NAME: FIZA

ROLL NO: CH-19018

CLASS: THIRD YEAR
COURSE: FUEL AND ENERGY

ASSIGNMENT :01

‘’FORMATION OF CHARCOAL”
CHARCOAL:
Charcoal is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating
wood or other animal and plant materials in minimal oxygen to remove all
water and volatile constituents.

PRODUCTION METHODS:
Charcoal is formed when dead plants matter decays into peat and converted
into coal and charcoal.
There are various methods for producing charcoal, as technology bring
changes in production rapidly so there are some new methods too:

• PYROLYSIS OF BIO MASS (CARBONIZATION):

INTRODUCTION
Charcoal production is done through a method called pyrolysis of
biomass. The word is coined from the Greek-derived elements pyro "fire" and
lysis "separating". Pyrolysis is defined as the irreversible chemical change
brought about by heating the biomass in the absence of oxygen.
Pyrolysis is initiated by heating a pile of wood under controlled conditions in a
closed space such as a charcoal kiln with a very limited supply of air triggering
endothermic and exothermic reactions. The biomass produces, as a result of
the pyrolysis process, a mixture of gas, liquid and charcoal.
CONDITIONS:
Pyrolysis is a thermal process, in which biomass is heated at a temperature
ranging from 625 to 800K, in the absence of oxygen and air . During this
process, the biomass breaks into different phase state products

PROCESS:
During pyrolysis, biomass undergoes a sequence of changes and
normally yields a black carbonaceous solid, called charcoal, along with a
mixture of gases and vapours. Generally, charcoal production through
pyrolysis is maximised in a process of low temperatures and slow
heating rates, the so-called carbonisation.
Basic charcoal is produced by burning a carbon-rich material such as wood in a
low-oxygen atmosphere. This process drives off the moisture and volatile gases
that were present in the original fuel. It is a low cost process.

PRODUCTION CAPACITY:
The charcoal yields 23-24% on dry basis depending on feed stock used. The
central combustion chamber makes it easy to recover heat from system. One
plant has a production capacity of 23000 tons/year.

By PRODUCT:
Water vapours, methanol, acetic acid and more complex chemicals chiefly in
form of tars & non-condensable gas consisting mainly of hydrogen, carbon
monoxide and CO2.

PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM:

PARAMETERS:
COMPOSITION MAX-MIN AVERAGE CHARCOAL
RANGE CONSIDERED
Carbon 80-60% 70% 75-80%
Ash 10-3% 5% 3-4%
Volatile meter 26-15% 25% 20-25%
bulk density 330-200% 260% 250-300%
Avg.size 60-10% 35% 20-15%
Fines content 22-10% 15% 10%
Moisture 25-5% 10% 10%
content

USES OF CHARCOAL:
• It is used as a filter
• It is used as a Catalyst/adsorbent
• It is used as a Metallurgical fuel
• It is used as an Industrial fuel
• It is used as cooking and heating fuel
• It is used as Syn gas production, auto motive fuel
• It is used as a Carbon source
• It is used For Art
• It is used for medicine

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
• Amorphous form of carbon
• Highly Porous
• Low density
• Bad heat
• Electricity conductivity

“FORMATION OF COKE”:
Coke is a grey, hard, and porous fuel with a high carbon content and few
impurities, made by heating coal or oil in the absence of air, it is a destructive
distillation process. It is an important industrial product.
PROCESS OF PRODUCTION:
In coke formation we basically use bituminous coal as a major component.
There are many processes for formation of coke like The hearth process and
Coke oven process while on industrial basis we use industrial coke furnaces

INDUSTRIAL COKE FURNACES:

Conditions:
The industrial production of coke from coal is called coking. The coal is baked
in an airless kiln, a "coke furnace" or "coking oven", at temperatures as high as
1,000 °C (1,800 °F) but usually around 1,000–1,100 °C (1,800–2,000 °F).

Production:
This process vaporises or decomposes organic substances in the coal, driving
off volatile products, including water, in the form of coal-gas and coal-tar. Coke
is the non-volatile residue of the decomposition, the cemented-together
carbon and mineral residue of the original coal particles in the form of a hard
and somewhat glassy solid.
Some facilities have "by-product" coking ovens in which the volatile
decomposition products are collected, purified and separated for use in other
industries, as fuel or chemical feedstocks. Otherwise, the volatile by products
are burned to heat the coking ovens. This is an older method, but is still being
used for new construction.
Bituminous coal must meet a set of criteria for use as coking coal, determined
by particular coal assay techniques. This blending is targeted at producing a
coke of appropriate strength (generally measured by coke strength after
reaction), while losing an appropriate amount of mass. Other blending
considerations include ensuring the coke doesn't swell too much during
production and destroy the coke oven through excessive wall pressures.
Coking coal is different from thermal coal, but arises from the same basic coal-
forming process. Coking coal has different macerals from thermal coal, i.e.,
different forms of the compressed and fossilized vegetative matter that
comprise the coal. The different macerals arise from different mixtures of the
plant species, and variations of the conditions under which the coal has
formed.
PHENOLIC as a by Product:
Waste water from coking is highly toxic and carcinogenic it contains phenolic,
aromatic, heterocyclic and polycyclic organics.

PARAMETERS:
CHARACTERSTICS STAILIZED
Grain dimension 25-80%
Ash content 10.5%
sulphur content 0.8%
Moisture content 5%
Volatile matter 1.1%

USES OF COKE:
➢ It is used to reduce iron oxide to produce iron.
➢ It can be used in households as a clean fuel, relatively free of smoke and
impurities.
➢ It was often used in kitchen stoves.
➢ Coke is also used to produce water gas.
➢ It is used as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore.
➢ blacksmiths use it as a fuel in blacksmithing.
➢ It was used for house heating.
 ➢ It was used for domestic heating following the creation of smokeless
zones.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
➢ High porosity
➢ High Caron content
➢ High strength and hardness
➢ Low amount of volatiles