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1.0
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σm
m=4 m=2
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m=3
0.0
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1.0 Approaches 1.0
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h
σm
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ng
cr
si
ea
ea
si
cr
ng
De
h
0.0
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λ mh
2 7
M -# .BA O 87 + O *
Exceeds 1.0 at h ∼
∼ 1.072 / Ustable h > 1.072
1.0
h > 1.0
In
cr
ea
h
si
σm
ng
ng
si
ea
h
cr
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M = 5
0.0
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8 ! $

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0.0
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8 8 8

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1.0
h = 1.0
2 real defective λ m
σm 2 complex λ m
1 real λ m
Μ=5
0.0
-2.0 -1.0 0.0
λmh
2 7*M -# ('A + O *A O
-# )
H H O K =
!> N 6=
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# A #
6

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/$ #

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
(Pe )3 (λ)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
−2 −1.8 −1.6 −1.4 −1.2 −1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0
λ
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
(P ) (λ)
e 3
0
−0.005
−0.01
−0.015
−0.02
−2 −1.8 −1.6 −1.4 −1.2 −1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0
λ
2 75M '# ; # ! A 9

# /*
-# # A ) #
# 6 3#
!/

O 6 O
E =77!>

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-# 2 7,
O

O
O
6* +( )

6 # #
G <H O H (
#) #
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)# I O > N G

2 # = N > O
A # #
O => > N
=> N >T

=> N >
O => >T
N
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G =
> O = N >
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A # G # (' # )#
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> * O *. =[ # G ' #
# G O G > 2 # A
H # 6 -# #
/5 #

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
(Pt )3 (λ)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
−2 −1.8 −1.6 −1.4 −1.2 −1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0
λ
−3
x 10
2
1.5
1
0.5
(Pt )3 (λ)
0
−0.5
−1
−1.5
−2
−2 −1.8 −1.6 −1.4 −1.2 −1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0
λ
2 7,M 3# # ! A 9

# /,
$ # ) # 8 )#
=8> O 8A => O M

5 O 8
2 # A => O 8 @ . 1
)# $8 =+ O !7> &
=> # .B #A

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8 8 8 8 8 8
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