Cultural and Creative Art Jss 3 First Term

SILICON HEIGHT INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE
(DEVELOPING FUNCTIONAL DIGITAL SKILLS)

NO 1 Turaki Sani Stores Road, Commercial Layout, Gidan Dawa, Katsina
KATSINA STATE
FIRST TERM E-LEARNING NOTES

SUBJECT: CULTURAL AND CREATIVE ARTS
CLASS: J.S.S 3
SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK TOPIC THEMES
1 Type And Features Nigerian 1. Nok art culture.
Traditional Arts 2. Ife art culture.
3. Benin art.
4. Esie art.
5. Igbo ukwu art.
6. Tsoede Bronze/Nupe art.
2 Contemporary Nigerian Art 1. Date and place of birth.

And Artist 2. Schools attended.
3. Area of specialization.
4. Location of art works in public
places.
5. Contributions of first
generation Nigerian artists.
6. Ways of generating income
through art
3 Motif 1. Meaning Of Motif.
2. Types of Motif.
3. Uses of Motif.
4. Types of Repeat Motif.
4 Introduction Embroidery 1. Definition of Embroidery.
2. Embroidery facilities.
3. Types of Embroidery.
4. Methods of transferring
designs.
5. Embroidery Stitches.
5 Element of Art I. Meaning of Element of Art
II. The Elements of Art
 Line
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 Colour
 Shape/form
 Value
 Space
6 Principle Of Art I. Meaning/Definition of
Principles of Art.
II. Meaning, Uses and
Application of The Art
Principles.
7 The Study Of Colour I. Definition of colour.
II. Classification of colours.
III. Sources of local colours
IV. The uses of colour.
V. The colour wheel
VI. Colour Mixture.
VII. Application of different colour
on artwork
8 Painting I. Definition of painting.
II. Types of painting.
9 Exhibition and Display I. Definition of Exhibition
Techniques II. Way Of Preparing Works Of
Art For Display.
III. Display Techniques.
10 Lettering 1. Meaning of lettering.
2. Types of lettering.
3. Types of letter.
4. Stages in the Construction of
lettering.
5. Qualities of Good Lettering.
10 Revision
11 Examination
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WEEK ONE
TOPIC: TYPE AND FEATURES NIGERIAN TRADITIONAL ARTS
SUB-TOPICS
1. Nok art culture.

2. Ife art culture.
3. Benin art.
4. Esie art.
5. Igbo ukwu art.
6. Tsoede Bronze/Nupe art.
INTRODUCTION: Traditional art emerged after the period of prehistoric arts.

Traditional artists in Nigeria engaged in creation of traditional artworks using
various materials or media. Various traditional arts in Nigeria are discussed under
the following headings;
 Period
 Location/Site
 Media used
 Characteristics or features style and functions.
NOK ART CULTURE
Nok art culture is the oldest of all the art cultures in Nigeria. It has a rich historical
and cultural background which makes it still relevant till today.
PERIOD: Nok art culture dated conservatively to between 500BC and 200 AD.
LOCATION: Nok art got its name from a small village 'Nok' near Jemma in
Kaduna state which is equally close to Jos in plateau state.
MEDIA USED: Nok art works were executed from clay.
CHARACTERISTICS OF NOK ART
1. Nok sculptural figures are in terracotta (baked clay).

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2. Animal figures are more represented (detailed) than the human figures.
3. The terracotta animal figures are more naturalistic while the terracotta
human figures are represented in stylish manner.
 Terracotta human figures possess perforated eye pupils, nostrils and lips,
triangular eyes and eyes equally in segment of a sphere.
 Terracotta human figures possess oval, cylindrical and spherical shaped
heads.
 Terracotta animal and human figures are free standing (three
dimensional).
 Terracotta human heads possess varying head dress well formed.
IFE ART CULTURE:
IFE is believed to be the ancestral home of the Yorubas, with the Ooni of Ife being
a traditional ruler.
PERIOD: Ife traditional arts dated back to the 9th century A.D or 900 AD.
LOCATION: Ife art culture dominated the Western part of Nigeria, precisely
Osun state.
MEDIA USED: Ife artworks were made from clay and metal.
CHARACTERISTICS OF IFE ART
1. Sculptural works in animal forms are only in terracotta (burnt clay).

2. Ife figures possess scarifications and are heavily beaded.
3. Ife figures are symbolic as many of them represent human beings in nearly
life size, although the head is in life size.
4. Ife works are mainly in three dimensional appearances.
5. Ife art is a court art like the art of Benin.
6. The Ooni of Ife controlled the arts and artists.
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7. The hair and beard are not added in the modeled figure but rather are shown
with serial holes which probably act as channel for weaving hairs to make it
look real.
8. Ife works are naturalistic in appearance.
BENIN ART
The people of Benin in ancient times suffered in the hands of the British during an
invasion in 1897, in which most of their relief plaques and figurines were taken
away by the British, including the Benin Ivory Mask, which is used as a symbol of
FESTAC 77.Benin art comprises of folk art and court art.
PERIOD: Benin art dated back to the14th and 18th century AD. This is between
1440 and 1897.
LOCATION: Benin is located in the capital of Edo state known as Benin.
MEDIA USED: Traditional artists of Benin used wood, bronze, ivory, clay and
stone in creating artworks.
CHARACTERISTICS OF BENIN ART
1. Works of Benin are in wood, bronze, ivory, clay and stone.

2. Bronze head of the Oba of Benin is heavily beaded around the neck. It
equally possesses thick vertical marks on the forehead, bogus cheek, beaded
crown and three dimensional forms.
3. The bronze head of Queen Mother lyeobu equally possesses similar features
with the bronze head of the Oba of Benin.
4. Bronze plaque is a relief or two dimensional work characterized with three
traditional chiefs of Benin possessing the Benin traditional costume,
accessories and a staff in their hands.
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ESIE ART
Esie is an archaeological site in which over 1,000 soapstone figures of men,

women, children and animals are located and originally found in grove surrounded
by peregun trees. These soapstone figures are one of the largest collections of stone
carvings in Africa. The origin of these stones is mysterious
PERIOD: The art tradition dated back to about 1100 AD.
LOCATION: Esie is located in an lgbomina Yoruba town, South East of llorin

and near Offa in Kwara state.
MEDIUM USED: The Esie figures were carved from soapstone.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ESIE ART
1. Esie men and women statues have beads, bracelets and anklets.
2. Esie men and women figures are seated on a stool.
3. All Esie figures have three horizontal straight lines between the eyes and ear
some figures have vertical lines on the chin and a host of scarification or
striated lines on the face.
4. Esie men and women statues are semi naturalistic.
IGBO UKWU ART
The ancient site of igbo ukwu is situated in the modern day homelands of igbo
peoples of southern Nigeria
PERIOD: lgbo Ukwu art dates back to the 9th to 13th century A.D.
LOCATION: Igbo Ukwu is located in Anambra state.
MEDIUM USED: Bronze
CHARACTERISTICS OF IGBO UKWU ART
1. Works of lgbo Ukwu were made from clay and metal, precisely bronze.
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2. Igbo Ukwu bronze works are naturalistic and symbolic.

3. Bronze pendant represents a ram's head.
4. Bronze snail shell is precisely 20.1cm in length which is the shape of a snail
shell, a decorated vessel surmounted by a leopard.
TSEODE BRONZES/ NUPE ART (Tada figures)
Tsoede art is basically all about monumental bronze figures. Tsoede is the son to
the Atta of ldah who was banished from Idah. He later boarded a bronze canoe and
took some bronze works along. He traveled along the river Nile in search of the
Nupe kingdom. He highlighted at three villages and kept bronze works there
namely Jebba and Tada in the lsland of Giragi. The villages are now occupied by
the Nupe people in Kogi state. Tsoede, the son to the Atta of ldah who traveled
along the River Niger to find the Nupe kingdom in the 14thcentury.He eventually
found the Nupe Kingdom and settled there. The Tsoede sculptural works in bronze
are seated human figures, bronze animal figures like ostriches and elephant and are
equally figures that are naturalistic .Most of the figures are meant for fertility.
PERIOD: Bronze works dated back to 13th and 14th century AD and flourished
around 1100 AD.
LOCATION: Nupe is located around the middle belt of Nigeria. Bronze works of
art were found in the Tada and Jebba village in the present Kogi State of Nigeria.
CHARACTERISTICS OF TSEODE ART
1. The seated Tada bronze figure possesses broken arms and leg.
2. The standing Tada bronze figure possesses a complex dress and a disc.
3. Animal and human figures of Tada are naturalistic and symbolic.
Assignment
1. List type of tradition Art you know and explain one (1) out it?
2. Why is ife art refers to as court art?
3. State two features of Nok Art Culture?
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WEEK TWO
TOPIC: COMTEMPORARY NIGERIAN ART AND ARTIST
SUB-TOPICS
1. Date and place of birth.

2. Schools attended.
3. Area of specialization.
4. Location of art works in public places.
5. Contributions of first generation Nigerian artists.
6. Ways of generating income through art.
CHIEF PA AINA ONABOLU
Aina Onabolu was born in Ijebu Ode in Ogun state. He was born in 1882 and died
February 1963 in Lagos state. He attended St. John Wood Art School London and
Julian Academy in Paris. He was a specialist as a painter and art educator.
SOME OF HIS WORKS AND LOCATION
 Portrait of Lady Spencer Savage in 1906.

 Portrait of Mr. Randle.
 Portrait of Rt. Rev. Oluwole.
 Portrait of Chief (Dr.) Sapara in water colour and several portraits
showcased at the National Gallery of Modern Art, Lagos.
CONTRIBUTION OF CHIEF PA AINA ONABOLU
1. He was the father of contemporary Nigerian art.

2. He introduced art into Nigeria school curriculum.
3. He was the first Nigeria Art educator.
4. He encouraged the employment of expatriate art teachers.
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LAMIDI FAKEYE
Lamidi Olonade Fakeye was born in Ila Orangun in Nigeria. He was born in
1928 and died 25th December 2009. In Ile-Ife, Osun state, Nigeria He was a
first generation Nigerian sculptor with reference to traditional Yoruba carving
and academician. He went to
 Relief sculptural works and wooden statues in the round are located
atGallery of Modern Art, Iganmu, Lagos.
CONTRIBUTION OF LAMIDI FAKEYE
1. He is a domestic and intentionally renowned sculptor with vast proficiency

in wood carving.
2. He gained prominence through dutiful hard-work and creative disposition in
Nigeria.
3. He is referred to as the contemporary master of wood carving.
4. He has held solo exhibitions both locally and abroad.
BEN ENWONWU
Ben Enwonwu was born in Onitsha, Anambra state. He was born on 14th July
1921 and died 5th February 1994. He attended Government Colleges in Ibadan and
Umuahia respectively, where he was taught by Kenneth Murray who encouraged
him in the subject between 1934 and 1937. He later attended Gold Smiths College,
New Cross Ashmolean in Oxford and Slades School of Art where he graduated in
1947.He had his post graduate studies in Anthropology and Ethnography at the
University of California, Los Angeles. He came to Nigeria in 1948.
 A sculptural work called ‘Sango’ is located outside Power Holding

Company of Nigeria Headquarters in Marina, Lagos.
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 Statue of Queen Elizabeth II sitting on the throne outside House of

Representative in Lagos.
 A statue called ‘Anyanwu’ (Awakening) outside the wall of National
Museum, Iganmu Lagos.
 A relief work called ‘Risen Christ’ on the door panel at the Chapel of
Resurrection, University of Ibadan.
CONTRIBUTION OF BEN ENWONWU
1. He was a painter and sculptor.

2. He was most Africa’s influential of the 20th century.
3. He was the first Nigerian artist to gain international recognition, being
admitted into August exhibition space in Europe and the United State.
4. He was the first African to be listed in international directories of
contemporary art.
AKINOLA LASEKAN
Akinola Lasekan was born in Owo, Ondo state. He was born in 1916 and died in
1972, precisely at the age of 56 years. He attended St. Patrick’s Central School,
Owo where he had his primary education in 1932.He further travelled to England
in 1945 and attended Hammer Smith School of Art. He was a painter and
cartoonist.
 Painting of a market scene located at Gallery of Modern Art, Iganmu ,

Lagos.
 Portrait of a Yoruba girl at Gallery of Modern Art, Iganmu , Lagos.
 Portrait of a Yoruba boy at Gallery of Modern Art, Iganmu , Lagos.
CONTRIBUTION OF AKINOLA LASEKAN
1. He was the first Nigerian news paper cartoonist.

2. He was a textile design.
3. He was a book illustrator.
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4. He tutored many comtemporary artists in Nigeria who became lecturers in

some higher institution.
MADAM LADI KWALI
She was born in 1924 in Niger state she was a ceramist. Her love for the art of
pottery coupled with her rare skill in the production process and her creative
energy earned her great reputation in the art space of Nigeria and beyond. Her total
commitment and creative consistency defined her priceless contribution to the
growth of art in Nigeria. These earned her an honorary doctorate from the Ahmadu
Bello University, Zaria. She died in 1984.
SOME OF HER WORKS AND LOCATION
 Her works are in prominent collections including that of the National

Museum, Lagos; the Barbier-Mueller Museum, Geneva, Switzerland;
National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington,
DC, and, Victoria and Albert Museum, London.
CONTRIBUTION OF MADAM LADI KWALI
1. She contributed to the growth of art and tourism in Nigeria.

2. She was the first and so far the only woman to appear in Nigeria currency,
her image is on the Nigeria twenty- naira currency.
3. She was also an officer of the order of the Niger (OON).
ASSIGNMENT
1. Define contemporary art.

2. Explain briefly one (1) contemporary artist you know.
3. State two outstanding works of Ben Enwonwu.
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WEEK THREE
TOPIC: MOTIF
SUB-TOPIC
1. Meaning Of Motif.
2. Types of Motif.
3. Uses of Motif.
4. Types of Repeat Motif.
Meaning Of Motif
Motif is a unit of design which is repeated severally to form a pattern.
Pattern is an arrangement of regular and repeated motifs so as to create rhythm in

lines, shapes, and colours. Pattern features in textile design, wall papers, wrappers,
carpets, boarder designs etc.
Formation/Types of Motif
1. Plant Motif
This is type of motif in which plant-like vines, leaves, fruit and trees are used in
design.
2. Floral Motif (flower)

This art of using flowers to create a pleasing and balanced composition. It is
the use of flower to make designs using element of art and principle of art.
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3. Geometrical Motifs
This is a type of motif that consists of lines and geometric figures that
arranged in a repeated fashion. It involve the use of dots and stripes both
horizontal and vertical with other geometrical figures to form patterns.
GEOMETRICAL MOTIFS
4. Animal Motif
This is a type of motif in which animal shapes and symbols or part of the
animals is used to form motif which is repeated several times to form a
pattern.
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5. Tradition Motif
This is a type of motif that is made by indigenous people or that is peculiar
to a specific nationality. It is usually evolves from folklores and influenced
by traditional customs.
Uses of Motif.
1. It is used to create textures in designing.

2. Motif is used to create rhythmic flow in pattern making.
3. It is used to enhance surface designing.
4. It is serve as a major theme in pattern making.
Repeat Motif (Patterns).
Repeat pattern is the arrangement of motifs in a repeated way so as to achieve

rhythm and balance.
Types of Repeat Patterns
1. Simple repeat pattern

It is a repeat method where motifs are arranged beside each other on each
row both vertically and horizontally.
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2. Mirror repeat pattern

It is a repeat method where motifs are arranged to reflect one another in a
design.
3. Brick repeat pattern

This is a repeat method where motifs are arranged in a brick-laying pattern.
4. Half drop repeat pattern

This is a repeat method that has the motifs arranged in a half drop way in a
design
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5. Diamond repeat pattern

This is a repeat method that takes after a diamond effect. The motif are
arranged in an angle that is not right angles.
6. Checkerboard repeat pattern

The Motifs are arranged to follow the pattern of a draught. It has equal
square spaces having the motifs placed and coloured alternately in
contrasted colours.
Assignment
1. Mention types of repeat pattern?
2. State uses of motif?
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WEEK FOUR
TOPIC: INTRODUCTION EMBROIDERY
SUB-TOPICS
1. Definition of Embroidery.
2. Embroidery facilities.
3. Types of Embroidery.
4. Methods of transferring designs.
5. Embroidery Stitches.
DEFINITION: Embroidery refers to decorative stitches made on fabric.

Embroidery is also a textile craft in which beautiful patterns are formed on fabric
using needle and thread or embroidery sewing machine.
EMBROIDERY FACILITIES
1. Needle
2. Embroidery threads in various colours
3. Automatic swing needle machine (embroidery machine)
4. Light weight tracing paper
5. Brown paper for initial practice
6. Tracing wheel
7. Embroidery hoops
TYPES OF EMBROIDERY
1. Machine made embroidery.

2. Handmade embroidery.
SOURCES OF EMBROIDERY DESIGNS: Embroidery design can be obtained

from these sources as follow;
1. Geometry
2. Abstract
3. Environment
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4. Flowers
5. Nature etc.
METHODS OF TRANSFERRING DESIGNS
1. Tailor’s Tacking: Tailor’s tack is a loose looped sewing stitch used to

transfer marking for darts etc., from a pattern to material. It entails
transferring markings from a pattern to a piece of fabric. A loose stitch is
formed through the fabric and the pattern piece then the stitches are cut,
leaving a line of loose threads as your marks.
2. Pricking: This is also called prick and pounce. It is a method of transferring
an embroidery design by using a pattern piece that is pricked with tiny holes,
placed on the fabric ,and then pounced all over with powder that filters
through the tiny holes leaving tiny dots on the fabric.
3. Tracing Method: Tracing paper transfer method of marking an embroidery
design on fabric (sometimes referred to as thread tracing) uses a light tissue
or tracing paper that you have marked with your pattern. It is a great way to
transfer a design to fabric without actually marking the fabric.
4. Direct Drawing of Design on Fabric: Direct drawing method involves
drawing free hand with the help of a pencil or water soluble pen on the
fabric directly.
EMBROIDERY STITCHES
1. Herring bone stitch.

2. Feather stitch.
3. Button hole stitch
4. Loop stitch.
Assignment
1. What is embroidery?
2. State two embroidery facilities?
3. Mention and explain two (2) methods of design?
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WEEK FIVE
TOPIC: ELEMENTS OF ART
SUB-TOPIC
1. Meaning of Elements of art

2. The element of art
a. Line.
b. Color.
c. Shape/form.
d. Texture.
e. Value.
f. Space
Meaning of Elements of art
Elements of art are the basic features that make a successful artwork. It is also
referred to as elements of design. Some art fundamentals referred to elements of art
as grammar of art. The elements of art are as follows:
1. Line.
2. Color.
3. Shape/form.
4. Texture.
5. Value.
6. Space.
LINE
It is a mark or impression made by the movement of any writing tool against a

surface. Line is one of the most important elements of art because without it
drawing cannot take place.
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Symbolic uses of Line
1. Straight lines signify different moods and affection;

2. Curve lines reflect greater dynamism, flexibility;
3. Horizontal lines give an expression of calm, tranquility, relaxation and space;
4. Vertical lines leave an impression of height and elegance, dignity, formality,
stability and strength.
5. Diagonal represents action, activity, excitement and movement.
Practical uses of line in our everyday life
1. Lines are used for writing.

2. It is used to create or define boundaries.
3. It forms the basic for drawing and painting.
4. It can be used as an imaginary check.
5. Lines are used in igniting moods and affection.
6. Lines are used in simplifying visual factors.
7. It is used for emphasis and expansion of gestures.
8. It is used to unite or divide other elements in the artwork.
9. It is used to create or interpret the shape and visual forms.
10.The direction in movements is interpreted with the use of lines
Types of line
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These are the basic types of lines;
1. Vertical line: A line that moves from up to down or down to up,

perpendicular to the earth, extending upwards towards the sky.
2. Horizontal line: This is a line that moves from right to left, or left to right,
parallel to the earth.
3. Diagonal line: this line is neither vertical nor horizontal. It is an angle
slanted in between the two.
4. Curved line: This is a line that is continuously bending without an angle.
5. Zig zag line: this is a line in sharp diagonal motion in alternating directions.
COLOUR
Colour is one of basic the element of art that is produced when light, striking an
object, is reflected back to the eyes. Colour can be used symbolically or to create a
pattern. It can be selected for contrast or to set a specific mood. A deep
understanding of colour theory helps any artist make better use of the colors they
have at their disposal.
TEXTURE
Texture is the surface quality of a material. Texture refers to the smoothness or

roughness of the surface of the object.
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SHAPE
Shape is the form or physical appearance of an object. There are two types of
shape namely; geometric and non geometric shapes.
1. Geometric shapes are triangle, circle, square, trapezium, pentagon etc.

2. Non geometric shapes are those that have no definite parts e.g. shell, cowries,
stone etc.
SQUARE
TRIANGLE RECTANGLE
STAR HEART OVAL
CIRCLE
RHOMBUS
FORM
A form is the dimensional form and looks of an object or description for any three-
dimensional objects. The form can also be interpreted by light and dark through
shading or painting.
CYLINDER
CUBIOD
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SPACE
Space is the free area between the solid objects or between shapes and other
elements in a work of art it is everywhere around us a platform for arranging
objects and elements either in the art of living, whether it is two dimensional like
drawing and painting or three dimensional like sculpture and architecture.
VALUE
Value is also referred to as tone, is the degree of lightness or darkness of colour

applied to a drawing or a painting. Artists use to create an illusion of depth, mass,
form and three dimensional on a flat surface in a work of art.
ASSIGNMENT
1. Mention five (5) element of art?

2. Explain any three (3) out of the element listed?
3. Define line? Draw any 4 types of line you know.
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WEEK SIX
TOPIC: PRINCIPLE OF ART
SUB-TOPIC:
1. Meaning/Definition of Principles of Art.

2. Meaning, Uses and Application of the Art Principles.
MEANING/DEFINITION OF PRINCIPLES OF ART
Principles of art are the rules guiding the use and arrangement of elements of
art to achieve order and unity in artwork. The combination of the principles of art
is essential in a work of art because it helps the artist to achieve harmony.
Examples of the principle are variety, proportion, balance, dominance, rhythm,

Harmony, graduation, overlapping and repetition.
MEANING, USES AND APPLICATION OF THE ART PRINCIPLES
1. VARIETY: Variety is achieved in a design when different materials are

interchanged. Variety is the use of different elements like line, colour and
shape and other components of design in varied and organized manner.
Different art elements should be interchanged in a work of art to make the
design more interesting and appealing.
2. PROPORTION: This is the proper relationship of one part of a figure to
another with reference to size, form, shape and number. In figure drawing,
the head being the unit of measurement should not be outstandingly bigger
than the other parts of the human body. Therefore, all the parts of the human
body should be evenly distributed. On the other hand, proportion is the
proper relationship and distribution of some elements in a design.
3. BALANCE: This is the equal distribution of the art elements in a design in
order to achieve equal status. The art elements should be given equal weight
to achieve balance. For instance, before making a sketch of composed still
life objects, bear in mind that the sketched still life objects should be
centralized on paper in order to achieve balance. Colour, tones and shape
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should be evenly or harmoniously distributed and every detail well

arranged.
4. DOMINANCE: it is the principle of art which refers to the use of an
element like colour or shapes more constantly in a design than the other. It is
the centre of interest or emphasis in a design.
5. RHYTHM: It is the flow achieved by arranging and depicting various
elements like colour, line and shape (motif) in a repeated manner. Rhythm
produces a continuous flow of movement of some elements in pattern design.
6. HARMONY/UNITY: Harmony is the unity of all the visual elements
(shape, space, tone, colour and line) in a compositional design. Harmony is
achieved by repetition of characteristics the same or related.
7. REPETITION: Repetition is the process of allowing some art elements to
feature several times on a surface. Rhythm and repetition are closely
related .Rhythm is simply the result of repetition.
8. GRADUATION: it is the art of producing tonal value in colour applied to a
design.
9. OVERLAPPING: This is the overlaying of one element on another in a
design.
ASSIGNMENT
1. Define principles of art and design.
2. Mention any two principles of art and design and explain.
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WEEK SEVEN
TOPIC: THE STUDY OF COLOUR
SUB-TOPIC
1. Definition of colour.
2. Classification of colours.
3. Sources of local colours
Definition of colour
Colour is a pigment substance used for creative artwork. It is also the sensation
produced in the eyes by the eyes by the rays decomposed light. It can also defined
as a property that makes object drawn to look more real as regard to absorption and
reflection of light rays.
Classification of colours
1. Primary Colours: These are basic or raw colours. They can never be
obtained from the mixture of any other colour. They are RED, YELLOW
and BLUE.
2. Secondary colours: These are colours obtained from the mixture of two
primary colours. These colours include:
i. Orange (red + yellow)
ii. Purple (blue + red)
iii. Green ( blue + yellow)
3. Tertiary colours: These are colours derived from the mixture of two
secondary colours e.g.
i. Green (Y + B) + Orange (Y + R) = Tertiary Yellow.
ii. Green (Y + B) + Purple (R + B) = Tertiary blue.
iii. Green (Y + B) + Orange (Y + R) = Tertiary red.
4. Intermediate Colours: Intermediate colours are derived from the mixture of
a primary and a neighbouring secondary colour. In such a mixture, the
primary colour normally appears dominantly because of its double
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appearance and this is why such primary colour is written first when writing
the intermediate line. There are Six Intermediate colours.
Primary + Secondary = Intermediate
Yellow + Green = Yellow-Green (YG).
Blue + violet = blue-violet (BV).
Blue + Green = Blue-Green (BG).
Red + violet = Red-violet (RV).
Red + Orange = Red-orange (RO).
Yellow + Orange = Yellow-Orange (YO).
5. Harmonious Colours: Harmonious colour are colours that belong to the
same family. They are closely related and can blend well together in a
painting. Harmonious colours are also called analogous colour.
Yellow is in harmony with orange and green.
Red is in harmony with orange and purple.
Blue is in harmony with green and purple.
6. Complimentary Colours: Complimentary colours are colours that are
opposite each other on the colour wheel. A primary colour compliments a
secondary colour. The examples are shown below;
RED is complimentary to GREEN.
BLUE is complimentary to ORANGE.
YELLOW is complimentary to PURPLE OR VIOLET.
7. Neutral Colours: Neutral colours are independent colours which include
WHITE and BLACK. The mixture of white and black forms grey or ash.
Neutral colours can be added to other colours to brighten and darken them.
WHITE mixed with a colour forms a tint while BLACK mixed with a colour
forms a shade.
Sources of local colours
1. Colour from earth.
2. Colour from leaves.
3. Colour from root of plants.
4. Colour from tree latex.
5. Colour from dye.
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The Uses Of Colour
Colour has several uses, among which are the following:
1. Colour is used for identification of things.

2. It is use for beautification of things, building and environment.
3. It is use for symbolism.
4. It is also use to show differences in objects.
The colour wheel
COLOUR WHEEL
COLOUR MIXTURE
1. Red and yellow = orange.

2. Yellow and blue = green.
3. Blue and red = purple or violet.
4. Orange and violet = russet (redish brown).
5. Green and orange = citron.
6. Green and violet = slate.
7. Blue and white = sky blue.
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8. Red and white = pink

9. Black and white = grey or ash.
10.Purple and white = lavender
11.Brown and white = tan.
12.Orange and purple =brown.
13.Orange and red = tangerine.
14.Red and purple = Turkey red.
15.Yellow and orange =golden yellow.
16.Black and blue = navy blue.
17.Green and yellow = pale green
18.Black and red = wine colour.
19.Green and small amount of black = forest green.
20.Blue and green = bluish green.
21.Blue and violet =bluish violet.
ASSIGNMENT
1. Define Colour?
2. List six (6) types of colour and explain any Three (3) out of those listed?
3. Mix the following colour, and write the correct colour given by the mixed
colours?
 Green and yellow
 Blue and green
 Orange and purple
 Black and white.
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WEEK EIGHT
TOPIC: PAINTING
SUB-TOPICS
1. Definition of painting.
2. Types of painting.
DEFINITION OF PAINTING
1. Painting is the art of beautifying drawn objects with colors.

2. It is an aspect of fine art mainly for decoration and
3. It is a technique of applying paint or color on a drawing with the aid of a
brush.
4. It is also the art of creating pictorial scene on a flat surface. The artist who
paints is called a painter.
Mosaic and collage are aspect of painting. Paintings are named after their
media or process of execution e.g.
Wash: done with water, brush and color.
Impasto: an Italian word used to describe the thickness of paint.
Wet painting: colors are diluted before applying with brush on surface.
Media used include water/ poster colors, oil paint, emulsion or gloss paint
and acrylic colors.
Dry painting: it involves applying colors without dilution. colour mixing
and blending takes place directly and right on the paper or surface used and
not on palette. Media used include pastel (chalk or oil), crayon or color-
pencils, marker or felt pens. Fixative is required to avoid smudging of
colours
TYPES OF PAINTING
1. Life or figure painting: This is the painting of the whole body of the human
figure or model with a good arrangement of draperies. Draperies are folds on
clothes.
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2. Nature painting: It is the painting of natural creatures made by God such as

plants, fruits, flowers, plain, valley, animals and aquatic creatures.
3. Still Life Painting: This is the painting of inanimate objects e.g. bag, shoes,
chair, stove, car, building etc.
4. Imaginative compositions: it is the pictorial done from one’s idea thought
or imagination.
It is also a composition done from memory and not copied. One can be in a
place then use images of objects there to imaginatively compose another
setting. Examples are: Market scene, Local festival, school, carpenters work
shop, grazing cattle and their herdsmen, a town crier etc.
5. Landscape painting: This is also called outdoor painting. It is the painting
of outside scene made up of land, vegetation, roads, trees, hills, farm land,
houses etc. terms associated with landscape include picture plane,
foreground, background, eye level or horizon line.
1. Vanishing point is a point where all receding lines appear to meet.
2. Picture plane is a surface upon which the pictures are created, e.g. paper
or canvas.
3. Horizon or eye level is an imaginary line that separates the foreground
from the sky. The Vanishing point is located at any point of the horizon.
4. Line of vision is a straight line connecting the eye to the object.
5. Angle or cone of vision refers to the extent that the eye can see. It forms
an angle of 600.
Other Types of Painting Include:
1. Portrait Painting.
2. Bead painting.
3. Scenic Painting.
4. Mosaic Painting.
5. Seascape painting.
6. Mural Painting.
7. Abstract Painting
8. Monochrome painting.
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9. Polychrome.
ASSIGNMENT
1. Define painting?
2. Explain the following (i) Dry painting (ii) Wet painting (iii) Impasto
3. List five types of painting and explain two.
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WEEK NINE
TOPIC: EXHIBITION AND DISPLAY TECHNIQUES
SUB-TOPICS
IV. Definition of Exhibition

V. Way Of Preparing Works Of Art For Display.
VI. Display Techniques.
Meaning of Exhibition
Exhibition is the art of displaying artworks for people to appreciate and purchase.
Exhibitions have become the accepted and standard way of displaying artworks for
public or special audience viewing. Each artwork in an exhibition is called an
exhibit.
Preparation of Artwork for Display
Artworks have to be prepared and made presentable to meet exhibition goals.

These steps include: fixing, mounting, framing and labeling
1. Fixing: This is usually the first step in preserving charcoal, pencil, pastel
and poster color works. Fixing is the application of transparent coat over the
artwork. The substance used in fixing is called fixative. It prevents smudging
and gives some protection to the artworks.
2. Paper stretching: This is part of framing and mainly for paper works. It
means gumming or sticking to a board. Affordable mounts are usually
colored cardboard sheets. These stuck colored sheets most times replace
framing of artworks. Professional artists use special materials that are thicker
than ordinary cardboard sheets.
3. Framing: This means the same as framing a photograph. For paper works,
glass is also added. Canvas and boards, usually large in size, they do not
need glass and are only framed directly.
4. Labeling: This means writing the title of the artwork and also crediting it to
the artist. Labeling also include the year of production and medium used.
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5. Mounting: It is the final stage when artworks are hung. This can be on walls
or on erected stands and pedestals. Arrangement of artworks begins with the
largest to the smaller works. sometimes, works are grouped attractively.
Choices are made about color relationships, dominance and how to move the
viewers' attention around.
Display Techniques
Different techniques or methods are used in displaying artworks. This depends on

the artists, the artworks and the reason for the display. Some of these techniques
include;
1. Categorizing
2. Space
3. Screens/partitions and
4. Lighting
Successful display would make it easy for viewers to:
i. Look closely and critically at artworks.

ii. Be able to differentiate between categories of artworks.
iii. Find the display attractive and interesting.
iv. Make some sense out of what they see.
Categorizing
Planning exhibition through categorization creates variety and variation. The

categories include;
(a) Exhibition as mainly display of artworks

The focus of this approach is what is displayed. A lot of emphasis is placed
on what the works are and how they are presented. This is where good
artworks speak for themselves.
(b) Exhibition as an educational exercise
All exhibitions usually have a central theme, subject matter or topic that
defines them. When an exhibition functions as a communicator of ideas, it
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seeks to convey additional messages. It provides new information or new

ways of seeing information. In such exhibition, the focus of the artwork is
the set of messages.
(c) Exhibition as a forum for interaction
This approach is meant for children or where practical experiences are to be
shared. Art is used here to encourage scientific and technological activities
(d) Exhibition as an environment
Artworks in this type of exhibition help recreate a specific place, an
environment. It might be village life, a fishing community or desert
dwellings
(e) Exhibition as a feeling
Another approach is communicating feelings. To encourage charity work an
exhibition can depict the feeling of being without (poor). Such artworks
would emphasize the pain of hunger, sickness and poverty.
Space
Where to display finished artworks is also very important. In schools much

improvisation has to take place. This is because halls meant primarily for
something else are temporarily used. Surfaces and walls have to be cleaned and
sometimes painted.
Screens/Partitions
Sometimes partitions have to be made and screens come in handy. This also
involves a lot of improvisation.
Lighting
This is about giving the exhibitions proper brightness through appropriate lights.
Depending on what is to be displayed, plans for proper lighting are important.
Assignment
1. What is Exhibition?
2. Mention four display techniques in exhibition.
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3. Why is lighting important in an exhibition?

4. Highlight three (3) methods of categorizing artworks exhibition?
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WEEK TEN
TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO LETTERING
SUB-TOPICS
1. Meaning of lettering.
2. Types of lettering.
3. Types of letter.
4. Stages in the Construction of lettering.
5. Qualities of Good Lettering.
Meaning of Lettering
Lettering is the art of letter construction of the alphabets from letter A-Z. Lettering
is also the art of using letters to form words for communication purpose. Lettering
can be either Pen lettering or Block lettering
Pen Lettering
Pen lettering is also known as calligraphy or script lettering. Letters under pen
lettering are handwritten not drawn or constructed. Materials Used for Pen
Lettering
Materials used for pen lettering are
(i) Pen (ii) ink (iii) calligraphic pen
Block Lettering
In block lettering letters are drawn or constructed. It is also called simple lettering
Materials Needed for Block Lettering
Materials needed for block lettering include; (i) paper (ii) pencil (iii) ruler (iv)
cutter (v) eraser.
Block letterings are constructed in 3 square spaces against 5 square spaces.

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There are normal or abnormal letters. Normal letters are constructed in the three
square spaces against five spaces; they ABCEF while Abnormal letters are M and
W. They are constructed into 5 square spaces while the abnormal ‘I’ in some type
faces constructed in one square against five.
In lettering writing we have upper case and lower case, letters which are capital
and small letters.
Forms of Lettering
1. Gothic Lettering
2. Roman lettering
3. Italic lettering
4. Script lettering
5. Calligraphy.
Gothic Lettering
Gothic letterings are upright letters. They have strokes of equal or uniform
thickness. They have no serif they are also known as old English text. It is best
suited for proclamations, scrolls, certificate and brief quotation. It suits any kind of
official document. This lettering is also called ‘Blackletter’
Roman Lettering
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This is characterized by thick and thin strokes and serif. Vertical strokes are
usually thick while the horizontal strokes are thin. It is the most widely used
alphabet in the world and also used in writing all western calligraphy. The ancient
Roman were the first to use this form of lettering
Italic Writing
They are letters that are learning or tilting to the right, it is stylized form of
calligraphic writing. It is a little more decorative than normal writing and maintain
regular writing.
Script Lettering
This is based upon the varied and often fluid stroke created by handwriting .it is
organized into highly regular formal types, similar to cursive writing.
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Calligraphy
This is act of writing beautiful letterings. Letters under Calligraphy lettering are
handwritten not drawn or constructed. Calligraphy has a unique pen with flat nib
called calligraphy pen which is of different sizes. The pen and ink are vital material
use for writing certificates, greeting card, awards etc. Calligraphy pen is sometimes
improvised with bamboo stick, sharpened to the desired shape.
Types of letters
There are two types of letters. They are constructed letters and handwritten letters
1. Constructed letters: These are letters formed with the use of lettering
device tools. Tools like lettering guides, templates, set square, protractors,
French curves, pencils, etc. are used for constructing letters.
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2. Handwritten letters: These are letters formed with the use of freehand.
Handwritten letters are formed without the use of lettering devices or tools.
Stages in the Construction of Letters

1. Arrangement of letters: This is necessary to give rhythm and avoid
omission.
2. Planning: This is also necessary to enhance or achieve balance
3. Calculation: This necessary to determine the space each letter will occupy.
4. Marking: Marking is identifying the area a letter will occupy in the boxes
provided
5. Joining points: This is the joining of the identified and marked point
together to bring out the form or shape of a letter.
6. Spacing: This gives room for readability.
Qualities of Good Lettering
1. Legibility: Good lettering must be legible or bold.

2. Readability: Good lettering must be readable.
3. Spacing: Good lettering must be well spaced.
4. Uniformity: Good lettering must be uniform.
5. Simplicity: Good lettering must be simple.
ASSIGNMENT
1. State the two forms of lettering you have learnt.

2. State two differences between the Roman letters and the Gothic letters.
3. Define lettering. (b) State the qualities of good lettering.

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SILICON HEIGHT INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE

(DEVELOPING FUNCTIONAL DIGITAL SKILLS)

FIRST TERM E-LEARNING NOTES

2 Contemporary Nigerian Art 1. Date and place of birth.

TOPIC: TYPE AND FEATURES NIGERIAN TRADITIONAL ARTS

1. Nok art culture.

INTRODUCTION: Traditional art emerged after the period of prehistoric arts.

NOK ART CULTURE

MEDIA USED: Nok art works were executed from clay.

CHARACTERISTICS OF NOK ART

1. Nok sculptural figures are in terracotta (baked clay).

IFE ART CULTURE:

CHARACTERISTICS OF IFE ART

1. Sculptural works in animal forms are only in terracotta (burnt clay).

LOCATION: Benin is located in the capital of Edo state known as Benin.

CHARACTERISTICS OF BENIN ART

1. Works of Benin are in wood, bronze, ivory, clay and stone.

Esie is an archaeological site in which over 1,000 soapstone figures of men,

PERIOD: The art tradition dated back to about 1100 AD.

LOCATION: Esie is located in an lgbomina Yoruba town, South East of llorin

MEDIUM USED: The Esie figures were carved from soapstone.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ESIE ART

IGBO UKWU ART

LOCATION: Igbo Ukwu is located in Anambra state.

MEDIUM USED: Bronze

CHARACTERISTICS OF IGBO UKWU ART

2. Igbo Ukwu bronze works are naturalistic and symbolic.

TSEODE BRONZES/ NUPE ART (Tada figures)

CHARACTERISTICS OF TSEODE ART

TOPIC: COMTEMPORARY NIGERIAN ART AND ARTIST

1. Date and place of birth.

CHIEF PA AINA ONABOLU

SOME OF HIS WORKS AND LOCATION

 Portrait of Lady Spencer Savage in 1906.

CONTRIBUTION OF CHIEF PA AINA ONABOLU

1. He was the father of contemporary Nigerian art.

SOME OF HIS WORKS AND LOCATION

CONTRIBUTION OF LAMIDI FAKEYE

1. He is a domestic and intentionally renowned sculptor with vast proficiency

SOME OF HIS WORKS AND LOCATION

 A sculptural work called ‘Sango’ is located outside Power Holding

 Statue of Queen Elizabeth II sitting on the throne outside House of

CONTRIBUTION OF BEN ENWONWU

1. He was a painter and sculptor.

SOME OF HIS WORKS AND LOCATION

 Painting of a market scene located at Gallery of Modern Art, Iganmu ,

CONTRIBUTION OF AKINOLA LASEKAN

1. He was the first Nigerian news paper cartoonist.

4. He tutored many comtemporary artists in Nigeria who became lecturers in

MADAM LADI KWALI

SOME OF HER WORKS AND LOCATION

 Her works are in prominent collections including that of the National

CONTRIBUTION OF MADAM LADI KWALI

1. She contributed to the growth of art and tourism in Nigeria.

1. Define contemporary art.

Motif is a unit of design which is repeated severally to form a pattern.

Pattern is an arrangement of regular and repeated motifs so as to create rhythm in

2. Floral Motif (flower)

1. It is used to create textures in designing.

Repeat Motif (Patterns).

Repeat pattern is the arrangement of motifs in a repeated way so as to achieve

Types of Repeat Patterns

1. Simple repeat pattern