraft air conditioning
• It is non-flammable, non-toxic and non-irritating

R-744 • Because of its low efficiency as compared to other common refrigerants,
it is seldom used in household units
96
• It is a very stable refrigerant with a high critical temperature and it is
non-flammable and non-explosive
• It has a very unpleasant and irritating odour
R-764
• This refrigerant is not injurious to food and is used commercially as a
ripener and preservative of foods
• It is extremely injurious to flowers, plants and shrubbery
• It does not mix readily with oil
• The principal refrigeration use of water is as ice

R-118
• The high freezing temperature of water limits its use in vapour
compression system
97
Hydro-Carbon Refrigerants

98
 Most of the hydro-carbon refrigerants are successfully used in

industrial and commercial installations
 They possess satisfactory thermodynamic properties but are highly

flammable and explosive

R-170 Ethane C2H6
R-290 Propane C3H3
R-600 Butane C4H10
R-600 a Isobutane C4H10
R-1120 Trichloroethylene C2H4Cl3
R-1130 Dichloroethylene C2H4Cl2
R-1150 Ethylene C2H4
R-1270 Propylene C3H6

100
Designation System for

Refrigerants

101
 The refrigerants are internationally designated as ‘R’ followed by

certain number such as R-11, R-12…etc
 A refrigerant followed by a two digit number indicates that a refrigerant

is derived from methane base while three digit number represents
ethane base

102
 The general chemical formula for the refrigerant, either for methane or
ethane base, is given by as
CmHnClpFq
 in which
n + p + q = 2m + 2

103
m = number of carbon atoms
n = number of hydrogen atoms
p = number of chlorine atoms
q = number of fluorine atoms

104
The number of the refrigerant is given by
R(m-1)(n+1)q

105
Eg: CHCl2F
m = 1, n = 1, p = 2, q = 1
R(m-1)(n+1)q = R(1-1)(1+1)1 = R(0)(2)1 = R21

106
Selection of Refrigerants for

Different Applications

Refrigerants
Applications
107 Properties & Uses
Selected
• Widely used because of its zero ODP

Domestic refrigeration R-134a • As leaks are very small, this refrigerant has
very little impact on the greenhouse effect
• Used in the supermarket sector and for

R404A is azeotrope
refrigerated transport
blend of R125,
• Also used in ice machines
R143a and R134a
• Non-flammable and zero ODP
Commercial refrigeration
• Used in air conditioning system
• Medium and low commercial and industrial
R22 refrigeration, freezer rooms, cold stores,
water chillers and process cooling
Refrigerants
Applications
Selected
• Used in low temperature applications

R410A blend of R125 & • Industrial, commercial & residential air conditioning
R32 • Highly used in air conditioning equipment's and heat
pumps
• Used for medium and large scale operations

• Cost effective refrigerants
Industrial Refrigeration R 717 • Environmental friendly refrigerant
• Applications-cold stores, freezing tunnels, breweries, fish
trawlers, food processing plants
• Used in low temperature applications

R744 • It can be used in conjunction with ammonia in a cascade
ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,CCET refrigeration system
Refrigerants
Applications
Selected
• Used in road transport for transporting

R404A
chilled and frozen products
• Used for transporting chilled products

only
Transport Refrigeration R134a
• Used in ships and containers for
transporting goods
• Used in ships and containers for

R410A transporting goods
Refrigerants
Applications
Selected
Mobile air conditioning • Globally used in mobile air conditioning

R134a
system • Used in vehicles
R407C is a blend • Widely used in direct expansion fluid

Water chillers of R125, R32 & chillers and some commercial
R134a refrigeration system
R22, R134a,
• Preserves food, drinks, cargo and
Marine refrigeration R410A, R407C,
ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,CCET garbage
R404A, R717
111
Substitutes for chloro-fluoro-carbon(CFC)

refrigerants
The fully halogenated refrigerants with chlorine atom in their molecules are
referred to as CFC refrigerants. The refrigerants such as R-11, R-12, R-13,
R-113, R-114 and R-115 are CFC refrigerants

112  The refrigerants which contain hydrogen atoms in their molecule along
with chlorine and fluorine atoms are referred to as hydro-chloro-fluoro-
carbon(HCFC) refrigerants. Eg: R-22, R-123
 The refrigerants which contain no chlorine atom in their molecule are

referred to as hydro-fluoro-carbon(HFC) refrigerants. Eg: R-134a, R-
152a
 The refrigerants which contain no chlorine and fluorine atoms in their

molecule are referred to as hydrocarbon(HC) refrigerants. Eg: R-290, R-
600a
113
 CFC refrigerants have been linked to the depletion of the ozone layer.
Chlorine atom is responsible for the depletion of ozone layer
 Halo-carbon refrigerants have a global warming effect, which may cause

serious changes in the environment
 The CFC refrigerants that are considered to have high ODP have been
phased out

114
Substitutes
 The HCFC refrigerant R-123 in place of R-11
 The HFC refrigerant R-134a and R-152a in place of R-12
 The HFC refrigerant R-143a and R-125 in place of R-502(R-22+R-115)
 The HC refrigerants R-290 and R-600a may also be used in place of R-12

115
Ozone Layer Depletion

116  It may be noted that one chlorine atom can destroy 105 ozone molecules
 The relative ability of a substance to deplete the ozone layer is called

ozone depletion potential(ODP)
 Ozone depletion is a major environmental problem because it increases

the amount of UV radiation from the sun that reaches earths surface,
which increases the rate of skin cancer, eye cataracts, and genetic and
immune system damage

117
 The CFC refrigerants such as R-11 and R-12 have the highest ODP =1
 The HCFC refrigerants have a relatively low ODP, R-22 has ODP=0.05,
R-123 has ODP=0.02
 The HFC refrigerants do not cause any ozone depletion, R-134a has
zero ODP

118
Global Warming
119
 Global warming means the increase in average temperature of the earth
 The cause of global warming are increase in CO2 concentration, NO2

emission and the use of CFC refrigerants

120
 The ability of a substance to contribute to global warming is measured by

the global warming potential (GWP)
 GWP for R-22=100 and GWP for CO2 =1. Due to this reason, there is a
concern about these refrigerants

SL.NO REFRIGERANTS ODP GWP
121
1 R-11 1 3500
2 R-12 1 7300
3 R-22 0.05 1700
4 R-134a 0 1500
5 R-717 0 0
6 R-744 0 1
7 R-718 0 1
8 R-600a 0 3
122 Eco-friendly refrigerants
 Hydrocarbons
 Ammonia
 Carbon dioxide
 Water
 air
123
Vapour
Compression Cycle
Multi Pressure Simple Vapour

System Compression Cycle
Compound Vapour
Compression Multiple Evaporator
Cascade System
Refrigeration System
System
124
Compound Vapour
Compression Refrigeration
System

125
The refrigerant compression process carried out

in two or more compressors is called
compound or multistage system

126
Advantages
 Multi compression reduces the work done as compared to single stage

compression for the same delivery pressure
 It improves the volumetric efficiency
 It reduces the leakage loss
 It gives more uniform torque
 It provides effective lubrication
 It reduces the cost of compressor

127
Types of compound vapour compression
system
 Two stage compression with liquid intercooler
 Two stage compression with water intercooler and liquid sub-cooler
 Two stage compression with water intercooler, liquid sub-cooler and
liquid flash chamber
 Two stage compression with water intercooler, liquid sub-cooler and
flash intercooler
 Three stage compression with flash chambers
 Three stage compression with water intercoolers
 Three stage compression with flash intercoolers
 Three stage compression with multiple expansion valves and flash
intercoolers
128
1. Two Stage Compression with Liquid

Intercooler

129

130

131 Process 1-2: Compression
 Isentropic compression in the low pressure compressor
 Point 1- Saturated vapour (evaporator outlet or LP compressor inlet)
 Point 2 – Superheated vapour (LP compressor outlet)
 m1 = mass of refrigerant passing through the evaporator or LP

compressor

132
Process 2-3: Desuperheating
 Superheated vapour from LP compressor is cooled or desuperheated at

constant pressure in a liquid intercooler using the liquid refrigerant from the
condenser
 The refrigerant leaving the liquid intercooler is in saturated vapour state at

point 3

133  Liquid refrigerant from the condenser absorbs the superheat from the
refrigerant vapour from the LP compressor
 In intercooler some of the liquid refrigerant evaporates for the

desuperheating process
 m3 = mass of the liquid evaporated in the intercooler during cooling or

desuperheating

134
 m2 = mass of the refrigerant passing through the condenser or HP

compressor
m2 = m1 + m3
 Point 3 – vapour refrigerant from the LP compressor(m1) + liquid

refrigerant evaporated in the intercooler(m3) is supplied to the HP
compressor

 Isentropic compression process in the HP compressor
 Point 3- Saturated vapour refrigerant from the intercooler(HP compressor

inlet)
 Point 4- Superheated vapour refrigerant from the HP compressor (HP

compressor outlet or condenser inlet)
 m2 = mass of the refrigerant passing through the condenser or HP

compressor
136
Process 4-5: Condensation
 The condensing process changes the state of refrigerant from superheated

vapour to saturated liquid
 Here superheat and latent heat is removed

137
Process 5-6: Expansion
 Liquid refrigerant from the condenser is passed to the intercooler using

a float valve or expansion valve(E1)
 Float valve maintains a constant liquid level in the intercooler
 Wet Refrigerant from the intercooler is expanded in the second

expander(E2) and then evaporated in the evaporator to saturated vapour
condition

138
Process 6-1: Evaporation
 Point 6 – Wet vapour (expansion valve, E2 outlet or evaporator inlet)

compressor

139 Equations Used
m2 = m1 + m3
Considering the thermal equilibrium for the intercooler
Heat taken by the intercooler = heat given by the intercooler
m2hf5 + m1h2 = m1hf5 + m2h3

140

m1(h2−hf5)
141 m2 =
(h3−hf5)
m1(h2−h3)
m3 =
(h3−hf5)
Heat absorbed or Refrigerating Effect = m1(h1 − h6)

= m1(h1 − hf5)
142
WLP = m1(h2 − h1)
WHP = m2(h4 − h3)
Total Work done = m1(h2 − h1) + m2(h4 − h3)

143
m1(h2−h1) + m2(h4−h3)
Power Required, P =
60
m1(h1−hf5)
COP =
m1(h2−h1) + m2(h4−h3)

144
h1 = hg1
h3 = hg3
h5 = hf5
h6 = h5 = hf5
145
2. Two Stage Compression with water

intercooler and liquid sub-cooler

146

147

148
Process 1-2: Compression
 Point 2 – Superheated vapour (LP compressor outlet or water intercooler

inlet)
 m = mass of refrigerant passing through the system

149
Process 2-3: Water Intercooling or Desuperheating Process
 Superheated vapour refrigerant is passed through the water intercooler at

constant pressure to reduce the degree of superheat
 The refrigerant leaving the water intercooler is still in the superheated

state at point 3

150
 Point 2 – Superheated vapour (LP compressor outlet or water

intercooler inlet)
 Point 3 – Superheated vapour (water intercooler outlet or HP

compressor inlet)

151
Process 3-4: Isentropic Compression
 Isentropic compression in the high pressure compressor
 Point 3 – Superheated vapour (water intercooler outlet or HP compressor

inlet)
 Point 4 – Superheated vapour (HP compressor outlet or condenser inlet)

152


153
 Point 4 – Superheated vapour (HP compressor outlet or condenser

inlet)
 Point 5 – Saturated Liquid (condenser outlet or liquid sub-cooler

inlet)

154 Process 5-6: Subcooling Process
 The temperature of the saturated liquid refrigerant is further reduced by

passing it through a liquid sub-cooler
 Point 5 – Saturated Liquid(condenser outlet or liquid sub-cooler inlet)
 Point 6 – Subcooled Liquid(liquid sub-cooler outlet or expansion valve

inlet)

155 Process 6-7: Isenthalpic Expansion
 Liquid refrigerant from the sub-cooler is expanded in an expansion valve

before being sent to the evaporator for evaporation process
 Point 6 – Subcooled Liquid(liquid sub-cooler outlet or expansion valve

inlet)
 Point 7 – Wet vapour (expansion valve outlet or evaporator inlet)

156

157
Equations Used
Heat absorbed or Refrigerating Effect = m(h1 − h𝟕)

= m(h1 − h𝟔)

158
WLP = m(h2 − h1)
WHP = m(h4 − h3)
Total Work done = m(h2 − h1) + m(h4 − h3)

159
m(h2−h1) + m(h4−h3)
Power Required, P =
60
m(h1−h𝟔)
COP =
m(h2−h1) + m(h4−h3)

160
h1 = hg1
h5 = hf5
h7 = h6

161
3. Two stage compression with water

intercooler, liquid sub-cooler and liquid
flash chamber

162

163

164

inlet)

compressor

165
Process 2-3: Water Intercooling or
Desuperheating Process
 Superheated vapour refrigerant from LPC is passed through the water

intercooler at constant pressure to reduce the degree of superheat
 The refrigerant leaving the water intercooler is still in the superheated state at
point 3

166

inlet)
 Point 3 – Superheated vapour (water intercooler outlet)

167
 The superheated vapour refrigerant leaving the water intercooler at
point 3 is mixed with the vapour refrigerant supplied by the flash
chamber at point 9
 The condition of refrigerant after mixing is shown by point 4, which is in

superheated state

168 Point 3
 Superheated vapour (water intercooler outlet)
compressor
Point 9
 Saturated vapour (flash chamber outlet)
 m3 = mass of vapour refrigerant formed in the flash chamber or mass of
the vapour formed(flash) during expansion in the expansion valve E1

169
Point 4
 Superheated vapour (HP compressor inlet)
 m2 = mass of refrigerant passing through the condenser or HP

compressor
m2 = m1 + m3

170
Process 4-5: Isentropic Compression
 Point 4 – Superheated vapour (HP compressor inlet)

compressor

171


172


 Point 7 – Subcooled Liquid(liquid sub-cooler outlet or expansion valve E1

inlet)

174
Process 7-8: Isenthalpic Expansion in E1
 Liquid refrigerant from the sub-cooler is expanded in an expansion valve(E1)

to a pressure equal to flash chamber pressure
 Point 7 – Subcooled Liquid(liquid sub-cooler outlet or expansion valve inlet)
 Point 8 – Wet vapour (expansion valve E1 outlet)
 m3 = mass of vapour refrigerant formed in the flash chamber or mass of the

vapour formed(flash) during expansion in the expansion valve E1

175  The expanded refrigerant is a mixture of vapour and liquid refrigerant is
admitted to a flash chamber
 The flash chamber separates the vapour and liquid refrigerant
 The vapour refrigerant from the flash chamber at point 9 is mixed with the
refrigerant from the water intercooler or from the LPC
 The liquid refrigerant from the flash chamber at point 10 is further expanded
in an expansion valve E2

176
Process 10-11: Isenthalpic Expansion In E2
 Liquid refrigerant from the flash chamber is expanded in an expansion

valve(E2) to a pressure equal to evaporator pressure
 Point 10 – Saturated Liquid(flash chamber outlet)
 Point 11 – Wet vapour (expansion valve, E2 outlet)

177 Process 11-1: Evaporation
 Point 11 – Wet vapour (expansion valve, E2 outlet or evaporator inlet)

compressor

178 Equations Used
m2 = m1 + m3
Considering the thermal equilibrium for the flash chamber
Heat taken by the flash chamber = heat given by the flash chamber
m2h8 = m3h9 + m1hf10

m1(h9−hf10)
179 m2 =
(h9−h8)
m1(h8−hf10)
m3 =
(h9−h8)

= m1(h1 − hf10)
180
WLP = m1(h2 − h1)
WHP = m2(h5 − h4)

181
m1(h2−h1) + m2(h5−h4)
Power Required, P = kw
60
m1(h1−hf10)
COP =
m1(h2−h1) + m2(h5−h4)
182
h1 = hg1 h9 = hg9
h6 = hf6 h10 = hf10
h8 = h7 h11 = h10 = hf10

183
4. Two stage compression with water

intercooler, liquid sub-cooler and flash
intercooler

184

185


inlet)
 m1 = mass of refrigerant passing through the evaporator or LP compressor

187
Process 2-3: Water Intercooling or

 The refrigerant leaving the water intercooler is still in the superheated state at
point 3

188

intercooler inlet)
 Point 3 – Superheated vapour (water intercooler outlet)

189 Process 3-4
 Superheated vapour from water intercooler is cooled or desuperheated at

constant pressure in a flash intercooler using the liquid refrigerant from the
condenser
 The refrigerant leaving the flash intercooler is in saturated vapour state at

point 4

190
Flash intercooler serves as the combined functions of

a flash chamber and Liquid intercooler

191  Liquid refrigerant from the condenser absorbs the superheat from the
refrigerant vapour from the water intercooler
 In intercooler some of the liquid refrigerant evaporates for the

desuperheating process
 m3 = Mass of the liquid evaporated in the intercooler during cooling or

desuperheating + vapour refrigerant (flash) formed in the first expansion
valve E1

192
 m2 = Mass of the refrigerant passing through the condenser or HP

compressor
m2 = m1 + m3
 Point 4 – Vapour refrigerant from the water intercooler(m1) + Mass of

the liquid evaporated in the intercooler during cooling or desuperheating
+ vapour refrigerant (flash) formed in the first expansion valve E1

193 Process 4-5: Isentropic Compression
 Point 4 – Saturated vapour (HP compressor inlet or intercooler outlet)

compressor

194


195


 Point 7 – Subcooled Liquid(liquid sub-cooler outlet or expansion valve,E1

inlet)

197
Process 7-8: Isenthalpic Expansion in E1
 Liquid refrigerant from the sub-cooler is expanded in an expansion

valve(E1) to a pressure equal to intercooler pressure
 Point 7 – Subcooled Liquid(liquid sub-cooler outlet or expansion valve E1

inlet)
 Point 8 – Wet vapour (expansion valve E1 outlet)

198
 Liquid refrigerant from the condenser is passed to the intercooler using a
float valve or expansion valve(E1)
 Float valve maintains a constant liquid level in the intercooler
 The expanded refrigerant is a mixture of vapour and liquid refrigerant is

admitted to the intercooler at point 8

199 Process 9-10: Isenthalpic Expansion in E2
 Liquid refrigerant from the intercooler at point 9 is further expanded in the

second expander(E2) and then evaporated in the evaporator to saturated
vapour condition
 Point 9- Saturated liquid(intercooler outlet)
 Point 10- Wet vapour (expansion valve E2 outlet or evaporator inlet)

200 Process 10-1: Evaporation
 Point 10 – Wet vapour (expansion valve E2 outlet or evaporator inlet)

compressor

201 Equations Used
m2 = m1 + m3
Considering the thermal equilibrium for the intercooler
m2h8 + m1h3 = m2h4 + m1hf9

202 m1(h3−hf9)
m2 =
(h4−h8)
m1(h3−hf9−h4+h8)
m3 =
(h4−h8)

= m1(h1 − hf9)
203
WLP = m1(h2 − h1)
WHP = m2(h5 − h4)

204
m1(h2−h1) + m2(h5−h4)
60
m1(h1−hf9)
COP =
m1(h2−h1) + m2(h5−h4)
205
h1 = hg1
h9 = hf9
h4 = hg4
h10 = h9 = hf9
h6 = hf6
h8 = h7

206
5. Three stage compression with

water intercoolers

207

208

209

inlet)

210 Process 2-3: Water Intercooling or

 The refrigerant leaving the water intercooler is in the saturated vapour state at
point 3

211

intercooler inlet)
 Point 3 – Saturated vapour (water intercooler outlet or IP compressor

inlet)

212
 Isentropic compression in the intermediate pressure compressor
 Point 3 – Saturated vapour (water intercooler outlet or IP compressor inlet)
 Point 4 – Superheated vapour (IP compressor outlet or water intercooler

inlet)

213 Process 4-5: Water Intercooling or

 The refrigerant leaving the water intercooler is in the saturated vapour state
at point 5

214
 Point 4 – Superheated vapour (IP compressor outlet or water

intercooler inlet)
 Point 5 – Saturated vapour (water intercooler outlet or HP compressor

inlet)

215
 Point 5 – Saturated vapour (water intercooler outlet or HP compressor inlet)

216


217
 Point 7 – Saturated Liquid(condenser outlet or expansion valve inlet)

218 Process 7-8: Isenthalpic Expansion
 Liquid refrigerant from the condenser is expanded in an expansion valve
 Point 7 – Saturated Liquid(condenser outlet or expansion valve inlet)

219

220 Equations Used
WLP = m (h2 − h1)
WIP = m(h4 − h3)
WHP = m(h6 − h5)

221
 Heat absorbed or Refrigerating Effect = m (h1 − h8)
= m (h1 − hf7)
 Total work done, W = WLP + WIP + WHP
 Work done = m (h2 − h1) + m(h4 − h3) + m(h6 − h5)

222
m (h2−h1) + m(h4−h3) + m(h6−h5)

60
m (h1−hf7)
COP =
m (h2−h1) + m(h4−h3) + m(h6−h5)

223
h1 = hg1
h3 = hg3
h5 = hg5
h7 = hf7
h8 = h7 = hf7
224
6. Three stage compression with flash

chambers

225

226

227
 Superheated refrigerant vapour from LP compressor, IP compressor and HP
compressor is fed to the condenser
 Saturated refrigerant vapour from flash chambers is fed to IP and HP

compressors
 Saturated refrigerant vapour from evaporator is fed to LP compressor

228
m = mass of refrigerant leaving the condenser at point 7 ( m = m7 = m8)
Expansion valve, E3 & Flash chamber, F2
 Refrigerant leaving the E3 is a mixture of vapour and liquid (point 8)

 Liquid and vapour is separated in the flash chamber F2
 Saturated vapour of mass, m5 from flash chamber F2 is supplied to HP
compressor (point 5)
 Saturated liquid of mass, m9 is supplied to expansion valve E2 (point 9)

229 x8 is the dryness fraction at point 8
m5 = mx8
m10 = m9 = (m- m5) = m(1- x8)
 m5 = Mass of the saturated vapour refrigerant leaving from the

flash chamber F2
 m9 = m10 = Mass of the saturated liquid refrigerant leaving from the
flash chamber F2

230 Expansion valve, E2 & Flash chamber, F1
 The saturated liquid from point 9 is now passed through the expansion
valve E2
 Refrigerant leaving the E2 is a mixture of vapour and liquid (point 10)
 Liquid and vapour is separated in the flash chamber F1
 Saturated vapour of mass, m3 from flash chamber F1 is supplied to IP
compressor (point 3)
 Saturated liquid of mass, m11 is supplied to expansion valve E1 (point 11)

x10 is the dryness fraction at point 10
231
m3 = m9x10 = m(1- x8)x10
m11 = (m9- m3) = m(1- x8) (1- x10)
 m3 = Mass of the saturated vapour refrigerant leaving from the

flash chamber F1
 m11 = Mass of the saturated liquid refrigerant leaving from the
flash chamber F1
232
 The refrigerant leaving the expansion valve, E1 at point 12 is passed through

the evaporator and then to low pressure compressor at point 1
m1 = m11 = m(1- x8) (1- x10)
 m1 = Mass of the refrigerant passing through the evaporator or LP

compressor

233 Equations Used
WLP = m(1- x8) (1- x10)(h2 –h1)
WIP = mx10 (1- x8) (h4 –h3)
WHP = mx8(h6 –h5)

234 Total work done,
W = WLP + WIP + WHP

= [m(1- x8) (1- x10)(h2 –h1)] + [mx10 (1- x8) (h4 –h3)] + [mx8(h6 –h5)]
Heat Absorbed or Refrigerating Effect = m1(h1 –h12)

= m1(h1 –hf11)

235
WLP + WIP + WHP

60
m1(h1 –hf11)
COP =
WLP + WIP + WHP

236
h1 = hg1 h9 = hf9
h3 = hg3 h10 = h9 = hf9
h5 = hg5 h11 = hf11
h7 = hf7 h12 = h11 =hf11
h8 = h7 = hf7
237
7. Three stage compression with flash

intercoolers

238

239

240  Due to non-availability of cooling water at low temperature for intercooling,
the superheated vapour at the end of each stage cannot be completely
desuperheated
 This difficulty can be overcome by adopting the flash intercoolers (F1 & F2)
between the stages
 Here the liquid refrigerant in the intercoolers are completely evaporated

for desuperheating or intercooling process ( ideal case)

Process 1-2
241
 Point 2 – Superheated vapour (LP compressor outlet)
 m1 = mass of refrigerant passing through the evaporator or LP compressor

242
Process 2-3
 Superheated vapour from LP compressor is cooled or desuperheated at

constant pressure in a flash intercooler F1 by the liquid refrigerant from
expansion valve E2
 The refrigerant leaving the intercooler is in saturated vapour state at point 3

243  Liquid refrigerant from the expansion valve E2 absorbs the superheat from
the refrigerant vapour from the LP compressor
 In the flash intercooler F1, liquid refrigerant from the expansion valve E2
completely evaporates for the desuperheating purpose
 m2 = mass of the liquid refrigerant evaporated in the flash intercooler F1

during cooling or desuperheating + vapour refrigerant (flash) formed in
the expansion valve E2

244
 m3 = mass of the refrigerant passing through the intermediate pressure
compressor
m3 = m1 + m2
 Point 3 – vapour refrigerant from the LP compressor(m1) + mass of the

liquid refrigerant evaporated in the flash intercooler F1 during cooling or
desuperheating + vapour refrigerant (flash) formed in the expansion valve
E2 (m2), is supplied to the IP compressor

245 Process 3-4
 Isentropic compression process in the IP compressor
 Point 3- saturated vapour refrigerant from the intercooler F1 (HP

compressor inlet)
 Point 4- superheated vapour refrigerant from the IP compressor (IP

compressor outlet)

246
Process 4-5
 Superheated vapour from IP compressor is cooled or desuperheated at

constant pressure in a flash intercooler F2 by the liquid refrigerant from
expansion valve E3
 The refrigerant leaving the intercooler is in saturated vapour state at point 5

247  Liquid refrigerant from the expansion valve E3 absorbs the superheat from
the refrigerant vapour from the IP compressor
 In the flash intercooler F2, liquid refrigerant from the expansion valve E3
completely evaporates for the desuperheating purpose
 m4 = mass of the liquid refrigerant evaporated in the flash intercooler F2

during cooling or desuperheating + vapour refrigerant (flash) formed in
the expansion valve E3

248
 m5 = mass of the refrigerant passing through the high pressure
compressor
m5 = m3 + m4
 Point 5 – vapour refrigerant from the IP compressor(m3) + mass of the

liquid refrigerant evaporated in the flash intercooler F2 during cooling or
desuperheating + vapour refrigerant (flash) formed in the expansion valve
E3(m4), is supplied to the HP compressor

249 Process 5-6
 Isentropic compression process in the HP compressor
 Point 5- saturated vapour refrigerant from the flash intercooler F2 (HP

compressor inlet)
 Point 6- superheated vapour refrigerant from the HP compressor (HP


250 Process 6-7


251
 Liquid refrigerant from the condenser is passed to the flash intercooler F2
using an expansion valve(E3)
 Liquid refrigerant from the condenser is passed to the flash intercooler F1

using an expansion valve(E2)
 Liquid refrigerant from the condenser is expanded in the expander(E1) and

then evaporated in the evaporator to dry saturated vapour condition

252
 Point 6- superheated vapour refrigerant from the HP compressor (HP

 Point 7- Saturated liquid refrigerant (condenser outlet or expansion

valve inlet)

253 Process 10-1: evaporation
 Point 10 – wet vapour (expansion valve E1 outlet or evaporator inlet)

compressor

254 Equations Used
m3 = m1 + m2
m5 = m3 + m4

255
Considering the thermal equilibrium for the flash intercooler F1
m1h2 + m2h9 = m3h3 ; m3 = m1 + m2
m1(h2−h3)
m2 =
(h3−hf7)

256 Considering the thermal equilibrium for the flash intercooler F2
m3h4 + m4h8 = m5h5 ; m5 = m3 + m4
m3(h4−h5)
m4 =
(h5−hf7)

257
WLP = m1(h2 − h1)
WIP = m3(h4 − h3)
WHP = m5(h6 − h5)

258 Total work done,
W = WLP + WIP + WHP
= m1(h2 − h1) + m3(h4 − h3) + m5(h6 − h5)
Heat Absorbed or Refrigerating Effect = m1(h1 − h10)
= m1(h1 − hf7)
259
m1(h2−h1) + m3(h4−h3) + m5(h6−h5)

Power Required, P = 60
kw
m1(h1−hf7)
COP =
m1(h2−h1) + m3(h4−h3) + m5(h6−h5)

260
h1 = hg1
h3 = hg3
h9 = h7 = hf7
h5 = hg5
h10 = h7 = hf7
h7 = hf7
h8 = h7 = hf7
261
Multiple Evaporator
&
Compressor System

262 Types
1. Multiple evaporators at the same temperature with single compressor
& expansion valve
2. Multiple evaporators at different temperatures with single compressor,

individual expansion valves & back pressure valves
3. Multiple evaporators at different temperatures with single compressor ,

multiple expansion valves & back pressure valves

263
4. Multiple evaporators at different temperatures with individual compressors
and individual expansion valves
5. Multiple evaporators at different temperatures with individual compressors

and multiple expansion valves
6. Multiple evaporators at different temperatures with compound compression


264
7. Multiple evaporators at different temperatures with compound

compression, individual expansion valves and flash intercoolers
8. Multiple evaporators at different temperatures with compound

compression, multiple expansion valves and flash intercoolers

265
Multiple evaporators at the same

temperature with single compressor &
expansion valve

266

267

268
 This system is generally used when the number of loads such as the food
products or other materials kept in different compartments are to be
maintained at the same temperature
 All evaporators are in same temperature

269
 m1 = Mass of refrigerant required to be circulated through the evaporator, EP1
 Q1 = load on the evaporator EP1
210Q1
m1 =
(h1−h4)

270
210Q2
m2 =
(h1−h4)

271
210Q3
m3 =
(h1−h4)

272
m = m 1 + m2 + m3
 Work done in the compressor,
W = (m1 + m2 + m3)(h2 − h1)
 Power required to drive the compressor,
(m1 + m2 + m3)(h2−h1)
P= kW
𝟔𝟎
273
Total Refrigerating effect, RE = (m1 + m2 + m3)(h1 − h4)
Refrigerating Effect (m1 + m2 + m3)(h1−h4) (h1−h4)

COP = = =
Work done (m1 + m2 + m3)(h2−h1) (h2−h1)

274
Multiple evaporators at different temperatures

with single compressor , individual expansion
valves & back pressure valves

275

276

277
Here the evaporators are operating at

different temperatures

278
 m1 = Mass of refrigerant required to be circulated through the evaporator,
EP1
210Q1
m1 =
(h11−h10)

279
 m2 = Mass of refrigerant required to be circulated through the

evaporator, EP2
210Q2
m2 =
(h8−h7)

280
 m3 = Mass of refrigerant required to be circulated through the
evaporator, EP3
210Q3
m3 =
(h5−h4)

 Refrigerant from the second (EP2) and third (EP3) evaporators is expanded
in the back pressure valves, to a pressure of the first evaporator
 Refrigerant from the second (EP2) and third (EP3) evaporators is mixed
together with the refrigerant leaving the first evaporator
282
m1h11+m2h8+m3h5
Enthalpy at point 1, h1 =
m1 + m2 + m3
m = m1 + m 2 + m 3

283
Work done in the compressor,
W = (m1 + m2 + m3)(h2 − h1)
Power required to drive the compressor,
(m1 + m2 + m3)(h2−h1)
P= kW
𝟔𝟎

Refrigerating effect,
284
RE = m1(h11 − h10) + m2(h8 − h7) + m3(h5 − h4)
= 210Q1 + 210Q2 + 210Q3
Refrigerating Effect 210Q1 + 210Q2 + 210Q3

COP = =
Work done (m1 + m2 + m3)(h2−h1)

285
Multiple evaporators at different

temperatures with individual compressors

286

287

288
EP1
210Q1
m1 =
(h1−h10)

289

EP2
210Q2
m2=
(h3−h9)

290
EP3
210Q3
m3 =
(h5−h8)

291
Total Work done in the three compressors,
W = m1(h2 − h1) + m2(h4 − h3) + m3(h6 − h5)
Total Power required to drive the three compressors,
m1(h2−h1) + m2(h4−h3) + m3(h6−h5)

P= kW
𝟔𝟎

Total Refrigerating effect,
292
RE = m1(h1 − h10) + m2(h3 − h9) + m3(h5 − h8)
= 210Q1 + 210Q2 + 210Q3
Refrigerating Effect 210Q1 + 210Q2 + 210Q3

COP = =
Work done m1(h2−h1) + m2(h4−h3) + m3(h6−h5)

293

with compound compression and individual
expansion valves

294

295

296

EP1
210Q1
m1 =
(h1−h12)

297

EP2
210Q2
m2 =
(h3−h11)

298

EP3
210Q3
m3 =
(h6−h10)

299
m1h2 + m2h3
m1 + m2
(m1+m2)h5 + m3h6
m1 + m2 + m3

300
W = m1(h2 − h1) + (m1+m2)(h5 − h4) + (m1+m2 +m3)(h8 − h7)
m1(h2−h1) + (m1+m2)(h5−h4) + (m1+m2 +m3)(h8−h7)

P= kW
𝟔𝟎

301
RE = m1(h1 − h12) + m2(h3 − h11) + m3(h6 − h10)
= 210Q1 + 210Q2 + 210Q3
Refrigerating Effect
COP = Work done
210Q1 + 210Q2 + 210Q3

=
m1(h2−h1) + (m1+m2)(h5−h4) + (m1+m2 +m3)(h8−h7)
302

with compound compression, individual
expansion valves and flash intercoolers

305

EP1
210Q1
m1 = mc1 =
(h1−h10)

306

EP2
210Q2
m2 =
(h3−h9)

307 Mass of refrigerant required to be by-passed (at point 9) to the flash intercooler
F1 for desuperheating the superheated vapour refrigerant (m1) coming from first
compressor C1 to the dry saturated condition as at point 3 is given by
/ mC1(h2−h3)
m2 =
(h3−h9)
Total mass of refrigerant passing through the second compressor C2,
mC2 = mc1 + m2 + m2/

308

EP3
210Q3
m3 =
(h5−h8)

309 Mass of refrigerant required to be by-passed (at point 8) to the flash intercooler
F2 for desuperheating the superheated vapour refrigerant (mC2) coming from
first compressor C2 to the dry saturated condition as at point 5 is given by
/ mC2(h4−h5)
m3 =
(h5−h8)
Total mass of refrigerant passing through the third compressor C3,
mC3 = mc2 + m3 + m3/

310
W = mC1(h2 − h1) + mC2(h4 − h3) + mC3(h6 − h5)
mC1(h2−h1) + mC2(h4−h3) + mC3(h6−h5)

P= kW
𝟔𝟎

311
RE = m1(h1 − h10) + m2(h3 − h9) + m3(h5 − h8)
= 210Q1 + 210Q2 + 210Q3
Refrigerating Effect
COP = Work done
210Q1 + 210Q2 + 210Q3

=
mC1(h2−h1) + mC2(h4−h3) + mC3(h6−h5)
312

with single compressor , multiple expansion
valves & back pressure valves

313

314

315
 All the vapour formed after leaving the expansion valve E3 plus enough
liquid to take care of the load of the evaporator EP3 passes through the
evaporator EP3
 The remaining liquid refrigerant then flows through the expansion valve
E2

316
evaporator EP2
 The remaining liquid refrigerant flows through the E1 and supplies it to first
evaporator EP1

317

with individual compressors and multiple
expansion valves

320
evaporator EP3
 The remaining liquid refrigerant then flows through the expansion valve
E2

321
evaporator EP2
 Aa = me1
 The remaining liquid refrigerant flows through the E1 and supplies it to first
evaporator EP1

322

with compound compression, multiple
expansion valves and flash intercoolers

325
Cascade Refrigeration System

326
 Vapour compression system which is used with modification for production
of low temperature is cascade system
 Cascade system consists of two or more vapour compression systems in

series which use refrigerants with progressively lower boiling temperatures
 Primary advantage of using cascade system is that it allows usage of different

refrigerants

327  In a cascade system a series of refrigerants with progressively lower boiling
points are used in a series of single stage units.
 The condenser of lower stage system is coupled to the evaporator of the next
higher stage system and so on.
 The component where heat of condensation of lower stage refrigerant is

supplied for vaporization of next level refrigerant is called as cascade
condenser.

328 Two Stage Cascade System
 System employs two different refrigerants operating in two

individual cycles.
 They are thermally coupled in the cascade condenser.
 The refrigerants selected should have suitable pressure-temperature

characteristics
329

330

331

332
 A cascade condenser serves as an evaporator for the high temperature

cascade system and a condense for the low temperature cascade system
 The only useful refrigerating effect produced in the evaporator of the low
temperature cascade system

333
 The high temperature cascade system uses a refrigerant with high

boiling temperature
 The low temperature cascade system uses a refrigerant with low

boiling temperature

334 Three Stage Cascade System
 System employs three different refrigerants operating in three

individual cycles.
 They are thermally coupled in the cascade condenser.
 The refrigerants selected should have suitable pressure-temperature

characteristics

335

336

337
Applications of cascade systems
 Liquefaction of petroleum vapours

 Liquefaction of industrial gases
 Manufacturing of dry ice
 Deep freezing etc

338 Advantages of cascade systems
 Since each cascade uses a different refrigerant, it is possible to select a

refrigerant that is best suited for that particular temperature range.
 Migration of lubricating oil from one compressor to the other is

prevented

339
Prepared by
Arun Jose Tom
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Carmel College of Engineering & Technology
ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,MODULE 1, CCET 12-10-2020

340

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1

 Multi pressure systems - multi compression and multi evaporator,

ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,CCET

 Vapour absorption systems - Ammonia – water system - simple system-

ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,CCET

ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,CCET

The vapour absorption system uses heat energy, instead of

ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,CCET

 In the vapour absorption system, the compressor is replaced by an

 These components in vapour absorption system perform the same

ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,CCET

 The most widely used absorption refrigeration system is the ammonia–

 Other absorption refrigeration systems include water–lithium bromide

ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,CCET

Simple Vapour Absorption System

 Compressor is replaced by an absorber, a pump, a generator and a

 Ammonia is used as the refrigerant

ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,CCET

ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,CCET

ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,CCET

 This is an exothermic reaction; thus heat is released during this

ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,CCET

 Therefore, it is necessary to cool the absorber to maintain its temperature

 The liquid NH3 + H2O solution, which is rich in NH3(called strong

ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,CCET

 The pump increase the pressure of the solution

 Note: A strong ammonia solution contains as much ammonia as possible

ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,CCET

 The strong solution of ammonia in the generator is heated by some

ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,CCET

 This weak ammonia solution flows back to the absorber at low

ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,CCET

 This liquid ammonia is expanded in the expansion valve to a low pressure

 Low pressure liquid ammonia is evaporated in the evaporator and

ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,CCET

 The vapor, which is rich in NH3, passes through a rectifier, which

ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,CCET

 The operation of these systems is based on heat transfer from an external

 Absorption refrigeration systems are primarily used in large commercial and

Heat absorbed in the evaporator

Domestic Electrolux (Ammonia Hydrogen)

 Ammonia is used as the refrigerant

ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,CCET

ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,CCET

 Hydrogen is used to increase the rate of evaporation of the liquid

 Hydrogen is also non-corrosive and insoluble in water

 Water is used as the solvent for absorbing the ammonia vapour

ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,CCET

 The strong ammonia solution from the absorber through heat

ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,CCET

ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,CCET

 The heat removed by the weak solution is utilized in raising the

 The ammonia vapours in the condenser are condensed by using

ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,CCET

ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,CCET

ARUN JOSE TOM, RAC,CCET

Lithium Bromide Absorption Refrigeration System