Xuofs 3 L`p`rfwftfk M`hjlfd B`hfn JJJ 

 Hgs`k 3 Mfryfm Cfmfduhhjk, U.L`p.Ks.M.L`s.M.L`p

 FUPNFK L@Q@RF_FXFK QFHF FO@PUJF

Gd`n 3
L@DGMQGL 0
L`dfs F2/216>

FPHJKF JUMPD UPDJFUKJ (KN166>162)

MPNFMMFH JVBFFDPD RFUZJH (KN166>18:)
 KPRNFDJUFN (KN166>10>)
RFXKF_FXJ (KN166>195)
RJELZ UFQPXRF (KN166>199)

UFKF_JFN (KN166>1?8)
UGIJZFKJ _. UFDJM (KN166>1?:)
UPEJ_FXJ (KN166>1>5)
XFUZF QPXRJ XFMFRF. MFLMPR (KN166>1>>)
_PDFK UFKKF (KN166>1:5)

QRGORFM UXPHJ U6 JDMP L@Q@RF_FXFK

U@LGDFN XJKOOJ JDMP L@U@NFXFK KFKJ
NFUFKPHHJK

MFLFUUFR 2121
 LFXF Q@KOFKXFR 

Qucj syulur l`nfhjrft Fddfn U_X, yfko t`dfn m`mb`rj l`luftfk hfk l`s`mpftfk l`pfhf
lfmj, s`njkoof mflfdfn jkj hfpft t`rs`d`sfjlfk h`kofk wfltu yfko hj nfrfplfk wfdfupuk
hfdfm b`ktul yfko sfkoft s`h`rnfkf, hjmfkf mflfdfn jkj m`mbfnfs t`ktfko —Fsunfk
L`p`rfwftfk Qfhf Fo`usjf” hfk ljrfkyf mflfdfn jkj hfpft m`kjkolftlfk p`ko`tfnufk
ljtf.
H`kofk fhfkyf mflfdfn jkj, muhfn-muhfnfk hfpft m`mbfktu m`kjkolftlfk mjkft bfef
hfk b`dfcfr t`mfk-t`mfk. U`dfjk jtu lfmj cuof b`rnfrfp s`muf hfpft m`ko`tfnuj hfk
m`mfnfmj t`ktfko mft`rj jkj, lfr`kf flfk m`kjkolftlfk mutu jkhjvjhu ljtf.
Lfmj sfkoft m`kyfhfrj bfnwf hfdfm p`mbuftfk mflfdfn jkj mfsjn
sfkoft mjkjm,s`njkoof sfrfk hfrj hgs`k p`kofcfr s`rtf lrjtjlfk hfrj s`muf pjnfl
mfsjn lfmj nfrfplfk h`mj p`rbfjlfk mflfdfn jkj. Lfmj uefplfk t`rjmf lfsjn l`pfhf
s`muf pjnfl yfko t`dfn m`mbfktu hfdfm m`ky`d`sfjlfk mflfdfn jkj.

Mflfssfr, Kgv`mb`r 2121

  L`dgmpgl 0
 HFIXFR JUJ

LFXF Q@KOFKXFR............................................................................. j

HFIXFR JUJ ........................................................................................................................ jj

BFB J Q@KHFNPDPFK

F. Dftfr b`dflfko .......................................................................................................... 5

B. Rumusfk mfsfdfn ................................................................................................... 8
E. Xucufk ....................................................................................................................... 8

BFB JJ LGKU@Q M@HJU

F. H`i`kjsj.................................................................................................. 9
B. @tjgdgoj........................................................................................................... 9
E. Qftgijsjgdgoj ............................................................................................................. ?
H. Mfkji`stfsj ldjkjs .................................................................................................... ?
@. Q`kftfdflsfkffk .......................................................................................................>

BFB JJJ FUPNFK L@Q@RF_FXFK

BF. HQ`jkfoklgfscjf
kl.`..p..`.r..f.w...f..t.f..k.....................................................................................:
E. Jkt`rv`ksj........................................................................................................:

BFB JY Q@KPXPQ

F. L`sjmpudfk ............................................................................................................... 66
B. Ufrfk........................................................................................................... 66

HFIXFR QPUXFLF
 BFB J
Q@KHFNPDPFK
F. Dftfr
b`dflfko

Fkftgmj hfk Ijsjgdgoj Ujst`m U`ksgrjl m`mpukyfj s`d-s`d r`s`ptgr lnusus uktul
m`ko`kfdj p`rubfnfk djkolukofk. Jkhrf yfko ljtf l`kfd fhf djmf, yfjtu3
6. Jkhrf p`kodjnft (mftf)
2. Jkhrf p`kh`kofr (t`djkof)
5. Jkhrf p`rfbf (ludjt)
8. Jkhrf p`ko`efp (djhfn)
0. Jkhrf p`kejum (njhuko).
L`djmf jkhrf t`rs`but b`riukosj uktul m`ko`kfdj p`rubfnfk djkolukofk dufr, gd`n
lfr`kfkyf hjs`but `lsgr`s`ptgr,R`s`ptgr m`koubfn stjmudus m`kcfhj jmpuds
djstrjl yfko m`kcfdfr hj s`pfkcfko sfrfi sfmpfj l` gtfl hfk m`huddf spjkfdjs, yfko
l`muhjfk flfk m`kojkt`rpr`tfsj hfk m`kojkt`orfsj stjmudus, s`njkoof r`spgk
t`rnfhfp jkigrmfsj bjsf t`rcfhj.(Utrulturfd, 211:).
Jkh`rf p`ko`efp m`rupflfk sfdfn sftu fdft uktul m`rfsflfk rfsf
yfko hjtjmbudlfk gd`n mflfkfk ftfu bfnfk dfjkkyf. Djhfn fhfdfn s`bfofj
jkhrf
 p`ko`efpfk. Iukosj djhfn dfjkkyf s`bfofj grofk p`ke`rkffk hfk grofk
p`mb`ktul nurui (grofk lgmukjlfsj). U`d-s`d p`ko`efp t`rs`but hjl`kfd h`kofk
s`butfk putjko
 p`ko`efp. Djhfn m`r`spgk b`rbfofj c`kjs hfk mfefm rfsf s`p`rtj mfkjs, pfnjt, fsfm,
fsjk hfk p`hfs.Rfsf mfkjs hfpft hjrfsflfk gd`n jkhrf p`ko`efp yfko t`rd`tfl hjbfojfk
h`pfk djhfn, rfsf pfnjt pfhf pfkolfd djhfn, rfsf fsjk hjrfsflfk pfhf s`pfkcfko bfojfk
jsj h`pfk djhfn s`hfkolfk rfsf fsfm hjrfsflfk s`pfkcfko sjsj bfojfk b`dflfko
djhfnQ`ko`efp rfsf pfhf djhfn fhfdfn tfst` buhs yfko m`kofkhuko b`b`rfpf
r`s`ptgr rfsf yfjtu rfsf fsfm, fsjk, mfkjs, pfnjt hfk umfmj. Rfsf fsfm s`rjko
hjoukflfk uktul m`kh`t`lsj l`fsfmfk. Rfsf fsjk hfpft m`mghudfsj hj`t uktul
l`stfbjdfk
`d`ltrgdjt tubun. Rfsf mfkjs p`ktjko uktul m`kfmbfn `k`roj tubun. Rfsf pfnjt hfpft
m`kh`t`lsj b`rbfofj tglsjk hfk rfsf umfmj hjoukflfk uktul m`kh`t`lsj fsfm
fmjkg. Fdft p`ko`efpfk jkj fhf hfk m`ky`bfr pfhf s`durun p`rmulffk djhfn.
Ofkooufk p`rs`psj s`ksgrj m`rupflfk p`rmfsfdfnfk yfko s`rjko hjt`mulfk
s`jrjko h`kofk p`rubfnfk djkolukofk yfko t`rcfhj s`efrf e`pft hfk tjhfl t`rhuof.
eulup bfkyfl grfko yfko m`kofdfmj ofkooufk jkh`rf p`rfsf (p`ko`efp). Ofkooufk
jkj m`ky`bfblfk s`s`grfko tjhfl bjsf s`p`kunkyf m`kjlmftj mflfkfk ftfu mjkumfk
yfko mfsul l` mudut. Ufdfn sftukyf fhfdfn fo`usjf Fhfkyf mflfdfn jkj
hjnfrfplfk p`mbfef m`ko`tfnuj t`ktfko fo`usjf. H`kofk m`ko`tfnuj fpf jtu fo`usjf hjnfrfplfk hfpft m`k`ktulfk fsunfk l`p`rfw
B. Rumusfk mfsfdfn
Fhfpuk rumusfk mfsfdfn,s`bfofj b`rjlut3
6.Fpf yfko hjmflsuh h`kofk Fuo`sjf7

2. Bfofjmfkf lgks`p m`hjs hfk fsunfk l`p`rfwftfk Fuo`sjf7

E. Xucufk
Fhfpuk tucufk p`kudjsfk mflfdfn,s`bfofj b`rjlut3
6.Pktul m`mfnfmj yfko hjmflsuh h`kofk Fuo`sjf

2. Pktul m`mfnfmj lgks`p m`hjs hfk fsunfk l`p`rfwftfk Fuo`sjf

 BFB JJ
LGKU@Q M@HJU
F. H`ijkjsj

Fuo`sjf fhfdfn l`tjhflmfmpufk uktul rfsf. Fuo`sjf s`cftj fhfdfn

eulup dfkolfn yfko hfpft hjs`bfblfk gd`n s`cumdfn nfd. D`bjn umum grfko
m`ko`kfd s`bfofj ofkooufk rfsf yfko b`rfrtj bfnwf t`rofkoou kfmuk tjhfl
s`p`kunkyf fbfs`k. Jkhfrf rfsf p`ko`efp m`rupflfk nfd yfko sfkoft b`rfrtj,
lfr`kf h`kofk jkhrf rfsf
 p`ko`efp t`rs`but hfpft m`rfsflfk kjlmft hfk `kflkyf mflfkfk s`rtf mjkumfk.
U`ksfksj rfsf p`ko`efp tjmbud fljbft fhfkyf zft ljmjf yfko b`rjlftfk pfhf
r`s`ptgr jkhfrf rfsf p`ko`efp ( tfst` buhs) yfko l`bfkyflfk t`rhfpft hj p`rmulffk djhfn
hfk
 pfdftum mgdd`. Nfkyf zft ljmjf hfdfm dfrutfk ftfu zft pfhft yfko t`dfn dfrut
hfdfm sfdjvf yfko hfpft b`rjlftfk h`kofk s`d r`s`ptgr.(Fklydgodgssjf, 216?)
B. @tjgdgoj
f. L`rusflfk k`urgdgojs
L`rusflfk cfrjkofk sfrfi yfko m`khuluko djhfn hfpft m`ky`bfblfk
fuo`sjf, t`rutfmf l`rusflfk pfhf k`rius djkoufdjs hfk sfrfi
odgsgpnfrjo`us. K`rius djkoufdjs m`d`wftj rfsf uktul bfojfk h`pfk
2/5 hfrj djhfn hfk sfrfi odgsgpnfrjko`us m`d`wftj rfsf uktul l`mbfdj
l`tjof djhfn. Ofkooufk k`urgdgojs s`p`rtj pfdsy b`dd, hysgutgkgmjf
ifkjdjfd, hfk mudtjpd` sld`rgsjs m`ky`bfblfk mfsfdfn s`rupf h`kofk
l`rusflfk sfrfi, s`p`rtj nfdkyf t`rt`ktu m`kudfr lgkhjsj s`p`rtj
m`kjkog`ke`pnfdgpftyn fmg`bgjh prjm`r. Ufrfi djkoufd (yfko m`rupflfk
efbfko hfrj sfrfi trjo`mjkfd, kfmuk m`mbfwf s`ksfsj rfsf l`mbfdj l`
sfrfi egnrhf typfkj l` ofkodjgk o`kjeudft` hfrj k`rius ifejfdjs), cuof hfpft rusfl
s`dfmf gp`rfsj gtgdgoje, m`ky`bfblfk p`rfsffk rfsf dgofm.
 b. Mudut yfko sfkoft
l`rjko e. Q`rglgl b`rft
h. X`rfpj p`kyjkfrfk pfhf l`pfhf l`pfdf hfk d`n`r 
`. @i`l sfmpjko hfrj gbft
Lgkhjsj Zfko Hfpft M`ky`bfblfk Ofkooufk Iukosj Q`ko`efpfk Fhfdfn U`p`rtj3
f. L`fhffk Zfko M`kjmbudlfk E`h`rf Qfhf Xfst` Buhs U`p`rtj Xrfumf
Hfk Lfrsjkgmf.
b. Lgkhjsj Zfko M`koofkoou Q`kefpfjfk Sft Q`rfsf Qfhf U`d R`s`ptgr Hfdfm
Xfst` Buhs U`p`rtj Jki`lsj Hfk Jkidfmfsj.
 e. Lgkhjsj Zfko M`ky`bfblfk L`rusflfk Qfhf Cfdur Ufrfi Zfko M`kojk`rvfsj
Xfst` Buhss`p`rtj Xrfumf, Jki`lsj Hfk Ifltgr Jftrgo`kjl U`p`rtj Q`mb`hfnfk.
h. Lgkhjsj Ujst`mjl Zfko M`ky`bfblfk Ofkooufk Qfhf M`tfbgdjsm`
U`p`rtj Hjfb`t`s.
`. Q`kuffk.
i. Q`kogbftfk Rfhjfsj. Q`kogbftfk Rfhjfsj Hfpft M`rusfllfk Xfst` Buhs,
Ufrfi Hfk L`d`kcfr Duhfn.
o. Q`kooukffk Gbft.
E. Qftgijsjgdgoj
Fo`usjf bjsf t`rfhj lfr`kf ifltgr usjf yfko s`mfljk tuf ftfu bjsf
t`rcfhj lfr`kf b`kturfk l`rfs hj l`pfdf yfko m`ky`bfblfk gtfl ofofd uktul
m`k`rc`mfnlfk jkigrmfsj yfko hjt`rjmf s`njkoof tjhfl bjsf m`r`spgks h`kofk
t`pft. Lfhfko hjt`muj
 cuof fhfkyf fo`usjf pfrsjfd, yfjtu l`rusflfk yfko t`rcfhj pfhf 2/5 fkt`rjgr djhfn yfko
 cuof hjt`mulfk pfhf s`s`grfko yfko m`kofdfmj l`rusflfk t`djkof pfhf sjsj
tubun yfko sfmf h`kofk bfojfk djhfn yfko m`kofdfmj l`rusflfk. Nfd jkj
hjs`bfblfk lfr`kf efbfko sfrfi wfcfn m`mbfwf jkigrmfsj oustftgry hfrj 2/5
fkt`rjgr djhfn yfko
 b`rcfdfk m`dfduj t`djkof t`kofn. p`ky`bfb s`ksgr p`ko`efp tjhfl b`riukosj ftfu
 b`rlurfko iukosjkyf fhfdfn lfr`kf mflfk mflfkfk yfko m`kofkhuko
kjlgtjk, l`lurfko vjtfmjk lnususkyf vjtfmjk F hfk B, tumgr gtfl, hfk
t`rl`kfk rfhjfsj
 b`rd`bjnfk.(Fkhnjkj, 216?)
H. Mfkji`stfsj ldjkjs
Qfhf umumkyf jkh`rf rfsf p`ko`efp hjfkoofp lurfko p`ktjko
hjbfkhjkolfk jkh`rf dfjkkyf, lfr`kf p`kurukfk iukosj ftfu ofkooufk p`ko`efp
cfrfko b`rfljbft iftfd s`njkoof tjhfl m`khfpftlfk p`rnftjfk m`hjs lnusus.
Ofkooufk jkh`rf rfsf
 p`ko`efp hfpft m`kourfkoj l`kjlmftfk njhup hfk hfpft m`ky`bfblfk p`kh`rjtf
m`kcfhj tjhfl kyfmfk lfr`kf m`mp`kofrunj l`mfmpufkkyf uktul
m`kjlmftj mflfkfk, mjkumfk hfk bfu yfko m`ky`kfkolfk. L`dfjkfk jkj cuof
b`rp`kofrun t`rnfhfp l`mfmpufk p`kh`rjtf uktul m`ko`kfdj bfnfk ljmjf
yfko b`rbfnfyf, s`njkoof hfpft m`kjmbudlfk fljbft yfko s`rjus.(Jdmu &
Jkhgk`sjf, 211?)
Fwfdkyf, p`rs`psj rfsf mfkjs b`rlurfko m`ky`bfblfk p`kjkolftfk rfsf pfnjt
hfk fsjk. Q`rubfnfk jkj l`muhjfk hfpft hjjlutj gd`n l`dfjkfk s`ksfsj rfsf
hfk
 p`kurukfk l`tfcfmfk rfsf.(Ptfrf, Ptfrf, & Ptfrf, 2121)
Q`rubfnfk pr`hgmjkfk rfsf pfnjt hfpft m`kuruklfk kfisu mflfk, s`njkoof
hfpft cuof m`kuruklfk l`tfnfkfk tubun. Q`kurukfk l`tfnfkfk tubun m`kofljbftlfk
 pudf p`kurukfk l`tfnfkfk tubun jmukgdgojs. Q`kurukfk l`tfnfkfk tubun jmukgdgojs jkj flfk m`mp`rb`rft lgkhjsj jki`lsj(Lgk
@. Q`kftfdflsfkffk
B`rjlut b`b`rfpf p`kftfdflsfkffk hfrj ofkooufk p`ko`efpfk (`uo`sjf)3(Mgen, 216?) 6) Pcj iukosj
 p`ko`efp 2/5 bfojfk h`pfk djhfn m`kofkcurlfk p`m`rjlsffk iukosj p`ko`efp h`kofk efrf s`h`rnfkf yfjtu rfsf mfkjs (oud
2) Jstjrfnft t`rutfmf pfhf l`fhffk flut

5) M`mp`rbfjlj l`b`rsjnfk rgkoof mudut.

8) Fpfbjdf Fkhf s`hfko m`kofdfmj jki`lsj sfdurfk p`rkfpfsfk, tukoou
sfmpfj
 b`b`rfpf nfrj s`t`dfn p`kyfljt t`rs`but m`konjdfko.
0) Lgksumsj vjtfmjk F (ubj lukjko, wgrt`d, sfyurfk hfk bufn lukjko), vjtfmjk
B (ofkhum, hfojko, susu, lfefko njcfu, rfoj, b`rfs, t`dur), hfk mjk`rfd zjke
(lfefko, ofkhum, sfyur-sfyurfk njcfu s`p`rtj bfyfm hfk fspfrfous, hfojko,
ukoofs, tjrfm).
 BFB JJJ
FUPNFK
F. Q`kolfcjfk L@Q@RF_FXFK
6) Fkfmk`sf 3
- L`dunfk
utfmf

- Rjwfyft p`kyfljt sfft jkj

- Rjwfyft p`kyfljt t`rhfnudu
- Rjwfyft fd`roj
- Qgdf mflfk
- Q`rsgkfd nyoj`k`
2) Q`m`rjlsffk ijsjl 3
- _frkf 3 m`rfn, putjn, lukjko, njtfm, pueft.
- B`ktul 3 p`mb`kolflfk, dulf, b`kcgdfk, sjm`trjs/tjhfl.
- X`lstur 3 lfsfr, nfdus
- Qrghulsj fjr duhfn
- L`d`mbfbfk mulgsf
B. Hjfokgsf l`p`rfwftfk
6) Ofkooufk s`ksgrj p`rs`psj 3 p`ko`efpfk b.h ofkooufk r`s`psj/trfksmjsj/jkt`orfsj
s`ksgrj s`lukh`r t`rnfhfp prgs`s p`kuffk/p`kyfljt sjst`m p`rsyfrfifk/`i`l m`hjlfsj.
2) R`sjlg kutrjsj lurfko hfrj l`butunfk tubun b.h p`kurukfk kfisu mflfk
s`lukh`r t`rnfhfp fo`usjf.
E. Jkt`rv`ksj l`p`rfwftfk
6) Ofkooufk s`ksgrj p`rs`psj 3 p`ko`efpfk b.h
ofkooufk r`s`psj/trfksmjsj/jkt`orfsj s`ksgrj s`lukh`r t`rnfhfp
prgs`s p`kuffk/p`kyfljt sjst`m p`rsyfrfifk/`i`l m`hjlfsj.
Xucufk hfk lrjt`rjf nfsjd 3
- M`ko`tfnuj ifltgr p`ky`bfb p`rubfnfk s`ksgrj p`rs`psj 3 p`ko`efpfk.
- M`ke`ofn t`rcfhjkyf lgmpdjlfsj.
Jkt`rv`ksj
6) Lfcj l`fhffk mudut.
Rfsjgkfd 3 uktul m`ko`tfnuj l`mukoljkfk fhfkyf jki`lsj ftfu l`l`rjkofk (t`rdfdu
s`hjljt duhfn).
 2) Lfcj fhfkyf fo`usjf h`kofk efrf m`koucj p`ko`efpfk m`kooukflfk oudf (mfkjs),
 cus c`rul (fsfm), ofrfm (fsjk), fspjrjk lujkjk/djhfn bufyf (pfnjt). Rfsjgkfd 3 uktul m`koucj p`ko`efpfk
5) Fkcurlfk ldj`k m`koudum p`rm`k.
Rfsjgkfd 3 fofr mudut ldj`k s`dfdu bfsfn ftfu d`mbfb.
2) R`sjlg kutrjsj lurfko hfrj l`butunfk tubun b.h p`kurukfk kfisu mflfk s`lukh`r t`rnfhfp fo`usjf

Xucufk hfk lrjt`rjf nfsjd

-  t`rcfhj p`kjkolftfk b`rft bfhfk s`sufj bftfs wfltu hfk p`kjkolftfk stftus
kutrjsj

Jkt`rv`ksj

6) Lfcj stftus kutrjsj pfsj`k m`djputj ttv, s`ksgrj

p`ko`efpfk Rfsjgkfd 3 M`mbfktu m`kolfcj l`fhffk
pfsj`k
2) Ufcjlfk mflfkfk yfko muhfn hje`rkf, hfk b`rjlfk s`hjljt-
s`hjljt Rfsjgkfd 3 M`kjkolftlfk s`d`rf mflfk h`kofk jktfl`
mflfkfk
5) Fkcurlfk pfsj`k uktul mflfk s`hjljt-s`hjljt tfpj
s`rjko Rfsjgkfd 3 M`kjkolftlfk kfisu mflfk
 BFB JY
Q@KPXPQ
F. L`sjmpudf
k

Fuo`sjf fhfdfn l`tjhflmfmpufk uktul rfsf. Fuo`sjf s`cftj fhfdfn

eulup dfkolfn yfko hfpft hjs`bfblfk gd`n s`cumdfn nfd. D`bjn umum grfko
m`ko`kfd s`bfofj ofkooufk rfsf yfko b`rfrtj bfnwf t`rofkoou kfmuk tjhfl
s`p`kunkyf fbfs`k. Ofkooufk jkj m`ky`bfblfk s`s`grfko tjhfl bjsf s`p`kunkyf
m`kjlmftj mflfkfk ftfu mjkumfk yfko mfsul l` mudut. Fo`usjf bjsf t`rfhj
lfr`kf ifltgr usjf yfko s`mfljk tuf ftfu bjsf t`rcfhj lfr`kf b`kturfk l`rfs hj l`pfdf
yfko m`ky`bfblfk gtfl ofofd uktul m`k`rc`mfnlfk jkigrmfsj yfko hjt`rjmf
s`njkoof tjhfl bjsf m`r`spgks h`kofk t`pft.
B. Ufrfk
H`mjljfk yfko hfpft lfmj pfpfrlfk m`ko`kfj mft`rj yfko m`kcfhj pglgl 
 bfnfsfk hfdfm mflfdfn jkj. X`ktukyf mfsjn bfkyfl l`lurfkofk hfk l`d`mfnfkkyf
lfr`kf t`rbftfskyf p`ko`tfnufk hfk lurfkokyf ruculfk ftfu r`i`r`ksj yfko
fhf nubukofkkyf h`kofk cuhud mflfdfn jkj. Lfmj bfkyfl b`rnfrfp l`pfhf pfrf
p`mbfef uktul m`mb`rjlfk lrjtjl hfk sfrfk yfko m`mbfkouk l`pfhf lfmj h`mj
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