Naayakathwaya Ebook Ven M. Pannarathana

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m%:u uqøKh ( Y%S nqoaO j¾I 2553
jHjydr j¾I 2009
© uyñ;j m[a[dr;k ysñ
uydpd¾h fykr;a tÉ' ã' tka' mS' ´md;
ISBN 978-955-51523-2-7
mß.Kl wl=relrKh ( chkS YIsl,d w;a;kdhl
msgljr w,xlrKh ( nqoaëm r;akdhl
uqøKh ( rejkamyrej
fkd' 14$10" m<fjks mgqu."
ms<sld frday, mdr" uyr.u'
ÿr we'( 0112-840738
m%ldYkh ( ud.ë MĀGADHĪ

Institute of Pali and Buddhist Studies
md,s yd fn!oaO wOHhk wdh;kh
Y%S Ôjldrduh"
ñßiaj;a;" mqjlamsáh'
ÿr we( 0718-401778" 0718-268693
www.magadhi.net
E-mail: magadhi.inst@gmail.com
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uyñ;j m[a[dr;k ysñ

uydpd¾h fykr;a tÉ' ã' tka' mS' ´md;
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l;=jrekaf.a fjk;a lD;s

uyñ;j m[a[dr;k ysñ
ud.ë Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh - 2006
^Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h&
O¾urdc - 2007
^rc; chka;s Ydia;%Sh l,dmh&
ud.ë Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh
îaj¾K chka;s úfYaI l,dmh& - 2009
^Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h&

újrK - 2009
^w;smQcH fldiaj;af;a wßhúu, ysñmdKka
úiska rÑ; O¾uYdia;%Sh ,sms iuqÉph&
úÿoh ñKs myk - 2009
^yslalvqfõ Y%S iqux., kdysñ ixCIsma; pß;dmodkh&
.fKa.u irKxlr ysñhka úiska rÑ;
fidar; isß; - 2009
wNsudkj;a ;dreKHh - 2009
^;reK wdl,am ixj¾Okhg nqÿoyu&

md,s wOHhk úu¾Yk ,sms
- 2009 ûqøKfha&
fn!oaO wOHhk úu¾Yk ,sms
îïudk uydpd¾h" T,sj¾ wfíkdhl"
md,s yd fn!oaO wOHhk úu¾Yk ,sms iuqÉph&

udkdjq¨ ixfoaY úuiqu - 2009 ûqøKfha&
iuh wOHhkh - 2009 ûqøKfha&

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Professor, Henarath H.D.N.P. Opatha
Publications: Textbooks, Creative and Scholar Books
1. Management: Questions and Answers, 1990, Author Publication
prepared directly for Licentiate Examination Part II of Chartered
Accountants of Sri Lanka.
2. Personnel Management: Part 1, 2003 (first published in 1995),
Author Publication, a text book written in Sinhala Language (the
first comprehensive book on the subject in Sinhala medium).
3. Personnel Management: Part 2, 2003 (first published in 1995),
Author Publication, a text book written in Sinhala Language (the
first comprehensive book on the subject in Sinhala medium).
4. Sri Lankan Critical Incidents in Industrial Relations, 2002, Author
Publication.
5. Performance Evaluation of Human Resources, 2002, Author
Publication.
6. Employee Discipline Management, 2002, Godage International
Publishers (pvt) Ltd., Wellampitiya, Sri Lanka; A scholar book
based on a conceptual model of managing employee discipline
explaining 34 principles.
7. Applications in Employee Performance Evaluation, 2003, Author
Publication, Sri Lanka.
8. Human Resource Management: Interpretative and Explanatory
Papers, Volume 1, 2003, Institute of Management and Science,
Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.
9. Research Methods for Human Resource Management: Questions
and Answers, Part 1, 2003, Author Publication.
10. Factors Contributing Labour-Management Relationship in Sri
Lanka: An empirical analysis manufacturing sector, PhD Thesis,
UUM I Repository, Universiti Utara Malaysia.
11. Human Resource Management, 2009, author Publication,
Department of Human Resource Management, University of Sri
Jayewardenepura, Sri lanka (the first Sri Lankan English Medium
textbook on HRM having A4 size 1008 pages and 21 chapters).
This book is being used by every state university in Sri Lanka.
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ixj¾Okh i|yd;a w;sYhskau jeo.;a jk l<ukdlrK ld¾hhls'
fn!oaO o¾Ykh wkqj ienE kdhl;ajh hkq l=ulao@ kdhl;ajh
ms<sn| uQ,O¾u ljf¾o@ fuu m%Yak folg m%udKj;a ms<s;=re ,nd§u
fuu .%ka:h rpkd lsÍfï wruqKhs'
yels;dla ir,j yd ksYaÑ;j wod< uQ,O¾u bÈßm;a lsÍug

wms W;aidy lf<uq' fuys,d uQ,O¾u hkafkka woyia jkafka
nqÿrcdKkajykafia úiska jod< O¾uhg Rcqju wh;a iy tu w;+,H
O¾ufhka .uH jk uQ,O¾uhkah' fuys i|yka uQ,O¾u wkq.ukh
lsÍfuka id¾:l ±yeñ kdhl;ajhla Tng cks;fldg mj;ajdf.k
hd yels jkq we;'
fuu .%ka:h ±kg kdhl;aj ;k;=re orK ljfrl=g jqjo

m%fhdackj;a fõ' wdh;k l<ukdlrejkag" wkd.; kdhlhka iy
l<ukdlrejka ùug wfmaCId lrk ish¿u fokdg fuu .%ka:h
b;d m%fhdackj;a jk nj wms ;rfha úYajdi lruq'
Tng f;rejka irKhs !

10 O¾ud[S
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fï fmd; .ek jpkhla 9
01' kdhl;ajh 13
02' kdhl;ajh ms<sn| fn!oaO ixl,amh 17
03' O¾udkql+, mrud¾: 26
04' ñksid ms<sn| hym;a wdl,amh 33
05' hym;a pß;h ( ioa.=Khka 42
06' ioa.=Khka 62
07' whym;a pß;h ( wioa.;s 77
08' fldamh l<ukdlrKh 91
09' kdhl;aj .=Kdx. 108
10' kdhl;aj .=Kdx. iy hq;=lï 122
11' ;SrK .ekSu 130
12' ±yeñ rdcH kdhlhd 141
wdka;sl igyka 151
wdY%s; .%ka: 184
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01 mßÉfþoh
kdhl;ajh
kdhl;ajh hkqfjka woyia jkafka fmdÿ mrud¾:hla
bgqlr.kq jia hï ksYaÑ; mqoa.,hl= úiska hï ksYaÑ; mqoa.,
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kdhlhd jk w;r n,mEug ,lajk wh wkq.dñlhka fõ' hï
mrud¾:hla fyda mrud¾: bgqlr .ekSu Wfoid wfkl=;a ñksiqkaf.a
is;=ú,s" jpkh iy p¾hdj flfrys n,mEï lsÍfï yelshdj
kdhl;ajh hkqfõ' lsishï msßila lsishï ksYaÑ; mrud¾:hla
fj; ÈidNsuqL lsÍuhs' ksYaÑ; Èidj fj; kdhlhd kñka y÷kajkq
,nk mqoa.,hd ish n,h Ndú; fldg wka wh fhduq lsÍu isÿ
lrhs'1
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2' wkq.dñlhkag jvd jeä n,hla kdhlhl=g ;sìh hq;=h'
tfia fkdjqKfyd;a wkq.dñlhka kdhlhdj wkq.ukh
fkdlrkq we;'
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3' hï mrud¾:hla fyda mrud¾: ^kdhlhdf.a& bIag lr .ekSug

wkq.dñlhka fj; úúO n,mEï kdhlhd úiska bgqlrkq
,eîu' kdhlhd W;aidy orKqfha kdhlhdf.a mrud¾:
bgqlr.ekSughs' ta i|yd Tyq $ weh wkq.dñlhkag
Wmfoia §u" wK §u iy wdo¾Yu;a ùu lrhs'
4' kdhlhdg ms<s.ekSula (Acceptance) ;sìh hq;=h' kdhlhd
wkq.dñlhka úiska Tjqkaf.a kdhlhd jYfhka ms<s.; hq;=h'
wkq.dñl ms<s.ekSu fkdue;s úg kdhl;ajh wid¾:l fõ'
5' kdhl;ajh udkj ld¾hhla ùu' kdhlhd hkq ukqIHfhls'
wkq.dñlfhda ukqIHfhda fj;s' tfyhska mß.Kl weiqfrka fyda
fjkhï hka;% iQ;% wdOdrfhka kdhl;ajh cks; fkdfõ' kdhl;ajh
jQ l,S ukqIHhl= úiska cks; lrkq ,nk fohls' th cks; fldg
Tyq fyda weh úiskau j¾Okh fldg mj;ajd f.k hd hq;= fõ'
kdhl;ajh l=i,;djls; úfYaI ksmqK;djls' mqoa.,hka
f.!rj lrk iy wf.a fldg i,lk l=i,;djls' kdhl;ajh
mqoa.,fhl= yg ckaufhkau muKla ,efnk l=i,;djla fkdfõ;
yeoEÍfuka iy mqyqKfjka o cks; lr.; yels fohls' udkj iïm;a
l<ukdlrKh" .KldêlrKh" wd¾Ól úoHdj hkd§ úIhhka
bf.k .kakd mßoafoka kdhl;ajh o bf.k .; yels fohls;
bf.k .; yels l=i,;djls' ñka woyia jkafka flfkl=g Wm;skau
kdhl;ajh ms<sn| yelshdjla fkdue;s jqj o Tyqg fyda wehg id¾:l
kdhlhl= ùug wjYH kï kdhl;ajh ms<sn| b.ekSfuka tfia úh
yelsh'
kdhl;ajh jeo.;a jkafka ula ksido@ kdhl;ajh mqo. a ,hl="
úfYaIfhka l<ukdlrejl= i;=úh hq;= b;d jeo.;a ksmqK;djls'
ixúOdk id¾:l;ajh ;SrKh flfrk b;d jeo.;a idOlhla jYfhka
kdhl;ajh ie,fla' we;fula olajk mßÈ wdh;k id¾:l;ajh
i|yd jvd;au jeo.;a idOlh jkafka kdhl;ajhhs' kdhl;ajh
wdh;k ixj¾Okh i|yd (Institutional Development) jvd;au jeo.;a
idOlh jqj o fkdjqj o th b;d jeo.;a idOlhla jYfhka fuys,d
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 15
i|yka l< hq;=h' udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh (Human Resource

Development) i|yd;a iuia ; hla jYfhka cd;s l ixj¾Okh
(National Development) i|yd;a ksjerÈ kdhl;ajhla w;HjYH fõ'
kdhl;ajh hkak fl;rï jeo.;a o lsjfyd;a th l<ukdlrKh
úIh fCIa;%fha fnfyúkau m¾fhaIKhg ,la jQ ud;Dldjls'
hï lKa v dhul id¾:l;a j h ms K s i kdhlhl= úis k a
jeo.;a ld¾hNdrhla bgqlrkq ,efí' kdhlhl= úiska bgqlrkq ,nk
ld¾hhka w;r ;SrK .ekSu" ;SrK l%shd;aul lsÍu msKsi wK §u"
ud¾.foaYl;ajh iemhSu" uQ,sl;ajh ±Íu" wdo¾Yu;a ùu hkdÈh
i<ld n,k úg o kdhl;a;ajh b;d jeo.;a fohla jkq we;'
my; rEmfhka ks j erÈ kdhl;a j h mq o a . , ixj¾Okh
^kdhlhdf.a ixj¾Okh&" udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh ^wka whf.a
ixj¾Okh&" wdh;k ixj¾Okh iy cd;sl ixj¾Okh i|yd bjy,a
jk nj ksrEmkh flf¾'
mqoa., ixj¾Okh
udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh

ksjerÈ
kdhl;ajh
wdh;k ixj¾Okh

cd;sl ixj¾Okh
kdhl;ajfha jeo.;alu yqjd olajk ;j;a jeo.;a lreKla

jkqfha th úúO ia;rj, mej;Suhs' kdhl;ajh Tnf.a ksjfiys"
Tnf.a /lshd ia:dkfhys" Tnf.a .fï" Tnf.a k.rfha" iy rfgys
16 O¾ud[S
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hkd§ jYfhka úúO ia;rhkays olakg ,efí' Tn l=uk N+ñldjla

ksfhdackh l< o kdhl;ajh hï Èkl Tn fj;g meñKsh yelsh'
Tn msfhl= fyda ufjl= jQ úg Tn orejkag kdhlhl= fõ' Tng
ifydaorhl= fyda ifydaoßhl= ^nd,& ,enqK úg Tyqg fyda wehg Tn
kdhlfhl= úh yelsh'
tfiau kdhl;ajh úúO fCIa;%j, o olakg ,efí' wOHdmk"
fi!LH" wdrCIl" foa Y md,k" wd.ñl hkd§ úúO fCIa ; % j ,
kdhl;ajh mj;sh's foAYmd,k fCIa;h % i<ld n,k úg m%dfoaYh S iNd"
m<d;a iNd iy cd;sl jYfhka kdhlfhda isá;s' ljr fyda fCIa;%hl
l%shd;aul jk úYd, ixúOdkhl w.% l<ukdlrejka" uOHu
l<ukdlrejka iy m<uq fm< l<ukdlrejka jYfhka kdhlfhda
isá;s' wOHdmk fCIa ; % f hys mdi,l Ys I H kdhl kdhs l djka "
.=rejreka ^.=rejrhd tla;rd isiq msßilg kdhlfhl= fõ&" wxY
m%OdkSka" úÿy,am;sjreka hkd§ md¾Yaj ;=< kdhl;ajh l%shd;aul fõ
; úh hq;=h' úYajúoHd,hl wxY m%OdkSka" mSGdêm;sjreka" Wml=,m;s
kdhlhka jYfhka ie,fla' úYajúoHd, wdpd¾hjrhl= úfYaIfhka
uydpd¾hjrhl= úiska o kdhl;ajh lsishï msßilg ,nd §ug isÿ
ù we;' hï uydpd¾hjrhl= hï ksYaÑ; úIh fCIa;%hl cd;sl
jYfhka kdhl;aj N+ñldj bgqlrkjd úh yelsh'
Tn kdhlfhlao@ Tn fld;rï ÿrg id¾:l kdhlfhla o@
fï i|yd Tn úiska iajhx we.hSula lrkak' my; ±lafjkafka Tn
fld;rï ÿrg id¾:l kdhlfhla o hkak ±k .ekSug bjy,a lr
.; yels ñkquls' ñkqfuys m%ldY 10 la we;s w;r Tn l< hq;af;a
tla tla m%ldYhg fl;rï ÿrg tlÕ jkafkys o hkak ±laùuhs'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 17
o¾Ylh 1 ( kdhl;ajfhys id¾:l;ajh

whs;uh fnfyúkau tlÕ uOHia:hs tlÕ fnfyúkau
tlÕ fjñ fjñ fkdfjñ tlÕ
fkdfõ
1' uu l;d lrk úg wka wh
b;d Wkkaÿfjka ijka
fokq we;'
2' uu b,a,Sula l< úg

wkq.dñlfhda th bgq lr;s'
3' wkq.dñlfhda uf.ka

Wmfoia" uÕ fmkaùï
wfmaCId lr;s'
4' w¨;a jevlghq;=j, §

wkq.dñlfhda uf.ka
fkdwid l%shd lr;s'
5' wkq.dñlfhda uf.a

wjjdo ms<s.ks;s'
6' uf.a ksfhda. $ wK

wkq.dñlfhda fkdms<s.ks;s'
7' uf.a p¾hdjka iy jpk

wkq.dñlhkaf.a m%Yxidjg
,la fjhs'
8' wkq.dñlfhda udj

wkqlrKh lr;s'
9' wkq.dñlfhda ug .re lr;s'
10'ug wjYH foa fkdj Tjqkg

wjYH foa wka wh úiska
lrkq ,efí'
,l=Kq lsÍfuka miqj my; i|yka j.=j wdOdrfhka Tfí

,l=Kq m%udKh ksYaph lrkak' miqj fok ,o w¾: ksrEmKh wkqj
18 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
Tnf.a kdhl;ajfha id¾:l;aj m%udKh ksYaph lrkak'

tlÕ fjñ fjñ fkdfjñ tlÕ fkdfõ
1' 5 4 3 2 1
2' 5 4 3 2 1
3' 5 4 3 2 1
4' 1 2 3 4 5
5' 5 4 3 2 1
6' 1 2 3 4 5
7' 5 4 3 2 1
8' 5 4 3 2 1
9' 5 4 3 2 1
10' 1 2 3 4 5
w¾: ksrEmKh ( ,l=Kq 10 - 18 } b;d wid¾:lhs
18'1 - 26 } wid¾:lhs
26'1 - 34 } uOHia:hs
34'1 - 42 } id¾:lhs
42'1 - 50 } b;d id¾:lhs
fuu .%ka:fha i|yka uQ,O¾u ^fn!oaO& wkq.ukh lsÍfuka
Tng id¾:l kdhlfhl= úh yels nj wms ;rfha úYajdi lruq'
nq ÿ rcdKka jyka f ia fï f,da l hg my< jQ fY% a I a G ;u
kdhlfhls' nqÿyduqÿrefjda fuf;la f,dj my< jQ fY%aIaG;u
m%;sm;a;sh ûOHu m%;smodj& fmka jQ kdhlhdfKdahs ^mKaä;
.fKa.u irKxlr kdysñ" 2005" ms' 170&' nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a
wkq.dñlfhda f,dj mqrd fjfi;s' wo f,dalfha fn!oaOhkaf.a
ixLHdj mkia ,CIhlg jvd jeäh ^j,afmd, rdyq, ysñ" 1996" ms'
xviii&'3 uydpd¾h j,afmd, Y%S rdyq, iajdóka jykafia úiska rÑ;
nqÿka jod< O¾uh - What the Buddha Taught hk .%ka:fhys ±lafjk
mßÈ m%:ufhkau fn!oaOhkaf.a ixLHdj ishfldaáhlg wdikak úh
yelsh' tod fukau wo;a nqÿka jod< O¾uh fkdkeiS mj;shs' th
lsisodl ñh fkdhkq we;' th wld,slhs ( iodld,slhs'
fn!oaO o¾Ykh wkqj ienE kdhl;ajhla hkq l=ulao@
kdhl;ajh ms<ns | fn!oaO uQ,O¾u ljf¾o@ fuu .%k:
a fhka wfmaCId
lrkqfha Wla; m%Yak folg ms<s;=re ,nd§ughs' wmf.a m%h;akh
ie,lsh hq;= f,i m%udKj;a fõ hhs wms úYajdi lruq'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 19
02 mßÉfþoh
kdhl;ajh ms<sn| fn!oaO

ixl,amh
;ud iifrka t;r ù wka wh o fï iifrka t;r lrùu
msKsi uyd n,mEula bÈßm;a lrñka úYañ; kdhl;ajhla wmf.a
nqÿrcdKkajykafia f,djg bÈßm;a l< fial'1 nqÿrcdKkajykafia
w;s úYd, msßilg mrudo¾YS kdhlfhla jQy' ish¿ crd urK wdÈf-
hka ;udu Èkd wka wh o thska Èkùu i|yd w;+,H O¾uhla foaYkd
lrñka wúÉPskak ^È.ska È.gu mj;akd& kdhl;ajhla Wkajykafia
,nd ÿkay'
nqÿrcdKkajykafiaf.a fndai;a pß;h u.ska o jir 45 la

O¾uh foaYkd lrñka .; l< nqÿrcqkaf.a Ôú;h u.ska o wmg
id¾:l kdhlhl= ùu i|yd úúO mdvï bf.k .; yelsh' mdvï
hka f kka fuys , d woyia lrkq f ha uQ , O¾uhka h ' uQ , O¾uhla
(A Principle) hkq m%;sm;a;shls (A Policy)' tkï" ms<smeÈh hq;=" wkq.
ukh l< hq;= iy uQ,l s lr .; hq;= úksYp a hls' ke;fyd;a ;SrKhls'
fuys§ fn!oaO uQ,O¾u hkafkka woyia jkafka nqÿrcdKkajykafia
Rcqju jod< O¾uhg wh;a jk iy tu w;+,H O¾uhg wod< jk
ke;fyd;a thska .uHjk uQ,O¾uhkah' fn!oaO o¾Ykhg wkqj
ienE kdhl;ajhla i|yd wkq.ukh l< hq;= O¾u;d ljf¾ o hkak
20 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
fláfhka ú.%y lsÍu fuu mßÉfþofha wruqKhs' uQ,O¾u oyhla

^10& Tn fj; bÈßm;a flf¾'
uQ,O¾uh - 1 ( kdhlhd úiska bgqlr .ekSug m%h;ak orK

mrud¾:h O¾udkql+, úh hq;=hs'
kdhlfhla lghq ; = lrkq f ha wks j d¾hfhka u ls i s h ï
mrud¾:hla Wfoidh' mrud¾:h hkq wkd.;fha § bgqlr .ekSug
m%h;ak orK b,lalh ke;fyd;a wfmaCIdjhs' mrud¾:h (Goal)
ñksia hym; i|yd wksjd¾hfhkau bjy,a úh hq;=hs' ysxidldÍ"
wdh;k úkdY lrk" i;=ka úkdY lrk yd iajNdjO¾uhd úkdY
lrk b,lalhla we;slr .ekSu fn!oaO kdhl;ajhg mgyeksfõ'
uQ,O¾uh - 2 ( ñksid ms<sn| hym;a wdl,amhla cks; lr .;

hq;=h'
flfkl=g kdhl;ajh ,efnkqfha wkq.dó msßila wef;d;a
muKs' tfiau wkq.dó msßi ;ud kdhlhd nj ms<s.; hq;=h' fï
i|yd hym;a wdl,amhla ^msßi ms<sn|& kdhlhd ;=< ;sìh hq;=h'
wkq.dñlfhda ukqIHfhda fj;s' f,dj fY%aIaG;u i;a;ajhd ñksid fõ'
nqoaO;ajh ,en .; yelafla ukqIHhl= úiska muKla nj;a nqÿjrhl=
ùfï Yla;sh iEu ukqIHhl= i;=j we;s nj;a i|yka fõ ûydpd¾h
Y%S rdyq, ysñ" 1997" ms' 1&' kdhl;ajh úiska n,mEï lrkq ,nk msßi
;sßikqka fkdj úúO is;=ï me;=ï we;s yeÕSï we;s ñksiqka msßila
nj is;ays ;nd .ekSu jáfkah' hym;a wdl,amh" hym;a p¾hdjg
fya;=jkq we;'
uQ,O¾uh - 3 ( id¾:l kdhlhl= ùu i|yd hym;a pß;hla

cks; lr .; hq;=h'
b;d hym;a pß;h hkq iodpdrd;aul úYsIag;djhs' mkais,a
rlsk wjxl mqoa.,hl= úh hq;=hs'2 wjxlNdjh hkq i;Hjd§ ùuhs'
i;Hhg .re l< hq;= w;r i;Hu m%ldY l< hq;=h'3 ielh" ;Kaydj"
fldamh" ffjrh" m<s .ekSu" idm lsÍu" wêl ldu wdYdj hkd§
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 21
ÿIa.=Khkaf.ka f;dr jQ bjiSfuka b;d fmdfydi;a jQ ksy;udkS

mqoa.,hl= ùu id¾:l kdhlhl= i|yd w;HjYH fõ'4
uQ,O¾uh - 4 ( my; i|yka .=Kdx. by< m%udKhlska kd-

hlhd úiska j¾Okh lr.; hq;=hs'
kdhl;ajh hk mofhys bx.%Sis jpkh jkqfha 'Leadership'
hkakhs' fn!oaO o¾Ykhg wkqj fuu mofha wl=re úYaf,aIKh
lsÍfuka .=Kdx. oyhla i|yka l< yelsh'
L } Liberal - ;Hd.jka;
wkq.dñlhka yg úúO ;Hd. ,nd§ug we;s
leue;a; iy tfia fkduiqrej ;sfnk foa
iemhSu'
E } Equal - idOdrK
wkq.dñlhka yg idOdrKj ie,lSu"iudk
wjia:djka iy iudk jrm%ido §u" ia;%S
mqreI fomd¾Yajhgu iu ;ekla §u
hkdÈh'
A } Active - il%Sh
w,i fkdù läirj ù¾hfhka lghq;l = Í
s u"
l=iS;j kslrefKa ld,h .; fkdlsÍu'5
D } Dependable - úYajdiodhS
úYajdih ;eìh yels ùu"6 h:djd§ ;:dldÍ
ùu ^m%ldY l< foa lsÍu iy lrk foa
m%ldY lsÍu&'7
E } Educated - W.;a
ish j.lSï ms<sn| ukd yelshdjla ;sîu"
wod< j.lSï ms<sn| ±k W.;aùu'
22 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
R } Ready wit - ia:dfkdaÑ; m%{dj

wjia:djg WÑ; ksje/È ;SrKhka .ekSu
fyda yeisÍu'
S } Self discipline - iajhx úkh
;uka úiska is;" lh iy jpkh ixjr lr
.ekSu" m%;sm;a;s iy Í;s ms<s.ksñka iy
tajdg .re lrñka tajd wkq.ukh lsÍu'8
H } Humanly - udkqIslj
ñks i a l ug .re lrñka ukq I H ohdfjka
lghq;= lsÍu" lreKdfjka iy wkqlïmdfjka
wkq.dñlhkag ie,lSu'9
I } Intelligent - nqoaêu;a
ls < s á yeÕS ï j,s k a f;dr u< fkdne÷Kq
kqjKla ;sîu" hï .eg¨jlg tla me;a;la
fkdj wod< me;s ish,a,u ±l i;=gqodhl
úi÷ula lrd meñKSu" nqÿrcdKka jykafia
tal fya;=jd§ fkdù kdkd fya;= kdkd
M,jd§ jQy'10
P } Pleasant - m%shYS,s
m%shjd§ njla ;sîu" m%sh jpkh Ndú;fhka 11
ish wkq.dñlhka ÈidNsuqL ^kshñ; Èidjg
fhduq& lsÍu'
uQ,O¾uh - 5 ( my; i|yka ld¾hhka bgq lsÍu'

1' wdo¾Yfhka kdhl;ajh §u'
nqÿkajykafiaf.a ishü wjjdo wkqYdikd ish,a,gu m<uqj
f,dalhd fj; ,enqfKa meyeÈ,s jQ wdo¾Yh hs' ;ud fj; ;sfnkakd
jQ ;uka msysáhd jQ foa ms<sn| wjjdo §u'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 23
2' wkq.dñlfhda WfoHda.su;a njg m;a lsÍu'

;u Y%djl Y%dúldjkaf.a lsishï hym;a jQ yeisÍula isÿ jQ
úg zzidOqZZ kdo mj;ajñka nqÿrcdKkajykafia úiska ;u Y%djl
msßi WfoHda.su;a njg m;a l< wjia:d ms<sn|j ksr;=reju ;%smsgl
.%ka:j, i|yka fõ ^rdclSh mKaä; krudfka nqoaOrlaÅ; ysñ" 2002"
ms' 17&'12
3' wkq.dñlhkag WmldÍ ùu'
4' udkislj o~qjï lsÍu'

ldhsl jYfhka o~qjï mekùula fkdlsÍu" l:d fkdlsÍu"
bj;aj hEu" jrolre ms<sn| is;=ú,a, is;ska bj;a lsÍu hkdÈfhka
o~qjï §u' 13
5' m%isoaêfha w.h lsÍu'

Wiia .=K we;s wkq.dñlhka y÷kdf.k Tjqkaf.a úfYaI .=Khka
uy;a fia wka wh bÈßfha w.h lsÍu nqÿrcdKkajykafia bgql<
fial'14
6' wkq.dñlhka wdrCId lsÍu'

7' iqÿiaidg iqÿiq ;ek §u'15
uQ,O¾uh - 6 ( md,k l%uh ÈhqKq jkq msKsi

nqÿrcdKkajykafia úiska foaYkd lrk ,o
rdcO¾u i; wkq.ukh lsÍu'
§> ksldfha uydmßksíndK iq;%hg wkqj jÊÔkag foiQ ima;
wmßydkSh O¾u16 kï jQ rdcO¾u i; meyeÈ,sj i|yka fõ' tajd
my; ±lafõ ^fldiaj;af;a wßhúu, ysñ" 1996" msms' 438-439&'
1' md,kh ms<sn| .eg¨ yd l%shdud¾. .ek ks;r /ia ù
idlÉPd lsÍu'
24 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
2' iu.sfhka /ia ù iu.sfhka úisr hEu yd t<ö ks.uk

^;SrK& iu.sfhka hq;=j l%shd;aul lsÍu'
3' fkdt<ô ks.uk ^;SrK& l%shd;aul fkdlsÍu yd t<ö
ks.uk l%shd;aul lsÍu'
4' jeäysá u;hg" iudcfha mej; wd iïm%odhg .re lsÍu'
5' ia;%Ska l=, l=ußhka nf,ka weo mqreI jiÕfhys
fkdmeje;aùu'
6' iudcfha mQckSh;ajhg md;% jQ ia:dk flfrys f.!rj
iys; ùu'
7' wdOHd;añl jYfhka ÈhqKq W;=ukag /ljrKh ie,iSu'
idlÉPd fldg ;SrK .; hq;= nj;a" iu.sfhka /ia ù idlÉPd
l< hq;= nj;a tfiau .;a ;SrK iu.sfhka hq;=j l%shd;aul l< hq;=
nj;a nqÿrcdKka jykafia foaYkd l<y' fkd.;a ;SrK l%shd;aul
lsÍu isÿ fkdl< hq;=h'17
uQ,O¾uh - 7 ( ueÈy;a nj fyj;a ueÿï ms<sfj; wkq.ukh

l< hq;=h'
s dkqfhda.h18 hk wka;
w;a;ls,u:dkqfhda.h iy lduiqL,a,l
foflkau ñÈh hq;=h' fuu wka;jdohka wk¾:ldÍ fõ' tfyhska
ueÿï ms<sfj;u wkq.ukh lsÍu WÑ;h' Ñka;kfhka îs;=ú,s&
fukau prKfhka ^l%shdjka& o uOHia:ùu WÑ;h' f;dr f;daxÑhla
fkdue;sj wiSñ; bgqlr .; fkdyels b,lal lrd fkdhd hq;=h'19
tfiau lsisÿ b,lalhla fkdue;sj ksYaM,foa o fkdl< hq;=h' jvd
;d;a;aúl" bgqlr .; yels m%udKj;a b,lal lrd fufyhùu
WÑ;h'
uQ,O¾uh - 8 ( hï .eg¨jla iïnkaO m%udKj;a wjfndaOh

;udg fkdue;s kï ta iïnkaO ksmqKhkaf.
ka wjjdo wkqYdikd ,nd .ekSu'20
úpdr ±k l%shd lsÍu pl%j¾;S rdcH ixl,amhg wh;a
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 25
m%;sm;a;shls'21 wd;au oukfhys kshqla; uyK nuqKka fj; jßkajr

f.dia l< hq;a;" fkdl< hq;a; úpdr ±k l%shd l< hq;=h' §>ksld-
fha NsCIQkag ima; wmßydks plalj;a;s iQ;%hg22 wkqj hï .eg¨jla
úi£u ms<sn| m%udKj;a wjfndaOhla kdhlhdyg fkdue;s kï ta
iïnkaO úfYaI{;dj we;s md¾Yajhlf.ka Wmfoia ,nd .ekSu
WÑ;h'
uQ,O¾uh - 9 ( l< l%shd wkqj m%;sM, cks; jk nj olajñka
23
ish lKavdhu kdhlhd úiska fufyh úh
hq;=h'
hym;a foa lsÍfuka hym;la we;sjk nj;a"24 whym;a
l%shd lsÍfuka whym;la we;s jk nj;a iy ;u l%shdfõ j.lSu
;ud miqmi meñK ;ud iq.;shg fyda ÿ.;shg fhduq lrk nj;a
nqÿrcdKka jykafia jod< fial' nqoaO O¾ufha l¾ujdoh Wmfhda.S
lrf.k kdhl;ajh Èh hq;=h' l¾ujdoh kï fya;=M, jdohhs' ls%hd
- m%;sl%shd jdohhs' fyd| l%shdjlska fyd| úmdlhla o ^m%;sM,hla&
krl l%shdjlska krl úmdlhla o we;s fõ' iEu M,hlgu fya;=jla
we;'25
uQ,O¾u - 10 ( lKavdhu fufyhjñka wd¾Ól ÈhqKjq muKla

fkdj wdOHd;añl ÈhqKqjo ,nd.; hq;=h'26
wd¾Ól Wkak;shg kdhlhd wkqn, Èh hq;=h' tfiau Od¾ñl
wdOHd;añl27 pß;fhka hq;= ;Dma;su;a iduldó idudðlhkaf.
ka iukaú; lKavdhula ìys lsÍug kdhlhd fjfiiskau lghq;=
l< hq;=h'
26 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
03 mßÉfþoh
O¾udkql+, mrud¾:
mrud¾:hla hkq wkd.;fha § bgqlr .ekSug wfmaCId lrk
b,lalhls' mrud¾: bgqlr .ekSu i|yd m%h;ak orkq ,efí' iEu
kdhlhl=gu hï ksYaÑ; mrud¾:hla fyda mrud¾: ;sìh hq;=h' fuu
mrud¾:h hï ksYaÑ; NdKavhla cks; lsÍu úh yelsh' ke;fyd;a
hï ksYaÑ; fiajdjla ^ksoiqkla jYfhka Wiia wOHdmkh ie,iSu"
f,v frda. úksYaph fldg iqj lsÍu" wdrCIdj ie,iSu" m%jdyk
myiqlï ie,iSu hkdÈh& úh yelsh' wod< mrud¾:h id¾:lj
bgqlr .ekSu msKsi kdhlhd úiska ish wkq.dñl msßi fj; n,mEï
bÈßm;a l< hq;=h" ÈidNsuqL fldg fufyh úh hq;=h'
nqÿoyug wkqj kdhlfhla úiska uqÿka m;alr .ekSug orK
mrud¾:h O¾udkql+, úh hq;= fõ'1 tkï nqÿka jod< O¾uhg wkql+,
úh hq;=h'2 j¾;udkfha § olakg ,efnk ishü ixúOdkj,g hï
Okhla bmhSug isÿ ù we;' Okh bmhSu jHdmdr ixúOdkhlg
w;HjYH ù ;sfí' Okh Wmhkq ,nkqfha ixúOdkhl whs;slrejka
fukau fiajdodhlhkao .kqfokqlrejkao iy wuqøjH jeks fhojqï
imhk iemhqïlrejkao ;Dma;su;a lsÍu msKsih' wdh;khl wLKav
meje;au i|yd ixúOdkhlg Rcqju wod< jk whs;slrefjda" fia-
jdodhlfhda" iemhqïlrefjda iy .kqfokqlrefjda ;Dma;su;aNdjhg
m;a úh hq;=h' ta i|yd iEu ixúOdkhlgu hï idOdrK bmhqula
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 27
^fh¥ m%d.aOkhg idOdrK ,dNhla fyda w;sßla;hla& cks; lsÍug

isÿ ù we;' ,dN bmhSfï mrud¾:fhka msysgqjd we;s ixúOdkhlg
idOdrK ,dNhla cks; lsÍu w;HjYH ù we;'
nqÿka jod< O¾uhg wkqj ljr Okh bmhSula Od¾ñl jkafka
o@ Okh bmhSu l< hq;af;a fn!oaO iodpdrd;aul uQ,O¾u jk
mkais,a iq/lsk whqßks' mkais,a lefvk whqßka Okh ksIamdokh
lsÍu O¾udkql+, fkdfõ' jKsÊcd iQ;%hg wkqj3
1' i;=ka úlsKSu
2' wdhqO úlsKSu
3' uia úlsKSu
4' u;aøjH úlsKSu iy
5' úi úlsKSu isÿ fkdl< hq;=h' wd¾hh wIagdx.sl ud¾.fha
iïud wdÔj ^hym;a Èú fmfj;&4 fuys,d wod< fõ' uia msKsi i;=ka
we;s lsÍu" uia i|yd i;=ka úlsKu
S " urKSh wdhqO fjf<|du" u;ameka
u;aøjH fjf<|du" úI fjf<|du hkd§ wkqkaf.a úm;g fya;=jk
/lshdj, fkdfh§u;a" wkqkg ysxid msKsi fkdjk" ±yeñ ls<sá
fkdue;s /lshdjl fhÈh hq;= nj;a iïud wdÔj hkafkys woyihs'
by; olajk ,o tla fCIa;%hl § fyda iïnkaê; ixúOdkhl fyda
lKavdhul Tn úiska kdhl;ajh orKq ,eîu O¾udkql+, fkdfõ'
bka woyia jkafka tn÷ fCIa;%hl Tn kdhl;ajh fkd±ßh hq;=
njhs'
nqÿka jod< O¾uhg wkqj ljr fyda kdhl;aj /lshdjla
^l<ukdlrK /lshdjla& lsÍu fhda.H fkdfõ' Tn úiska lrkq
,nk kdhl;aj /lshdj"
1' Ôú; ^ñksia iy wfkl=;a Ôú;j,g& ydks fkdmuqKqjk"
2' foam< Ndú; whs;sh meyer fkd.kakd"
3' ish mjq,a Ôú;h úkdYhg m;a fkdlrk"
4' uqidjdofhka f;dr jQ iy
5' u;ameka" u;aøjHj,g iïnkaO fkdjk /lshdjla úh
hq;=h'5
28 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
fï wdldrfhkau kdhl;aj mrud¾: ñksid iy wka i;=kaf.a

Ôú;j,g ydks fkdmuqKqjk" foam< Ndú;h whs;sh meyer fkd.
kakd" ish mjq,a Ôú;h úkdYhg m;a fkdlrk" uqidjdofhka f;dr
jQ iy u;ameka u;aøjHj,g iïnkaO fkdjQ tajd úh hq;=h' wd¾hh
wIagdx.sl ud¾.fha iïud lïuka;h 6 fyj;a hym;a jev hk
m%;sm;a;sh fuys,d wod< fõ'
wïn,ÜÀl rdyqf,dajdo7 iQ;%hg wkqj Tnf.a l%shdj Tng ÿla

msKsio" wkqkag ÿla msKsio Tng;a wkqkag;a ÿla msKsi o fõ kï
th wl=i,hla jk w;r ta ksid ÿla úmdl ,efnk fyhska fkdl<
hq;=h' fï wkqj kdhl;aj mrud¾:h"
^w& Tng ÿla msKsi fkdúh hq;=h'
^wd& wka whg ÿla msKsi fkdúh hq;=h'
^we& Tng;a wka whg;a ÿla msKsi fkdúh hq;=h'
kdhlhl=f.a mrud¾:h uekúka ms<s.; yels whqßka m%ldY

fldg fyda ,shd ;sìh yelsh' mrud¾: m%ldYkh O¾udkql+,j i|yka
lr ;sìh yelsh' tfy;a ieneúkau isÿ lrkafka O¾udkql+, fohla
fkdùug mq¿jk' ksoiqkla jYfhka hï wdh;k kdhlhl=f.a
mrud¾:h jkafka lsishï m%foaYhl uyck ÈhqKqj i|yd wjYH jk
wm¾jHQyuh myiqlï ûydud¾." ÿrl:k hkd§ há;, myiqlï&
ie,iSuhs' ta i|yd úfoaYSh rgj,ska wdOdr ,nd .efka' fuu
mrud¾:h uqjdfjka lsishï ;%ia;jd§ lKavdhulg wdhqO ,nd§u
i|yd kdhlhd Wmldr lrhs kï tu l%shdj jxpdjls' tfiau ñk-
siqka kik foam, úkdY lrk ;%ia;hkag Woõ§uls' fuh n,j;a
wl=Y,hls'
oi mqKHl%shd ms<sn|j kdhl;aj mrud¾: we;slr .; yelsh'

Wi mqKHl%shd hkq msk ,nd.ekSug fya;=jk hym;a l%shdldrlïh'
oY mqKH l%shd my; ±lafõ'8
1' odkh
mQcd jYfhka fyda wkq.%y jYfhka ;udg wh;a jia;=jla
fyda jia;= fyda wdydrmdk" we÷ï me<÷ï hkdÈh mß;Hd. lsÍu
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 29
odkh kï fõ' uiqrelfuka ñ§ mqoa.,hka wka whg ^W;=ukag iy

wka whg& odkh fokq we;'
2' iS,h
hg;a msßfika mxp iS,h wdrCId lsÍu ke;fyd;a msysgd
lghq;= lsÍu iS,h kï fõ' m[apYS,h" wIagdx. YS,h iy oY YS,h
kï m%Odk YS, j¾. ;=kls' fï ms<sn| miq mßÉfþohl i|yka
fõ'
3' Ndjkdj
ks¾udK l=i,;dj jeãug l%shd lsÍu Ndjkdj kï fõ'
hym;a is;ú= ,s fufkys lsÍfuka is; ÈhqKq lr .ekSu9 fuys,d isÿfõ'
Ndjkdj uQ,sl jYfhka fojeoEreï fõ' tkï iu: Ndjkdj îudêh
ÈhqKq lsÍu& iy úo¾Ykd Ndjkdj ^m%{dj ÈhqKq lsÍu& hs'10
4' m;a;s odkh
m;a;s odkh hkq mska §uhs' m%dma;sodk kñkao ye¢kafõ' fuu
mqKH l%shdfjka woyia jkafka hul= úiska lrk ,o msk wkqkag
whs;s lsÍu fyj;a wkqkag wkqfudaoka lrùuhs' u< .sh {d;Skag"
foúhkag iy il, i;a;ajhkag mska§u l< yelsh'
5' m;a;dkqfudaokd
m;a;dkqfudaokd hkq mska wkqfudaoka ùuhs' mska wkqfudaoka
ùu hkafkka woyia jkafka hul= wkqfudaoka lrjk msk ke;fyd;a
hul= fok msk i;=áka ;jll= úiska ms<s.ekSu isÿ lrkq ,eîuhs'
odkh ksid th fok mqoa.,hdg mqKH ,dNhla ,efí' th ,nk
mqoa.,hdg ^m%;s.%dylhdg& o ,dNhla ,efí'11 fï fomd¾Yajh ms<sn|j
B¾IHdj fkdue;sj fomd¾Yajh mska isÿ lr f.k yd ,ndf.k iqjm;a
fõjd hehs hful= m;hs kï tu ;eke;a;dg mska wkqfudaoka ùfï
msk ,efí'
6' fjhHdjÉp
nqoaOd§ r;ak;%hg" udmshkag" .=rejrekag" jeäysáhkag" frda.
Skag" wd.ka;=lhskg iy wkH iqÿiaikag ^.re l< hq;=& j;djla lsÍu
fjhHdjÉp mqKH l%shdjhs' mkai,a mú;% lsÍu" w¿;a jeähd lsÍu"
30 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
uxudj;a kv;a;=j" .=re fo.=rekg j;djla lsÍu hkdÈh fuhg

we;=<;a fõ'
7' wmpdhkh
wmpdhkh hkafkka woyia jkafka .re l< hq;= md¾Yajhkag
iy foaj,g f.!rjh lsÍuhs' .re l< hq;af;da hkakg ;%súO r;akh"
foudmsfhda" .=rejre" jeäuy,af,da iy .=Kjka;fhda wh;a fõ' is;ska
^.=K fufkys lsÍfuka&" jpkfhka ^.=K lSfuka iy $ fyda ,sùfuka&
iy lhska ^jkaokd lsÍfuka" ke.sàfuka" wdik iemhSfuka hkd§&
.re lsÍu l< yelsh'
8' iq;s
iq;s hkq nqoaO O¾uh Y%jKh lsÍu fyj;a O¾uhg ijka
§uhs ' úrd.h i|yd ñi rd.h i|yd fkdjQ ;:d.;hdKka
jykafiaf.a iqmßY=oaO O¾uh b;d f.!rjfhka Y%jKh l< hq;=ùu
fuu mqKH l%shdfjka woyia fõ' hym;a mqoa.,hl=ùu i|yd O¾uh
Y%jKh w;HjYH fõ'
9' foaYkd
nqÿka jod< iqmßY=oaO O¾uh f,dal i;a;ajhdg iqj msKsi
foaYkd lsÍu iy foaYkd lsÍug myiqlï ie,iSu fuu mqKH
l%shdfjka woyia fõ' wikakka ;=< wjfndaOh cks; jk whqßka
O¾uh foaYkd l< hq;= fõ' ,dNhla fyda m%Yxidjla wfmaCId fkdlr
fuu mqKH l%shdj isÿl< hq;=h'
10' ÈÜÀÊcqlïu
ñka woyia jkafka iuH.a oDIaáh cks; lr .ekSu iy cks;
lr .;a iuH.a oDIaáh msßisÿ lr .ekSu;ah' ksjka ms<sfj; wer-
fUk mßÈ ;u oDIaáh cks; fldg" th meyeÈ,s lr f.k ;yjqre
lr .ekSu woyia fõ' iuH.a oDIaáh hkq mska mõ we;s nj;a" mska
mõj, úmdl we;s nj;a" mqkremam;a;shla we;s nj;a iy ÿ.;sh fyda
iq.;sh we;s lr.kq ,nkafka i;a;ajhd úiskau lrkq ,nk l¾u
wkqj nj;a ms<sn| u;hhs'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 31
by; i|yka oi mqKH l%h s d iïnkaOfhka Tng kdhl;ajhla

±ßh yelsh' tn÷ kdhl;ajhlska woyia jkafka by; tla l%shdjlg
fyda l%shd lsysmhlg fyda l%shd ish,a,gu fyda iïnkaOj lsishï
lKa v dhula we;s ls Í u iy fufyhùuhs ' tn÷ kdhl;a j hla
wksjd¾hfhkau O¾udkql, + fõ' kdhlhdf.a mrud¾: by; l%hs dj,g
wh;a kï tu mrud¾: mska f.k fok" f,dal i;a;ajhdf.a iqj msKsi
bjy,a jk b,lal fõ'
wd¾hh wIagdx.sl ud¾.fha ^ÿlaL ksfrdaO .dñKS mámod&

fojk m%;sm;a;sh jkqfha iïud ixlmamhs' tkï ksjerÈ l,amkdjhs'
ksjerÈ l,amkdj hkq l=ulao@ lduhkaf.ka ñ§ug is;a fhduq lsÍu"
jHdmdo fyj;a kmqre is;ska ñ§ug is;a fhduq lsÍu iy ysxidldÍ
núka je<lSug is;a fhduq lsÍu ukd ixl,amkd hhs ye¢kafõ' ksjerÈ
ûkd" hym;a& l,amkdjl ,CIK ;=kla we;' tkï (
1' lduql l,amkdjla fkdùu' wiSñ;j mialï iem ú£fuka
wE;a ùfï l,amkdj'
2' fl% d a O iy.; l,a m kdjla fkdùu' wkq k a keiS f ï
ke;fyd;a jekfiajd hk ffjr iy.; woyiska fkdù ffu;%S
iy.; l,amkdj'
3' ysxid iy.; l,amkdjla fkdùu' lsisjl= ;,d fm,d mSvd
lsÍfï woyiska f;drùu ke;fyd;a wúysxidùfï l,amkdj'
fn!oaO kdhlhl=f.a mrud¾:h by; ksjerÈ l,amkdj u;

mokï úh hq;=h' kdhl;aj mrud¾:h ;=< by; i|yka ,CIK 3
;sìh hq;=h' ke;fyd;a kdhlhdf.a mrud¾:h fyda mrud¾: by;
lreKq ^,CIK& 3g mriamr úfrdaë fkdúh hq;=hs'
wd;a u d¾:ldó;a j h u; mokï jQ foa Y md,kS l rKhla

j¾;udk iudch ;=< olakg ,efí' fndfyda kdhlfhda wfhda.H
f,i foaYmd,kSlrKhg ,la ù we;' foaYmd,kSlrKhg ,la jQ
wdh;k kdhlhl= fndfyda úg O¾udkql+, mrud¾: u; lghq;=
fkdlrhs' kdhlhd ^fndfyda úg rdcH wdh;kj, hï ksYaÑ;
32 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
ld,hlg - wjqreÿ ;=klg m;ajk& rfÜ foaYmd,k kdhlhl=g

fyda mCIhlg wdOdr lrhs' tfia lrkqfha ish OQr ld,h §¾> lr
.ekSu" fjk;a wdh;khl kdhl;aj ;k;=rla ±Íu" ish tÈßjd§
mqoa.,hkaf.ka m,s .ekSu" Okh /ia lsÍu hkd§ mrud¾: ^;DIaKdj"
fl%daOh" Nh hkdÈh u; mokï jQ& bgq lr .ekSu msKsihs' fujeks
kdhlhl= ál l,lska nyq;rhlf.a wm%idohg yd úfrdaOhg m;a
fõ' fndfyda úg fujeks kdhlhl=g ish OQrld,h wjidkùug
m%:u tlaflda b,a,d wiaùug ke;fyd;a OQrfhka fkrmkq ,eîug
isÿjkq we;' ksYaÑ; jYfhka wid¾:l kdhlhl= jkq we;'
lsishï úYaj úoHd,hl tla;rd foaYmd,k mCIhlg

iïnkaOj m%:u Wmdê wfmaCIlhka úYd, ixLHdjla
^nyq;rhla& iïnkaO ù isák ;;a;ajhla olakg ,efí'
hï foaYmd,k kdhlhl= fï ;;a;ajh fjkia lsÍfï
mrud¾:h we;=j hï Wmdê wfmaCIl lKavdhula ^l=vd&
fufyhjhs' fufyhùfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka ^ndOd lsÍï"
myr§ï" úfõpkh lsÍï" fmdaiag¾ uv .eiSï hkdÈh
lrk fldg f.k& fomsßi w;r úYd, .egqula we;s ù
udi lsysmhlg úYajúoHd,h jid ±óug isÿ fõ' Wmdê
wfmaCIlhka lsysm fofkl=g nrm;, f,i YdÍßl ;=jd,
isÿ ù frday,a .; lsÍug isÿ fõ'
Wla; kdhlhdf.a mrud¾:h O¾udkql+, o@ ieneúkau
ke;'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 33
04 mßÉfþoh
ñksid ms<sn| hym;a

wdl,amh
kdhlhd jQ l,S ñksfils' wkq.dñlhka o ñksikq a fõ' id¾:l
kdhl;ajhla i|yd ñksid ms<sn| ksjerÈ wjfndaOhla kdhlhdg
;sîu w;HdjYH fõ' ñksid hkq ljfrlao@ fuh jeo.;a od¾Yksl
m%Yakhls' fmrÈ. fyda wmrÈ. fyda fõjd iEu YsIagdpdrhlau ÈhqKq
jQfha ñksid ms<sn|j lrk ,o m¾fhaIKj, m%;sM,hla jYfhks'
wm ieu Ôj;a jkafka iudchla ;=<h' iudchla hkq

mqoa.,hka msßilf.a tl;=jls' mqoa.,hkaf.ka f;drj iudchla
mej;sh fkdyelsh' ta whqßkau iudchla o mqoa.,hkaf.ka f;drj
mej;sh fkdyelsh' tlu ldishl fome;a;la jYfhka mqoa.,hd yd
iudch ye¢kafõ' iEu mqoa.,fhlau Ôj;a jkqfha iudch ;=< jk
w;r iudch mqoa.,hkaf.ka ieÿï ,oaols'
Ôj úoHd;aulj iEu mqoa.,fhlau iudkh' ish¨ udkjhka

ñksia hk tlu l=,hlg wka;¾.; jk njo j¾. m%fNao ÿßkau
ÿre l< hq;= njo nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska foaYkd lrk ,§' iqÿ
iy l¨ jYfhka ñksiqkaf.a j¾K folla olakg ,efí' tfiau
zz;,t<¨ZZ jYfhkao j¾Khla fndfyda úg wdishd;sl ôl=Kq& olakg
,efí' tfy;a ñksidf.a wNHka;r l%shdldß;ajh wkqj ^úfYaIfhka
34 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
YdÍßlj& ish¿u ñksiqka iudk fõ' iEu ñksfil=gu Ôj;aùu i|yd

wdydr wjYHh h'1 tfiau c,h wjYH fõ' YÍrh msßisÿ lsÍï ieugu
lsÍug isÿ ù we;'
l=, wkqj ñksiqka fn§u nqÿoyu úiska m%;sfCIam lrkq ,en
we;' l=,hka wkqj ñksiqka Wia my;a jk kuq;a th nqÿoyu úiska
m%;sfCIam lrkq ,en we;' isxy,hska w;r úúO l=, j¾. mej;=Ks'
f.dú.u ^fmdf<dfjys j.d lrkakka&" lrj ^ëjrhka&" i,d.u ^l=re÷
fmd;= .ikakka&" ÿrdj ^rd uÈkakka&" kjkaokak ^lïy,alrejka"
f,day jev lrkakka iy leghïlrejka&" ikakd,s ûykakka&" rod
^frÈ wmq,a,kakka&" nvye, ^l=U,alrejka&" rkslals ^lrKjEñhka&"
fnrj ^fnr jhkakka&" lskakdr ^meÿre úhkakka&" frdã îsÕkakka&
Y%S ,dxlsl ck;dj w;r mej;s l=, l%uhg wh;a l=, j¾.fhdah'
fuu l=, l%uh j¾;udkfha§ b;d wvq jYfhka jHjydr fõ' nqÿka
jod< O¾uhg wkqj l=, l%uh ms<sfkd.efka' ta wkqj ñksiqka j¾.
lsÍu l< fkdyelsh' tl, úúO /lshd mokï lrf.k tfia ;snqK
o j¾;udkfha§ wOHdmkh yd m<mqreoao u;hs úfYaIfhka /lshd
lrkq ,nkqfha'
wkH i;=ka yd .iaje,a fjkafldg y÷kd.; yels jqjo
ñksiqka j¾K jYfhka ^n%dyauK" laI;%Sh" ffjYHh iy Y=ø& j¾.
lr fkdyelsh'2 merKs oUÈj n%dyauKfhda bf.kSu" b.ekaùu"
hd. lsÍu yd lrùu" odkh ms<s.ekSu hkdÈh l<y' laI;%Sfhda
úiska lrkq ,enqfõ m%cd md,kh" odkh" oka §u" fõo wOHdmkh
yd ldufhys fkdwe,Suhs'3 ffjYHfhda lDIsl¾uh" .j md,kh"
fjf<|du hkd§ l¾udka; l<y'4 Y=øfhda úiska n%dyauK" laI;%sh
iy ffjYHh hk j¾K ;=kg lSlre fjñka odilï lsÍu lrkq
,enQy'5 tl, n%dyauKfhda jvd;au Wiia cd;sh jYfhka ie,l=Ks'
iudc úoHd;aulj iudcfha ishü idudðlhka iudkd;au;djfhka
hq;=j ie,lsh hq;=h' nqÿoyug wkqj ish¿u idudðlhka whs;sjdislï
wkqj tl iudkh' hï cd;shla wfkla cd;shg jvd j¾Kh wkqj
Wiia fyda my;a fkdfõ'
f,dj jik nqoaêu;aj i;a;ajhd ñksidh' iajdëkj úYajh
wjfndaO lr.; yelafla ñksidgh' fï ñys;,fha Ôj;ajk ish¿u
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 35
Ôùka w;=frka w;s úfYaI i;a;ajhd ukqIHhdh' Tyq $ wehg Wiia jQ

ukila msysgd ;sîu thg fya;=jhs' ish¿u i;a;ajhkg jvd Wiia jQ
W;=ï jQ i;a;ajhd o ñksidh' fï iif¾ ießirk mqoa.,hl=f.a mru
mQ¾K;dj jQ iïnqoaO;ajh yqfola ukqIHhl= úiska u muKla ,nk
fohls' iEu ñksfil=gu úuqla;sh ,nd .ekSug úNjhla ^wkd.;
yelshdjla& we;' ñksidf.a w.h Tyq $ wehf.a fY%aIaG;ajh u; r|d
mj;sk nj;a ;udf.au W;aidyfhka th ,nd .; hq;= nj;a ;udg
fjk lsisjl=f.a msysgla ke;s w;r we;af;a ;udg ;udf.a msysg nj;a
tfyhska ;udf.a .e,jqïlre ;udu nj;a nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a
O¾ufhys i|yka fõ' foúhl=g fyda n%yauhl=g nqÿúh fkdyels
nj;a nqÿ úh yelafla iodpdrd;aul nfõ iy m%{dfõ by<gu .sh
ukqIHhl=g muKla nj;a i|yka fõ'
ñksid iodpdr iïmkak jQ úg foúhkaf.a mjd jkaokdjg
Ndckh fjhs' Yl% foafõkaøhd ukqf,dj foig kuialdr lrñka"
fh .yÜGd mq[a[lrd
iS,j;a;d Wmdild
Oïfïk odrx fmdfi;a;s
;x kuiaidó ud;,S 6
hkqfjka mjid we;s nj jd¾;d jkafka tfyhsk's fï wkqj foúhkaf.
ka mjd je÷ï ms÷ï ,nd .ekSug W;a;Í;r ñksfil=g yelshdj we;'
úfÊnKavdr iy wka wh ^2004" ms' 77& i|yka lr;s fufia (
zzfoaj;ajh hkq ukqIH;ajh ,nd l=i,a l< mqoa.,hka ,nk
ldu iaj¾.hls' tfy;a mska msßyqKq miq kej; ukqf,dj fyda fjk;a
;ekl Wm; ,nkakg isÿjk fyhska foaj;ajh hkq iodld,sl"
n,OdÍ" i¾j iïmQ¾K ;;a;ajhla fkdfõ'ZZ
nqoO
a ;ajh ,nd .ekSu hkq ukqIH yelshdjkaf.a uqÿka fm;a;g
fyj;a by< u ;;a;ajhg meñKSuhs' lsisÿ ñksfil= iodld,sl
mõldrfhl= jYfhka fkdie,fla' lskï wmrdOldrfhl=g jqj o
hym;a Ôú;hla njg tu Ôú;h mßj¾;kh lr .ekSfï yelshd-
jla we;' krl mqoa.,fhla miq lf,l fyd| ùug bv ;sfí' fyd|
36 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
mqoa.,fhla miq lf,l krl ùug bv ;sfí' fyd| mqoa.,hl= jvd

fyd| mqoa.,fhl= ùug;a krl mqoa.,fhl= jvd krl mqoa.,hl=
ùug;a mq¿jk' mqoa.,hd ixidr .ufka .;sl jk kuq;a ia:s;sl
fkdfjhs' fuu .;sl ^fjkia jk& iajNdjh mokï lr .ksñka
nqÿiuh úoHdkql+, úNck l%uhla wkqj iudcfha jdih lrk ckhd
j¾. y;rlg fnod ±lafõ'
1' ;fuda ;u mrdhk ^w÷ßka w÷rg hk&
±kg miamõ oi wl=i,a lrk È.ska È.gu ;j ;j;a
wl=i,aj, fhfok wh'
2' ;fud fcda;s mrdhk ^w÷ßka t<shg hk&
±kg mõ lr we;;a l%ufhka l=i,hg fhduq fjñka
fyd| w;g fjkia jk wh'
3' fcda;s fcda;s mrdhk ^t<sfhka t<shg hk&
±kgu;a hym;a ls%hdjkays ksr; ;jÿrg;a È.ska È.gu
jv jvd hym;a l=i,a l%shd lrk wh'
4' fcda;s ;u mrdhk ^t<sfhka w÷rg hk&
±kg hym;a l%hs djkays ksr; kuq;a wl=i,hg keó È.gu
wl=i,aj,g fhduqjk wh'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia fldfid,a rc;=udg fï f,dalfha
isák mqo.
a ,hka by; ±lajQ mßÈ j¾. i;rlg fnÈh yels
nj jod< fial ^wx.=;a;r ksldfha p;=lal ksmd;h&'7
mqoa.,hka iodpdrh wkqj fjkia fõ' tla tla mqoa.,hdf.a
iodpdrd;aul ÈhqKqj fndfyda úg tl iudk fkdfõ' iodpdrh uq,a
lrf.k mqoa.,hka j¾. lrk ;j;a l%uhla ñksidf.a iudc p¾hdj
ms<sn|j wjOdrKh lrhs ^úfÊnKavdr iy wka wh" 2004' ms' 75&'
1' w;a;ka;m - ;udgu ysßyer lr .kakd mdmS
p¾hdj we;a;d'
2' mrka;m - wkqkag jo ysßyer muqKqjk
;eke;a;d'
3' w;a;ka;m - mrka;m - ;udg;a wkqkag;a hk
fomCIhgu ysßyerhla jk
;eke;a;d'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 37
4' fkj;a;ka;m kmrka;m - ;ukag fyda wkqkag johla

fkdjk ;eke;a;d' nqÿjreka
ry;=ka - fn!oaOhka fuhska
woyia fõ'
mqoa.,hka iodpdr oDIaáh wkqjo fjkia jkq we;' ish¿u

mqoa.,hkag Ôú;h ms<sn| tlu u;hla fyda o¾Yk m:hla olakg
ke;' ñksidf.a iodpdr oDIaáh mokï lr .ksñka ñksiqka j¾.
;=klg fnfoa' 8
1' wkaO - weia fkdfmfkk mqoa.,hdhs' fuu mqoa.,hd nqÿka

jod< O¾uh ms<sfkd.kshs' wd.ñl p¾hdjla iodpdrhla ^hym;a&
ke;' we;af;a ÿIa.=Khkaf.ka hq;= wdfhda.H ^;ukag;a iudchg;a&
p¾hdjls' fuf,dj ÈhqKqjla .ek fkdis;k mqoa.,fhls'
2' talplaLq - Ôj;a jk ld,h ;=< Wmßu ÈhqKqjla ,nd .ekSug

l%shdlrk mqoa.,fhls' mrf,dj fyda mrf,dj ÈhqKqjla .ek fuu
mqoa.,hd fkdis;hs' fuf,dj fN!;sl ÈhqKqj .ek is;d jev lrkq
we;' wdOHd;añl ÈhqKqj fkd;lkq we;'
3' oaúplaLq - fuu mqoa.,hd fuf,dj ÈhqKqj .eko mrf,dj

ÈhqKqj .eko is;hs' ta i|yd lghq;= lrhs' fN!;sl ixj¾Okh o
wdOHd;añl ixj¾Okho hk oaú;ajhu fuu mqoa.,hd ,nd .kshs'
iodpdr iïmkak ÈhqKq ñksfils'9
ñksidg wfkal úO jQ wdYdjka we;' ñksiqka úúO is;=ï

me;=ï we;s úúO yeÕSï we;s msßils' ñksid ;DIaKdfjka nß; jQ
i;a;ajfhls'10 kdu yd rEm îs; iy lh& hk oaú;ajfhka ñksid
iukaú;hs'
ñksiqka j,dl=¿j,g Wmud l< ú.%yhla wx.=;a;r ksldfha

p;=lal ksmdf;a mGu j,dyl iQ;%fhys i|yka fõ' tys,d j<dl=¿
j¾. 4 la we;s nj;a ñksiqkao j¾. 4 la we;s nj;a ±lafõ' j<dl=¿
j¾. y;r my; ±lafõ'
38 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
1' f.drjhs" fkdjiS

2' fkdf.drjhs" jishs
3' fkdf.drjhs" fkdjiS
4' f.drjhs" jiS11
ñksiqka j¾. 4 fufiah (
1' l;d lr;s" jev fkdlr;s ( fï j¾.hg wh;a mqoa.,fhla
úúO jev .ek l;d lrhs" wka whg m%ldY lrhs" lhsjdre .ihs"
fndre fmdfrdkaÿ fohs" tfy;a jev fkdlrhs'
2' l;d fkdlr;s" jev lr;s ( fï j¾.hg wh;a mqoa.,hd l;d
fkdlrhs" lhsjdre fkd.ihs" m%isoaêfha m%ldY fkdlrhs' tfy;a jev
fyd¢ka lrhs' ish j.lSï ksis f,i bgq lrñka wm%isoaêfha fujeks
mqoa.,hd jev lrhs'
3' l;d fkdlr;s " jev fkdlr;s ( fï j¾.hg wh;a
mqoa.,hd l;d lrkafka;a jev lrkafka;a ke;' yßhg lsßueá .s,mq
lsUqf,la fuks' ish j.lSï bgqlrk nj m%ldY lrkafka;a ke;'
bgq lrkafka;a ke;'
4' l;d lr;s" jev lr;s ( fï j¾.hg wh;a mqoa.,hd l;d lrhs"
m%isoaêhla ish jevj,g fohs" tf,iu lshmq jev bgq lrhs'
f.dkqka n÷ ñksiaiq isák njo nqÿrcdKka jykafia jod<
fial' wx.=;a;r ksldfha p;=lal ksmd;fha f;jk mKaKdilfha
j,dyl j¾.fha n,sjoao iQ;%fha .jhka i;r fofkla ms<sn| ú.%y
flf¾'
1' i.jpKafvd fkda mr.jpKafvda ^;ukaf.a /f,a f.dkqkag
wksk tfy;a msg f.dkqka iuÕ hy¿&
2' mr.jpKafvda fkda i.jpKafvda ^msg f.dkqkag wksk
;ukaf.a /f,a f.dkqka iuÕ hy¿&
3' i.jpKafvda p mr.jpKafvda ^;ukaf.a /f,a f.dkqkag o
msg f.dkqkag o wksk&
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 39
4' fkaj i.jpKafvda fkda mrNjpKafvda ^;ukaf.a /f,a

f.dkqka iu.;a msg f.dkqka iu.;a hy¿& 12
fï f.dkqka i;r fokd fuka ñksiqka j¾. i;rla o olakg

,efí' tkï"
1' ;u mjqf,a whg wys;j;a wka whg ys;j;a ( ;u Nd¾hdjg

$ iajdñ mqreIhdg" orejkg" foudmshkg iy {d;Skag
Tyq $ weh ys;j;alula fkdolajhs" ìh .kajhs" ysxid lrhs'
tfy;a msg whg Tyq $ weh ys;j;a fjhs" Wmldr lrhs" ysxid
fkdlrhs" .egqï we;s fkdlrhs'
2' ;u mjqf,a whg ys;j;a wka whg wys;j;a ( ;u mjqf,a
whg ys;j;alï mdhs" Woõ lrhs" ÈhqKj
q g lghq;= lrhs" tfy;a
msgia;r mqoa.,hkag Tyq $ weh wys;j;a fjhs" Wmldr
fkdlrhs" ysxid lrhs" .egqï we;s lrhs'
3' ;u mjqf,a whg;a msg whg;a wys;j;a ( ish¿ fokdgu fu-
jeks mqo.a ,fhla lror lrhs" ysxid lrhs" myr fohs" wys;j;aj
yeisfrhs'
4' ;u mjqf,a whg;a msg whg;a ys;j;a ( fujeks mqoa.,hd
fY%aIaG mqoa.,fhls' Tyq $ weh f.ka mjqf,a whg fukau
wka ish¿ msgia;r fokdgu o isÿjkqfha hym;ls" jdishls"
m% f hda c khls ' .u fyda wdh;kh fuu mq o a . ,hd ks i d
nenf<hs'
by; ú.%yhka Tn ksjerÈj jgyd.;af;ys kï ñksid
ms<sn| fyd| wjfndaOhla Tn ;=< we;' cd;s" l=, iy j¾K wkqj
ñksid j¾. fkdlrk nj Tn okafkysh' tfy;a mqoa., is;=ú,s
iy l%shd wkqj úúO j¾.fha mqoa.,fhda isá;s' kdhlhl= jYfhka
Tnf.a wkq.dñlhka iïnkaOfhkao by; i|yka l< j¾.SlrKhka
wod< fõ' ula ksido h;a wkq.dñlfhda o ñksiqka jk neúks' ñksid
ms<sn| h:d wjfndaOh ksid .egqï wjulr ke;fyd;a ;=rka lr
40 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
wkq.dñlhkaf.a Wmßu iyfhda.h ,ndf.k mrud¾: uqÿkam;a lr

.ekSu i|yd kdhlhd lghq;= l< hq;=h' Tn ish¿ fokdf.au h:d
iajNdjh uekúka wjfndaO lr f.k Tjqkg kdhl;ajh Èh hq;=h'
ñksiqka ms<sn| h:d wjfndaOhla we;s kdhlhd (
) ish wkq.dñlfhl= lKavdhfï mrud¾: bgqlr .ekSug lghq;=
fkdlrk úg úCIsma; ù uyd úYd, .eg¨jla f,ig th
fkdolshs'
) wkq.dñlfhl= wka wkq.dñlhkg ndOd lrk úg ta i|yd
nqoaêu;aj ish,a,u ms<s.; yels úi÷ula lrd hdug lghq;=
lrhs'
) ish¿u wkq.dñlhka tl iudkj odhl;ajhla § jev fkdlrk
nj jgyd .kshs' iEu fokl=u mrudo¾YShj jev fkdlsÍu
ksid fkdl,lsfrhs" wffO¾hu;a fkdfjhs'
) wfmaCIs; odhl;ajh fkdfok wh jgydf.k Tjqkaf.ka
lsishï fyda jeo.;a odhl;ajhla ,nd .ekSug lghq;=
lsÍug fjr orhs'
wdl,amhla hkqfjka woyia jkafka hï mqoa.,fhla fyda
hï fohla ms<sn| Tn ;=< mj;sk we.hSuhs' ke;fyd;a u;hhs'
kdhlhl= úiska wksjd¾hfhkau ish wkq.dñlhka ms<sn| hym;a
ke;fyd;a Okd;aul wdl,amhla ±ßh hq;=j ;sfí' wkq.dñlhka
ms<sn| RKd;aul wdl,amhla kdhlhdg mj;sk úg ish lKavdhï
mrud¾: bgqlr .ekSug fkdyels jkq we;' ienE kdhlhd (
^w& wkq.dñlhka hkq ñksiqka msßila nj jgyd .kshs'
^wd& ta wkqj wkq.dñlhka ms<sn| úYajdihla cks; lr .kshs'
^we& wkq.dñlhka ms<sn| Okd;aulj yÕshs'
^wE& wkq.dñlhka flfrys reÑl;ajhla ^leue;a;la& we;s lr
.kshs'
^b& wkq.dñlhkaj ksjerÈ Èidjg Ôd¾ñl" kdhl;aj
mrud¾:j,g& fhduq lrùu i|yd keUqrejla cks; lr
.kshs'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 41
ienE kdhlhdf.a hym;a wdl,amh hkafkka woyia jkafka

by; i|yka l< fohhs' hym;a wdl,amh hym;a p¾hdjg fya;=
fjhs' túg wkq.dñlhkaf.a iyfhda.h jeä ù kdhl;aj mrud¾:
bgq ùu isÿjkq we;' fuh my; rEmfhka fmkajkq ,efí'
hym;a wdl,amh hym;a wkq.dñlhkaf.a kdhl;aj

^ñksid ms<sn|& p¾hdj iyfhda.h mrud¾:
bgqlsÍu
42 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
05 mßÉfþoh
hym;a pß;h ( ioa.=Khka

mq o a . , pß;h hkq mq o a . ,hl= f .a .;s ,CIKh' Tyq f .a
fyda wehf.a .;s.K = j, iajNdjhhs' Tyqf.a fyda wehf.a iodpdrd;aul
iy ÿrdpdrd;aul iajNdjhhs' hym;a pß;h (Good Character)
hkq .=Khym;aluhs" ±yeñ njhs" iqpß;hhs' whym;a pß;h (Bad
Character) hkq ÿrdpdrhhs" ÿIapß;hhs'
fuys,d wjOdrKh l< hq;= mo folls' tkï ioa.=Kh

(Virtue) iy wioa.=Kh (Vice)' ioa.=Kh hkq fyd| mqreoaols' ;udg;a
wka whg;a fi;la jk hym;a .;s .=Khls ^.;s ,CIKhls&' bjiSu
ioa.=Khls' wjxllu ioa.=Khls' wioa.=Khla hkq krl mqreoaols"
jrols' ke;fyd;a ;udg;a wka whg;a whym;la jk .;s ,CIKhls'1
fldamh wioa.=Khls' B¾IHdj wioa.=Khls' ioa.=Khka Tn ;=<
cks; lr.; hq;= w;r tajd by<gu j¾Okh lr .; hq;=h'2
wioa.K= hka Tn flfrka wju l< hq;= w;r yels kï iïmQ¾Kfhkau
;=rka l< hq;=h'
fï wkq j wioa . = K hka fkdue;s j ioa . = K hka Wmßu

m%udKfhka mj;sk pß; iajNdjh b;du hym;a pß;hla f,i
ye¢kafõ' tkï iodpdrd;aulNdjfha úYsIag;djhs' fuu úYsIag;djg
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 43
Tn kdhlhl= jYfhka m;a úh hq;h = " <Õd úh hq;h

= ' th ÿIalr fohla
jqj o l< yelalls' ta i|yd wêIaGdkYS,sj W;aidy .kq uekú'
iqpß;h jeo.;a jkafka wehs@ iqpß;fhka ieuúgu isÿ
jkqfha hym;ls" jdishls' wksjd¾hfhkau wjdishla fyda jrola
fyda isÿ fkdfõ' Tng;a" wka whg;a" wod< wdh;khg;a iuia;hla
jYfhka rgg;a isÿjkqfha hym;ls' iqpß;h jQ l,S ukqIHfhl= ;=<
we;s wjÈ jQ $ mqnqÿ jQ ÈjHuh .;shhs' th lsisÿ fidrl=g fidrd.;
fkdyelsh' tys wdrCIdj i|yd wuq;= m%h;akhla ±ßh hq;= ke;'
wOHdmkfha uQ,sl mrud¾:hls iqpß;h j¾Okh lsÍu'
iqpß;fhka hq;=j mqoa.,hl= tla ojila Ôj;aùu ÿIapß;fhka
hq;=j wjqreÿ ishhla Ôj;aùug jvd jákd nj nqÿrcdKka jykafia
jod< fial' ;,amdú, YS,jxY ysñfhda ^2001" ms' 7& pß;fhys ^hym;a&
jeo.;alu fufia wjOdrKh lr;s'
zzYla;Ska w;r pß; Yla;sh m%Odk fõ' ldh {dk Yla;Ska
we;;a hful=g pß; Yla;sh ke;akï Tyq Tyqgu i;=frls' Tyqf.
ka Tyqg;a rgg;a uy;a úm;lau isÿjkafkahZZ'
iudchl ÿIa.;sj,ska hq;= whym;a pß;h mj;S kï buy;a
wjdisj,g iudchg uqyqK §ug isÿjkq we;' iudchl ioa.;sj,ska
hq;a hym;a pß;h mj;S kï buy;a jdis /ila iudchg ,efnkq
we;' my; ksrEmKfhka iudcfha whym;a pß;h lrk fldgf.k
we;s jk m%;sM,hka o iudcfha hym;a pß;h lrk fldgf.k
we;sjk m%;sM,hka o ±lafõ'
44 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
iudcfha ÿIapß;h ksid iudcfha iqpß;h ksid

we;sjk m%;súmdl we;sjk m%;súmdl
) fndfyda kS;súfrdaë Wm;a fndfyda kS;Hdkql+, Wm;a
) fndfyda ishÈú kid.ekSï fndfyda iajNdúl urK
) fndfyda ñkSuereï fndfyda iqj lsÍï
) fndfyda m%pKav;d fndfyda iduh
) fndfyda wmrdO wmrdO ke;' ke;fyd;a wvqh
) fndfyda isr.; lsÍï isr.; lsÍï ke;
) wdpdrúfrdaë ;SrK .ekSu wdpdriïmkak ;SrK .ekSu
) msßfyk ld¾ñl M,odhs;dj j¾Okh jk ld¾ñl M,odhs;dj
) wld¾hCIu;dj ld¾hCIu;dj
) wkdrCIs; ia:dk iqrCIs; ia:dk
) ld¾ñl fkdikaiqka;dj ld¾ñl iduh
) ¥IKh iy w.;s.dó {d;s idOdrK;ajh iy w.;s.dó;ajh
ix.%yh fkdue;sùu
) f,!lsl;ajh Od¾ñl;ajh
) iqLmru jdoh wdOHd;añl;ajh
îem ú£u i|ydu&
) iqkaùu ÈhqKqj
) wiunr Ôú;h iunr Ôú;h
) wmlS¾;sh hfidardjh ^lS¾;skduh&
) frda.S nj ksfrda.S nj
) ÿ.Slu iuDoaêh
) tla tla mqo.
a ,hkaf.a wiudk ish¿ mqoa.,hkaf.a iuld,Sk
ÈhqKqj ÈhqKqj
my; i|yka ioa.=Khka ms<sn| ie,lsh hq;= ú.%yhla Tng

wms bÈßm;a lrkafkuq'
1' wjxllu (Honesty)
2' bjiSu (Patience)
3' lD;{;dj (Gratitude)
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 45
4' ksy;udkSlu (Humility)

5' .re lsÍu (Respect)
6' is,aj;alu (Piousness)5
uq , s k a i|yka lrk ,o ioa . = K hka fol ms < s n | fuu
mßÉfþofha§ ú.%y flf¾' b;sßh ms<sn| ú.%yhla B<Õ mßÉfþofha
bÈßm;a flf¾'
wjxllu
wjxllu hkq i;Hjd§ ùfï .=Khhs' i;Hhg .re lr uq-
idnia foãfuka je<lSuhs' RcqNdjh6 kñkao wjxlNdjh y÷kajkq
,efí' hula ms<sn| Tn wjxl kï Tn ta ms<sn| iïmQ¾Kfhkau i;H
m%ldY lrkafkys" lsisjla iÕjkafka ke;af;ys' hula iïnkaOfhka
^mqoa.,fhla" fohla" isoaêhla hkdÈ& Tn lshk foa iy lrk foa w;r
mr;rhla we;akï Tn jxl mqoa.,fhls' wjxlluys úreoaO ;;a;ajh
jxpksl ùuhs' wjxllu keue;s ioa.=Kfhys uQ,sldx. folls'
1' i;Hh lSu fyj;a fndre fkdlSu' fuh m[ap iS,fhys
tk isõjk YsCId mohhs'7
2' i;Hfhys msyà
s u' ñka woyia jkafka fok ,o fmdfrdkaÿj
lv fkdlsÍuhs'
wjxllu fkdue;s ùfuka wka wh Tn flfrys ;enQ úYaj-
dih lvfõ' kj úYajdihla cks; jkafka ke;' zfndreldrfhl=Z
jYfhka kskaod lrkq we;' túg fndfyda wh Tnf.ka wE;a ù hkq
we;' Tn ;ksùug we;s bvlv fndfyda jeäh'
wjxllu fkdue;s úg úúO wys;lr ;;a;ajhkg uqyqK
§ug isÿfõ' jxllu ksid fndre lSu" fndre idCIs §u" fndre nia
lshd wkqka rjgd ,dN m%fhdack .ekSu ±lsh yelsh' fïjd ji,
.;s jYfhka nqÿrcdKka jykafia ji, iQ;%fhys foaYkd l<y'8
jxl mqoa.,hd ìfhka Ôj;a fjhs" iudcfhka fpdaokd ,nhs" .eryqï
,nhs' fndre lshkakd hï we;a;la m%ldY l<o th ms<s.ekSug ,la
fkdfõ'
46 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
wjxlNdjh we;s mqoa.,hdf.a jpkh;a" l%shdj;a w;frys

fjkila ke;' hula m%ldY lrkafkao th lsÍu;a hula lrkafkao
th m%ldY lsÍu;a wjxl mqoa.,hd ;=< olakg ,efí' fuh h:djd§
;:dldÍ yd h:dldÍ ;:djd§ .=Kh kñka ye¢kafõ' ieneúkau
nqÿrcdKka jykafia h:djd§ ;:dldÍ jQy"9 h:dldÍ ;:djd§ jQy'
fuu .=Kh we;s mqoa.,hd iudcfhka fpdaokd fkd,nhs" m%Yxid
,nhs" .re;ajh yd úYajdih ,nhs'
flfkl= fndre lshkafka wehs@ ;udg jdishla ,nd .ekSug"
;u ys;jf;l=g jdishla ,nd§ug" ;udg isÿúh yels wjdishla
uÕyrjd .ekSug" ;u ys;j;l=g isÿúh yels wjdishla uÕyrjd
.ekSug" lsif
s jl=g fndre fpdaokd fldg wjdishla wk¾:hla lsÍug"
yqÿ úfkdaoh i|yd hkd§ úúO fya;= lrk fldg f.k ñksii a q fndre
lsh;s' fndre lSu mj;S' fï Njfhau fndfyda úg fndrej fy<s ù
o~qjï ,efí' tfia ke;akï u;= Njhl ksYaÑ; jYfhkau wys;lr
úmdl f.k foa'10
Tn wjxl úh hq;af;a wka whg muKla fkdfõ' Tn Tngo
wjxl ^Rcq& úh hq;=h' Tfí isf;ys we;s woyi iÕjd f.k jp-
kfhka fyda l%shdfjka fyda fjk hula lSu fyda lsÍu Tn Tngu
lr.kakd jQ jxpdjls' Tng wkqkaj /jàug mq¿jka úh yelsh'
tfy;a lsisúfgl Tfí yDo idCIsh /jàug Tng yelshdjla ke;'
jxl mqoa.,hdg l< fkdyels mdmhla ke;ehs ±lafõ' tla fndrejla
jeiSug ;j fndre rdYshla lSug isÿúh yelsh' fndrej ksid ieuod
ieflka" ìfhka Ôj;aùug isÿfõ'
wo wm rfgys jxpdj iy ¥IKh ms<sn| mqj;a ks;r wikakg
,efí' jfrl wm rg ¥Is; rgla f,i cd;Hka;r m¾fhaIK
wdh;khla úiska m%ldYhg m;afldg ;snqKs' ¥Is; iy jxpksl
kdhlhka nyq,j fjfik rgla jYfhka Y%S ,xldj y÷kajd we;'
th w;sYhskau lK.dgqjg lreKls' fndrej $ jxpdj úúO whqfrka
isÿfõ' wdldr lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
1' fndre úhoï fmkajd ^fndre jjqpr fhdod& tu uqo,a .id
lEu'
2' fndre jHdc iy;sl fmkajd úúO ;k;=rej,g m;aùu'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 47
3' jHdc iy;sl bÈßm;afldg úúO ys;ñ;%d§kag ;k;=re iy

jdis ,nd§u'
4' úúO fya;= fyda ,shú,s bÈßm;afldg fmdÿ foam< Ndú;
lsÍu ^wh:d f,i&'
5' l< jxpd jid .ekSu msKsi úúO fí.,a weo nEu'
6' fndre fpdaokd bÈßm;afldg ;udf.a ;rÕlrejkag ^Wiiaùula
i|yd fyda ue;sjrK chla i|yd fyda hkd§ jYfhka& wmydi
lsÍu'
7' wdKavqj fyda wdh;kh fjkqfjka wêl ñ,la hgf;a úúO
j;alï ñ,§ f.k thska fldñia uqo,la ,nd .ekSu'
8' ;u ys;j;=kag fldka;%d;a jev ndr§ úúO ;Hd. ,nd
.ekSu'
9' wmrdO isÿfldg thska fíÍu i|yd ^kS;sh yuqfõ& úúO
,shlshú,s fjkia lsÍu' jerÈ jd¾;d ks¾udKh lsÍu
^m.d§fuka fyda ys;j;alï n,mq¿jkaldrlï Ndú;fhka&'
10' i;H jika lsÍu i|yd úúO n,mEï fldg fndre udOH
jd¾;djka m%isoaO lsÍu' jHdc o;a; iemhSu'
wjê isoaêh ( l%Svd msáhla ;ekSu

l÷rfÜ ÿmam;a .ïudkhl mdi,lg l%Svd msáhla ;ekSu i|yd wod<
rcfha ks,OdÍka úiska remsh,a ,CI myla ^tl, - 2002 § muK&
weia;fïka;j= la ms<f
s h, lrk ,È' tu m%foaYfha NsCIQka jykafia kula
bÈßm;a ù wod< weu;s;u = ka iuÕ idlÉPd fldg remsh,a ,CIhla b,a,d
.;af;ah' wk;=rej Wkajykafia ish úYajdiS iud.ï follska fvdai¾
^ßhÿrdf.a ffoksl fõ;kh iy jdykhg f;,a fok fmdfrdkaÿ
msg& folla imhdf.k .ïuqkag yd mdie,a <uhskag lreKq myod §
Tjqkaf.a iydh we;sj i;s ;=klska muK ukd l%Svdx.khla ms<sfh,
l<y' úhou remsh,a ;siaoyilg;a wvqúh' Wkajykafia lreKq okajd
b;sß uqo, wud;HdxYhg wdmiq ÿkay' fuu NsCIQka jykafia Wiia
hehs is;kjqkaf.a .¾ydjg ,la jQy' tfy;a fndfyda fokdf.a buy;a
f.!rjhg Wkajykafia m;a jQy'
uQ,dY%h ( y.a.uqfõ isß r;kd,xldr ia:úr" 2003" msms' 16-17

48 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
wjxllu j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd .; yels l%shdud¾. my; ±lafõ'

1' fndre lSfuys wd§kj fufkys fldg thska je<lSug
wêIaGdk lr .ekSu'
2' h:djd§ ;:dldÍ .=Kfhys w;sYh jeo.;alu wjfndaO
lr.ekSu'
3' fmdfrdkaÿjla §ug m%:u tu fmdfrdkaÿj bgq l< yelso
keoao hkak uekúka wOHhkh lsÍu' tfia fldg l<
yels kï muKla tu fmdfrdkaÿj §u'
4' ;udg l< yels foa muKla lSu' mqyqudkakfhka wkaO
wkqlrK rgdjlg l< fkdyels foa lSfuka je<lsh hq;=h'
fï i|yd ;udf.a Yla;Ska iy ÿ¾j,;d fyd¢ka wOHhkh
l< hq;=h'
5' u;lfhka ^;udf.a u;lh wvudk kï& l:d fkdlr
wjYH uQ,dY% ^fmd;am;a hkdÈh& mßYS,kfhka l:d lsÍu
iy m%ldY ksl=;a lsÍu'
6' Tnf.a iy wka whf.a ke;s .=K mejiSïj,ska je<lSu'
7' jrola isÿjqjfyd;a th ms<s.ekSu'
8' ;ud hula fkdokafka kï ta nj jgydf.k ksy~ ùu'
fndre lSug jvd ksy~ ùu fnfyúkau fyd|h'
9' wvudkfhka hula m%ldY lsÍug isÿ ù ;sfí kï ô;a;
fkdue;s ùu fyda ld,h fkdue;s ùu fyda fjk;a
fya;=jla ksid& ta nj wid isák whg m%ldY lsÍu'
10' Tnf.a wjxllu keue;s ioa.=Kh fld;rï m%udKhlg
weoao hkak ksYaph lrkak' ta i|yd my; o¾Ylh Ndú;hg
.kak' tys ±lafjk p¾hd wkq.ukh lrkak'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 49
o¾Ylh 2 ( wjxllu
tlÕ fjñ fjñ fkdfjñ tlÕ
fkdfõ
1' ug i;Hh jika lsÍu
b;d ÿIalr ld¾hhls'
2' fndre lSfï isß;la ud

;=< ke;'
3' wka wh udj úYajdi

lr;s'
4' uu wka whj fkdrjgñ'
5' uu fidrlï fkdlrñ'
6' is;du;d uu lsisfjl=

jerÈ ud¾.fha
fkdhjkafkñ'
7' ksjerÈ f,i w;S;

ldrKd jd¾;d lsÍug
uu mqreÿ ù isákafkñ'
8' wka wh l=ula lSjo uu

ksjerÈ foh lrñ'
9' uu fmdfrdkaÿ bgq lrñ'
10' wka wh w;r lemS fmkSu

i|yd wuq;= W;aidyhla
uu fkd.ksñ" ujdmEula
fkdlrñ'
,l=Kq lsÍfuka miqj my; i|yka j.=j wdOdrfhka Tfí

,l=Kq m%udKh ksYaph lrkak' miqj fok ,o w¾: ksrEmkh wkqj
Tnf.a wjxllfï ;ru ksYaph lrkak' Tn Tngu wjxl ù wvqmdvq
ilia lr .kak'
50 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh

1' 5 4 3 2 1
2' 5 4 3 2 1
3' 5 4 3 2 1
4' 5 4 3 2 1
5' 5 4 3 2 1
6' 5 4 3 2 1
7' 5 4 3 2 1
8' 5 4 3 2 1
9' 5 4 3 2 1
10' 5 4 3 2 1
w¾: ksrEmKh ( ,l=Kq 10 - 18 } fnfyúkau jxlhs
18'1 - 26 } jxlhs
26'1 - 34 } uOHia:hs
34'1 - 42 } wjxlhs
42'1 - 50 } fnfyúkau wjxlhs
fn!oaO cd;l isoaêh ( frdau cd;lh

hg.sh oji nrKeia kqjr n%yauo;a; kï rc flfkla rclï
lrk iufha fndaêi;a;ajhka jykafia mfrúhkag kdhlj
úiQy' ta mfrúhka jikakd jQ jkh winv tla ;dmi flfkla
jdih lf<ah' ta ;dmihka yuqjg Èkm;d hk mfrú iuQyhd
Wkajykafiag iómj je| kuialdr fldg hkakdy' l,lg
miq tu ;dmi;=ud wE; m%foaYhlg jeäfha h' ysia jQ mkai,
wh;a lr.;a tla ;jqfila tys jdih lrkakg úh' fndaêi;a;ja
mfrúhd;a msßi;a fmr tys úiQ ;dmijrekag l<d fiau Tyq
yuqjg f.dia je| mqod mkai,a u¿fõ ksoyfia .ejiS f.dÿre
ld .sfhdah' l,la .sh miq Èkla Wmdiljre tla uia j¾.hla
rig Whd ;jqidg oka fia ms<s.ekajQy' uia j<|k .uka Tyq
zzWmdilhsks fï ljr uila±ZZhs weiQ úg th mfrú uia nj
TjQyq lSy' mfrú uia .ek ±ä .scq njla Wmojd .;a ;dmifhda
Wmdilhka ,jd ñßia ¨Kq yd fjk;a uia msiSug .kakd iQÿre"
bÕ=re wd§ l=¿nvq j¾. f.kajd mkaif,a iÕjd ;enqfõh'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 51
uia bùug wjYH ish¨ l<ukd ilid ;enQ ;dmihd

fmd,a,la f.k ;u ;jqia we÷ug háka iÕjdf.k mfrúhka
tk fmruÕ n,d Wkafkah' ta fudfydf;a fndai;a mfrúhd
;u msßi msßjrdf.k wdrdu N+ñhg neiafiah' ;dmihdf.a
yeisÍfï l=ula fyda wuq;a;la we;ehs jgyd .;a mfrú
kdhlhd Tyqg lsÜgq fkdù há iq<Õg f.dia bj we,a,Sh'
W!g ;dmihd mfrú uia wkqNj fldg isák nj ±kqKs' fï
;dmihd mfrú uia ld ta rig f,d,aj wm urd lEug iQod-
kñka isákafka hhs ksjerÈj wkqudk l< kdhl mfrúhd
ta nj ;u msßig;a lshd wdrdu N+ñfha wE;g f.dia" f.dÿre
lkakd fia yeiqreKy'
fï ÿgq ;dmihd fï mfrúfhda wo ud <Õg fkdt;s' lreKq

lshd rjgd <Õg f.kajd f.k urd .ksñhs is;d" zzmfrúhks"
fjkod kqU,d <x ù uf.a wf;a jQ f.dÿre mjd .;a;d fkd-
fõo@ wo ud <Õg fkdtkafka ukao@ ud fjk;a ;dmihl=
fia jrojd .;a ksido@ fkdtfia kï kqU,d fjk;a mfrú
?klao@ZZ wd§ fkdfhla l;d lSh' tnia weiQ fndai;a mfrúhd
zz;dmih" kqU fjk;a ;jqfil=;a fkdfjhs' wms fjk;a mfrú
msßil=;a fkdfjhs' kqU bkakd bßhõj álla iel iys;h'
wms <Õg fkdtkafka ta ksihsZZ hkqfjka mÍCIdfjka hq;=j
lSh' ;dmihd uf.a ie,eiau fï mfrúhkag ±kS we;' tfia
jqj;a l< yels wka;su wdhdih;a .ksñhs is;d" iÕjdf.k
isá fmd,a, f.k mfrúhkag oud .eiSh' iQodkñka isá
mfrúfhda tu myr uÕ yeßfhdah' zzwdya ! uqkag ud .eiQ
fmd¨ mdr;a jerÿKd fka±ZZhs ;dmihdg bfíu lshejqKs' ta
weiQ mfrú kdhlhd zz;dmihdfKks" fmd¨ mdr jerÿK;a"
kqU i;r wmdfha jefgk tl kï jerÿfKa ke;' kqU ;j;a
fu;ek isáfhd;a uu fï ish,a, Wmdiljrekag lshñ' kqfò
kshu iajNdjh;a lshd foñ' jydu fu;ekska bj;aj hkqZZhs
mejiqfõh' ;dmihd ta mfrú rxpqj n,d isáh§u ,eÊcdfjka
lrndf.k mkai, w;ayer hkakg .sfhah'
52 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
nqÿrcdKka jykafia" zzuyfKks" tiufhys tu mfrú uig

f,d,a jQ ;dmihd fï foajo;a; ia:úrfhdah' ta wdrdufhys l,ska
úiQ ;dmihdfKda ießhq;a ia:úrh' kdhl mfrúhdj isáfha ±ka
nqoaO;ajhg m;aj isák uï u fõ±ZZ hs w;S; l;dj iy j¾;udk
l;dj .<md ±la jQ fial'
uQ,dY%h( rKùr" 2004" msms' 186-18811
fuu cd;l l;dfjka Tng mKsjqv lsysmhla f.k foa' tajd

kï (
1' jxpd lsÍu È.ska È.gu l< fkdyelsh'
2' kqjK we;s mqoa.,hl=j /jáh fkdyelsh'
3' jxl mqoa.,hdg ;ud úiska nqla;s ú¢ñka isá iem myiqlï
o wysñ ùu'
bjiSu
bjiSu hkq ikaiqkaj l,n, fkdù l=ms; fkdù hula ord
isàuhs' bjiSu jkdys wkHhka wdfl%daY lrk l,ays jO nkaOkdÈf-
hka ÿla fok l,ays" Tjqka flfrys fjfyilg fkdmeñfKk"
fkdlsfmk" úreoaOj l%shd fkdlrk iajNdjhhs ^f.dä.uqfõ fi-
dar; ia:úr" 2008" ms' 257&' bjiSu hkakg úl,am jpkhla jkqfha
laIdka;s12 hkakh' YSf;daIaK folska jk mSvd o id.skak msmdih
f,v wdÈfhka jk ÿlao" ukqIH ;sriaÖkd§ka ksid jkakd jQ mSvd o"
Tjqka úiska lrk mSvdo" bjiSu zlaIdka;sZ kñka ks¾jpkh flf¾
^f¾reldfka pkaoúu, uydia:úr" 2008" ms' 217&' fï wkqj iajNdúl
jYfhka meñfKk ÿIalr;d o i;=ka iy ñksiqkaf.ka meñfKk
ÿIalr;d yd mSvd o ú| ord .ekSu bjiSu hkafkka woyia fõ'13
ienE bjiSu jQ l,S b;d jeo.;a ioa.=Khls' my; i|yka foa
ienE bjiSug wh;a fõ'
^w& ys;du;dj fyda wjfndaOhlska f;drj ñksidf.ka isÿjk
;dvk mSvk ú| ord .ekSu'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 53
^wd& iajNdúl ^foaY.=Ksl ld,.=Ksl ;;a;ajhka ksid&

Wmøjhkaj,g uqyqK §u ^wmyiqjlska fyda&'
^we& fldam ùï" úreoaO m%;spdr ±laùï" m,s .ekSï hkdÈh isÿ
fkdlsÍu'
^wE& ÿIalr;d ksid ;ud úiska fuf;la lr f.k hk ,o
ld¾hhka k;r fkdlr lrf.k hdu'
^b& hï fõokdjla we;akï th ;ksju ú| ord .ekSu'
hfula YS;h yd WIaKh o" id.skak o" msmdidj o" ueis
uÿrejkaf.a mSvd o" wõ iq<x o" i¾mhkaf.a oIag lsÍï o" fkdukd
l:d o" YÍrfha yg.kakd fõokd o" bjid kï ta ;eke;a;d bjik
;eke;a;d hhs nqÿkajykafia foaYkd lr we; ^f¾reldfka pkaoúu,
uydia:úr" 2008" ms' 218&'
kdhlhl= jYfhka Tng;a" Tnf.a wkq.dñlhkag;a" Tnf.a
fm!oa.,sl Okhg;a" fmdÿ Okhg;a wka wh úiska lrkq ,nk
w,dN ydks bjid ord .ekSu b;d Wiia .=Khla jYfhka fn!oaO
O¾ufha W.ekafõ' w,dN ydks wju lr .ekSug Tn l%shd fkdl<
hq;= nj ñka woyia fkdfõ' ñka woyia jkafka ±kg isÿ ù we;s ydks
iïnkaOj wka whf.ka m,s .ekSu fkdl< hq;= njhs' tfia lsÍfuka
Tng lsisÿ hym;la isÿ fkdfõ' ieneúkau whym;lau isÿfõ' m,s
.ekSu i|yd Tng lsishï ld,hla" Y%uhla iy iuyr úg uqo,la
jeh lsÍug isÿjkq we;' tfiau tu l%shdjka ksid jvd oreKq m%;sl%shd
Tn fj; <Õd ùug bv we;' wka wh Tnf.ka fmr,d m,s .ekSug
lghq;= lsÍu ksidfjks'
ÿla bjiSu fof,da ÈhqKqj f.k fok ux., lreKla nj wm
nqÿrcdKka jykafia jod< fial' bjiSfï .=Kh W;=ï nqoaO;ajh mjd
,nd §ug bjy,a jk ioa.=Khls' thska Tng úkdYh fyda ;jÿrg;a
.egqïj, ysrùu fyda isÿ fkdfõ' isÿjkqfha Tng iekiSu (Conso-
lation) Wodùuhs' zzbjiSfuka iekiSu ,efíZZ hk wdmaf;damfoaYh
Tn fndfydaúg wid we;' bjiSfï hym;a m%;sM, my; rEmfhka
bÈßm;a flf¾'
54 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
ndysr
mßirfha

iajNdúl i;=ka iy iekiSu
ñksiqkaf.ka isÿjk ydks"

mSvd" lror hkdÈh' ksfrda.Slu
i;=re lror fkdmeñKSu
kvqyn lSug isÿ fkdùu
bjiSu Okh /lSu

ld,h úkdY fkdùu

wka wh m%sh lsÍu yd .re
lsÍu
Tn lKavdhul fyda wdh;khl fyda ±kgu;a kdhl;ajhla

orK mqo.
a ,hl= kï Tng tla;rd kS;u
s h n,hla we;' wkq.dñlhkag
Tng fuka kS;us h n,h fkdue;' wkq.dñlhl= w;ska isÿjk jrolg
fkdlsmS bjif;d;a tn÷ bjiSu b;d jákd bjiSuls' ulaksido h;a
n,h ysñ mqoa.,hl= jYfhka n,h wysñ ÿn,hl= w;ska isÿjk jerÈ
ikaiqkaj ord isák fyhsks'
Tnf.a mh Y=kLhl= iemQ l< Tn ta Y=kLhdf.a mh im-
dlkafkyso@ ms<s;=r meyeÈ,sh' zke;Z hkakh' fï i|yd Tng bjiSu
;sìh hq;=h' fomCIhgu wk¾: jk m<s.ekSfuka je<lS isàug Tng
fuu bjiSu keue;s ioa.=Kh bjy,a fõ' .egqula we;s jQ úg fl-
damfhka" tlg tl lsÍfuka" m,s .ekSfuka lghq;= lsÍu weúf<k
.skakg msÿre ±óula jeksh' Tn bjiSu m%.=K lrkafka kï th
weúf<k .skakg c,h oukakdla fukah'
bjiSfuka wdksYxi myla ,efnk nj nqÿrcdKkajykafia
jod< fial ^f.dä.uqfõ fidar; ia:úr" 2008" ms' 262&'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 55
1' bjik ;eke;a;d fndfyda ckhdg m%shukdm ùu'

2' ñ;=rka nyq, ùu'
3' wmrdO nyq,fldg ke;af;la ùu'
4' isysfhka hqla;j l¨ßh lsÍu'
5' urKska u;= iq.;shl bm§u'
f.dä.uqfõ fidar; ia:úrhdfKda ^2008" ms' 264& fufia
i|yka lr;s( zzhï ukqIHhl= ;=< bjiSu ke;akï fyf;u kshu
ukqIHfhla fkdfõ' hï jeo.;l= ;=< bjiSu ke;akï Tyq kshu
jeo.f;la fkdfõ' hï mKaä;hl= ;=< bjiSu ke;akï Tyq kshu
mKaä;fhla fkdfõ' hï .=Kj;l= ;=< bjiSu ke;akï Tyq kshu
.=Kjf;la fkdfõ' hï Y%uKhl= ;=< bjiSu ke;akï fyf;fï o
kshu Y%uKfhla fkdjkafkah'ZZ
fï wkqj jHq;amkak jk ks.ukfhls' hï kdhlhl= ;=<
bjiSu fkdue;s kï Tyq fyda weh kshu kdhlhl= fkdfõ' Tn
uekúka mÍCId l< fyd;a zbjiSuZ keue;s ioa.=Kh W;=ï .=KO¾u
we;slr .ekSu i|yd o n,mdk nj Tng mila jkq we;' bjiSu ksid
fldamh l<ukdlrKh l< yelsh' bjiSu iykYS,s;ajhg rel=,a
fohs' bjiSfuka f;drj YS," iudê" m%{d È .=KO¾u we;s fkdfõ'
bjiSu j¾Okh lr .kakd l%u my; i|yka fõ'
1' bjiSfï jeo.;alu wjfndaO lr .ekSu' ta wkqj bjiSu ms<n
s |
hym;a wdl,amhla we;s lr .ekSu' tkï zbjiSfuka iekiSu
,efíZ hkak úYajdi lsÍu" th ioa.=Khla neúka Okd;aulj
yeÕSu iy bjiSu l%shdjg kexùug keUqre ùuhs'
2' úúO i;= r e n,fõ. mj;s k úg my; mßÈ fufkys
lrkak'
zzf,dj fjfik ieugu i;=re mCIhla o we;af;ah' f,djq;r = d
nqÿjre mjd thska fkdñÿKdy' th f,daliajNdjh' ug fufia
wkqkaf.ka mSvd ,efnkafka w;S;fhys bm§ug fya;=jk
l¾u /ia lr i;=re mSvd ,eìh hq;= fï f,dalfha Wmka neúkah'
thg uu o jrolrefjla fjñh' i;=rdu jrolre yeáhg
f.k Tyqg lsmu S jrfola'ZZ ^f¾reldfKa pkaoúu, uydia:úr"
2008" ms' 222&
56 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
3' i;= r e mS v d mj;s k úg zla I dka ; s mdrñ;djZ ms Í ug

wjia:djla ,enqKq nj is;kak' my; mßÈ fufkys
lrkak'
zzi;= r e mS v d fkdue;s kï ud yg la I dka ; s mdrñ;dj
mqrkakg fkdyels fõ' fï ksid i;=rka yd mSvd ud
yg bjiSu mqreÿ lsÍug" msÍug wjia:djla ,nd §fuka
lr we;af;a Woõ lsÍuls'ZZ
4' zmqKafKdajdohZ wjfndaOfldg ta wkqj mq¿,aj is;Su m%.=K
lsÍu'
mqKafKdajdoh
tla ijia ld,hl wdhqIau;a mqKaK f;reka jykafia

nqÿrcdKkajykafia fj; t<U" ziajdóks Nd.Hj;=kajykai"
uu yqfol,dj fjfiñka uyKoï mqrkq leue;af;ñ' ta
i|yd ug flá wjjdohla lrkq uekejeZhs ie< lf<dah'
Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia mqKK
a f;rKqjkag fldáka oyï foid
zzmqKaKh" udf.ka fï flá oyï foiqu wid f.k ljr
ckmohl jdih lrkafkys±Zhs úpd< fial'
zzia j dóks " iq K dmrka ; kï ckmohla we;' uu tys

fjfiñ'ZZ
zzmqKaKh" iqKdmrka;fha ñksiaiq kmqreh" bÈka tys§ ;g

nekakyq kï tl,ays l=ula is;kafkyso@ZZ
zziajdóks" iqKdmrka;fhda fyd| ñksiaiqh' nksk kquq;a

fudjqyq ug w;ska fkd .i;sZhs is;ñ'
zzmqKaKh" bÈka iqKdmrka;fhda w;ska .i;a kï l=ula

is;kafkyso@ZZ
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 57
zziajdóks" fï ñksiaiq fyd|h' w;ska .ik kuq;a fudjqyq ug

.,a fkd .i;sZhs is;ñ'
zzmqKaKh" bÈka iqKdmrka;fhda .,a .i;a kï tl,ays l=ula

is;kafkyso@ZZ
zziajdñks" iqKdmrka;fhda fyd|h' .,a .i;a" uq;a fmd¨j,ska

fkd.i;sZhs is;kafkñ'
zzmqKaKh" bÈka iqKdmrka;fhda fmd¨j,ska .i;a kï l=ula

is;kafkyso@ZZ
zziajdóks" iqKdmrka;fhda fyd|h' fmd¨j,ska .i;a uq;a le;s

msyshdj,ska fkd fldg;sZhs is;ñ'
zzmqKaKh" iqKdmrka;fhda msyshdj,ska" le;s ukakdj,ska

fldgkakdyq kï l=ula is;kafkyso@ZZ
zziajdóks" iqKdmrka;fhda fyd|h" fudjqyq ud fkd ur;sZ

hs is;ñZZ'
zzmq K a K h" bÈka iq K dmrka ; fhda ;d ur;a kï l= u la

is;kafkyso@ZZ
zziajdóks" YÍrh;a" Ôú;h;a ms<sl=,a lrk we;eï nqoaO

Y%djlfhda YÍrh .ek;a" Ôú;h .ek;a l<lsÍ ;uka urjd
.ekSug ñksiqka fidh;s' fkd fidhd u uu ñkSurejka
,ÈñZhs is;ñ'
blaì;s nqÿrcdKka jykafia jodrK fiala zzmqKaKh" b;d

fyd|h' tn÷ yslaóula we;a;d jQ ;g iqKdmrka;fhys úish
yelsh' thg l,a okqjZhs jod< fial'
58 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
mqKaK f;reka jykafia tys f.dia Wmdilhka mkaishhlao"

Wmdisldjka mkaishhla o we;s fldg ;uka jykafia o iõ
flf,iqka kid ry;aj msßksjka md jod< fial'
uQ,dY%h( f¾reldfka pkaoúu, uydia:úr" 2008" msms' 223-
224
5' zzbjiSug iSudjla we;ZZ fkdj zzbjiSug iSudjla ke;ZZ

hkak úYajdi lrkak' wd;au Yla;sh we;akï bjiSfï
iSudjla ke;' ;ud n,fhka jeä jqj o ;ud bjikafka kï th
ienE bjiSuhs' fuys§ Tn ;=< we;s wiañudkh ^zuuZ hk yeÕSu&
fyj;a wd;au oDIaáh hkak bj;a lrkak' zuuZ hk yeÕSu Tn
;=< yels;dla wju lr .ekSug ù¾h orkak' túg wka whf.a
ysxikhg" nek je§ug Tn fkdief,kafkysh'
6' iduh iy úkh we;s lsÍfï mrud¾:h i|yd b;d jeo.;a

pß; .=Kdx.hla jYfhka bjiSu ie,fla' Tn bjis,a,
iys; mqoa.,hl= úh hq;=h' Tn m%n, mSvdldÍ wjia:djlg uqyqK
fok úg Tfí Ndjhka md,kh lr .ekSug Tng yelsúh
hq;= w;r ksielfhkau Tng ch ,eîug fyda hg;a msßfika
fndfyda krl m%;súmdl uÕyeÍug yels jkq we;' we;eïúg
isoaêh olsk iuyr mqoa.,fhda ^±ä mSvdldÍ wjia:dfõÈ&
Tn ìh.=,a,l= f,i ols;s' Tn ms<sn| Tjqkaf.a ixcdkkh
^jgyd.;a Ñ;%h& th jqj o th ksjerÈ fkdfõ' i;Hh hkq
Tn bjiSu m%.=K l< whl= hkakhs' Tnf.a ksy~;dj iy
flda m h we;= ¿ wfkl= ; a Ndjhka ^m,s .ekS u hkdÈh&
md,kh lsÍu ksYaÑ; jYfhka Tn fj; iekiSu f.k tkq ,efí'
wjidk ú.%yfha§ ch.%dylhd Tn fõ'
7' Tnf.a bjiSfï ;ru uek ta wkqj lghq;= lrkak' bjiSu

uekSu i|yd my; o¾Ylh Ndú; lrkak'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 59
o¾Ylh 3 ( bjiSu
1' l=uk ldrKhl§ jqj o ta

ms<sn|j meñKs,s fkdlr
isàug ug yelsh'
2' fndfyda ÿIalr fyda kSri
fohla jqj o lsÍug isÿ
jqjfyd;a ta .ek lkiai¨
fkdfjñ'
3' wfkla wh wmyiq;dfjka
i,lk wjia:dj, § mjd
uu wmyiq;djg
m;a fkdfjñ'
4' uf.a bjiSu i|yd iSudjla
;sfnk nj úYajdi lrñ'
5' iEu fohlau fyd| w;g
m;afõúh hkak ms<sn|
úYajdihla yd wfmaCIdjla
ud i;=h'
6' f,dj ÿIalr;d yd jerÈ
we;s nj uu ms<s.ksñ'
7' jvd ÿIalr jQ wjia:djla
ug ms<s.; fkdyelsh'
8' wka wh ud úfõpkh lrk
úg udf.a fldamh ug
md,kh lr.; fkdyels
;rïh'
9' nrm;, lreKla
iïnkaOfhka jqjo
m,s.kakd
mqoa.,fhla fkdfjñ uu'
10' bjiSu iekiSu f.k fok
nj uu ;rfhau úYajdi
lrñ'
60 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
Tnf.a ,l=Kq lsÍfuka miqj my; i|yka j.=j wdOdr lrf.k

Tfí ,l=Kq m%udKh ksYaph lr.kak' miqj fok ,o w¾:ksrEmkh
wkqj Tnf.a bjiSfï m%udKh ksYaph lr.kak' hï whs;uhla i|yd
zzfnfyúkau tlÕ fjñZZ hkakg ,l=Kq 5la § we;akï tu whs;uh
Ok p¾hdjla jYfhka ie,lsh hq;=h' tkï" th Tn úiska wkq.ukh
l< hq;=h' hï whs;uhla i|yd zzfnfyúkau tlÕ fjñZZ hkakg
,l=Kq 1 la § we;akï tu whs;uh RK p¾hdjla jk fyhska Tn
th wkq.ukh fkdl< hq;=h' wjxlju Tnf.a ;;a;ajh Tn úiskau
uek bjiSu b;d by< uÜgug m;alr .ekSug l%shd lrkak'

tlÕ fjñ fjñ fkdfjñ tlÕ fkdfõ'
1' 5 4 3 2 1
2' 5 4 3 2 1
3' 5 4 3 2 1
4' 1 2 3 4 5
5' 5 4 3 2 1
6' 5 4 3 2 1
7' 1 2 3 4 5
8' 1 2 3 4 5
9' 5 4 3 2 1
10' 5 4 3 2 1
w¾: ksrEmKh ( ,l=Kq 10 - 18 } bjiSu b;d wvqhs

18'1 - 26 } bjiSu wvqhs
26'1 - 34 } bjiSu uOHia:hs
34'1 - 42 } bjiSu by<hs
42'1 - 50 } bjiSu b;d by<hs
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 61
fn!oaO cd;l isoaêh ( lms cd;lh
tl, f.dúlï l< tla nuqfKla ish m,d.sh .jhka

fidhñka isák úg le,fha w;rux jQfõh' Èk .Kkla
yßhg lEula fkd,enqKq nuqKdg M, we;s ÈUq,a .ila
uqK .eiqKs' .ig ke..;a nuqKd ál fj,djlg miqj tys
w;a;la leã uyd m%md;hlg jegqfKah' fï jkfha m,dM,
nqÈñka fndaêi;ajhkajykafia j÷rl=j bm§ .uka lrk úg
m%md;hg jegqKq nuqKd ±l uy;a jQ lreKdfjka b;d fj-
fyi ù Tyqj f.dvg .;ay' ±äj fjfyig m;a ù isá wm
uy fndai;dKkajykafia uola kskaog jkay' m%md;fhka
f.dv m;a nuqKd zzuqjka fuka j÷rd o ñksiqkaf.a wdydrhls'
uQ urd uia ld u. § lEug uia b;sß lrf.k hñZ hs is;d
úYd, .,la f.k j÷rdf.a ysig oud .eiqfõh' .eiQ myr
ier jQfha ke;s fyhska uy fndai;dKkaf.a ysig ;=jd, jqj
o Ôú; ydksh isÿ fkdùh' myr ier fkdjQfha Èk .Kkla
yßhg lEula fkd,enQ ksid nuqKdf.a Yla;sh msßyS ;snqKq
ksidfjks'
uy fndai;dfKda wjÈj ;ud jf,ka f.dv .;a ñksid ;udg

.,lska myr ÿka nj jgyd .;ay' fndai;dKkaf.a ysi me,S
thska reêrh .,d yef,kakg úh' ish,a, ordf.k uyd
lreKdfjka mõldr nuqKdg ;jÿrg;a Wojq lsÍug ;SrKh
lr uy fndai;dfKda .iska .ig f.dia ksjerÈj u. fidhd
.ekSug yelsjkq msKsi nuqKdg ish .ug hdug uÕ fm-
kajQy' mõldr nuqKdg ish ksjig hdug yels jqj o miqj
oreKq l=Iag frda.hla je< § jir i;la thska ÿla ú| Tyq
ñh .sfhah'14
Wla; cd;l l:dfjka wm uy fndai;dfKdaf.a bjiSfï .=Kh

fudkjg meyeÈ,s fõ' wmg o fï whqßka bjiSfï .=Kh j¾Okh
lr .ekSug yels úh hq;=h' th ukqIHfhl=g l< yels fohls'
62 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
06 mßÉfþoh
ioa.=Khka
miq.h
s mßÉfþofha wjxllu iy bjiSu hk ioa.K = hka fol
ms<sn| ie,lsh hq;= ú.%yhla bÈßm;a lrk ,È' fuu mßÉfþofha §
lD;{;dj" ksy;udkSlu" .re lsÍu iy is,ja ;alu keu;s ioa.K
= hka
ú.%y flf¾'
lD;{;dj
lD;{;dj hkq l<.=K ie,lSuhs' lD;fõ§;ajh" l<.=Kh
iy flf<ys.=K ie,lSu hk úl,am moj,ska o fuu ioa.=Kh
ye¢kafõ' hï mqoa.,fhl= úiska Tng Wmldr l< úg tu mqoa.,hdg
wjYH jQ úg fyda miqj Tn úiska Wmldr lrkq ,eîu lD;{;dj
hkafkka woyia fõ' 1 Tng l< fyd| foag Tn Tyqg$wehg fyd|la
lsÍu l<.=Khhs'
f.dä.uqfõ fidar; ia:úr" ^2008" ms' 236& g wkqj" ;uyg
wkHhl= l< iaj,am jQ o Wmldrh wu;l fkdfldg" Tyq ug lf<a
l=ula±hs lshd l< Wmldrh fkduld" th iEu l,ays is;ays ;nd" iqÿiq
wjia:djla meñKs l< ;ud o ta fjkqfjka m%;Hqmldr lsÍu" flf<ys
.=K ie,lSu kï fõ' nqÿrcdKkajykafia úiska f,djg fmkajd fok
,o m%:u wdo¾Yh ke;fyd;a .=Kh jkqfha lD;{;djhhs ^wksñi
f,dapk mQcdfjka - nqoaO;ajh ,eîug Wmldr l< fndaêh foi
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 63
weismsh fkdfy<d i;a i;shla n,d isàu&'2 Wkajykafia úiska fuu

ioa.=Kh flfkl=f.a fuf,dj fukau mrf,dj ÈhqKqjg fya;=jk
nj jod< fial'
l<.=Kh i;amqreIhl=f.a ,CIKhls' flf<ys .=K wu;l
lsÍu wi;amqreIhl=f.a ,CIKhls' flf<ys .=K ie,lSu fld;rï
jeo.;a o lsjfyd;a th nqÿ" mfia nqÿ" uyry;kajykafia,d úiska
o mqrk ,oaod jQ W;=ï .=Khls' Wkajykafia,df.a m%Yxidjg ,la jQ
ioa.=Khls' flfia fj;;a" f,dalfhys w;sYh ÿ¾,N jQ tfyhskau
w;Hq;a;u jQ .=K O¾ufhls flf<ys .=K ie,lSu ^f.dä.uqfõ
fida r ; ia : úr" 2008" ms ' 236&' zzoa f õ fï Ns C Lfõ ÿ,a , fNda
f,daliañx" fhdap mqínldÍ fhdap l;[aû l;fõ§ZZ3 hkqfjka
m<uqj wkHhkg Wmldr lrk ;eke;a;d;a wkqkf a .ka ,o Wmldrj,g
m%;Hqmldr lsÍfuka lD;{;dj olajk ;eke;a;ka hk fofok
f,dj b;d ÿ¾,N nj nqÿrcdKka jykafia jod<y ^lsru fidar;
ysñ" 2000" ms' 29&'
m%:fudamldrh kñka jQ lD;{;d j¾.hla we;' m%:ufhka
Wmldr lsÍu ñka woyia fõ' tkï Tng ls i s lf,l ls i s u
Wmldrhla fkdl< flkl=g Tn m<uqfjka Wmldrhla lsÍu' th
b;du l,d;=rlska ±lsh yels .=Khls' iq¿ Wmldrhla lsÍuo b;d
jgfkah'
Tn úm;g m;a jQ úg Tng flkl= Wmldr l< yelsh' Tng
hd hq;= uÕ meyeÈ,s ke;s úg flkl= meyeÈ,s uÕla lshd Èh yelsh'
uqo,ska fyda wjjdo wkqYdikdj,ska fyda fjkhï wdldr ie,ls,j
s ,ska
Wmldr ,eìh yelsh' ;udg iq¿ fyda Wmldrhla l< whl=g lsis
Èkl wkqmldrhla fkdl< hq;=h' Wmldr l< whl=g wk¾:hla
l< flfkl= ñ;% fødaysfhls¦ mru wi;amqreIfhls' Tyq fyda weh
nrm;, wmrdOldrfhls' fuf,dj;a mrf,dj;a hk fof,dju Tyq
$ weh úkdYhg m;afjhs'
flf<ys .=K fkdie,lSu mdmhls' Wmldr l< whl=g
úkdYhla fyda wk¾:hla isÿlsÍu uyd mjls' foudmshka iy
64 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
.=rejreka Tng wksjd¾hfhkau Wmldr l< md¾Yjfhdah' Tjqkaf.a

Wmldr iEu l,aysu is;ays ;nd .; hq;=h' iqÿiq wjia:djla meñKs
l, ta fjkqfjka m%;Hqmldr l< hq;=h' iqÿiq wjia:dj kï ;udg
Wmldr l< ;eke;a;d lrorhg ,la ù isà kï th iqÿiq wjia:djla
fõ' ke;fyd;a Tyq fyda weh Tnf.ka Wmldrhla b,a,d isà kï
th o iqÿiq wjia:djla jkq we;'
f.dä.uqfõ fidar; ysñmdfKda ^2008" ms' 247& fufia i|yka
lr;s(
zzlreKd .=Kfhka fyì foudmsh .=rejrd§kg fødayslï
lrka k jq k g o fuf,dj§u jq j o oreKq úmdl ,efnk neõ
f,dal m%jD;a;s fidhd ne¨jfyd;a uekúka iaMqg fõ' tjekakkag
uqyqKmdkakg isÿ jQ oreKq úmdl .ek l,ska l, fldf;l=;a
wikakg ,efí' fufia j¾;udk wd;aufha§u hï lsis l%uhlska
;udf.a l¾u Yla;sh n,j;a ùu wd§ fya;+ka ksid oreKq úmdlhla
fkd,o;a urKska u;= tys úmdlh taldka;fhkau ,efnkafkauh'ZZ
Tng m%;Hqmldr jYfhka lsisjla lr lshd.; fkdyels
;;a;ajhl tn we;af;ys kï ;ukag lrk ,o Woõ Wmldr isysm;a
flfrñka lD;{;d .=Kh olajñka Ôj;aùu fhda.H fõ' Tnf.a
lD;{;dj keue;s .=Kh fld;rï m%udKhlg weoao hkak ksYaph
l< yelsh' ta i|yd my; o¾Ylh Ndú;hg .kak'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 65
o¾Ylh 4 ( lD;{;djh
1' uf.a foudmsfhda fofokdg

uu fndfyda i;aldr
lr ;sfnkafkñ'
2' ug úfYaIfhka Wmldr l<
.=rejrekag uu lsishï fyda
Woõjla lr ;sfnkafkñ'
3' uf.a úfYaI .=rejreka uu
isys lrñ' Tjqkag msx foñ'
4' uf.a foudmshkag uu
msx foñ'
5' ug lsishï jQ Wmldrhla
l< iEu flkl=gu uu
jeo.;a Wmldrhla lr ;sfí'
6' lD;fõÈ;ajh ms<sn| fndfyda
m%Yxid ug ,eî ;sfí'
7' lsisÿ Wmldrhla wfmACId
fkdlr uu ie,lsh hq;=
ñksiqka ixLHdjlg Woõ
lr ;sfnkafkñ'
8' .=K l< jqkaf.a is; lsis-
lf,l ßojd fkdue;a f ;ñ'
9' Wmldr l<jqkag uu
lsisÈfkl kmqrla lr
fkdue;af;ñ'
10' fijk ÿka .ia iy c,h
ÿka <sxj,g lsisÿ kmqrla
lr ke;'
,l=Kq lsÍfuka miqj my; i|yka j.=j wdOdrhg f.k Tfí

,l=Kq m%udKh ksYaph lr.kak' miqj fok ,o w¾: ksrEmkhg
wkqj Tnf.a lD;{;dfõ ;ru ksYaph lr.kak'
66 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh

1' 5 4 3 2 1
2' 5 4 3 2 1
3' 5 4 3 2 1
4' 5 4 3 2 1
5' 5 4 3 2 1
6' 5 4 3 2 1
7' 5 4 3 2 1
8' 5 4 3 2 1
9' 5 4 3 2 1
10' 5 4 3 2 1
w¾: ksrEmKh ( ,l=Kq 10 - 18 } fnfyúkau wlD;fõ§hs

18'1 - 26 } wlD;fõ§hs
26'1 - 34 } uOHia:hs
34'1 - 42 } lD;fõ§hs
42'1 - 50 } fnfyúkau lD;fõ§hs
Tnf.a lD;fõ§;a j h j¾Okh lr .ekS u ms K s i by;

o¾Ylfha iEu whs;uhlau Tng wod< úh hq;=h' iEu whs;uhlskau
^whs;uh 6 yer& olajd we;af;a lD;{;dj j¾Okh lrk p¾hdjls'
whs;u 6 fhka ±lafjkafka lD;{;dj ms<sìUq lrk ,CIKhls'
iq¿ jrol § flkl= lrk ,o ish¿ Woõ wu;l fkdl<
hq;=h' flfkl=f.a Woõ Wmldr we;sj ;u ÈhqKqj ,nd .;af;a kï
ta nj mejiSug ue,s fkdúh hq;=h'
ksy;udkSlu
ksy;udkSlu hkq WvÕ= fkdùuhs'4 wyxldr fkdùuhs' fuu
ioa.=Kh hgy;a meje;au fyj;a ksjd; .=Kh kñkao ye¢kafõ' úúO
fya;= ksid mqoa.,fhda WvÕ= fj;s¦ wdvïnr fj;s' W.;alu" Okh"
rEmh" l=,h" /lshdj hkd§ ldrKd mokï lrf.k iuyr mqo. a ,fhda
wka whj fy<d ±l WvÕ= fj;s' WvÕ= fkdù ksy;udkSùu W;=ï
ux., lreKla f,i nqÿrcdKka jykafia ux., iQ;%fhys foaYkd
l< fial'5
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 67
j¾;udkfha§ kdhlhl= i,ld ne,Sfï§ ksy;udkSlu

hkqfjka woyia jkafka ;u Ôú;fha ch.%yK i|yd wka wh odhl
jQ nj ms<s.ekSfï .=Khhs' ;u Ôú; ch.%yKhka ;ud ,nd .;af;a
yqfola ;udf.au lemùfuka muKla fkdjk nj;a hï hï wh ta
i|yd ie,lsh hq;= f,i odhlùu lr we;s nj;a wjfndaO lr .ekS-
fuka jQ ksryxldrùu ksy;udkSluhs'
ksy;udkSlfuys jeo.;alu
ksy;udkS fkdùu hkq udkh mej;Su fyj;a WvÕ= ùuhs'
udkh ke;sùu ksid ksy;udkSlu cks; fjhs' fï ksid we;sjk
ys;lr m%;súmdl my; rEmfhka fmkakqï flf¾'
- wkqkaf.a is;a i;=gq ùu

- wkqka fldam fkdùu
- wkqka ffjr fkdlsÍu
wka wh wf.a fldg - i;=rka we;s fkdùu
ksy;udkSlu ie,lSu iy wka wh - ñ;=rka we;s ùu
fy<d ±lSu fkdlsÍu - kEoEhka g iy wka whg
m%shùu
- iduhg Èß§u
- jia;=j úkdY fkdùu
- Ôú; úkdY fkdùu
WvÕ=ùfï m%Odk fya;=

Okh ( Okh ksid flfkl= WvÕ= úh yelsh'6 th w¾:
iïmkako@ ke;' ulaksidoh;a Okh fjkia jk iq¿h' th lsisjl=
úiska fidrd.kq ,eìh yelsh' th .skafkka fyda .xj;=frka fyda
fjk;a wdmodjlska úkdY ùug bv ;sfí' ÿmam;d Okh ke;s ksid
ÿmamf;ls' wkd.;fha§ Tyqg $ wehg Okh ,eìh yelsh' túg tu
mqoa.,hd Okjf;la jkq we;' we;eï úg flkl= Okj;a ù we;af;a
O¾udkql+,j yïnlsÍfuka fkdjkakg mq¿jk' we;eï úg flkl=
Okj;a ù we;af;a ;u foudmshkaf.ka ,enqKq j;alï ksid úh yelsh'
ienúkau Okh Wmhd we;af;a ;ud úiska O¾udkql+,j fkdfõ kï
WvÕ=ùu idOdrK fkdfõ'
68 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
W.;alu ( Wmdêhla ,nd.;a flkl= ;u W.;alu ksid WvÕ=

úh yelsh' wka wh ^Wmdêhla ke;s wh& my; fy<d lghq;= l<
yelsh' W.;alu ,nd .ekSu i|yd iEfyk fjfyila iy lemùula
±ßh hq;= nj ienEh' th w.h l< hq;= fohls' tfy;a ta ksid wka wh
my;afldg .¾yd lsÍu WÑ; fkdfõ' kQ.;a flkd miqj W.;l= ùug
bv ;sfí' Wmdê ^b;d Wiia Wmdê& lsysmhla ,nd .;a wh o fï iud-
cfha we;' tfiau ish W.;alfuka wka wh fjkqfjka" rg yd wd.u
fjkqfjka fok ,o odhl;ajh l=ulao@ tjeks ienE odhl;ajhla
fkdue;skï tu by< W.;alu iudc ys;lr fkdfõ'
rEmh ( rEmh ,iaik ùu ksid flfkl= úiska wj,iaik
rEm ;sfnk mqoa.,hka my;afldg i,lkq ,eìh yelsh' rEmh
flkl= úiska idod.kakd fohla fkdj th iajNdúl jQjls' fmr mõ
lsÍu ksid whl=g wj,iaik rEmhla ,enqKd úh yelsh' ke;fyd;a
ujf.a l=ifhys orejd isák úg uj úiska .kq ,nk wdydr ksid
orejdf.a rEmh ,iaik fyda wj,iaik úh yelsh' mshdf.a cdkj,
iajNdjh ksid rEmh ;SrKh úh yelsh' rEu;a jQ ;reKshla újdy
ùfuka orejka ,eîfuka miq fmrjQ rEu;alu ke;sù hdug bv
;sfí' idudkH rejla we;s ;reKshl= újdyfhka miqj jvd rEnr
ùug mq¿jk' lvjiï ;reKhl= jhia .;jk úg ;rndreù Worh
jeã ysiflia .e,ù hdu fndfyda úg isÿfõ' rEu;a fyda lvjiï
flfkl=f.a YÍrfhkao ln" l,d÷re" fl<" fiï" fidgq" u<" uQ;%"
oyäh .,hs' iajlSh rEm iïm;a;sh ksid WvÕ=j isá fÄud ìij
nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.ka oyï wid" wmú;% jQ YÍrfhys iajNdjh
jgydf.k wef.a is; wks;H" ÿlaL" wkd;au hk ;%s,CIKh flf¾
keUqre ù kqjK my< ù meúÈNdjhg m;aúh'7
l=,h ( l=, udkj j¾;udkfha§ idfmaCIj wvq uÜgul
mej;=k o úfYaIfhka hï hï újdyj, § hï hï /lshd ;k;=re
i|yd m;aùï §fï § l=, udkh mj;sk nj fmfka' Wiia l=,hl bm§
we;s ;eke;a;d Bg my;a l=,hl bm§ we;s ;eke;a;dj my;a fldg
i,lhs' l=,hka wkqj YÍrfha reêrfha mdg fjkiafõo@ ke;' th
rla; j¾Khs' WmÈk ia:dkh jk ujq l=fiys iajNdjh iEu ujlf.
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 69
au iudk fkdfõo@ Tõ' rc l=,fhys ujf.a l=io" f.dú l=,fhys

ujf.a l=io" frdã l=,fhys ujf.a l=io u< uQ;% wmú;%fhka msreKq
ia:dkhkah' tfia kï wij,a l=,fha flkd wkal=,hl flfkl=g
jvd W;=ï hehs mejiSu idjoH fõ' flfkl= Wia my;a jkafka
ke;fyd;a ji,hl= jkafka is;=ú,s iy l%shd wkqj nj nqÿrcdKka
jykafia jod< fial'8
/lshdj ( lghq;=" rdcldÍ iy j.lSï wkqj /lshdj,
idfmaCIj fjkialï mj;sk nj i;Hhls' hï /lshdjla i|yd
jvd Wiia wOHdmkhla jvd Wiia m<mqreoaola wjYH jk nj o
i;Hhls' .=re /lshdj jvd Wiia /lshdjla f,i ie,fla' tfy;a iEu
.=rejrfhlau mrudo¾YS .=rejrhl= jYfhka jev fkdlrhs' kdhl
/lshdjla wkq.dñl /lshdj,g jvd Wiia f,i ie,fla' tfy;a
iEu kdhlfhlau mrudo¾YS kdhlhl= o@ ke;' /lshd w;r Wia
my;alï ;sîu i;Hhla jqjo ta wkqj udkh we;s lrf.k wka wh
fy<d ±lSu ^jeo.;alfuka wvq /lshd lrk& ksid isÿjk hym;la
ke;' isÿjkafka whym;lauh' wka whf.a fldamhg B¾IHdjg
iy ffjrhg ,laùug bv ;sfí' ieuúgu jvd Wiia /lshd lrk
wh wvq m%udKhla jk w;r jeo.;alfuka wvq /lshd lrk wh
úYd, m%udKhla we;' tneúka fndfyda wh /lshdj ksid ;ud Wiiah
lshd f.k isák ;eke;a;dg i;=relï l< yelsh¦ iyfhda.h ,nd
fkdÈh yelsh'
WvÕ=j ke;sfldg ksy;udkslu j¾Okh lr .kakd l%u
1' WvÕ=fõ wd§kj iy ksy;udkSlfï jeo.;alu wjfndaO lr
.ekSfuka WvÕ=j ;=rka lsÍug o ksy;udkSlu we;sfldg
j¾Okh lr .ekSug o ±äj wêIaGdk lr .ekSu'
2' udkh wd ú.i zudkh wdjdZ hhs ±kS jydu ksy~ùu' ksy~j
lsishï i;=gqodhl fohla ms<sn| is; fhduq lsÍu'
3' i;H fiùfï l%uh Ndú; lsÍu' by; i|yka WvÕ=ùfï
m%Odk fya;= ms<sn| ú.%yh wjfndaO lr.ekSfuka i;H
jgyd.ekSu'
70 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
4' f,dj we;s ish,a, wks;H nj jgyd .ekSu' br y| ;re

fmdf<dj hkdÈh fukau Tnf.a YÍrh o fjkia fõ' fjki-
aùu iodld,sl i;Hhls' fuu iajNdjh Tn ±kf.k wjfndaO
lr.;a úg kqiqÿiq f,i WvÕ= fkdjkq we;' Tn wks;a wh
my;afldg wjuka fldg fkdi,lkak' jvd;a fyd¢ka
wka wh weiqre lr i;=áka Ôj;a fjkak'
5' Tn ;=< my; i|yka wdl,am j¾Okh lr .ekSu'
) mq o a . ,hka ls y mfokl= Tjq k a f .a ld,h iy
wfkl= ; a iïm;a ud fjkq f jka lemlr fkd;s n q K d kï uu
id¾:l;ajhg m;aùug bv fkd;snqKq nj uu úYajdi
lrñ'
) uf.a ksmqK;djka ksid;a wka whf.a odhl;ajhka
^hg;a ms ß fika fouõms h ka " .= r ejreka hkdÈh&
ksid;a uf.a ish¨ ch.%yK uu ,nd .;af;ñ'
) ud ;=< hï hï ÿ¾j,;d we;s fyhska udf.a jeo.;alu
ms<sn| uOHia: we.hSula ug ;sfí'
) Okd;aulj uf.a Ôú;h ie,lsh hq;= f,i fjkia
l< ienE .=rejrfhla fyda .=rejre ug we;'
) wka wh úiska rÑ; fmd;aj,ska iy ,smsj,ska uu
fndfyda foa W.;af;ñ'
) uf.a ch.% y K iïnka O fhka uf.a foudms f hda
úYd, odhl;ajhla ,nd ÿkay'
) nqÿka jod< O¾uhkaf.ka ug úYd, rel=,la isÿ
úh'
ießhq;a uyry;kajykafia úiska foaYkd lrk ,o mßÈ .id

hk c,hg ouk" jefgk ish,a," msßisÿ foa;a wmsßisÿ foa;a ish,a,
lsisÿ fjkila fkdlr c,h úiska .idf.k hkq ,efí' .skakg
ouk iqj| øjHh o ÿ.| øjHh o tl f,i .skak úiska ojd,kq
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 71
,efí' fï uy fmdf<dj úiska ishü foa ^jákd iy fkdjákd& ord

isákq ,efí' tfia kï Tn wuq;=fjka wyxldrùug fyda wuq;=fjka
l,lsÍug fyda wjYH ke;'
.re lsÍu
.re lsÍu hk ioa.=Kfhka woyia jkafka hï ksYaÑ;
mqoa.,hka iy hï ksYaÑ; foa jeo.;afldg i,ld lghq;= lsÍfï
.=Khhs' msÈh hq;a;kag ms§u;a msÈh hq;= foaj,aj,g ms§u;ah'9 .re
l< hq;af;da jYfhka my; i|yka wh we;=<;a fõ'
1' r;ak;%h ^nqoaOr;akh" O¾ur;akh iy ix>r;akh&
2' ;udf.a foudmsfhda
3' ;udf.a .=rejre
4' ;udg jvd rg ±h wd.u fjkqfjka jeä odhl;ajhla
ÿka wh
5' ;udg jvd .=Kfhka is,aj;alfuka jeä wh
6' ;udg jvd jhfika jeä wh
ish,a,gu jvd jeäfhka .re l< hq;af;a r;ak;%hgh'
ulaksido h;a th jkdys wkka; .=Kfhka hqla; ùu fyhsks' Tnf.a
foudmshkag .=rejrekag .re l< hq;=h hkak wuq;=fjka lsj hq;a;la
fkdfõ' th wksjd¾hfhkau l< hq;= fohls' ish úfYaI{;dj Ndú;
lr lsishï jevodhl fCIa;%hl w;s úYsIag odhl;ajhla fok ,o
mqoa.,hl=g wmf.a f.!rjh ysñ úh hq;=h' Tn tfia fkdlrkafka
kï th Tnf.a B¾IHdj kï jQ wioa.;sh m%o¾Ykh lsÍuls' ke;fyd;a
Tnf.a wêudkh m%o¾Ykh lsÍuls'
.re l< hq;a;kag .re lsÍu W;=ï ux., lreKla nj
nqÿrcdKka jykafia foaYkd l<y'10 .re fkdlsÍu mdmhls' thska
wl=i,a /ialsÍula isÿfjhs' buy;a mdmhla jkqfha r;ak;%hg .re
fkdlsÍuhs'
72 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
.re l< hq;= wdldrh

nqÿkg .re lsÍu
) nqÿ ms<su" od.eí" fndaêh iómhg meñKs l< je£u'
) u,a" myka" iqj| ÿï" meka" wdydr" ±ye;a hkdÈh nqÿ ueÿf¾
mQcdikh u; iy iómfhys ms§u'
) mQckSh ia:dkj, mdjyka" ysia jeiqï" wv ksrej;a we÷ï hkdÈh
fkdme<|Su'
) mkai,a úydr ;=< § fyda wi, wfYdaNk f,i yeisÍfuka
iïmQ¾Kfhkau je<lSu'
O¾uhg .re lsÍu
)
O¾u .%ka: wdrCId lsÍu'
)
O¾uh weiSug myiqlï ie,iSu'
)
nK wik úg fyd¢ka ukdj ijka §u'
)
nK wj{djg ,la fkdlsÍu'
)
nK wik úg ta wjg isák ia;%S mqreI wd§ka ms<sn| l:d
fkdlsÍu" wjOdkh fhduq fkdlsÍu'
) nK foik wi, thg ndOdjk f,i fkdyeisÍu'
ix>r;akhg .re lsÍu
)
.re;r ix>hd jykafia,dg je£u'
)
wi,g meñKs l< wdikfhka ke.sàu'
)
ud¾.fhka bv§u'
)
.re ire f,i l:d lsÍu'
)
Tfí ksjig meñKs úg iqÿ msrejghla we;srE wdikhl
ys| .ekSug ie,eiaùu'
) hula fokúg oE;u Ndú; fldg §u'
) f.!rjh yd Y%oaOdj fmr±ß lr.;a joka îajdóka jykai"
tfyhs" wjirhs jäkak" ie;fmkak" j<|kak" hkd§& Ndú;
lsÍu'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 73
.=rejrekag .re lsÍu

) ;u .=rejrekag ;ud ys| isák wiqkska ke.S isg f.!rj
lsÍu'
) ;u ksjig fyda ;u mßirhg meñKs l< Wmia:dk lsÍu'
) W.kajk úg fjk;a wkjYH fkdwod< lreKq flfrys
wjOdkh fkd±laùu'
) W.kajk úg mka;shg meñKSu'
) W.kajk úg uekúka wid isàu'
) .=rejrhd fkdue;s ;ek Tyqj $ wehj wmydihg ,la
fkdlr lS¾;sh f.!rjh jeäjk f,i l:d lsÍu'
) wjYH ;ekays .=rejrhdj f.!rjfhka isys lsÍu'
) .=rejrhd bÈßfhys úkS;j l:d lsÍu iy yeisÍu'11
foudmshkg .re lsÍu

) je£u'
) Woõ lsÍu'
) Tjqkaf.a wjjdo ms<s.ekSu'
) ys; ßfok mßÈ l:d fkdlsÍu yd fkdyeisÍu'
) úúO lghq;=j,§ uq,a ;ek ,nd§u'12
is,aj;alu
is,aj;alu w;sYhskau jeo.;a jQ ioa.=Khka lsysmhlska hq;a
iuqÉÑ; jQ .=K iuQyhls' YS,h kñka y÷kajkafka o is,aj;aluhs'
nqÿoyfï i|yka jk iS,h pdß;% YS,h ^wkq.ukh l< hq;= O¾u;d&
yd jdß;% YS,h ^je<elaúh hq;= jerÈ& hkqfjka fldgia follg
fnfoa' wkq.ukh l< hq;= pdß;% zisß;a Z kñkao wkq.ukh fkdl<
hq;= jdß;% zúß;a Z kñkao ye¢kafõ'
mqoa.,hdf.a lh iy jpk fol ixjr lr .ekSu iS,fha

m%Odk wruqKhs' nqÿ oyug wkqj .sysfhl= úiska /lsh hq;= iS,h jk
.Dyia: YS,h mkais,a ^m[ap iS,h&"13 wdÔj wIagul iS,h" wg iS,h
iy oi iS,h hkqfjka isõ jeoEreï fõ'
74 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
mkais,a hkq .syshd úiska Èkm;d /lsh hq;= iS,h fyj;a

ks;H YS,hhs' wdÔj wIagul iS,h o .syshdf.a ks;H YS,h jYf-
hka iudoka úh yelsh' fuu YS,fhka lh" jpkh iy Èúmeje;au
^wdÔjh& ms<sn| l%shdjka yslauùu isÿfõ' wgis,a iy oi is,a .syshd
úiska fmdfyda Èkj, § iudoka úh hq;= YS,hkah' wod< YsCId mo
iy tys w¾:h my; i|yka fõ'
m[ap iS,h
1' mdKd;smd;d fõruKS islaLdmox iudÈhdñ'
^mrmK keiSfuka je<lSfï YsCId moh iudoka fjñ'&
2' wÈkakdodkd fõruKS islaLdmox iudÈhdñ'
^fkdÿka foh .ekSfuka je<lSfï YsCId moh iudoka
fjñ'&
3' ldfïiq ñÉPdpdr fõruKS islaLdmox iudÈhdñ'
^ldufhys jrojd yeisÍfuka je<lSfï YsCId moh iudoka
fjñ'&
4' uqidjdod fõruKS islaLdmox iudÈhdñ'
^fndre lSfuka je<lSfï YsCId moh iudoka fjñ'&
5' iqrdfïrh uÊcmud oÜGdkd fõruKS islaLdmox iudÈhdñ'
îqrdmdkh lsÍfuka je<lSfï YsCId moh iudoka fjñ'&
wdÔj wIagul iS,h

3' ldfïiq ñÉPdpdr fõruKS islaLdmox iudÈhdñ'
4' uqidjdo fõruKS islaLdmox iudÈhdñ'
5' msiqkdjdpd fõruKS islaLdmox iudÈhdñ'
^fla<dï lSfuka je<lSfï YsCIdmoh iudoka fjñ'&
6' mreidjdpd fõruKS islaLdmox iudÈhdñ'
^mreI jpk lSfuka je<lSfï YsCIdmoh iudoka fjñ'&
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 75
7' iïmmam,dmd fõruKS islaLdmox iudÈhdñ'

^ysia jpk lSfuka je<lSfï YsCIdmoh iudoka fjñ'&
8' ñÉPdÔjd fõruKS islaLdmox iudêhdñ'
^jerÈ Èú meje;afuka je<lSfï YsCId moh iudoka fjñ'&23
wIagdx. iS,h
3' wn%yaupßhd fõruKS islaLdmox iudÈhdñ'
6' úld, fNdackd fõruKS islaLdmox iudÈhdñ'
^fkd l,ays wdydr je<£fuka je<lSfï YsCIdmoh iudoka
fjñ'&
7' kÉp" .S;" jdÈ;" úiQl" oiaik" ud,d" .kaO" úf,amk"
OdrK uKavk" úN+ikÜGdkd fõruKS islaLdmox iudÈhdñ'
^keàfuka" .ehSfuka" jehSfuka" ne,Sfuka" weiSfuka" u,a
iqj| ú,jqka ±Ífuka" tajdhska isref¾ wvq ;eka msrùfuka"
iu meyem;a lsÍfuka je<lSfï YsCIdmoh iudoka fjñ'&
8' WÉpdihk uydihkd fõruKS islaLdmox iudÈhdñ'
^Wia wdik fndfyda iqj f.k fok wdikj, ys£fuka
je<lSfï YsCIdmoh iudoka fjñ&
oi iS,h
3' wn%yaupßhd fõruKS islaLdmox iudÈhdñ'
^wn%yaupßhdfjka je<lSfï YsCId moh iudoka fjñ'&
76 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
6' úld, fNdackd fõruKS islaLdmox iudÈhdñ'

7' kÉp .S; jdÈ; úiQl oiaikd fõruKS islaLdmox iudÈh-
dñ'
^keàfuka" .ehSfuka" jehSfuka úiq¿ ±lSfuka je<lSfï
YsCId moh iudoka fjñ'&
8' ud,d .kaO úf,amk OdrK uKavK" úN+ikÜGdkd fõruKS
islaLdmox iudÈhdñ'
û,a" iqj|" ú,jqka ±Ífuka je<lSfï YsCIdmoh iudoka
fjñ'&
9' WÉpdihk uydihkd fõruKs islaLdmox iudÈhdñ'
^Wia wdik" uyd iem myiq wdik mßyrKh lsÍfuka
je<lSfï YsCIdmoh iudoka fjñ'&
10' cd; rEm rc; má.a.yKd fõruKS islaLdmox iudÈhdñ'
^rka" ß§" ñ, uqo,a" ms<s.ekSfuka je<lSfï YsCIdmoh iudoka
fjñ'&
by; O¾u;d fyj;a m%;sm;a;s /lSfuka mqoa.,hl= b;d

hym;a mqoa.,hl= njg wksjd¾hfhkau m;afjhs' wgis,a fyda oi
is,a iudoka ù tla Èkla .; lsÍu wd¾h jQ ry;ka jykafia,df.a
yeisÍug iudk jQ yeisÍuls' thska b;d Wiia yslaóula we;sfõ'
is,aj;a mqoa.,hd uq¿uy;a iudchgu wdYS¾jdohls' Tyq $ wehf.ka
hym;lau ;udg;a wkqkag;a" uq¿ uy;a iudchg;a isÿfõ' is,aj;a
mqoa.,hd ;=< ielh" ìh iy fkdi;=g fkdmj;shs' Tyqf.a $ wehf.a
fuf,dj fukau mrf,djo hym;a jkq we;'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 77
07 mßÉfþoh
whym;a pß;h ( wioa.;s

wioa.;sh hk moh zwioa.=KhZ hk mohg úl,am jpkhls'
wioa.;sh hk moh fuys,d jvd WÑ; moh jYfhka ie,fla' ulak-
sido h;a krl mqreoaol .=Khla fkdue;s fyhsks' ;udg;a wka whg;a
whym;la jk .;s ,CIKhls wioa.;sh' my; i|yka wioa.;s ms<sn|
ú.%yhla Tng bÈßm;a flf¾'
1' B¾IHdj (Jealousy / Envy)
2' udhdj (Delusion / Jugglery)
3' w;%sÉc;d (Desire for things belonging to others)
4' uysÉc;d (Over desire)
5' fldamh (Anger)1
fuu mßÉfþofhka zfldamhZ yer wfkl=;a wioa.;s ú.%y

flf¾' hym;a pß;hla i|yd fuu wioa.;s bj;a l< hq;=h' Tn ;=<
fkdue;s úh hq;h= ' hym;a pß;h hym;a kdhl;ajh i|yd w;HjYHh'
tfyhska ish¿ wioa.;s uq,ska Wmqgd ±ñh hq;=h' iyuq,ska úkdY
lsÍu m%dfhda.slj b;d ÿIalr ld¾hhls' tfy;a Tn tfia l< hq;=h'
hg;a msßfika ish¿ wioa.;s Tn ;=< wju l< hq;=h' Tnf.a b,lalh
úh hq;af;a tajd uq,ska Wmqgd ±óuhs' tys,d Tn wjxlju W;aidy
±ßh hq;=h'
78 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
B¾IHdj
B¾IHdj hkq ;ud yd idfmaCIj n,k úg ;udg jvd Wiia"
by< wh ms<n s |j we;sjk RKd;aul yeÕSuls' fuu yeÕSu ke;fyd;a
Ndjh wksjd¾hfhkau wioa.;shla jYfhka i,lk w;r zl=vqflavq
lsÍuZ" zbiaidZ iy zwiQhdjZ hk úl,am moj,ska o ye¢kafõ' úúO
wxY fyda me;sj,ska ;udg jvd wka wh Wiia fyda by< ùug mq¿jk'
wOHdmkh" /lshdj" iudc ;;a;j a h" ld¾hM, ^lrk ,o jev m%udKh
iy tys .=K;ajh&" rEmh" Okh hkdÈfhka wka wh Wiia jk úg
B¾IHdj we;s mqoa.,hd ;=< wlue;a;la wikaf;daIhla we;s fjhs'
we;eïúg fuu wlue;a; b;d ±ä m%udKhlska hqla; úh yelsh'
f¾reldfka pJoúu, uydkdysñ ^2008" ms' 53& flf,ia
tlaoyia mkaishh keue;s .%ka:fhys B¾IHdj .ek my; ye¢kaùu
lr;s'
zzB¾IHdj we;shyqf.a leue;a; wkqkaf.a iïm;a;sh ke;s
lsÍugh' tfia fkdl< yels l,ays tys fodila n,d iekfihs' Tyq
wkqkaf.a ,iaik we÷fuys fodila olS' ,iaik isrefrys fodila olS'
wkH jia;+ka ys o tfiau fodia n,d tajdfha fodia .ek l:d fldg
iekfihs' Tyq wkqkaf.a f.h" wkqkaf.a jdykh" wkqkaf.a j;a;"
l=Uqr" wkqkaf.a /lshdj" ;k;=r ljod fyda ke;s fõ fodahs n,d isà'
ke;s jQ úfgl buy;a i;=gla ,nhs'ZZ2
B¾IHdj yg.kafka l=ula ksido@ wka whf.a ÈhqKqj ±lSu
iy idfmaCIlj ;udf.a fkdÈhqKqùu ksid we;sjk ySk udkhhs'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 79
ixikaokh ;=<ska
we;sjk ySkudkh
^;ud ms<sn| wvq ;la-
fiarej&
wka ;udf.a
whf.a ÈhqKqj
ÈhqKqj
B¾IHdj
wksldf.a ÈhqKq uÜgug iudk uÜgulska ;uka ÈhqKqùug

;sfnk wdidj ke;fyd;a wksld wNsnjdhEfï wdYdj B¾IHdjg
fya;= fõ' ;udg idfmaCIj wka wh iïnkaO we;sjk ÈhqKqj úúO
wdldrfhka isÿfõ' m%Odk wdldr my; ±lafõ'
1' ;udg fkdue;s úfYaI wOHdmkhla fjk;a mqoa.,hl= ,nd
.ekSu ^WodyrKh ( Tng Wmdêhla ke;súg wfkla mqoa.,hd
úiska Wmdêhla ,nd .ekSu&'
2' ;udg jvd jeä Okhla ^foam<" j;=msá" hdk jdyk& wks;a
mqoa.,hdg ;sîu'
3' ;udg ke;s ikaf;daIhla wks;a mqoa.,hd N=la;s ú£u'
4' ;udg jvd Wiia jQ /lshdjla ^jegqfmka jeä" ks, kdufhka
jeä" f.!rjfhka jeä hkdÈ& wks;a mqoa.,hd lsÍu'
5' ;udg jvd jeä ckm%sh;ajhla f.!rjdorhla wks;a mqoa.,hdg
iudcfhka ,eîu'
6' ;udg jvd ,iaik rEmhla wks;a mqoa.,hdg ;sîu'
80 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
7' ;ud úiska W;aidyh orkq ,enQ tfy;a fkd,enQ fohla ^Wiia
ùula" úNd. iu;aùula& wks;a mqoa.,hdg ,eîu ke;fyd;a
;ud wiu;a ù wksld iu;a ùu'
8' ;ud fkdokakd ;ud <Õ ke;s mqoa.,hka ms<sn| j¾Kkd
lrhs' tfia lrkqfha ;udf.a B¾IHdj fhduqjk mqoa.,hd
bÈßfhah' tu mqoa.,hdf.a ys; ßfok whqßka fyda Tyq $
wehf.a ksmK
q ;dj yd odhl;ajh wj;lafiarejlg ,la lsÍfï
woyiskah'
we;fula ^jvd ÈhqKq jQ& ;u /lshdjg" iudc ;;a;ajhg
;fjl= ^jvd ÈhqKq ke;s& meñfKkjdg leu;s ke;' ta i|yd o TjQyq
B¾IHd lr;s' fuh tla;rd wdldrhlg udkisl frda.hls' B¾IHdj
iys; mqoa.,hd jákd hula fyda hfula foi RKd;aulj olshs' iq¿
fyda wvqmdvqjla fidhd th biau;= fldg ;ud ;=< jQ mSvdj ^B¾IHdj
ksid jQ& iukh lsÍug W;aidy flf¾' flkl=f.a ish,a, iïmQ¾K
jqj;a kyh fyda weo hhs mjikq ,efí'
wjê isoaêh ( 7-1

uõjre foofkl= w;r we;s jQ fonils my; ±lafjkafka'
m%:u uj ;=< B¾IHdj mj;sk nj Tng wjfndaO fõ'
m%:u uj ( zzThdf.a mq;d úNd.fhka iu;ao@ZZ

fojk uj ( zzTõ wfka' fld,a,d fyd|gu mdiaZZ
m%:u uj ( zzwd' ' ' ' we;a;o@ iïudk lSho@ZZ
fojk uj ( zzúYsIag iïudk 7 hs' iïudk 1 hs'ZZ
m%:u uj ( zzuf.a kx.sf.a mq;dg úYsIag iïudk

B¾IHdj ksid isÿjk8 whym;
lau ;sfhkjd wfka'ZZ
B¾IHdj ksid lsisÿ hym;la isÿ fkdfõ' flfkl= ms<sn|j
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 81
wjê isoaêh ( 7-2

B ;=< B¾IHdj we;s nj Tng jegfykq we;'
mqoa.,hd A ( zzfï n,kak''' Y f.a w¿;au fmd;'ZZ
mqoa.,hd B ( zzflda n,kak fokak'ZZ
mqoa.,hd A ( zzn,kak''' fldÉpr jákjdo@ fï
wxYfhka ,sh,d ;shk ,xldfõ
m<fjks fmd;'ZZ
mqoa.,hd B ( zzta Wkdg isxyf,kafk ,sh,d
;sfhkafka' bx.%Sisfhka ,sõjd kï
;ud fydo@ZZ
Tn ;=< B¾IHdjla ygf.k we;af;a kï wksjd¾hfhkau Tn ÿla

ú¢kafkys' ulaksido h;a Tn i;=áka fkdisák ksidh' wka mqoa.,hd
.ek is;Sug" Wml,amkh lsÍug ld,hla iy Y%uhla jehfõ' tfiau
Tnf.a reêrh iy fjk;a wjhjj,g ydkshla f.k §ug bv ;sfí'
Tn ;=< ±ä wiykhla mrdð; njla we;sfõ'
Tng B¾IHdj ord .ekS u g fkdyels jq j fyd;a wod<
mqoa.,hdf.a ÈhqKqjg ndOd lsÍug wlghq;=lï lsÍug Tn fm<öug
bv ;sfí' fï ksid Tnf.a Okh o msßfya' Tnf.a B¾IHdj wka whg
m%o¾Ykh ùfuka wka whf.a .erySug yd Wiq¿ úiq¿j,g ,laùug
bv we;' wod< mqoa.,hd Tnf.a B¾IHdj yd th lrk fldgf.k
we;sjk l%shdldrlï ±k .ekSfuka Tyq $ weh ;=< fldamh yd ffjrh
we;s ùug bv ;sfí ^tu mqoa.,hd ;=< hym;a pß;hla úfYaIfhka
bjisu" ksy;udks;ajh hkdÈh ke;skï&'
B¾IHdj ksid mßjdr iïm;a;sh ^msßi tl;= ùu& wysñjk nj
nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska foaYkd l< fial' urKfhka miq B¾IHdj
iys; mqoa.,hd ÿ.;shl bmfokafka fkdue;sj ukqIH f,dalfha
bmÿk fyd;a ^fjk;a msx ksid& Tyq $ weh w,afmaYdlH jkafkah'3
82 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
we;efula B¾IHdj ;ud ;=< muKla ;nd f.k ordf.k

wks;a mqoa.,hdg ydksjk l%shdud¾.j, ksr; fkdfj;s' we;efula
tfia fkdfj;s' we;efula ;u {d;shl= ÈhqKq jk úg B¾IHd lr;s'
fndfyda úg {d;Ska w;r tkï ;udf.a <Õ kEhka ke;akï tlu
mka;sfha fyda jD;a;sfha ksr; wh w;r jvd ÈhqKq mqoa.,hd ms<sn|
B¾IHdj we;s fõ' jvd ÈhqKq mqoa.,hd l,lsÍ ^B¾IHdldr lghq;=
ksid& wdh;kfhka" ;k;=frka b,a,d wiaù bj;a ù hdug bv we;'
úYd, m%fhdackj;a odhl;ajhla wdh;khg mqoa.,hkg wysñ ù
hdug bv ;sfí'
B¾IHdj wju lr.ekSu fyda ;=rka lsÍu

B¾IHdj Tn ;=<ska iïmQ¾Kfhkau uq,ska Wmqgd ±óu l<
yelsh' hg;a msßfika th wju l< hq;=h' ta i|yd my; l%shdud¾.
wkq.ukh lsÍu uekú'
1' B¾IHdfjka ;udg isÿjk ydks wjfndaO lr f.k th
;=rka lsÍug ±äj bgd .ekSu'
2' wka flkl=f.a ÈhqKqj ksid tu mqoa.,hd jev lrk
wdh;khg o rgg o jdishla we;s fjhs' ta .ek is;d ;udf.a
wioa.;sh ke;s lr .ekSug W;aidy lsÍu'
3' ;udg jvd ÈhqKq jQ mqoa.,hdf.ka Tng Wmfoia ,nd .;
yelsh' ta wkqj Tng o ÈhqKq ùug mq¿jk' WodyrKhla jYfhka
Tng jvd W.;a mqoa.,fhla kï tu mqoa.,hdf.ka Wmfoia ,nd
f.k wjYH wOHdmkh ,nd .ekSug Tng l%shd lsÍug mq¿jk'
4' ;udg jvd Wiia úfYaIfhka Okfhka by< flkl=f.ka
Tng Woõjla wjYH jQ úg Woõ lsÍug bv we;' WodyrKhla
jYfhka Tnf.a wi,ajeishdg kùk fudag¾ r:hla we;akï
^Tng ke;akï& Tng yÈisfhau wikSm jQ úg Tyq ish
r:fhka Tnj frday, lrd blaukska f.k hdug mq¿jk' ke;skï
Tng Tyqf.ka Woõjla ,efíú hk wfmaCIdj we;s lr
.ekSfuka lsishï iekis,a,la Tn ;=< we;s fjhs' th
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 83
wiajeis,a,ls'
5' wka whf.a ÈhqKqj Tng úfYaI jdishla jkq we;' ÈhqKq jQ
mqoa.,hd Tng ysßyer fkdlrkq we;' Tnf.a Okh fydrlï fkdl-
rkq we;' Tng lror lsÍfuka uqo,a yo,a Khg b,a,d fkdisákq
we;' fujeks ;;a;ajhla Tng jdishla fkdfõo@
6' Tng jvd hfula /lshdfjka fyda wOHdmkfhka fyda
^hkdÈ jYfhka& Wiia kï ta i|yd fya;= ;sfnk nj Tn wjfndaO
lr .; hq;=h' ieneúkau tu mqoa.,hd Tng jvd W;aidyjka;"
ffO¾hu;a" nqoaêu;a yd is,aj;a mqoa.,fhla úh yelsh'
tfia kï Tn tu mqoa.,hdg B¾IHd lsÍu fl;rï widOdrKo@
thska Tn lr.kafka mdmhls' B¾IHdj i|yd .; lrk
ld,h yd Y%uh ;u ÈhqKqj i|yd Ndú; l< yels nj wu;l
fkdlrkak'
7' flfkl=f.a ÿl iem tu mqoa.,hd úiskau ks¾udKh lr
.kakd nj nqÿoyfï b.ekaùuhs'4 flfkl=g jvd wvqfjka
Tn iem ú¢kafkys kï ta i|yd j.lsj hq;a;d Tnuh' wksld
fkdfõ'5
fï nj jgydf.k fyd¢ka Ôj;aùug ^wka whg B¾IHd
fkdlr& wêIaGdk lr .; hq;=h' fï wkqj ;ud ;=< uqÈ;d .=Kh
jeãu l< hq;=h' th nqÿrcdKkajykafiaf.a wkqYdikdjls' uqÈ;d
.=Kh hkq wka whf.a ÈhqKqj .ek b; is;skau i;=gq ùuhs' Tn
fukau wka wh o ÈhqKqùug leue;sh'
úfYaI B¾IHdjka
iajdñ mqreIhd ish ìß|g B¾IHd l< yelsh' ke;fyd;a
ìß| iajdñ mqreIhdg B¾IHd l< yelsh' fuh idudkHfhka isÿ
fkdfõ hhs is;k ;;a;ajhls' tfy;a j¾;udkfha§ fujeks úfYaI
B¾IHdjka olakg ,eîu t;rï ÿ,N fkdfõ' ;u l,;%hd iuÕ
mj;sk iïnkaO;dj wvqfõ hhs is;Su fuu B¾IHdjg fya;=jls'
tfiau ;udj wksld wu;l lrhs hhs is;u
S ;j;a fya;j
= ls' fofokd
84 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
w;r we;s fm%ua h j¾Okh lr .ekSu;a" mjq,la hkq fofokdf.ka

iukaú; tallhla nj;a tu tallfha tla yjq,l a refjl=f.a ÈhqKj
q
ksid wks;a yjq,l
a reo wksjd¾hfhkau jdis ,nk nj;a jgyd .ekSu
w;HjYHh'
.=rejrhd f.da,hdg B¾IHd lsÍu o olakg ,efí' fï i|yd

fya;= jYfhka ;udg uq,ska ;snQ .=re f.!rjh miqj ke;sfõ hhs
is;Su" ;udg f.da,hd lSlre fkdùug bv ;sîu iy fofokd iu
;;a;ajhg we;eï úg ;udg jvd ÈhqKqfõ hhs l,amkd lsÍu i|yka
l< yelsh' f.da,hd ms<s.;a;;a ke;;a f.da,hdf.a ÈhqKqj i|yd
.=rejrhd ie,lsh hq;= odhl;ajhla § we;s nj i;Hhls' th uld,sh
fkdyels lreKls' tfiau f.da,hdf.a ÈhqKqfjka .uH jkqfha o
.=rejrhdf.a tla;rd ksmqK;djls ûdkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh&' tfia
kï f.da,hdf.a ÈhqKqj bjid ord .ekSug iy ta i|yd wdYS¾jdo
lsÍug .=rejrhd l%shd l< hq;=h' f.da,hdo .=rejrhdj wdo¾Y fldg
f.k jvd ÈhqKq ùug W;aidy ±Íu idOdrKh' tfia kï Tnf.a
f.da,hdg Tn B¾IHd lsÍu w¾:odhl fkdj wk¾:odhl fõ'
f.da,hd .=rejrhdg B¾IHd lsÍu o olakg ,efnk úfYaI

B¾IHd j¾.hls' fuys,d f.da,hdg Woõ lsÍu B¾IHdj iukh lsÍug
l%shd ud¾.hla úh yelsh' tfiau .=rejrhd úiska f.da,hdg wkqlïmd
fldg bjiSuo jeo.;a l%shd ud¾.hls'
udhdj
udhdj jQ l,S wka whj /jàuhs" uq,d lsÍuhs" wka wh
bÈßfha jHdc fjia .ekSuhs" ujd fmkaùuhs' mõlï fldg tajd
iÕjk iajNdjh jQ l,S udhdjhs' ieneúkau ÿis,aj;a flfkl= uy-
ckhd ke;fyd;a wkq.dñlhka bÈßfha is,ajf;l= fuka fmkS isàu
udhdj kñka ye¢kafõ' ieneúkau mqoa.,hdg we;af;a whym;a
iajNdjhls' tfy;a f,dalhd yuqfõ hym;a iajNdjhka fmkakqï
lrkq ,efí' th udhdjhs'
úúO mqoa.,fhda úúO udhdj, ksr; fj;s' fuh j¾;udkfha
olakg ,efnk ÿ,N ixisoê a hla fkdfõ' udhd wjia:d lsym
s hla my;
±lafõ'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 85
^w& hula ieneúkau fidrdf.k m%isoaêfha tu fidrlu we,a,Su

i|yd l%shd lsÍu'
^wd& flfkl= >d;kh fldg >d;lhd we,a,Sug Woõ lsÍu yd
wjuÕ=,g iïnkaO ùu'
^we& fm!oa.,slj hï mqo. a ,hl= fyda lKavdhula ms<n s | ±äj oafõY
iy.;j úfõpkh fldg wod< mqoa.,hd fyda lKavdhu fyda
bÈßfha j¾Kkd lsÍu'
^wE& hula ms<sn| ;udf.a fm!oa.,sl u;h iÕjd jeä msßila
ke;fyd;a msßi weiSug m%shlrk foa m%isoaêfha l:d lsÍu'
^b& ieneúkau úúO jerÈ lr tajd jid .ekSu i|yd wd.ñl
lghq;=j,g iïnkaOùu" fjfyr úydr hkdÈhg øjHuh
jYfhka Woõ lsÍu'
^B& ÿiaiS, meúoaol= uyd is,aj;a meúoaol= fuka uyckhd bÈßfha
fmkS isàu'
^W& hï jeo.;a ld¾hhla i|yd fm!oa.,slj lsisÿ jevla fkdlr
ke;fyd;a yels;dla th wid¾:l ùug lghq;= lr m%isoaêfha
^tu ld¾hh id¾:l jQ miq& th w.h lsÍu" iyfhda.h ÿka
nj fmkaùu'
^W!& ieneúkau W.;l= fkdù ^ms<s.;a wOHdmkhla ksufldg
iy;sl ,nd .ekSfuka f;drj& W.;l= f,i ujd fmkaùu'
^t& ieneúkau f;rejka irK fkdhk kuq;a m%isoaêfha ix>hd
jyka f ia , dg nq ÿ ms < s u hka g jka o kd ls Í u ^f,da l hdg
fmfkk fia&'
^ta& háka i;=relï fldg Wäka ñ;=relï lsÍu'
fï wkqj udhdj wioa.=Khla $ wioa.;shla jk w;r th

laf,aIhls' Tn ;=< ke;s ioa.=Khla we;af;ys hhs mejiSu ke;fyd;a
yeisÍu n,j;a mdmhls' tla w;lska jxpdjla lrkafkls' wfkla
w;g Tng Tnf.a yDoh idCIshg mgyeksj lghq;= lsÍug isÿfõ'
hï ojil udhdj fy<s jqjfyd;a todg Tyqg $ wehg úúO ydkslr
;;a;ajhkag wlr;eínhkag uqyqK §ug isÿjkq we;' iuyr úg
.erySï" wjkïnq lsÍï" myr§ïj,g mjd ,laùug bv ;sfí'
86 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
we;uqka udhd wioa.;sfhka fmf<kafkda jkafka wehs@ fï

i|yd m%Odk fya;= lsysmhls'
1' ,dN ,eîu yd i;aldr'
2' .re;ajh ,nd .ekSu'
3' jerÈj,ska uqjd ùu'
4' ckm%sh;ajh ,nd .ekSu'
5' ;Kaydj'
Tn ;=< udhdj keue;s wioa.;sh fkd;sìh hq;=h' Tn l%shd
l< hq;af;a ienE kdhlhl= ùug ñi jHdc kdhlhl= ùug fkdfõ'
udhdj ljod fyda fy<sjk nj o; hq;h
= ' wfkla w;g Tnf.a ujdmEï
wLKavj mj;ajdf.k hdug" fndre lSug mjd isÿfõ' mõ rdYshlg
Tng ysñlï lSug isÿfõ'
fn!oaO cd;l isoaêh
w;S;fha tla .ula weiqre lrñka l+g ;jqfila úiSh' Tyqf.a

bßhõ ±l Tyq flfrys meyeÿKq .ï jeisfhla Tyqg jkfhys
mkai,la idod § tys jdih lrjd ;udf.a f.ysu Tyqg m%KS;
fNdackfhka Wmia:dk lf<ah' fï jeishd l+g ;dmihd uyd
is,ajf;lehs is;d ;ud fj; ;=nQ rkaldis ishhla wdrCIdj
i|yd l+g ;jqidf.a wimqjg f.k f.dia fmdf<dfjys j<,d
zziajdóks" fuh n,d.kakhZZ hs lSh' zzmskaj;" meúoaokag fu-
jeks lreKq lSu kqiqÿiqh' wmg wka i;= jia;=fjys f,daNhla
ke;hZZ hs ;jqid lSh'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 87
.ï jeishd zztfiah iajdóksZZ hs lshd Tyqf.a lSu úYajdi

fldg fmr<d .sfhah' Èk lSmhlg miq l+g ;jqid zzug
jQfha .c jdisfhl" fï uqo, ug iemfia Ôj;ajkakg
iEfykafkahZZhs ìu leK rkaldis ishh f.k jkfha wka
;ekl iÕjd tÈk mkai,g ù isg miq Èk .ï jeishdf.a
ksjig f.dia Tyq ms<sfh, lr ;=nQ m%KS; fNdackh nv mqrd
j<|d odhlhdg l:d fldg" zzmskaj;" wm Tn ksid fnda l,la
jdih lr we;af;ah' jeä l,a tla ;ek úiSu meúoaokag
kqiqÿiqh' tfia úiSfuka .syshka yd nkaOkhla jkafkah' th
meúoaog ls¨fgl' tneúka uu wka ;eklg fhñZZ hs lSh'
.ï jeishd fkd hk f,i kej; kej; hd{d l< kuq;a
;jqid th m%;sfCIam lf<ah' tl,ays .ïjeishd ;jqid msg;a
fldg .ï fodr olajd miq .uka fldg fmr<d wdfhah' l+g
;jqid u|la ÿr f.dia .ï jeishd jeäÿrg;a rjgkakg is;d
cgdfjys ;Km;la r|jd f.k ta ksjig kej; o wdfhah'
.ï jeishd ;jqid ±l zziajdóks" l=ug fmr<d jevu l<
fiala±ZZ hs weiQ l,ays zzmskaj;" Tnf.a ksjfia msheiafika
tla ;Km;la udf.a cgdfjys /£ ;snqfKah' iq¿ jQ o wka
i;= fohla f.k hdu meúoaokag kqiqÿiq neúka th f.k
wdñZZ hs lSh' .ïjeishd zziajdóks" ;Km; úis lr hkq
uekjeZZhs lshd udf.a ;dmihka jykafia ;Km;la muK
jQo" wkai;= jia;=jla fkd .ks;shs jvd;a meye§ je| ;jqid
msg;a lf<Ah'
fndai;dKka jykafia nvq fiùu msKsi m%;Hka;hg .shdyq

tÈk ta f.hs kjd;eka f.k isáhy' Wkajykafia ta l%shdj
±l iel is;S zzhy¿j" Tn fï ;jqid fj; lsis Okhla ;nd
we;af;a±Z hs wid tfiah hs lS l,ays jyd f.dia úuikakh hs
lSy' .ïjeishd jyd f.dia n,d rka ldis ishh fkd ±l jyd
wjq;a ta nj fndai;dKkag lSh' tl,ays fndai;dfKda zzTnf.a
uqo,a .;af;a wksll= fkdj fï l+g ;jqiduh' jyd f.dia
88 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
Tyq w,a,d f.fkjqZZ h hs .ïjeishka le|jd f.k ÿqne+|

f.dia ;jqid w,a,d ;jqidg w;ska mhska ;<d rka ldis ,nd
.;ay' fndai;dfKda u;= tn÷ mõlï fkd lrk f,i wjjdo
fldg ;dmihd msg;a l<y' udhdldrfhda ta l+g ;jqid jeka-
fkdah'
uQ,dY%h ( f¾reldfka pJoúu, uydkdysñ" 2007" msms' 57-59'
w;%sÉc;d
w;%sÉc;d hkq ,o fohska i;=gq fkdjk ;udg we;s fohg
jvd wkqka fj; we;s foh fyd|h is;d wkqka wh;a fohg we¨ï
lrk iajNdjhhs ^f¾reldfka pkaoúu, uydkdysñ" 2008" ms' 24&'
w;%sÉc;d laf,aIh we;s mqoa.,hdg ;udg we;s foh fkdjákafkah'
wka wh i;= foa jákafkah' we;eï úg ;udg wh;a foa jvd jákd
úh yelsh' wkqkag wh;a foa t;rï fkdjákd úh yelsh' tfy;a
w;%sÉc;dj we;s mqoa.,hd ;udg wh;a foag jvd fkdjákd wkqkag
wh;a foag wdYd lrhs' fuh mdmhls' fuhska lsisÿ iq.;shla mqoa.,hdg
fkd,efí' ,efnkafka ÿluh' i;=g <Õd fkdùuh'
wjê isoaêh ( 7-3
X jD;a;slfhls' Tyqg .=Kj;a m%shlre ìß|la we;' tfy;a

Tyq fjk;a ia;%shlf.a rEu;a njg ±ä f,i wdid ù weh ,nd
.ekSug lghq;= lrkafkah' .=Kj;a ìß| ish ieñhdg ffjr
fkdlr Tyqf.a i;=g m;d weh ksjfika msgù meúÈNdjhg
m;ajkakSh' ,nd .ekSug fjr ±rE rEu;a ia;%sh o Tyqg ,nd
.ekSug fkdyels úh' wjidkfha§ Tyqg ish hym;a ìß| o
wysñ úh'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 89
wjê isoaêh ( 7-4
fyd| ;;a;ajfha fudag¾ r:hla Y keue;a;d ysñlr f.k

isáfhah' Èkla Tyq ish r:h mojdf.k hk w;r;=r r:hg
bÈßfhka hk fudag¾ r:h ms<sn| ±ä wdYdjla we;s úh' tu
fudag¾ r:h kùk fudag¾ r:hls' we;s jQ ±ä wdYdj ksid
taa .ek is;ñka .uka lsÍfuka Tyqf.a r:h wk;=rlg ,la ù
ish r:hg nrm;, f,i ydks isÿúh' ish Ôú;h fírd.;af;a
hdka;ñks'
by; isoaê foflkau Tng wjfndaO úh hq;= jeo.;a lreKla

;sfí' tkï ,o fohska i;=gq fkdù ;udg we;s fohg jvd wkqka fj;
we;s foh fyd|hs is;d thg we¨ï lsÍfuka ;udg ;snQ fohla wysñ
ùug fndfyda bvm%ia:dj we;s njhs' ;udg Wreu jQ foh my;afldg
i,ld wkqkag wh;a foaj,g wdYd lsÍu ksid fuf,dúka muKla
fkdj mrf,dúka o msßfykafkah ^f.dä.uqfõ fidar; ysñ" 2008"
ms' 224&'
fuu ÿIa.;s wju lsÍu fyda ke;s lsÍu i|yd mqoa.,hd
;=< ,o fohska i;=gqùu keue;s Wiia .=KO¾uh we;s l< hq;=h'
zzika;=ÜÀ;dZZ6 kñka o fuu .=Kh ye¢kafõ' fuu .=Kh ish¨
iemhg fya;=jk fyhska W;=ï jQ ux., lreKla f,i nqÿrcdKka
jykafia ux., iQ;%fhys jod< fial'7
uysÉc;d
fldf;la ,o;a fldf;la ;snqK;a iEySug m;a fkdù ;j
;j;a fidhk uyd f,daNh uysÉc;d kï fõ ^f¾reldfka pJoúu,
uydkdysñ" 2007" ms' 25&' laf,aIhla jk fuh uyd lEorluls¦ ±ä
.scqluls' uysÉc;dj we;s mqoa.,hdf.a wdYdjkaj, ksula fldkla
ke;' fl;rï ,enqK;a iEySulg m;a fkdfjhs' ;Dma;su;a fkd-
fjhs'8 Èjd ? fkdn,d ;j ;j;a uqo,a" bvlvï" ksjdi" hdk jdyk"
90 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
we÷ï" me<÷ï" nvq uqÜgq yïn lrhs' fndfyda úg ;sfnk jia;=fjka

o m%fhdackhla fkdf.k Tyq $ weh wjidkfha§ ñh mrf,dj hhs'9
;udg jevla ke;s wka whg o jevla ke;s mqoa.,hl= fia ish wjika
.uk ^fï Ôú;fha& hhs' fndfyda úg ñh hEfuka miqj jia;= foam<
wdYdfjka fm%a;;ajhg meñfKa'
mßfNdackh ms<sn| uysÉc;dj we;s mqoa.,hd muK blaujd

,efnk ish,a, ld î frda.S njg m;a fjhs' isf;ka fukau .f;ka
o frda.S ù ñh mrf,dj hhs'
uyd f,daNh mqo.

a ,hd ;=< we;s jk uyd .skk
a ls' ish wdYdjka
iajNdjfhka iy m%udKfhka wiSñ; ù tajd lsis lf,l ;Dma;su;a
lr .ekSug yelshdjla we;s fkdfõ' l< hq;= fyd|u m%;sl¾uh
jkqfha ,o fohska i;=gqùfï .=Kh jvd,Suhs' iSudiys; jQ wdYdjka
we;slr .ekSu;a ;sfnk jia;+ka f.ka ;Dma;su;a ùu;a isÿl< hq;=h'
È<s÷lu hkq jia;j= iaj,amhla ;sîu u fkdfõ' È<s÷lu hkq wkqkf a .
ka b,a,Su fyj;a isÕd lEuhs' wka whf.ka fkdhemS" Tn i;=j we;s
jia;=fjka Tng hemsh yels kï hïlsis mskla oyula lr.; yels
kï th m%udKj;a jk nj fkdlsjukdh'
ó<Õ mßÉfþofhka ú.% y lrkq f ha flda m h keue;s

wioa.;shhs' th fnfyúkau wys;lr ÿisß;ls'

fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 91
08 mßÉfþoh
fldamh l<ukdlrKh
fldamh hkafkka woyia jkafka kdhlhd ;=< we;sjk
wúkS; úkdYodhl Ñ;a; fõ.hls' úkdYldÍ ;;a;ajhkag odhljk
wioa.;shls' z;ryZ" zWoyiZ iy zlsmSuZ hk mohka fldamh i|yd
Ndú; jk úl,am mo fõ'
kSfrda.S idudkH mqo.
a ,hl=g fldamùu isÿfjhs' iEu mqo.
a ,hl=
;=<u fldamh keue;s Ndjh we;' th mqoa.,hdg md,kh lr .;
fkdyels jqjfyd;a th ndysrj cks; ù jHdma; ù Tyq $ wehg fukau
wka whg o wys;lr n,mEï bÈßm;a lrhs' we;eï úg b;d wys;lr
n,mEï bÈßm;a lrhs' kSfrda.S úfYaI mqoa.,hd fldamh uekúka
l<ukdlrKh lr .kshs'
fldamh iïnkaO my; i|yka ,CIK bÈßm;a l< yelsh'
1' idudkH kSfrda.S mqoa.,hl= ;=< fldamh keue;s Ndjh
we;'
2' fldamùu idudkH ñksia .;shls'
3' ;udg fukau wka whg wys;lr m%;sM, we;sjk fyhska
th wioa.;shla f,i ye¢kafõ'
92 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
4' wka whg wjdisodhl m%;sM, hï mqoa.,hl=f.a fldamh

ksid we;s fkdjqkfyd;a tu mqoa.,hdg th wjdisodhl
jk fyhska th RKd;aul Ndjhla fyj;a wys;lr
Woafõ.hls'
5' fldam ù fkdisàu yd th uekúka l<ukdlrKh
lsÍu úfYaI ñksia .;shls'
o< jYfhka fldamh l<ukdlrKh lsÍu hkafkka woyia
jkafka kdhlfhl=f.a mrud¾: bgqlr.ekSu msKsi ish fldamh
md,kh lr .ekSuhs' lghq;= lsÍfï§ fldamh we;s fkdjk mßÈ
l< hq;= foa lsÍu;a fldamh hï f,ilska we;s jqjfyd;a th iukh
lr .ekSu msKsi lghq;= lsÍu;a fldamh l<ukdlrKhg wod< fõ'
fldamh l<ukdlrKh lsÍfuka wfmaCId lrkqfha yels;dla ÿrg
fldamh bj;a lsÍuhs'
fldamh l<ukdlrKfhys jeo.;alu

wdpd¾h lsßkaf|a Y%S Oïudkkao kdysñmdfKda ish zzÿla ìh
ke;s Ôú;hZZ keue;s .%ka:fha ^2007" ms' 56& fldamh yßhgu wfma
weia uo fõ,djlg ks,xldr lrñka t,a,jk ier wdf,dal Odrdjla
nj;a" thska wfma weia ks,xldr jqKq úg wmg ;djld,slj yßhg
fkdfmkS hk nj;a" fldamh wd úg wm wkaO ù widOdrK f,i
l%shd lsÍug mgka .kakd nj;a iy md,kh fldg .; fkdyels
fldamh ksid buy;a ldhsl yd udkisl mSvd we;s jk nj;a
wjOdrKh lr;s'
fldamdúIaG kdhlhl= ;sßikl= fuka yeisßh yelsh' wmydi
lsÍu" wiNH jpkfhka nek je§u" myr §u hkd§ wys;lr l%shdjka
isÿùug bv ;sfí' tfia isÿ jqjfyd;a kdhlhd w;ska Ôú; yd foam<
mjd úkdY ùug bv ;sfí' kdhlfhl=f.a fldamh wkq.dñlhkaf.a
fldamh we;s l< yelsh' wkq.dñlhkaf.a fldamh yd kdhlhdf.a
fldamh .eàfuka wkfmaCIs; b;d wys;lr úmdlj,g uqyqK§ug
isÿúh yelsh'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 93
;on, fldamh we;s jq úg we;eï ñksiaiq r¿ jpk l:d

lr;s' o~quq.=re w;g .ks;s' .=áneg yqjudre lr .ks;s' foam< úkdY
lr;s' wêl fldamh ñksid fkdñksil= lrhs' Tyq fyda weh if;l=
f,i yeisfrhs' ish ñksialu iy wka whf.a ukqIH;ajh wu;l
lrhs' ;sßifkl= f,i fyda ñf,aÉPhl= f,i l%shdlsÍfuka jákd
foam<j,g jákd ñksia Ôú;j,g iy jákd i;a;aj Ôú;j,g ydks
meñK úh yelsh' tfiau ;u Ôú;h o ke;slr .; yelsh' my;
i|yka isoaêh lshjd wjfndaO lr.kak'
wjê isoaêh 8-1 ( mq;d iy mshd
msfhla ish kùk fudag¾ r:h msßisÿ lrñka isáfhah' Tyqf.a

isõ yeúßÈ mq;d ldrh <Õg weú;a .,a leghla wiq,d thska
ldrfha fndäfha hula ,sõfõh' wêl f,i lsmqKq mshd
Tyqf.a w;g wiqjk fohska ish orejdf.a w;g lsysmjrlau
myr ÿkafkah' ál fõ,djlska mshdg wjfndaO jQfha ;ud
orejdg myr § we;af;a fudag¾ r:fha gh¾ .e,ùu i|yd
Ndú; lrk WmlrKhlska nj' jydu orejd <Õu frday,g
we;=<;a lrk ,È'
orejdf.a weÕs,sj,g nrm;, f,i ;=jd, isÿ ù ;sîu ksid

weÕs,s myu ffjoHjre úiska bj;a lrk ,È' frdayf,a§
orejd mshdf.ka fufia weiqfõh'
zz;d;af;a uf.a weÕs,s jefjkak fldÉpr l,a hhso@ZZ

94 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
mshdg buy;a fõokdjla we;s úh' frdayf,ka bj;g meñK

ish kùk fudag¾ r:h lrd Tyq .sfhah' f.dia fudag¾ r:hg
lsysmjrlau ish ol=Kq mhska .eiqfõh' uola k;r ù ish
orejd úiska fudag¾ r:fha ,shk ,o foh ne,Sug is;d Tyq
keó th lsfhõfõh' ,shd we;s foa fufia úh'
zz;d;af;a uu Tng wdofrhsZZ
miqj isÿjQfha l=ulao@ miq Èk mshd ish Èú kid .;af;ah'
by; is o a ê h wkq j flda m h ks i d is ÿ jQ fÄojdplh

fl;rïo hkak Tng mila ù we;ehs wms is;uq' my; i;H isoaêho
lshjkak'
wjê isoaêh 8-2 ( ÿj iy uj
2009 cqks ui 2 Èk ysre t*a' tï' .=jka úÿ,s kd,sldfjka
fÄokSh i;H isoaêhla ms<sn| wkdjrKhla isÿ úh' bvï
wdrjq,la fya;=fldg f.k ÈhKsh iy uj îsh uj& w;r
nyska nia ùula ÿr È. f.dia ÈhKsh ish ujg w; ;snQ
fldiafika myr ÿkakdh' úYd, lE .eiSula we;sùfuka
miq wi,ajeishka úiska ksjig meñK wehj <Õu frday,g
we;=<;a lrk ,È' miqj wef.a ;;a;ajh nrm;, neúka
fld<U uy frday,g wehj we;=<;a flßK' ál fõ,djlska
weh wjika yqiau fy¨jdh'
nqÿrcdKkajykafia jod< wx.=;a;r ksldfhys ±lafjk mßÈ

fldamh ksid we;sjk wd§k y;ls'
1' fyd¢ka msßisÿj iy fyd¢ka we| me<| isáho mqoa.,hd
wm%ikak njhs'
2' isks÷ iy iemmyiq fidamdjl ksod.;a;o mqoa.,hd
fõokdfjka fmf<hs'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 95
3' fyd| i|yd krl iy krl i|yd fyd| jroaod .ksñka

ie,ls,af,ka iy isys l,amkdfjka lghq;= fkdlr ydksh
iy ÿlaú£ï we;sjk foa mqoa.,hd lrhs'
4' uykais ù Wmhd.;a Okh ke;slr .efka' kS;sh bÈßfha
jrolrefjl= njg m;aùug o bv we;'
5' l%shdY+rj ,nd.;a lS¾;sh iy hii wysñlr .efka'
6' hy¿jka" kE±hska iy mjqf,a Woúh mqoa.,hdj uÕ yß;s"
mqoa.,hdf.ka wE;a fj;s'
7' whym;a m%;sM, f.k fok lh" jpkh iy is; u.ska
wl=i, l%shd fldam jQ mqoa.,hd lrk fyhska urK-
fhka u;= ÿ.;shl bm§u'1
Wla; wd§k y; mqoa.,hl=f.a i;=rkaf.a i;=gg fya;= jk
nj nqÿrcdKka jykafia foaYkd l< fial' fldam jQfjl= tlal
fldam fkdúh hq;= nj;a mdmS ñksiqkaj m¾j;hlska hg lrkakdfia
fl%daOh úiska hgm;a lrk nj wlafldaO iQ;%fhys nqÿrcdKka jyka-
fia foaYkd l<y' È.=ld,Skj fldamh mej;=K fyd;a th fl%daOhg
ke;fyd;a ffjrhlg fmrf<a' wx.=;a;r ksldfha fl%daO j¾.fhys
fl%daOh;a iy noaO ffjrh;a we;s mqoa.,hd ÿlfia jdih lrk nj;a
msßySug m;a jk nj;a iy ksrfhys WmÈk nj;a nqÿrcdKkajykafia
jod<y'
fhd fp Wmam;s;x fldOx

r:x yka;xZj Odrfh
;uyx idrÓx n%Eñ
riañ f.dfyd b;frd cfkd2
b;d fõ.fhka ÿjk r:hla j<ld ukdj yiqrejd .kq ,nk

oCI ßhÿfrl= fuka" hfula isf;ys fl%daOh uev mj;ajd .kshs
o" Tyq kshu ßhÿfrl= jk nj uu lshñ' wka ßhÿrka yqfola
/yeka w,a,d .;a wh muKs'
96 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
my; rEmfhka fldamh l<ukdlrKfha jeo.;alu ;jÿrg;a

fmkakqï flf¾'
úfõpkhla fyda wmydihla

fyda lsmSfuka nek je§ula fldamh ^Tn fl%daOh fyj;a
fyda jeks ndysr isoaêhla ;=< we;sjk ffjrh
^ls i s h ï mq o a . ,hl= fyda fla k a ; s u h ^È.= ld,Sk
mq o a . , lKa v dhula Tng Woafõ.h& fldamh&
lrkq ,nk&
ÿlfia jdih
noa O ffjrh
^wd;au.; msßySug m;aùu
fldamh&
ksrfha Wm§u
fldamh uevmj;ajd .ekSu $ wju lr .ekSu $

;=rka lsÍu
w÷r w÷frka m,jd yeßh fkdyelsh' ta i|yd t<shla
ke;fyd;a wdf,dalhla w;HdjYHh' tf,iska fldamh fldamfhka
;=rka l< fkdyelsh' fldamh ;=rka l< yelafla wfldamfhks'
fl%daOh wfl%daOfhka Èksh yelsh'3 ffjrh wffjrfhka ñi
ffjrfhka ch .; fkdyelsh'4 flfkl= fldamfhka kskaod wmydi
Tng lrk úg thg tfrysj fldam ù ±ä mshjrla .ekSu fkdl<
hq;=h'5 tfia fkdlsÍu ÿIalr ld¾hhls' fldamh keue;s wioa.;sh
ke;slr .ekSu ÿIalr ld¾hhla jqj o th l< yelsh'
nqÿrcdKkajykafia úiska ñksiqka j¾. y;rla .ek i|yka

lr we;'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 97
1' .f,a flgQ wl=re

iuyr ñksiqka .f,a flgQ wl=re fuks' .f,a flgQ wl=rla
n÷ mqoa.,hd iq¿ foalg mjd lsfmhs' Tyq $ weh fldamh b;d È.=
l,la ;nd .kshs' fl%daOh iy noaO ffjrh hk b;d oreKq fldam
j¾.hkaf.ka fun÷ ñksiaiq fmf<;s'
2' je,af,a ,shQ wl=re
iuyr ñksiqka je,af,a ,shQ wl=re fuks' je,af,a ,shQ wl=rla
n÷ mqoa.,hd blaukska lsfmhs' kuq;a lsmSu jeä l,la ;nd fkd.
kshs'
3' Èfhys ,shQ wl=re
iuyr ñksiqka Èfhys ,shQ wl=re fuks' Tjqka ;=< fldamh /
f|kafka ke;' b;du blaukska ke;s ù hhs'
4' iq<fÕa ,shQ wl=re
iuyr ñksik q a iq<fÕa ,shQ wl=re fuks' iq<fÕa ,shQ wl=rla n÷
mqoa.,hd fldamh lsisfia;au .Kka fkd.kshs' fujeks mqoa.,hl=f.a
is; ksr;=reju ikaiqkah' fldamh cks; fkdfõ' th ksid lsis÷
ie,Sula fkdue;'6
hg;a msßfika Tn fojeks j¾.hg jefgk mqoa.,fhlao@
y;rfjks j¾.h wh;a jkafka ry;a jQ mqoa.,hl=gh' Tng ;=kajeks
j¾.hg meñKsh yels kï th fld;rï fyd| o@ Tn m<fjks j¾.fha
whl= kï Tn ;rfyka msmsfrkafkls' th wu;l fkdlrkafkys' ta
.ek is; is;d wksld flfrys oafõY iy.;j yeisfrkafkls' l,la
.sh miq fldamh ffjrhlg fmrf<hs' ffjrh noaO ffjrhlg jqj
o fmr<sh yelsh' tkï ffjrh wd;aufhka wd;auhg Tn is; ;=<
me< mÈhï ù .uka lrkq we;' fuu .%ka:h lshjk Tn lsisúgl
fuu ;;a;ajhg fkdjefgkak'
fldamh iukh lsÍu i|yd fldamh we;s jkafka uka±hs
wjfndaO lr .; hq;=h' kdkd úê fya;= ksid Tng fldamh
we;súh yelsh' uQ,sl jYfhka fldamhg fya;= jkafka úfõpkhla
98 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
fyda lsmSfuka nek je§ula fyda jeks ndysr isoaêhls' Tnf.a

fldamhg ;fjll=f.a fldamh fyda l%shdjla fyda jpkhla fyda
fya;=úh yelsh'
fldamh i|yd n,mdk úfYaIs; fya;= we;'
1' Tn úiska b;d fjfyi uykaisfhka cks; l< NdKavhla
fyda fiajhla fyda lrk ,o hï jev lghq;a;la fyda
úfõpkhg ,laùu'
2' Tnf.a YÍrfha fyda rEmfha ÿ¾j,;djla yqjd olajd Tnj
my;afldg ie,lSu'
3' Tn úiska is;d u;du lrk ,o l%shdjla ksid ^;jll=
úfõpkh lsÍu" Tfí B¾IHdj ksid ys; ßfok fohla Tn
wksldg m%ldY lsÍu hkd§& wksldg flaka;s f.dia Tng
nek je§u'
4' Tn w;ska fkd±kqj;aju isÿjk jrola ûd¾. kS;shla lvùu"
flkl=f.a b,a,Sula fkdweiSu hkdÈh&'
5' Tnf.a wd.u" l=,h" ia;%S mqreINdjh fyda fjk;a fohla yqjd
olajñka my;afldg ie,lSu'
6' lsishï kS;shla fyda Í;shla fyda iïu;hla ;jll= úiska
leãu ^fmda,sfuka msg mekSu" fmda,sfï fkdhdu" mud ù
meñKSu hkdÈh&'
7' ;ud úiska mjrK ,o lghq;a;la $ rdcldßhla wksld úiska
bgqlrkq fkd,eîu'
8' ish wd.ug fyda cd;shg fyda wdh;khg fyda {d;shl=g
fyda hkd§ jYfhka ;jll= widOdrK l%shdjla l< úg'
9' Tnf.a úYsIag ks¾udKhla fyda ÈkSula fyda ksid B¾IHdjg
,laù tys úYsIag;dj wvqjk f,i l:d lsÍu'
10' Tnj ieneúkau f.!rjhg ,la úh hq;= wjia:djl tfia
isÿ fkdùu ^W;aijhl § Tng wdrdOkd fkdlsÍu" wdrdOkd
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 99
fldg Tn tys f.dia isáh § ms<sfkd.ekSu" Tng fmd,af;,a

myk ±,aùug wdrdOkd fkdlsÍu" ia;=;s l:dfõ § Tng ia;=;shla
úfYaIfhka fkdlsÍu hkdÈh&'
11' Tn lsishï jeo.;a jevla lrk úg wjOdkh lefvk
ndOd we;sùu ^hul= f.aÜgqfõ iSkqj kdo lsÍu" ÿrl:kh kdo
ùu hkdÈh&'
12' Tnf.a orejkaf.a fyda mjqf,a idudðlhkaf.a fyda whym;a
yeisÍu $ orejka mdvï fkdlsßu" jerÈ jevla isÿ lsÍu
hkdÈh'
by; i|yka fya;= ksid Tng fldamh we;s ùu idOdrK hhs
o ta wkqj Tn fldam ù hï l%shdud¾.hla .; hq;= hhs o Tng is;Sug
mq¿jk' fuu is;=ú,a, ksjerÈ fkdfõ' WÑ; fkdfõ' fldamùfuka
Tng wksjd¾hfhkau wjdis isÿfõ' Tnf.a f,a krla ù iajNdjh
fjkia ù fkdfhl=;a wk¾: foa isÿfõ' fï ksid Tn fldam fkdúh
hq;=h' fldamh wdfõ kï th uekúka iukh l< hq;=h'
fldamh l<ukdlrKh i|yd fláld,Sk l%u

1' fldamfhys wd§kj iy fldam l<ukdlrKfhys jeo.;alu
wjfnda O lr .ekS f uka flda m fkdù is à ug wêIa G dkh lr
.ekSu'
2' .Kka fldg ld,h f.ùu' fldam jQ úg oyhg .Kka lrkak'
fnfyúkau fldam jQ úg mkyg fyda ishhg .Kka lrkak'
3' fldamh wd ú.i zfldamh wdjdZ hhs ±kS jydu ksy~ ùu'
ksy~ ù lsishï i;=gqodhl fohla ms<sn|j is; fhduq lrkak'
ta .ek l,amkd lrkak' ke;fyd;a nqÿrcdKkajykafiaf.a
m%;sudjla isys lrkak'
4' fldamh cks; jQ úg ysá ;ekska bj;aùu' mä fm<la neiSu
fyda úfõld.drh fj; .uka lsßu fyda jeisls<shg fyda
hdu l< yelsh' kdk ldurhg f.dia uqyqK fia§u o
l%uhls'
100 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
5' fldamhg fya;= jQ mqoa.,hdf.a fyd| .;s.=K .ek is;kak'

Tyqf.a $ wehf.a ÿIa.=Khka fkdj ioa.=Khka .ek fufkys
lrkak'
6' ;ukag fldam ù nek jeÿKq mqoa.,hd ljfrla o hkak
is;Su' Tyq $ weh úiska fok ,o odhl;ajhka .ek is;Su iy Tn
fj; lrk ,o Wmldrhka .ek is;kak' túg Tnf.a fldamh
;=kS ù ke;s ù hd yelsh'
7' Tnf.a fldamhg fya;= jQ mqoa.,hd Tnf.a m%Odkshd fyda uj
fyda mshd fyda ifydaorhd fyda ifydaoßh fyda úfYaI" úYsIag
mq o a . ,hl= úh yels h ' tu úfYa I ;a j h .ek is ; ka k '
jeäysáNdjh .ek is;kak' úYsIag;ajh .ek is;kak'
8' wod< mqoa.,hdf.a p¾hdj ^whym;a& i|yd n,mE yels
fya ; = j $fya ; = fudkjd±hs jgyd .ekS u g lghq ; = ls Í u'
udkj p¾hdj fya ; = iys ; fõ' hï ks Y a Ñ ; udkj p¾hdjla
flkl=f.ka Tn olskafkys kï ta i|yd hï fya;=jla
fyda fya;= we;' ksoiqkla jYfhka hfula Tng fodia mejÍu fyda
úreoaOj l%shd lsÍu fyda lr we;akï thg fya;= ;sìh hq;=h'
fya;=M, iïnkaOh ms<sn| nqoaO foaYkdj .ek is;kak' hula
we;sùug ;j fohla fyda lsysm fohla n,mdk nj nqÿrcdKka
jykafia foaYkd l< fial' jerÈ jegySula ksid Tng úreoaOj
l%shd l< yelsh' ke;fyd;a yqÿ B¾IHdj ksid úh yelsh'
fya;=j fidhd th ke;s lsÍug W;aidy .kak' yqÿ B¾IHdj
kï th wu;l lrkak'
È.=ld,Sk l%u
1' mrudo¾YS fyda mßmQ¾K f,dalhla j¾;udkfha fkdue;s
nj jgyd .ekSu'
Tn Ôj;ajkqfha lsisÿ wvqmdvqjla ke;s mQ¾Kj O¾udkql+, jQ
iudchl fkdjk nj wjfndaO lr .ekSu w;HjYH fõ' úúO ksmK q ;d
iy ÿ¾j,;d we;s mqoa.,hka isák nj;a" tla tla mqoa.,hkaf.a pß;
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 101
ÈhqKqj fjkia nj;a" úkh .rel fukau úkh úfrdaë mqoa.,hka

isák nj;a iy ;ud fukau iïmQ¾Kfhkau l%shd;aul úh yels
;j mqoa.,hka fndfyda úg ke;s nj;a jgyd .; hq;=h' l=udrfiak
^2004& ú.%y lrk mßÈ zzf,dalh idOdrKhhsZZ hk jerÈ ks.ukhla
Tn ;=< ;sfí' fï jerÈ ks.ukh ksid zzf,dalh idOdrK úh
hq;= hhsZZ hk wfmaCIdj Tn ;=< we;sfõ' i;H kï f,dalfha
idOdrK;ajh fukau widOdrK;ajho olakg ,eîuhs' tfyhska
f,dalh idOdrK ke;s njhs fmkS hkafka' jeä jYfhka f,dalfha
we;af;a widOdrK;ajhhs'
2' wIag f,dal O¾ufhka lïmd fkdùu'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia ish¿ fokdgu n,mdkq ,nk O¾ufhda
wg fofkla ms<sn| foaYkd l<y' tkï ,dN" w,dN" whi" hi"
kskaod" m%Yxid" iqLx iy ÿlaLx'
) ,dN ( f.j,a fodrj,a" j;= msá" hdk jdyk" rka ß§
hkd§ úúO jia;+ka ,eîu'
) w,dN ( jia;=j úhoï ù ke;sùu" jia;=j fkd,eîu
fyda fidri;=re Wjÿrej,ska fyda iajNdúlj
fyda fjk;a ldrKd ksid fyda jia;=j úkdY ùu'
) whi ( ¥ore" {d;s ys;ñ;%d§kaf.ka Wmldrhka
ke;sùu" Tjqka fjkaùu'
) hi ( ¥ore" {d;s ys;ñ;%d§kaf.ka Wmldr ,eîu"
Tjqka we;sùu'
) kskaod ( f,dalhdf.ka wjkïnq" .erySï ,eîu'
) m%Yxid ( f,dalhdf.ka .re kïnq" j¾Kkd" ms<s.ekSï
,eîu'
) iqLx ( úúO whqßka iem ,eîu'
) ÿlaLx ( úúO whqßka ÿl ,eîu'
102 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
kskaod ,eîu" wjkïnq ,eîu wIag f,dal O¾uhls' tfyhska

thska lïms; fkdúh hq;=h' wkqka flfrys fl%daO lsÍu lsisu
m%fhdackhla f.k fkdfoa' foam< ke;sùfuka" msßi fkdue;s ùfuka
fyda fkdie,lSfuka iy kskaod ,eîfuka fldam ùu ;uqkg fukau
wkqkg o m%fhdackj;a fkdfõ'
3' uÕ yeÍu
;ry fyda fldamh we;sjk fya;=fjka wE;aùu fyj;a fya;=j
uÕ yer hdu È.=ld,Sk úi÷uls' ish¿u fya;= uÕyeÍug Tng
yelshdjla fkdue;s úh yelsh' WodyrKhla jYfhka orejl= wOHhk
lghq;=j, ksr; fkdùu ksid Tn ;=< fldamhla yg.kafka kï
tu orejd fkdi,ld yeÍu l< fkdyelalls' ula ksid o h;a tfia
lsÍfuka orejd uq¿ukskau iudchg wjevodhl mqoa.,hl= njg
m;aùug bv ;sfí' ta ksid we;sjk wys;lr m%;súmdl ^;ukag fu-
kau iudchg& b;d úYd, úh yelsh' kuq;a iuyr fya;= uÕ yeÍug
mq¿jk' my; ±lafjkafka WodyrK lsysmhls'
fya;=j ^fldamhg& uÕ yeÍu
1' ;ukaj ke;fyd;a ;u 1' Tyqj$wehj uqK fkdeiSu'

wd.u my;afldg i,lk
flkl= isàu'
2' rEmjdysksfha hï ksYaÑ; mqj;a 2' tu mqj;a fkdne,Su'
ne,Sfuka foaYmd,lhl=
flfrys fl%daOh we;s ùu'
3' hï NdKavhla fyda fiajhla 3' tu NdKavh fyda fiajh
ñ,§ .ekSu ^ñ, jeä" .=K;ajh ñ,§ fkd.ekSu"
wvq ksid fyda fjk;a wdfoaYlhlg fhduq ùu'
fohla ksid&'
4' hï wk;=rla isÿ jQ ia:dkhg 4'tu ia:dkhg fkdhd isàu'
hdfuka wêl fldamhla we;s ùu'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 103
5' hï ±kaùula ne,Su' 5' tu ±kaùu fkdne,Su'
6' hï .S;hla weiSu' 6' tu .S;hg ijka fhduq

fkdlsÍu'
4' l¾ufha whs;sldß;ajh u;l ;nd.ekSu'

l¾ufha whs;sldß;ajh u;l ;nd .ekSfuka fldamh md,kh
lr .; yelsh' Tnf.a l%h s drhd Tnuh"7 wka ljrl=
s dldrlïj, whs;l
fkdfõ' Tn l< lS foa Tn miq mi ths' fyd| l%shdjlska fyd|
úmdlhla o krl l%shdjlska krl úmdlhla o we;s fõ' Tn l¾u
/ia lrhs' Tn ry;a jk f;la l¾uh /ia lrhs' Tnf.a fldamh ksid
Tn hul=g wys;lr l%shdjla lrhs kï wys;lr m%;súmdlhlg Tng
uqyqK §ug isÿjkq we;'
ufkdmqínå.ud Oïud
ufkdfiÜGd ufkduhd
5'
wkd;aujdoh fufkys
ukid lsÍu
fp mÿÜfGk
Ndi;s jd lfrd;s jd
;f;d kx ÿlaLufJj;s
plalxZj jyf;dmox8
isf;a we;sjk ffp;islhka is; fmrgqfldg we;' tajd

is;u fY%aIaG fldg we;' is;skau WmÈkq ,efí' tfyhska hï
mqoa.,hl= f,daN" fudayd§" wl=i, .;sj,ska ls<sá jQ is;ska
hula lshhs kï" hula lrhs kï .e, wÈk f.dkdf.a mdoh
wkqj wefok .ef,ys frdaoh fia" tu mqoa.,hd miq mi ÿl
ÿq n¢hs'
104 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
wkd;aujdoh jgyd .ekSu ÿIalr jqj o th jgyd.ekSfuka

fldamh uekúka l<ukdlrKh lr.; yels nj ksYaÑ;h' nqÿka
jod< O¾ufhys uydpd¾h j,afmd, rdyq, ysñ ^1997" ms' 78& fufia
i|yka lr;s(
zz zwd;auhZ zuuZ wd§ ljr kulska jqjo olajkq ,nk fjkia
fkdjk" iodld,sl" wur jia;=jla ñksid ;=< fyda neyer fyda we;ehs
is;u
S ñ;Hd úYajdihla fkdfyd;a ufkdauh m%fCIamKhla nj m%;; S H
iuq;amdo O¾ufhkao" m[apialkaO úNd.fhkao olajkq ,efí' fï
jkdys nqÿkajykafia jod< wkd;au O¾uhhs'ZZ
i;Hh wúmß; i;Hh ^mrud¾: i;Hh& iy ixjD;s i;Hh
hkqfjka j¾. follg fnfoa' ixjD;s i;Hh kï fmdÿfõ ms<s.kq
,nk fohhs' fmdÿ jHjydrfha§ zuuZ zwmsZ zTnZ zmqo.
a ,hdZ hkd§ jpk
Ndú; flf¾' mru i;H jQ l,S zuuZ hehs fyda zi;ajhdZ hhs fyda
ienúkau .; yels lsisjla fyda lsisfjl= fyda ke;s njh ûydpd¾h
j,afmd, rdyq, ysñ" 1997" ms' 79&'
nqÿrcdKkajykafia foiQ fuu mru i;Hhg wkqj is;j = fyd;a
zuuZ f,i i,lk mqoa.,fhla ke;' tfiau Tng fldamh cks;
l< mqoa.,hd ie,l=jfyd;a zTyqZ fyda zfudyqZ hkafkka mqoa.,hl= o
ke;' zfldamhZ lshd fohla o ke;' th o fjkia jk iq¿h' ish,a,
wks;Hh' tfia kï ;jll=g Tn ffjr lrkafkyso@ tfia lsÍu
w¾: úrys;h'
6' bjiSu
úúO mqoa.,hka iuÕ úúO wjia:djkays § Tng wka;¾ l%shd
lsÍug isÿfõ' fuys § Tnf.a is;g fldamh f.k fok fkdfhl=;a
fkdukd foa ^jpk" pßhd" rEm& isÿúh yelsh' fïjdhska ;udf.a is;g
fldamh yd fl%daOh we;s fkdlr is; Ñ;a;ika;dkh md,kh l<
hq;=h' fuys,d bjiSu w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ' zlaIdka;sZ kñka y÷kajk
bjiSu nqÿùu i|yd fndai;a jykafia fmrE mdrñ;djls'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 105
nek je§ï" .erySï" fldamùï Tng bjiSu mqyqKq lsÍu i|yd

,enQ wjia:d fia i,lkak' tkhska Tng laIdka;s mdrñ;dj mqrkakg
,eîu jdishls'
7' Ndjkd lsßu
Ndjkd ls ß u hka f kka woyia jka f ka hym;a is ; = ú ,s
fufkys lsÍfuka is; ÈhqKq lr .ekSuhs' fldamh iukh jk whqßka
;u is; yev .iajd .ekSug Ndjkdj ksid mq¿jk' fldamh ksid
fyda fldamh we;sùug n,mdk fya;= ksid fyda fkdikaiqkajk Tfí
uki ikaiqka lr .ekSu msKsi Wmldr úh yels Ndjkd l%u y;rla
fuys,d i|yka lruq'
i. wdkdmdki;s Ndjkdj
tla Ndjkdjls' Tnf.a wdYajdifhys;a ^yqiau by<
±óu& m%Yajdifhys;a ^yqiau my< ±óu& isys t<ùu
uq , a f ldg we;s Ndjkdj ñka woyia fõ' bfí
isÿjk T nf.a yq i a u by<" my< hdu .ek is y s f hka n,d
isàu fuys § isÿfõ' fuys,d ndysr f,dalh wu;l
lr Tnf.a yq i a u we;= ¿ ùu yd ms g ùu foi
n,d is à u is ÿ fõ' fuu Ndjkdj i|yd úfYa I bßhõjla
kshu lr we;' Tn ms ß ñfhl= kï trñKs h f.d;d f.k
^noaO m¾hxlfhka& b| .; hq;=h' Tn ia;%shl kï md miqmig
kudf.k ^w¾O m¾hxlfhka& b| .; hq;=h'
ii. Ñ;a;dkqmiaikd Ndjkdj

Tn fldam ù isák úg o fldam fkdù isák úg o
ta nj uekúka ±k .ekSuhs' fuu Ndjkdj Tnf.a is;
;=<g tî ne,Suls' fldamh is; ;=<g meñfKk whqre"
ta ksid YÍrfhys we;sjk fjkialï" th ke;sù hk
whqre mÍCId lr ne,Su fuu Ndjkdfjka isÿfõ'
fuu Ndjkdj i|yd úfYaI bßhõjla kshu lr
fkdue;s fyhska th ys|f.k fyda isgf.k fyda
106 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
ilauka lrñka fyda ydkais ù fyda jeäh yelsh

ûydpd¾h j,afmd, rdyq, ysñ" 1994" ms' 101&' fldam jQ
is;l ;;a;ajh Tngu ±k .ekSug yelsfõ'
iii. ffu;%S Ndjkdj
ñ;=re fyj;a ys;j;a nj ms<sn| is;sú,s we;s lr
.ekSfuka is; ÈhqKq lsÍuhs' fldamh ksid ksYaÑ;
jYfhkau ;udg ydks meñfKa' fï ksid ;ud
.ek is;d fu;a jeäh hq;=h'9
uu ksÿla fjïjd ! kSfrda. fjïjd !
iqjm;a fjïjd ! ffjr ke;af;la fjïjd !
Tfí flda m h ks i d wka whg o ydks meñKs h
yelsh' wka ish,a,gu fukau ;udg úreoaO jQ msßig o fu;a jeãug
mqreÿ ùu fuu Ndjkdfjka kshu fõ'
iv. nqoaOdkqiai;s Ndjkdj
fuu Ndjkdfjka isÿjkafka Tn" wmf.a Ydia;Djrhd-
Kkajykafia jk nqÿrcdKkajykafiaf.a .=K isys
lsÍuhs' nqÿ.=K isyf
s ldg is; ÈhqKq lr .ekSuhs' fldam
jQ úg nqÿrcdKkajykafia u;la lr.; fyd;a Tnf.a
fldamh myù hkq we;'
nqÿrcdKka j yka f ia flda m h l<ukdlrKh i|yd l% u
fõohla uÊ¯u ksldfhys" ú;lal iKaGdk iQ;%fhys wkqYdikd
l< fial' tys mshjr 5 la ±lafõ'10
1' oa f õIh yg.;a úg ta fjkq j ghï l= i ,a wruq K la $
ksñ;a;la fufkys l< hq;=h' túg is; ;ekam;a fjhs' oCI jvqfjla
is h q ï weKhls k a uy weKhlg .ika f ka o " ^.iñka
mqjrefjka& neyer lrkafkao" ^w;ska& weo oukafkao tfiau hï l=i,a
wruqKlg meñK hï l=i,hla fufkys lsÍfuka fldamh
bj;a l< hq;=h' fuu m<uq l%shdud¾.h ksYaM, fõ kï"
2' fojk l%shdud¾.h wkq.ukh l< hq;=h' oafõIh keue;s
wl=i,fhys wd§kj fufkys lsÍu l< hq;=h' oafõIfhys
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 107
fodaIhka mÍCId lsÍu l< hq;=h' fuu l%shd ud¾.h ksYaM,

jqjfyd;a"
3' ;=kajk l%shdud¾.h wkq.ukh l< hq;=h' oafõIfha fodaIh
mÍCId lsÍfuka miqjo oafõIh mj;S kï th fkdisys
lsÍu" fufkys fkdls Í u l< hq ; = h ' fuys § flda m is ; = ú ,a ,
hgm;a ùu wfmaCId flf¾' fuu l%shdud¾.ho ksYaM, jqjfyd;a"
4' isõjk l%shdud¾.h jk oafõIh cks; jQ uQ,sl fya;=j .ek
fufkys l< hq;=h' fuho ksYaM, fõ kï"
5' o;añá ldf.k Èj ;,a,g ;o lrf.k oafõIhg ks.%y
l< hq;=h' l=i,a is;ska wl=i,a is;g fodia ke.sh hq;=h' fldam
fkdlsÍfukau fldamh ch.; hq;= nj ñka woyia fõ'
108 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
09 mßÉfþoh
kdhl;aj .=Kdx.
fuu mßÉfþofhka ú.%y lsÍug wfmaCId lrkqfha úfYaI
kdhl;aj .=Kdx.hkah' hym;a pß; .=Kdx. jk wjxllu" bjiSu
hkd§ ioa.K
= hka ms<n
s | fmr ú.%y lrk ,È' tu .=Khka yer id¾:l
kdhlhl=ùu i|yd wjYH jk wfkl=;a .=Kdx. fuys§ ú.%y lsÍug
wfmaCIs;h' wju jYfhka oiúê .=Kdx. fn!oaO idys;Hhg wkqj
y÷kd .; yelsh'
1' Liberal - ;Hd.jka; ^pd.&

wkq.dñlhkag fukau iïnkaOjk ish¿ ñksiqkag úúO
;Hd. ,nd§ug we;s leue;a; iy tfia fkduiqrej ;sfnk foa
iemhSu fuu .=Kdx.fhka woyia fõ' ;Hd. §u i|yd m%udKj;a
j;alula kdhlhd i;= úh hq;=h' fuys,d øjHuh" uQ,Huh" udkisl
iy úfYaI jYfhka ;Hd. j¾. l< yelsh' øjHuh ;Hd.j,g úúO
nvq NdKav" wdydr mdk" îu" b÷ï ysgqï hkdÈh we;=<;a fõ' uQ,Huh
;Hd.j,g wh;a jkqfha uqo,ah' udkisl ;Hd. jYfhka y÷kajkqfha
uqo,auh yd øjHuh fkdjk we;eïúg ñ, l< fkdyels §ukdh'
iskyj" m%Yxid" je<|.ekSu" w; we,a,Su" ysi we,a,Su" msgg tla
w;lska ;Ügqjla ±óu hkdÈh udkisl ;Hd.hkah' Wmfoia" uÕ fm-
kaùu" b.ekaùu hkdÈh úfYaI ;Hd. jYfhka ye¢kaùug mq¿jk'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 109
hï fohla ;Hd.hla jYfhka §u idudkHfhka ÿIalr fohls'

ulaksido h;a thska Tng ,nd .ekSug ;snqK m%fhdackh fyda jdish
ke;s ù hk fyhsks' tfy;a tu ;Hd.h ksid th ,nk flfkla
i;=gg m;afõ' ta fyhska ,nk flkd ;=< meye§ula Tn ms<sn|j
we;sfõ' fï ksid tu mqoa.,hd iy Tn w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj hym;a
fõ' hg;a msßfika tu iïnkaO;dj m¿ÿ fkdù fyda whym;a fkdù
mej;Sug fya;= fõ'
kdhlhl= jYfhka Tn ish wkq.dñlhka fj; ;Hd.jka;
úh hq;=h' tfiau ;udf.a fiajh wfmaCIdfjka tk fyda ;ud úiska
j.lshkq ,nk ksIamdok ñ,§ .ekSug tk mdßfNda.slhkag ;Hd.
jka; úh yelsh'
;Hd. jia;=j flfrys lsisÿ f,daNhla we;s fkdlrf.k
th m%odkh l< hq;=h' th ,nk mqoa.,hdf.a hym; msKsi is;d
Èh hq;=h' ;Hd. §fuka miq tu ;Hd. ,nkakd tajdhska m%fhdack
.kakjd o keoao hkak fiùu wkjYH fohls' th fkdl< hq;=h'
;Hd.h ,nkakdj lrorhg m;a fkdlr Tyqg $ wehg hym;la
jdishla isÿjk fohlau ;Hd.h jYfhka Èh hq;=h'
2' Equal - idOdrK

ienE kdhlhl= ish wkq.dñlhkag idOdrK úh hq;=h'
idOdrK ùu hkafkka woyia jkafka widOdrK ùu" whqla;s
iy.; ùu fkdl< hq;= njhs' iudk njlska iu;djlska hq;=h l%shd
l< hq;= njhs'
ish wkq.dñlhka yg iudk wjia:djla ^Wiia ùï" udreùï"
jegqma j¾Ol" mqyqKqùï hkdÈh& Èh hq;=h' tfiau Wiiaùï" udre ùï
jegqma j¾Ol" mqyqKqùï hk wjia:d i|yd iqÿiq mqoa.,hka f;dard
.ekSfï§ wod< fkdjk idOl $ ks¾Kdhl ^cd;sh" wd.u" l=,h"
fm!oa.,sl kEoElï" ys;j;alï yd fjk;a iïnkaO;d& u; isÿfkdl<
hq;=h' idOdrK jQ m%;sm;a;s iy l%shdmámdàka ilia l< hq;= w;r
tajd ta whqßkau l%shd;aul l< hq;=h' ia;%S mqreI jYfhka o fNaohlska
f;drj hqla;s iy.;j lghq;= l< hq;=h' fï ia;%shl hhs is;d wehg
110 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
úfYaIfhka ^;jl=g widOdrKhla jk f,i& fkdie,lsh hq;=h'

fï mqreIhl= hhs is;d ia;%shg widOdrKhla jk whqßka mqreIhdg
úfYaIfhka fkdie,lsh hq;=h' ish kEoE ys;j;=kag ix.%y l<
hq;= jqj;a tfia l< hq;af;a wka whg widOdrKhla ydkshla isÿ
fkdjk mßoafoks' ksoiqkla jYfhka lsishï /lshdjla i|yd Wi-
iaùula mj;sk úg ta i|yd jvd;au iqÿiq mqoa.,hdj ^ksmqK;dj"
ld¾hM, iy fcHIa G ;dj wkq j & fkdj {d;s h dg ie,lS f ï
woyiska jvd wvq iqÿiail= fyda kqiÿq iail= f;dardm;a lsÍu widOdrKh'
tfiau wdh;k ixj¾Okhg fukau udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okhg th
wk¾:ldß fõ'
3' Active - il%Sh

il%Sh hkq w,i fkdù läirj l%shd;aul ùuhs' fjk;a
mohlska i|yka l<fyd;a ù¾h ùuhs' kdhlhd i;=úh hq;= b;d
jeo.;a .=Kdx.hla jkqfha ù¾h fyj;a oysßhhs' ke;fyd;a ffO¾hh
hs' fuys,d i,lkq ,nkafka O¾udkql+, mrud¾: bgqlr .kq
jia kdhl;ajhla wod< wkq.dó msßi fj; ,nd§ug ffO¾hh
iïmkak ùuhs'
mrud¾: bgqlr.ekSu i|yd hï hï ld¾hhka bgq l< hq;=h'
lsihs ï mdie,la ñksia iïm;a ixj¾Okh i|yd;a wdh;k ixj¾Okh
i|yd;a fhduq jQ pß;j;a isiq mrmqrla ìys lsÍfï mrud¾:fhka msys-
gqjd we;ehs is;kak' fuu mrud¾:h bgqlr .kq jia isik
q a mßmd,kh"
mqia;ld, myiqlï ie,iSu hkd§ úúO ld¾hhka /ila uekúka
bgql< hq;=h' tys,d kdhlhd il%Sh úh hq;=h' m%udKj;a ffO¾hhla
fkdue;sj Wla; lghq;= uekúka bgql< fkdyelsh' hï lghq;a;l"
ld¾hhl id¾:l;ajh i|yd ù¾hh fyj;a ffO¾hh w;HjYHh'
lsishï jeo.;a ld¾hhla wdrïN lsÍfï § iy lrf.khdfï
§ úúO ÿIalr;d ndOl meñKSug bv ;sfí' we;eï msßia ndOl
ueùug fyda iyfhda.h fkd±laùug mq¿jk' iuyre B¾IHdfjka
ndOd l< yelsh' we;eï úg m%udKj;a fN!;sl yd uQ,H iïm;a
fkdue;s úh yelsh' ld,.=Kh whym;a ùug bv we;' ;j kdkd
úê ndOd we;sùug bv ;sfí' fï ish¿ ndOl w;=ßka ish mrud¾:h
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 111
lrd hdug Tng ffO¾hh ;sìh hq;=h' fldf;la ndOd meñKsh o

l< hq;a; lsÍu;a fkdl< hq;a; fkdlsßu;a mrud¾:h bgqlr .ekSu
mssKsi fkdkej;S l%shd lsÍu;a ms<sn| Tn ;=< ;sìh hq;= udkisl
Yla;sh ffO¾hhs" il%ShNdjhhs'
b;du Wiiau ù¾hh jYfhka p;=rx. iukajd.; ù¾hh
ye¢kafõ' fuu ù¾hh iajNdjh nqÿrcdKkajykafiaf.a nqÿùug wod<
jQ ù¾hhls' fuu ù¾hh jeäÿrg;a fufia w¾: ±lafõ ^f¾reldfka
pkaoúu, uyd ia:úr" 2008" ms' 204&'
zziu;a" kyr;a" weg;a bÈß fjf;d;a b;sß fõjd" f,a uia
úh<S hf;d;a úh<S fhajd" mqreI mrdl%ufhka mqreI n,fhka hulg
meñKsh hq;= o thg fkdmeñK ld¾hh fkdkj;ajñ'ZZ
nqÿrcdKkajykafia ;=< fkdmiq niakd ù¾hh ;snK
q 's fjfyi
.Kka fkdf.k fkdmiq niakd ù¾hh we;s kdhlhd id¾:l;ajhg
<Õd fõ' ù¾hfha m%;súreoaO ;;a;ajh kï l=iS; fyj;a w,iluhs'
wx.=;a;r ksldh" wÜGl ksmd;fhys" l=iS;jia;= wgla foaYkd lr
we;'1 tajd fufiah(
1' jevla lrkakg kshñ;j we;s úg jev lsÍug ug
fjfyfikakg isÿjk ksid ±ka ksod.ekSug is;Su'
2' hï jevla fldg fjfyiqKq miq uu ±ka fjfyiS isáñhs
is;d ksod .ekSu'
3' .ukla hkakg we;s l,ays .ukla hEug ;sfnk ksid
ksod.ekSu'
4' hï .ukla ksu lsÍfuka miq ±ka ug fjfyiS isáñhs is;d
ksod .ekSu'
5' m%udKj;a wdydrhla fkd,;a úg wo uu m%udKj;a wdydrhla
fkd.;a ksid uf.a Yla;sh wvq hehs is;d ksod .ekSu'
6' m%udKj;a wdydrhla .;a miq ±ka uf.a lh nrh wl¾uKH
hhs is;d ksod .ekSu'
7' u| frda.hla we;s jQ úg ±ka ug ikSm ke;ehs is;d ksod
.ekSu'
112 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
8' yg.;a frda.h iqj jQ úg ikSm jQ ú.i jev fkdl< yels

hhs is;d ksod .ekSu'
Tn úiska Wla; l=iS; jia;= wg isÿ fkdl< hq;=h' túg Tn
;=< ffO¾hh we;s fõ' wms ish¨ fokdu mqoa.,fhda fjuq' mqoa.,fhda
mD:.ackfhda h' ù¾hh n,h mD:.ack mqoa.,fhl=g fidajdka ùug"
ry;a ùug iy nqÿùug fya;= jkafkah' tfia kï id¾:l kdhlhl=
ùu i|yd ù¾hh n,fha wjYH;dj lshkqu lsu@
my; i|yka m%Yak fyd¢ka lshjkak' Tn fok ms<s;=re wkqj
Tnf.a ù¾hfha ;ru Tng jgyd .ekSug yelsjkq we;'
1' fnfyúkau ÿIalr jqj o Tng ksjerÈ fohla l< yelso@
2' Tng <Õd lr .ekSug jqjukd ksjerÈ mrud¾:hla uqÿkam;a
lr .ekSu Tn w;ayßkafkys o@
3' Nhdkl iy wm%sh wjia:djka Tn uÕ yßkafkys o@
4' Tnf.a yojf;a Yla;sh jQ l,S ffO¾hh nj Tn úYajdi
lrkafkys o@
5' f,fyisfhkau Tn ìh jk mqoa.,fhla o@
6' Nhdkl wjia:djlg Tn uqyqK fok úg Tnf.a ìh Tng
md,kh lr .; yels o@
7' Tng iydh olajkakka fkdue;s jqj;a ksjerÈ fohla i|yd
Tng ke.S isáh yels o@
8' úúO foa i|yd W;aidy lsÍu mrdoh $ wiu¾:h ms<sn|
Tnf.a ìh ksid Tn j<lkafkys o@
9' we;eï wh tlÕ fkdùug bv we;s ksid Tfí u;h m%ldY
lsÍug Tn ìh jkafkys o@
10' Tng ksjerÈ mrud¾:hla bgqlr .ekSug wjYH jQ úg iu
whf.a mS v kh ks i d Tn Tnf.a m% h ;a k ±Íu w;
yßkafkyso@
1" 4" 6 iy 7 m%Yk
a i|yd zTõZ hk ms<;
s r
= wfmaCIs;h' wfkl=;a
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 113
m%Yak i|yd zke;Z hk ms<s;=r wfmaCIs;h'
4' Determined - wêIaGdkYS,s

hï mrud¾:hla we;s lrf.k tu mrud¾:h iïmQ¾Kfhkau
bgqlr .kafkñhs ±äj is;d tu is;Su u; msysàu wêIaGdkh kï
fõ' fuh ffp;isl Yla;shls' Tn hula bgqlsÍug is;+ whqßkau th
bgqlsÍug Tng wêIaGdkh ;sìh hq;=h' nqÿùu i|yd uyd fndai;a
jykafia fmreï msrE tla mdrñ;djls wêIaGdk mdrñ;dj'03
kdhlhl= jYfhka id¾:l ùu msKi s kdhl;aj mrud¾:fhys
±äj t,anj isàu l< hq;=h' hula lsÍug Tn ;SrKh lr we;s nj
iy lsisÿ fohlg Tnj k;r lsÍug Tn bv fkdfok nj fmkaùfï
.=Kdx.h wêIaGdkhhs'
Tn ;=< wêIaGdkh we;akï lsisÿ ndOlhlg Tnj k;r
lsÍug fkdyels w;r Tn wod< mrud¾:h uqÿkam;a lr .ekSug
±äj ;SrKh lr we;af;ysh' wêIaGdkh WÜGdk ù¾hh ke;fyd;a
fkdmiqng W;aidyh yd fnfyúkau iïnkaOfõ' my; i|yka
m%Yak iqmÍCIdldÍj lshjkak' iEu m%Yakhla fjkqfjkau Tng
wjxlju zTõZ hk ms<s;=r Èh yelso@ tfia kï Tn wêIaGdkYS,s
mqoa.,fhls'
1' Ôú;fha mrud¾: ^úfYaIfhka kdhl;aj ;k;=rg wod<&
bgqlr .ekSug wêIaGdkhla iys; mqoa.,fhla o Tn@
2' Tfí mrud¾: Tng meyeÈ,s o @
3' mrud¾: bgqlr .ekSfuka Tnj j<lajk lsisÿ ndOlhlg
Tn bv fkdfokafkys o @
4' Tfí mrud¾: bgq lr.ekSug Tn ±kgu;a ±äj is;df.k
isákafkys o @
5' Tfí Ôú;h ms<sn| meyeÈ,s iy <Õd lr .; yels mrud¾:
Tng ;sfí o @
114 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
6' Tfí mrud¾: fjkia lsÍug Tng fkdisf;kafkys o @

7' Tfí mrud¾: bgq l r.ka k d ;= r e Tn ;Dma ; s u ;a N djhg
m;afkdjkafkys o @
8' mrud¾:j,g Tn lemù we;af;ys o @
9' wfkl=;a foaj,aj,g jvd Tfí mrud¾: jvd jeo.;a nj Tn
okafkys o @
10' Tnf.a Ôú; mrud¾: uqÿkam;a lr .ekSug Tfí ±ä
wêIaGdkh Tnj fhduq lrjk nj Tn ±äj úYajdi
lrkafkys o @
5' Educated - W.;a wfhl= ùu

lrKShfu;a; iQ;%h2 ffu;%sh ms<sn|j Wmfoia fok iQ;%
foaYkdjla nj ienEh' tfy;a tys uq,a .d:d lSmh u.ska fn!oaOhl=f.a
ilia ù u .ek lreKq ±la f õ' fuu lrKS h fu;a ; iQ ; % f hys "
m%:ufhkau ±lafjk .=Kh jQ l,S zilafldaZ hkakhs' tys wre;
jkqfha ish j.lSï ms<sn| yelshdjla we;af;l= ùuhs' kdhlhl=g
mejÍ we;s m%Odk j.lSu jkqfha wkq.dñlhka ukd f,i fufyhjd
wod< Od¾ñl mrud¾: bgqlr .ekSuhs'
fuys,d wdo¾Yfhka kdhl;ajh §u" mj;sk m%;sm;a;s"

l%shdmámdá yd Í;s lv fkdlr yels muK wkq.dñlhkag ish
jD;a;Sh yd fm!oa.,sl wruqKq bgqlr.ekSug Wmldr lsÍu" m%isoaêfha
w.h lsÍu" wkq.dñlhka wdrCId lsÍu" iqÿiaidg iqÿiq ;ek §u" ksis
f,i jev mjrd uekúka iqmÍCIKh lsÍu hkd§ ld¾hhka kdhlhd
úiska bgql< hq;=h' fuu ld¾hhka ksis f,i bgq lsÍu ms<sn| j.lSï
kdhlhd fj; mejf¾' fuu j.lSï ksis f,i bgq lsÍug m%udKj;a
ksjerÈ yelshdjla kdhlhdg ;sìh hq;=h' tfia yelshdjla fkdue;s
kï kdhl;ajh wid¾:lùu ksYaÑ;ju isÿfõ' ish rdcldÍ iy
j.lSï ms<sn| yelshdj ,nd .kafka flfia o@ yelshdj ,nd.; yels
m%Odk l%u ;=kls'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 115
1' wOHdmkh
2' mqyqKqj
3' m<mqreoao
ukd wOHdmkh fuys,d b;d jeo.;a fõ' th ukd mqyqKqjla
,eîugo ukd m<mqreoaola ,eîug o whl=g bjy,a fõ' ñka
.uHjkqfha kdhlhd W.;l= úh hq;= njhs" W.;a wfhl= ùu wjYH
njhs' kdhlhd i;=j jvd by< wOHdmkhla ;sìh hq;= nj ñka woyia
fkdjk nj;a wkq.dñl msßfia nyq;rhlf.a W.;alug jvd jeä
W.;alula ;sìh hq;= nj;a fuys,d i|yka l< hq;=h'
) kdhl;aj mrud¾: uekúka msysgqjd .ekSug"
) tu mrud¾: wkq.dñlhka fj; uekúka
ikaksfõokh lsÍug"
) mrud¾: bgqlsÍug wod< ld¾hhka bgqlsÍug"
) wkq.dñlhkaj ÈidNsuqL lsÍug"
m%udKj;a yelshdjla kdhlhl=g ;sìh hq;=h' w;HjYH
W.;alu j¾. ;=klg fnÈh yelsh'
1' ;dCIKsl W.;alu
2' kdhl;ajh ms<sn| W.;alu
3' O¾uh ms<sn| W.;alu
;dCIKsl W.;alu hkq wod< ld¾hhka uekúka bgqlsÍu
ms<sn| wod< ±kqu" l=i,;d iy wdl,am w;am;a lr .ekSuhs' ksoiqkla
jYfhka Tn kdhl;ajh ,nd fokafka mdie,l úÿy,am;sjrhl=
jYfhka kï mdie,la úiska l< hq;= ish¿u fufyhqï ^ld¾hhka&
ms < s n | ks j erÈ ±kq u iy l= i ,;d ;s ì h hq ; = h ' Tn frda y ,l
kdhlhl= kï f,vqka iqj lsÍug wod< ish¿u ld¾hhka ms<sn|
ksis wOHdmkhla Tng ;sìh hq;=h' Tn wdh;khl udkj iïm;a
l<ukdlrejl= kï udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| m%udKj;a
116 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
iy ksjerÈ wOHdmkhla Tng ;sìh hq;h

= ' Tn úYd, wdh;khl uQ,H
l<ukdlrefjla kï uQ,H l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| ksis wOHdmkhla
Tn i;= úh hq;=h'
id¾:l kdhl;ajhla i|yd kdhl;ajh ms<sn|j wOHdmkhla
;sìh hq;=h' fuu wOHdmkh Tn ,nd .kafka flfiao@
1' fuu .%ka:h fyd¢ka wOHhkh lsÍu'
2' fjk;a wod< .%ka: mßYS,kh'
3' wod< úfYaIs; foaYkj,g ijka § wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSu'
4' wod< úfYaIs; jevuq¿j,g iyNd.s ùu'
5' wod< id¾:l mqoa.,hka weiqßka bf.k .ekSu'
6' w;s oCI .=rejrhl= weiqre lsÍu iy Tyq $ wehf.a u.
fmkaùu ,nd .ekSu'
O¾uh ms<sn| W.;alu hkq nqÿka jod< O¾uh ±k .ekSuhs'

NsCIQka úiska O¾u úkh ms<sn| W.;alu uQ,sl jYfhka ,nd.;
hq;=h' .syshl= úiska O¾uh ms<sn|j idudkH W.;alula ,nd .;
hq;=h'
6' Ready wit - ia:dfkdaÑ; m%{dj

ñka woyia jkafka wjia:djg WÑ;j ksjerÈ ;SrKhla .ekSu
fyda yeisÍuhs' wkfmaCIs;j meñfKk ÿIalr;djhkaf.ka ñ§ug
wka;rdhkaf.ka ñ§ug we;s yelshdj ^mõ fkdlr& ñka woyia fõ'
fuh Wmdh fl!Y,H kñkao ye¢kafõ' fuh nqoaêu;alu keue;s
kdhl;aj .=Khg fnfyúkau iïnkaO fõ' b;d blaukska fyda
flá ld,hla ;=< § wod< wjia:djg .e,fmk mßÈ îïnkaê;
ish¿ fokdg ydks fkdjk wmyiq;djla f.k fkdfok& ;SrKhla
.ekSu l:d lsÍu iy yeisÍuhs ia:dfkdaÑ; m%{dj jkqfha'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 117
hï úÿy,l ^úYd,& jd¾Is l ;Hd. m% o dfkda ; a i jhl §

isÿ jQ i;H isoaêhls' m%Odk wdrdê; wuq;a;d ^úYajúoHd,
uydpd¾hjrfhla& wod< isiq ore±ßhkag ;Hd. ,nd foñka
isáfhah' yÈisfhau ;Hd.,dNSkaf.a kï m%ldY lsÍfï §
je/oaola isÿúh' tkï kï ms<sfj, fjkia úh' fuh isÿjQfha
meh folla muK blau f.dia ;sìh §h' jydu t;kg
meñKs ;j;a isiqfjla ^W;aijh ixúOdkhg iïnkaO& kï
m%ldY lrñka isá isiqjdf.ka iudj f.k ^ysñysg wefik
fia& uhsfl%df*dakh f.k zz±ka úfõlh i|yd ld,h meñK
we;' lreKdlr úkdä myf<djla úfõlh i|yd fjka lr
we;s nj i,lkak' úkdä myf<djlska miqj W;aijfha jev
lghq;= kej; wdrïN lrkjd we;' Tn ieug ia;=;shs!ZZ
;Hd. m% o dkhg iïnka O jQ úÿy,a m ;s j rhd iy m% O dk

wdrdê;hd ldrKh jgydf.k úfõlhg msúiqfKdah'
by; isoaêfhys fojk ixúOdhl isiqjd wjia:djg WÑ;

;SrKhlg meñKsfhah' th ia:dfkdaÑ; m%{djhs' my; p¾hdjka
ia:dfkdaÑ; m%{dj we;s kdhlhdf.ka fmkakqï flf¾'
1' ;ud iïnkaO ù we;s wjiA:dj wjuÕ=,la o uÕ=,la o
ke;fyd;a ljr fohla o hkak fyd¢ka jgyd .ekSu'
2' iïnkaO ù we;s msßi ljr iajNdjfha wh o hkak jgyd
f.k l:d lsÍu" hï hï m%ldY lsÍu'
3' wjia:djg .e,fmk f,i ish we÷u we£u'
7' Self-Disciplined - iajhx úkhdkql+, ùu

úkh hkq yslùa u fyj;a YsCIdjhs' Tn úiska Tnj fu,a, lr
.ekSu iajhx úkhhs' Tfnka hym;a kdhlfhl= jYfhka wka wh
úiska wfmaCId lrkq ,nk .=Kdx. iy p¾hdj Tn úiska ieneúkau
fmkakqï lrkq ,eîuhs iajhx úkh hkafkka woyia jkafka'
118 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
Tn Tfí is;" lh iy jpkh ixjr lr.; hq;=h'3 tfiau

wod< m%;sm;a;s ^;SrK .ekSu i|yd jQ Wmfoia" uÕ fmkaùï iy
uQ,O¾u&" l%shdmámdàka ^hï hï foa bgql< hq;= wkqms<sfj, ±lafjk
úê& iy Í;Ska ^kshuhka iy fr.=,dis& lv fkdjk mßÈ tajd wkq.
ukh lrñka ish kdhl;ajh Èh hq;=hs' ;udf.a fm!oa.,sl jdish
i|yd fyda ish ys;j;=kaf.a jdish i|yd fyda mj;sk úkh kS;s Í;s
W,a,x>kh fkdl< hq;=h' iajhx úkh iys; kdhlhd(
) kS;s Í;s mj;sk nj okshs'
) tajd fyd¢ka ±k .kshs'
) tajd mej;Sug fya;= jgyd .kshs'
) tajdg .re lrhs'
) tajd woyhs'
) tajd lv fkdlrhs ^ljr fya;=jla ksidj;a&'
id¾Ól;ajh i|yd úkh w;sYhskau jeo.;a fõ' Tnf.a iajhx

úkh Tfí id¾:l;ajh muKla fkdj wka wh ;=<o úkh we;sùug
n,md" Tjqkaf.a .re;ajh ,nd" Tjqka ,jd yd Tjqkaf.a iyfhda.h
we;sj wod< ld¾hhka ksufldg wfmaCIs; mrud¾: idOkhg bv
m%ia:dj we;s jkq we;'
wka whf.a
Tfí f.!re;ajh
iajhx kdhl;aj
úkh mrud¾:
wka wh ;=< bgqùu
úkh we;sùu
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 119
8' Humanly - udkqIslj

ñksil
a ug .re lrñka ukqIH ohdfjka lghq;= lsÍu udkqIl
s
ùu hkafkka woyia fõ' lreKdfjka iy wkqlïmdfjka wkq.dñl-
hkag ie,lSu kdhlhdf.ka isÿúh hq;=h' fuu .=Kdx.h fkdue;s
kï" th fn!oaOdkql+, kdhl;ajhg mgyeksh'
ñksid ms<sn| hym;a wdl,amhla kdhlhd ;=< m%:ufhkau
;sìh hq;=h' fï ms<sn| uq,§ ú.%y úh' fuu hym;a wdl,amh mej;Su
kdhlhdg udkqIsl ùug Wmia:ïNl fõ' wkq.dñlhka wdrCId lsÍu
ke;fyd;a /l .ekSu kdhlfhl= úiska bgql< hq;= ld¾hhls' fuu
ld¾hh uekúka bgql< yelafla kdhlhd ;=< udkqIsl;ajh keue;s
.=Kdx.h we;af;a kï muKs' fuu .=Kh iys; kdhlhd (
) wkq.dñlhka /l .ekSu i|yd wjxl W;aidyhla orhs'
) wkq.dñlhka /l .ekSu i|yd m%udKj;a W;aidyhla
orhs'
) wkq.dñlhkaj wka wh bÈßfha mdjd fkdfohs'
) wkq.dñlhkaf.a ÈhqKqjg ndOd fkdlrhs'
) wkq.dñlhkaf.a ÈhqKqjg Woõ myiqlï fohs'
iEu mqoa.,fhlau ÿlg wlue;sh' ysxidjg ìhhs'4 ;ud o
tfiauh' tfyhska ÿlg m;a jQ mqoa.,hdg wkqlïmdj ±laúh hq;=h'
wka whf.a ÿla wju lsÍu i|yd msysg ùu lreKdjhs'
9' Intelligent - nqoaêu;aùu

kdhlfhl= nqoaêu;a mqoa.,fhl= úh hq;= hhs i|yka lsÍu
idudkH fohls' nqoaêu;alu ta ;rug wjYH nj fmdÿfõ ms<s.
efka' lrKShfu;a; iQ;%fhys zksmfldaZ5 hk mofhka woyia jkafka
zkqjKe;sfhlaZ úh hq;= njhs' zkqjKZ hk moh fuys,d znqoaêhZ
hkakg úl,am mohla f,i jHjydr fõ'
;¾l lsÍfï iy .eg¨ úi£fï udkisl yelshdj nqoê
a u;aluhs'
fok ,o fyda mj;sk f;dr;=re Ndú;fhka ta ms<sn| mÍCIdldÍj
120 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
is;Sfuka ksYaÑ; ks.ukhlg meñKSfï l%udkql+, l%shdj,sh nqoaêh

hkafkka fuys,d ks¾jpkh flf¾' nqoaêu;alu hkafkka my;
i|yka foa o woyia fõ'
1' hï f;dr;=rla lshjd wjfndaO lr .ekSu'
2' hï .eg¨jla i|yd wjYH jk f;dr;=re ljf¾o hkak ±k
.ekSu'
3' hï .eg¨jla úi£ug ms<s.; yels úi÷ula bÈßm;a lsÍu'
4' .eg¨jl fya;= iy m%;súmdl jgyd .ekSu'
5' hula wkd.;fha§ bf.k .ekSug we;s yelshdj'
Tn nqoaêu;ao@ my; m%Yakj,g wjxlj ms<s;=re iemhSfuka
Tn .ek wjfndaOhla Tng ,nd .ekSug yelsfõ'
1' Ndf.g újD;j we;s fodrla mj;S kï th Ndf.g jid we;s
nj Tn jgyd .kafkys o @
2' hul= wjxl mqoa.,fhla o ke;fyd;a jxl mqoa.,fhla o
hkak wjia:d fol ;=kl § jgyd .ekSug Tng yels o @
3' fya;= iys;j fuh mskh fuh mjh hkak ksYaph l<
yels o @
4' fya ; = iys ; j hula wka wh i|yd fyd|h ke;fyd;a
fkdfyd|h hkak ksYaph l< yels o @
5' fya;= iys;j hula ud i|yd hym;ah ke;fyd;a whym;ah
hkak ksYaph l< yels o @
6' fya;= iys;j hula ;ud i|yd;a wka wh i|yd;a ys;lrh
ke;fyd;a wys;lrh hkak ksYaph l< yels o @
7' hula isÿùug hï fya;=jla ;sìh hq;= hhs Tn ms<s.;af;ys
o @ tfia kï ta i|yd n,mE yels fya;= fol ;=kla lsj
yels o @
8' hï ;eke;af;la .re l< hq;= mqoa.,fhlao keoao hkak
Tng ±k .; yels o @
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 121
9' hï hï .eg¨ i|yd tla fya;=jla fkdj kd kd fya;= we;s

nj Tng jegfya o @
10' jákd ld¾hhka fldg Tn id¾:l;ajh ,nd ;sfío@
Wla; iEu .eg¨jlgu zTõZ hk ms<s;=r Tng Èh yels kï
Tn b;d nqoaêu;a mqoa.,fhl= úh hq;=hs'
10' Pleasant - m%shYS,s

ms%hjd§ njla ;sîu kdhlhl= i;=úh hq;= .=Kdx.hls' m%sh
jpkfhka wkq.dñlhkag fukau iïnkaOjk wka ish¿ fokdgu
^.kqfokqlrejkag& l:d l< hq;=h' fï ksid wka whf.a is;a Èkd
.ekSug fya;= fõ' Tjqka ;=< Tn ms<sn| leue;a;la yg .kshs' ish¿
fokdu mdfya m%sh lrk .;shls m%shYS,s;ajh'
m%shYS,s .=Kh zuqÿZ kñka lrKShfu;a; iQ;%fhys ±lafõ'6 uqÿ
hkq uDÿ úh hq;= njhs' uDÿ ùfï úreoaO ;;a;ajh jkqfha zf.dfrdaiq
$r¿Z ùuhs' m%shYS,s .=Kh iys; kdhlhd (
) wka whg ys; ßfok jpk l:d fkdlrhs'7
) m,s.ekSfï woyiska wka whg f.dfrdaiq fyda r¿ fyda
kmqre fyda fkdfjhs'
) wkqkg ysxid f.k fok l%shd fkdlrhs'
) jyd fkdlsfmhs'
) zmrhd" W!" uQ" f;da" fnd," jr" m," l;d lrmshZ hkd§
jpk Ndú; fkdlrhs'
) zTn" Thd" uy;d" uy;añh" ;=ud" ;=ñh" tkak" hkak" l;d
lrkak" wdorKSh" ifydaorhd" ifydaoßh" ys;j;d" ys;j;shZ
hkd§ yels ;rï m%sh jpk l:d lrhs'
122 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
10 mßÉfþoh
kdhl;aj .=Kdx. iy hq;=lï

kdhl;aj .=Kdx. oyhla fmr mßÉfþofha § ú.%y flreKs'
kdhl;aj .=Kdx. ms<ns | fn!oaO cd;l isoê
a ;=kla weiqfrka ú.%yhla
bÈßm;a lsÍug fuu mßÉfþoh fhduq fjhs' miqj kdhlhl= úiska
bgql< hq;= hq;=lï ú.%y lsÍu o fuu mßÉfþohg we;=,;a fldg
we;'
fn!oaO cd;l isoaêh ( jKaKqm: cd;lh
wm uy fndai;dfKda .e,a mqrjd nvq /f.k wE; m%foaYj,g

f.dia fjf<|dï lr idOdrK ,dNhla ,nd ±yeñka jdih
l<y' .e,a mkaih
s hlg kdhlhd jQfha wm uyd fndai;dfKdah'
jrla fjf<|dï i|yd hdfï § uyd ldka;drhla yryd .e,a
/f.k hdug fuu ;reK kdhlhdg isÿ úh' oyj, je,sl;r
.skshï fyhska rd;%sfha § .uka lsÍu isÿ úh'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 123
wyfia ;drldjkaf.a i,l=Kq wkqj .e, we§ug kshu

lf<aa kdhlhdh' bÈßfhau we;s .ef,ys jdä ù ys| wyfia
;re foi n,ñka Wmfoia foñka fufia ldka;drh yryd
rd;%sfhys fkdksod kdhlhd we;=¨ msßi .uka l<y' .uk
ksu ùug ;j we;af;a tla Èkls' fjfyi ksid;a ;j tla Èkla
muKla we;ehs hk is;=ú,a, ksid;a jQ isf;ys jQ ieye,a¨j;a
lrkfldg f.k kdhlhd fkd±kqj;aju kskaog jegqKs'
úOdkhla fkdweiQ f.dkakq fmrod yqre mqreÿ Èidjgu .e,a

weof.k .sfhdah' wrefKdaofha kskafoka wjÈ jQ kdhlhd
;re ,l=Kq ne¨fõh' .e,a kdhlhdg isÿ ù we;s foa jegyqKs'
jydu .e,a k;r lsÍug wK ÿkafkah' f.kd wdydr mdk o
fï jk úg ksu ù ;snqKs' fjf<| msßfiys isá ish,af,dau
ÿlg;a" ìhg;a" m;aj ;u ;ukaf.a .e,a hgg ù WodiSkj jq-
kay' fndai;a .e,a kdhlhd muKla l,n, fkdùh' nqoê a u;aj
is;d ne,Sh' zzljr fyda fyd| ms<s;=rla m%Yakhg ,eìh hq;=hs'
ud ù¾h fkdl<fyd;a wm ish¨ fokdu kiskq we;ZZ hkak
Tyqg l,amkd jqKs' uola bÈßhg h;au wi, jeù ;snQ B;K
m÷rla Tyqf.a ;shKq q oEig yiqúh' fujeks ldka;drhl B;K
m÷rla iEÿfka fmdf<dj hg wksjd¾hfhkau Èh W,am;la
we;s ksid hhs is;+ Tyq ish,a, le|jd tu ia:dkh leKSug
Wmfoia ÿkafkah'
.eUqre j<la iErE úg jyd .,a ;,djla Tjqkg yuq úh' ish¿
fokd fuf;la .;a W;aidyh ksr¾:l ù hhs wfmaCId Nx. jQ
Tjqyq WodiSk ù mfilg jQy' tfy;a kdhlhd ish W;aidyh
w; yeßfha ke;' fkdmiq niakd ù¾hh iys; yErE j,g nei
.,a ;,djg lK ;nd ne¨fõh' Tyqg weiqfKaa .,a ;,dj
háka c,h .,d hk y~h' jyd f.dv ù wi, isá iúu;a
;reKhl= f;dard f.k Tyqg fufia mejiqfõh'
124 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
zzYla;su;a ;reKh" Tng wm ish¿ fokdu .,jd .; yelshs'

fï .,a ;,dj háka c,h .,d f.k hhs' ù¾hh f.k fï
.,a ;,dj ì¢kak' fï l=¿ f.äh /f.k mßiaifuka j,g
nei myr fokak'ZZ
;u kdhlhdf.a uDÿ jpk;a ;ud ms<sn| ±lajQ úYajdih;a

lrkfldg f.k WfoHda.su;a jQ ;reKhd ffO¾hjka;j
j,g nei l=¿ f.äfhka myr lsysmhla ÿkafkah' ., ì£
f.dia uyd Èh l|la Wvg u;= úh' .e,a lrefjda buy;a
i;=gg m;a ù ßis fia meka î Èh kEy' Tjqyq wdydr msi ld
î f.dkqkag o meka fmdjd br nei .sh miq h<s .uk wdrïN
l<y' wka whf.a hym; msKsi tu ia:dkfhys fldähla
iú lsÍu o Tjqyq l<y' miq Èk t<sjk úg wod< m%foaYhg
meñKshd jQ Tjqyq nvq wf,ú fldg ,dN f.k fmr<d ;u
m%foaYhg wdy'1
fuu cd;l l;dfjka Tng l=ula bf.k .; yelso@ my;

foa Tng bf.k .; yelsh'
1' kdhlhd l,n, fkdúh hq;=h'
2' nqoaêu;aj úuish hq;=h'
3' m%Yakh úi£ug W;aidy lsÍu'
4' W;aidyh w;r uÕ k;r fkdlsÍu ^ndOl uev ish b,lalh
bgqlr .kakd ;=re W;aidy lsÍu&'
5' hï lghq;a;la i|yd iqÿiq wkq.dñlhl= f;dard .ekSu'
6' tu wkq.dñlhdg uDÿ jpkfhka l;dfldg Tyq $ weh ;=<
jevg Wkkaÿj we;s lsÍu'
7' meyeÈ,s Wmfoia §u'
fuu cd;l l;dfjka Tng my; i|yka foa kdhlhd ;=<

;sìh hq;= nj mila jkq we;'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 125
fn!oaO cd;l isoaêh ( M, cd;lh
wm uyd fndai;dfKda ;j,ï kdhlfhl= jYfhka wE;

m%foaYj,g f.dia nvq wf,ú lr ish Ôú;h ±yeñka f.k
hk mqoa.,fhl= jQy' Èkla wE; m%foaYhlg wf,úh i|yd
nvq .e,a mkaishhla f.k uyd jkdka;rhla ueÈka .uka
lrkakg kdhlhdg isÿúh' uyd jkdka;rhg we;=¿ ùug
m%:u ish¿ fokdu /ia fldg fï jkdka;rfhys úI f.ä
iys; .ia ;sìh yels nj;a ;udf.ka úuiSulska f;drj
lsisjla mßfNdackh fkdlrk f,i;a kdhlhd úiska Wm-
foia fok ,È'
jkdka;rh ueÈka kdhlhd we;=¿ msßi hk úg .ula wi,

b;d ±l=ï l¨ f.ä j,ska iukaú; .ila yuq úh' fjfyi
ksid;a rd;%sh <Õd jQ ksid;a msßi fuu .i hg rd;%sh f.ùug
k;r jQy' .fiys f.ä j,ska wU iqj| fuka iqj|la ksl=;a
jQ ksid iuyfrla f.ä wkqNj l<y' we;fula kdhlhdf.a
wjjdoh u;la ù wkqNj fkdlr kdhlhd <Õg f.dia úuiQy'
miqj kdhlhd f.ä mÍCId fldg fuu f.ä wU fuka iqj|
jqj;a meyefhka iudk jqj;a wU fkdfõ hhso lsxM, kï
úi f.ä hhs o mjid f.ä fkdlk f,i Wmfoia ÿkafkah'
tfiau tajd lE whg fnfy;a § jukh lrjk f,i úOdkh
ÿkafkah'
.fia f.ä ld ñh hk ñksiqkaf.a nvq wdNrK hkdÈh

.ekSug mqreÿj isá wi, .ïjeisfhda miq Èk Wfoka ug
f.dkqkah" ug wdNrKh" ug .e,ah" ug nvq hehs lsh lshd
wdy' ksfrda.Sj isák .e,alrejka ±l mqÿu ù .i úI .ila
nj ±k.;af;a flfia±hs .ïjeisfhda kdhlhdf.ka úuiQy'
Bg ms<s;=re jYfhka kdhlhd fufia mejiqfõh'

126 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
zzfï .i ljfrl=g jqjo myiqfjka ke.sh yels fia w;=

we;s .ils' tfiau .i msysgd ;sfnkafka ckhd jik .ula
wi,h' lEug iqÿiq f.ä we;s .ila kï fu;rï f.ä ;sìh
fkdyelsh' my< tl f.ählaj;a b;=re úh fkdyelshs' ukao
ks;r ñksiqka meñK lvd .kakd neúks' fï ldrKd wkqj
fuu .i úI .ila nj uu ksYaph lf<ñ'ZZ
kdhlhd is h wkq . dñl ms ß i tfia wdrCId lrf.k
.ï-jeishkg o O¾u foaYkd fldg wod< ld¾h i|yd msg;a
1' .eg¿jlg uqyqK mEug m%:u tjekakla wkqudk fldg

wod< msßig ta iïnkaOfhka Wmfoia §u'
2' nqoaêh fufyhjd ;SrK .ekSu' u;= msg we;s ,CIKj,ska
fkdj fya;= úuid wOHhkh fldg ;SrKhla .ekSu'
3' wkq.dñlhka wdrCId lrf.k ish mrud¾:h <Õd lr
.ekSu'
fuu cd;l l;dfjka my; foa W.; yelsh'
fn!oaO cd;l isoaêh ( iïfudaoudk cd;lh
wm uyd fndai;dfKda jgq kdhlhl= jYfhka Wm; ,enQy'

i;=ka ovhï lrñka ìß| iuÕ Ôj;ajk jeoaol= wi,
Ôj;ajQfhah' ish kdhl;ajh foñka jgq kdhlhd ;u msßig
fufia wjjdofldg isáfhah' zzi;=ka ovhïlrejkaf.ka wms
m%fõiï úh hq;=hs' ta i|yd wmf.a iu.sh b;d jákjd' hï
f,ilska jeoaod ±, .eiQ miq wms thg wiq jqjfyd;a wm ish¿
fokdu tldjka Yla;sh fhdojd ±, Tijd lgq wl=,la u;
oud háka ßx.d huqZZ'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 127
fuu wjjdoh ms<s.;a jgqfjda jgqjeoaod f.ka lsysm Èklau

fíÍ .shy' óg fya;=j Tjqka tlai;aj iu.sfhka wjjdo
ms<sf.k lghq;= lsÍuhs' ovhï fkdue;sj Èk lsysmhlau ysia
w;ska wi;=áka ish ksjig .sh jeoaodg ish ìß|f.ka fodia
weiSug;a fjk;a Èú uÕla fidhd .kakd f,ig;a ueisú,s
weiSug isÿ úh' túg l,n, fkdjk f,i;a jgqjkaf.a
iu.sh flÈkl fyda leã .shodg wmg jdrh tk nj;a Tyq
ish ìß|g lSfõh'
tla Èkl ish l+vqj,ska ìug nisk úg tla jgqjl=f.a mh
wksldf.a ysfia jeÈKs' thska miq onrhla we;s úh' miqj
fuu onrhg jgqjka /ila iïnkaO jQy' jdo újdo l<y'
jgq kdhlhd újdofha iy wiu.sfha wd§kj Tjqkg meyeÈ,s
l<;a Tjqyq th fkdms<s.;ay' miqj jgq kdhlhd ish msßi
f.k fjk;a .ilg .sfhah'
jeoaod wjq;a jgq y~ ke.Sfuka th weiQ jgqfjda /ia jQy' Tjqka
u;g ±, jegqKs' fjkod fuka ±, tiùug tla jgqfjlaj;a
bÈßm;a fkdùh' wiq jQ ish¿ jgqjka w,a,d f.or f.k f.dia
urd jeoaod ish ìß| iuÕ tlaj wdydrhg .;af;ah'3
1' wkq.dñlhkaf.a wdrCIdj .ek l,ska is;Su iy th bgq

lsÍu i|yd iqÿiq Wmdh ud¾.hla ;SrKh lsÍu'
2' wdrCIl l%uh wkq.dñlhla fj; l,a ;shd uekúka
ikaksfõokh lsÍu'
3' ish kdhlhd ms<sn| úYAjdi ;nd fok ,o wjjdo ms<sf.k
ta wkqj lghq;= lsÍu'
4' jdo újdoj,ska f;drj .egqï we;s fkdlrf.k mrud¾:h
lrd tlais;aj iu.sfhka l%shd lsÍu'
wdh;k ÈhqKqj msKsi iajdñ - fiajl hq;=lï moaO;shla
isÕdf,dajdo iQ;f
% hys nqÿrcdKkajykafia foaYkd l< fial' kdhlhd
128 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
iajdñhd jYfhka fuys,d ie,lsh yelsh' ke;fyd;a kdhlhd

iajdñhdf.a ksfhdað;hd jYfhka ie,lsh yelsh' tfia;a ke;akï
wkq.dñlhkaf.a iajdñhd jYfhka kdhlhd ie,lSu idjoH fkdfõ'
kdhlhd úiska (
1' wkq.dñlhkaf.a Yla;sh" yelshdj hkdÈh i,ld Tyqg
$wehg l< yels jev lghq;=j, fhÈh hq;=fõ' Tjqkag udkislj
fyda YdÍßlj mSvdjg m;a fkdjk f,i Tjqkaf.ka wod<
lghq;= isÿ lrjd .; hq;=h'
2' wkq.dñlhdg iqÿiq m%udKj;a jegqmla f.úh hq;h
= ' ke;fyd;a
f.ùu i|yd ks¾foaY l< hq;=h' wkq.dñlhdf.a úúO uQ,sl
wjYH;d ^wdydrmdk" we÷ï me<÷ï" ksjdi hkd§& yd wfkl=;a
mqoa.,sl wjYH;d bgqlr .ekSug yels jk m%udKj;a
fõ;khla wkq.dñlhdg ,eìh hq;=h'
3' wkq.dñlhd .s,ka jQ l< uekúka ie,lSu l< hq;=h'
wkq . dñlhd wikS m jQ úg wjYH ffjoH m% ; s l dr ,nd
.ekSu i|yd myiqlï ,nd §u isÿ l< hq;h
= ' wkq.dñlhkaf.a
fi!LHhg ys;lr wdrCIs; mßirhla ks¾udKh l< hq;=h'
4' úfYaI wdydrmdk wdÈh wkq.dñlhka iuÕ fnod .ekSu
l< hq;h
= ' kdhlhdg iïnkaO m%;
S u
s ;a wjia:djl § ke;fyd;a
wdh;khg iïnkaO m%S;su;a wjia:djl § wkq.dñlhkag ix.%y
l< hq;=h' kdhlhdf.a m%S;sh i;=g wkq.dñlhka iuÕ fnod yod
.; hq;=h'
5' kshñ; ld,fha § wkq.dñlhka yg úfõl ,nd Èh hq;=h'
m%udKh blaujd jev fkdf.k ksis fj,djg wkq.dñlhkaj
jevj,ska ksoyia l< hq;=h' túg wkq.dñlhdg úfõlhla
.ekSug o ish fm!oa.,sl Ôú;fha úúO wjYH;d bgqlr
.ekSug o ld,h ,efí'
fï ish¿ hq;=lï bgqlsÍug kdhlhd ;=< udkqIsl;aj
.=Kdx.h ;sîu w;HdjYHh' tfiau ;Hd.jka; .=Kh o úfYaIfhka
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 129
;sìh hq;=h' fufia kdhlhd úiska ish hq;=lï bgqlrkq ,nk úg

wkq.dñlhd o ish hq;=lï bgq lsÍug fm<fUkq we;' isÕdf,dajdo
iQ;%hg wkqj wkq.dñlfhl=g ^fiajlfhl=g& wh;a hq;=lï 05 my;
±lafõ'
1' iajdñhdg fmr msì§ jev lghq;= weröu'
^kdhlhdg fmr wjÈj wod< jev lghq;= lsÍug" wdh;khg
meñK jev wdrïN lsÍu'&
2' iajdñhdg miqj ksod .ekSu'
^kdhlhd fiajd ia:dkfhka neyer ù .sh miqjo ;u lghq;=
fkdmsßfy,d bgqfldg fiajd ia:dkfhka ksis fõ,djg neyer
ùu'&
3' ;ud fj; ÿkakd jQ foa muKla .ekSu'
^kdhlhd i;= fyda wdh;kh i;= jia;k
+ a iy foam< fkdf.k
;ud fj; fok ,o foa muKla .ekSu'&
4' ;ud fj; mejrE lghq;= ksis f,i bgq lsÍu'
^wkq.dñlhdg wh;a rdcldÍ kshñ; mßÈ kdhlhd wfmaCId
lrk mßÈ id¾:lj bgq lsÍu'&
5' iajdñhdf.a .=K me;srùu'4
^kdhlhdf.a iy wdh;kfha fyd| ku /lf.k th j¾Okh
lsÍu msKsi .=K m%ldY lsÍu'&

130 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
11 mßÉfþoh
;SrK .ekSu
kdhlhl=f.a jeo.;au ld¾hhla jkqfha lKavdhu uqyqK
fok m%Yak i|yd ksjerÈ úi÷ï ksYaph lsÍuhs' tfia ksYaph l<
úi÷ï ksis whqßka l%shd;aul lsÍu o l< hq;=h' ;SrK .ekSu iy
tajd l%shd;aul lsÍu kdhlhl=f.a jeo.;au ld¾hh jYfhka i|yka
lsÍu idjoH fkdfõ' ula ksid o h;a ;SrK fkdue;skï mrud¾:
fkdue;' l=ula l< hq;= o" ljqre l< hq;= o" flfia l< hq;= o" ljod
l< hq;= o" fld;ek§ l< hq;= o hkak meyeÈ,s úksYaphka" ;Skaÿ
ke;' túg wid¾:l;ajh wksjd¾hfhkau we;sjkq we;'
;SrKhla .ekSug isÿjkqfha .eg¨jla úi|d .ekSu i|ydh'
nqÿrcdKkajykafia jod< O¾uhg wkqj kdhlhl= ;SrK .; hq;af;a
flfia o hkak ú.%y lsÍu fuu mßÉfþofha wruqKhs' p;=rd¾h
i;Hh fuys,d w;sYhskau jeo.;a fõ' p;=rd¾h i;Hh hkq fï
f,dalfha fY%aIaG iy W;=ï we;a; i;rhs' tkï"
1' ÿlaL wd¾h i;Hh
^ÿl hkq l=ula ±hs ú.%y fõ'&
2' ÿlaL iuqoh wd¾h i;Hh
^ÿl we;sùug fya;= jQ ;DIaKdj ms<sn|j ú.%y fõ'&
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 131
3' ÿlaL ksfrdaO wd¾h i;Hh

^ÿla ke;s lsÍu ms<sn|j ú.%y fõ'&
4' ÿlaL ksfrdaO .dñKS mámod wd¾hh i;Hh
^ÿlska ñ§fï ud¾.h ú.%y fõ'&1
fuu is õ i;Hhka wjfnda O lr .ekS f uka mq o a . ,hl=
wd¾hhNdjhg m;afõ' iir ÿla ;=rka lsÍu" Ôú;h ms<sn| h:d¾:h
jgyd .ekSu" iy ksjka uÕ ,nd .ekSug l%shdldÍùu p;=rd¾h
i;Hh ms<sn| wjfndaOh u.ska mqoa.,hl=g ,nd .; yelsh' Wla;
m%fhdackj,g wu;rj úúO .eg¨ úi|d .ekSu i|yd o p;=rd¾h
i;Hh Wmfhda.S lr .; yelsfõ' fï wkqj uQ,O¾u 4 la i|yka
l< yelsh'
1' .eg¨jla we;s nj ±k .ekSu'
2' .eg¨jg fya;=j y÷kd .ekSu'
3' .eg¨jg úi÷u fidhd .ekSu'
4' .eg¨j úi£fï u. ksYaph lsÍu'
kdhlhd ;SrKhla .ekSug m%:u .eg¨jla weoao th l=ula

o hkak jgyd .; hq;=h' .eg¨jla hkq hula ms<sn| wi;=gqodhl
;;a;ajhls" mr;rhls' ksoiqkla jYfhka wdh;kfha ^kdhl;ajh
fok& NdKavh fyda fiajh ms<sn| mdßfNda.sl b,aü my; nisñka
mj;shs' fuh wi;=gqodhl ;;a;ajhla fyhska .eg¨jls' tfiau
.eg¨jla hkq hula ms<sn| wfmaCIs; ;;a;ajhg jvd wvq uÜgfï
mj;sk i;H ;;a;ajhhs' ksoiqkla jYfhka kdhlhd jYfhka Tn
wkq.dñlhka ;=< /lshd ms<sn| ;Dma;shla wfmaCId lrkafkls' we;a;
jYfhkau Tjqka ;=< /lshd ;Dma;shla ke;akï wfmaCIs; ;;a;ajh
;sfnk ;;a;ajfhka fjkia jk w;r wjdisodhl mr;rhla olakg
we;' fuu wjdisodhl mr;rfhka lshjkqfha .eg¨jla we;s njhs'
.eg¨jla ;sfnk nj ±k .ekSfuka th úi£fï wjYH;dj

u;=fõ' úi£u i|yd .eg¨jg fya;=j fyda fya;= uekúka y÷kd.;
hq;=h' fuys,d nqÿka jod< fya;=M, oyu Wmfhda.S lr.; yelsh' nqÿ
132 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
oyfï uQ,sl b.ekaùuls fya;=M, iïnkaOh ms<sn| foaYkdj' fuh

ir,j my; ±lafõ'
hula yg.ekSug fya;=jla ;sfí' yg.;a hu" M,h kñka

ye¢kafõ' M,h i|yd fya;=jla ;sìh hq;=uh'2
fya;=M, oyu hkq hï ksYaÑ; fya;=jla uq,alr f.k
M,hla we;sjk nj;a tu ksYaÑ; fya;=j ke;sùfuka M,h ke;sjk
nj;ah'
fya;=j M,h
fya;=j A kñkao M,h B kñkao ixfla;j;a flf¾ kï"
A B
fï wkqj"
B we;s jkafka A ksidh'
A fkdue;s kï B yg fkd.kshs'
A fkdue;s kï B o fkdue;s fjhs'3
fï wkqj"
A iy B w;r fya;=M, iïnkaOhla mj;skq ,efí'
A ;Kaydj hhs o B ÿl hhs o is;uq' ;Kaydj fya;=j jk
w;r ÿl M,h fõ' ÿl keue;s M,h yg .kafka ;Kaydj keue;s
fya;=j ksidh' ;Kaydj ke;s úg ÿl ke;sfõ' ;Kaydj we;s úg ÿl
we;sfõ' ÿlg fya;=j ;Kaydjhs'
fï wkqj ´kEu .eg¨jla i|yd fya;=jla ;sìh hq;=h' we;eï
úg tla fya;=jlg jvd ;sìh yelsh' túg ta ish¨ fya;= fidhd
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 133
.ekSug isÿfõ' ukd wOHhkhla u.ska fuh l< hq;=h' fuh ;ksj
l< fkdyels kï msßila iïnkaO ù fyda l< hq;=h' tfiau wod<
.eg¨j ms<sn| úfYaI{hl= ,jd o fya;= fidhd .; yelsh' ksoiqkla
jYfhka hï NdKavhla i|yd mdßfNda.sl b,aü my; nei we;ehs
is;kak' fï i|yd fya;= lsysmhla n,mE yelsh' NdKavfha ñ, ^wêl
ùu&" wka wdfoaYl NdKavj, ñ, îdfmaCIj wvq ùu&" mdßfNda.sl
wdodhu ^wvq ùu&" mdßfNda.sl reÑh ^wvqùu&" mdßfNda.sl ixLHdj
^wvqùu& hkd§ fya;= n,mEug bv ;sfí'
;j;a ksoiqkla jYfhka wkq.dñl msßfika jvd oCI lsysm
fokl= wdh;kh w;yer f.dia we;ehs is;kak' fï i|yd my;
fya;= n,mE yelsh (
1' jev lsÍfï fldkafoais yd ;;a;ajhka wys;lr ùu ^ld,h"
l%u" WmlrK" wdf,dalh hkd§&'
2' kdhlhdf.a ÿ¾j, kdhl;ajh'
3' fõ;k wvqùu ^fjk;a ;rÕldÍ wdh;k úiska iudk
/lshd i|yd jeä fõ;k f.ùu&'
4' mqoa.,sl m%Yak'
5' m%jdyk ÿIaldr;d'
6' wOHdmk wjia:d uÕ yeÍu'
7' Wiia ùï wjia:d fkd;sîu'
8' rdcldÍ lghq;= wm%sh ùu'
9' fjk;a fya;='

fï fya;= w;=ßka ienE fya;=j ukd wOHhkhla u.ska ±k
.; hq;=h' úi÷u fidhd .ekSu .eg¨j úi£u i|yd w;HjYH
fõ' úi÷u jkqfha ienE fya;=j ke;s lsÍuhs' ienE fya;=j ke;s
lsÍfuka m%Yakh keue;s M,h ke;sfjhs' by; m%:u ksoiqkg wkqj
ienE fya;=j wdfoaYl NdKavj, ^;rÕlrejka ksmojk iudk
134 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
NdKav& ñ, my; hdu hhs is;kak' fojk ksoiqk i|yd ^jvd oCI
wkq.dñlhka wdh;kh yer hdu& fya;j= Wiia ùfï wjia:d fkd;sîu
hhs is;kak' fï wkqj fya;=j ksYaÑ; jYfhkau ke;s l< hq;=h'
ke;fyd;a tys n,mEu ;=rka l< hq;=h'
úi÷u ;SrKh lsÍfuka miqj úi£fï u. ;SrKh l< hq;=h'

Wla; m%:u ksoiqkg wkqj úi÷u jkqfha wdfoaYl NdKavj, n,mEu
;=rka lsÍuhs' fï i|yd úi£fï uÕ ;SrKh l< hq;=h' wdfoaYl
NdKavj, ñ,g iudk ñ,la kshu lsÍu iy ta nj mdßfNda.slhkag
jydu ukdj ±kqï §u úi÷ï ud¾.h úh yelsh' ke;fyd;a wdfoaYl
NdKavj,g jvd ;u NdKavfhys .=K;ajh iy $ fyda m%udKh ^we;a;
jYfhkau jeä kï& jeä nj m%pdrh l< hq;=h' fojk ksoiqkg
wkqj úi÷u jkqfha Wiia ùfï wjia:d we;s lsÍuhs' fï i|yd úi÷ï
uÕ úh yelafla kj Wiia ;k;=re we;s lsÍu" tajdg wod< fõ;k"
rdcldÍ" jrm%ido iy ;k;=re kdu we;s lsÍu" ta i|yd f;dard .kakd
úê ;SrKh lsÍu iy fïjd ms<sn| m%udKj;a ikaksfõokhla wod<
wkq.dñl msßi fj; isÿ lsÍuhs'
fya;=M, iïnkaOh máÉpiuqmamdo O¾uh kñka ye¢kafõ'

máÉpiuqmamdo O¾uh ir, fohla f,i fmkqK o ieneúkau
th tfia fkdfõ' nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska wdkkao ysñhkag
máÉpiuqmamdo O¾uh myiq fkdj .eUqre nj;a" th ksishdldrj
wjfndaO lr .ekSug fkdyels ùu ksid i;ajfhda úúO .eg¨j,g
uqyqK § iif¾ w;rux jk nj;a wmdfha mjd ÿla ú¢ñka Wm; ,nk
nj;a jod< fial'4 máÉpiuqmamdo O¾uh wkqf,dau jYfhka yd
máf,dau jYfhka újrKh lr we;' wkqf,dau f,iska jQ újrKh
my; rEmfhka fmkajd we;'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 135
fya;=j wúoHdj
^p;=rd¾h i;Hh fkd±kSu&

M,h ^fya;=j& ixialdr we;sùu
^;sfodßka lrk l=i,dl=i, /ia lsÍu&
M,h ^fya;=j& ú[a[dKh

^m%;sikaê is; we;sùu&
M,h ^fya;=j& kdu rEm we;s ùu

hkd§ ûki iy YÍrh hk wx. fofla
tl;=j&
i<dh;kh
^wdh;k ih ( wei" lK"
kdih" Èj" YÍrh iy uki keue;s
bkaøSh ih&
iam¾Yh fyj;a Miai

^bkaøsh" wruqK yd ú[a[dKh hk
;=k tlg tl;= ùu&
fõokdj fyj;a úkaokh

îem" ÿl fyda uOHia: fõokd&
;Kaydj fyj;a ;DIaKdj

^wdYdj&
Wmdodkh
îs;ska ±äj w,a,d .ekSu&
Njh
îir meje;au&
136 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
cd;sh
^Njfhys Wm; ,eîu&
crd - urK
ûy¨ ùu" f,v ùu" urKh
wd§ ÿla we;sùu&5
Wla; wkqf,dau máÉpiuqmamdo O¾ufhka kdhlhl=g .eg¨

úi£fuys,d W.; yels foa my; ±lafõ'
1' .eg¨jlg fya;= .Kkdjla ;sìh yels nj ^kd kd úê fya;=
we;s nj&'
2' M,hla ^lsih
s ï fya;j
= la ksid we;sjk& ;j;a M,hla we;sùug
fya;=N+; ùu'
3' fya;= iy M, w;r meyeÈ,s iïnkaO;djla ;sîu'
4' fya;=j ke;s lsÍfuka M,h ke;s lr.; yels ùu'
máÉpiuqmamdo O¾uh wdh;k l<ukdldß;ajh fj; fh-
dod.; yelso@ mq¿jk' iEu wdh;khlgu .kqfokqlrefjda isá;s'
.kqfokqlrefjda hkq wdh;kfha NdKavh ^fyda NdKav& fyda fiajh
^fyda fiajd& ñ,§ .kq ,nk mqoa.,fhdah' Tjqka ;Dma;su;a lrkafka
flfia o hkak wdh;k kdhlhl= uqyK q fok b;d jeo.;a .eg¨jls'
fuu .eg¨j my; mßÈ ú.%y l< yels fõ'
.eg¨j mdßfNda.sl w;Dma;sh
fya;=j mdßfNda.sl wfmaCId bgq fkdùu
NdKAvfha fyda fiajfha wfmaCId

bgqlsÍfï yelshdj fkdue;slu
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 137
NdKavfha fyda fiajfha wod< wx.

uq¿ukskau fkdue;súu fyda
m%udKj;aj fkd;sîu'
wjYH wx. cks; fkdlsÍu'
wjYH wx. y÷kd fkd.ekSu'
m%udKj;a wOHhkhla fkdlsÍu'
ksjerÈ u.fmkaùula fkd;sîu'
kdhlhl=g uqyqK §ug isÿjk m%Odk .eg¨jla jkqfha

l,flda,dy, úi£uhs' l,flda,dy, hkq .egqï fõ' l,flda,dy,
ziudc ÿlZ jYfhka .efka' fuys,d wdo¾Yhla .; yels foaYkdjla
uyd ksodk iQ;%fhys i|ykaj we;'6 iudc ÿl wkqf,dau máÉpiuq-
mamdo kHdh wkqj my; ú.%y flf¾'
;Kaydj
rEmd§ wruqKq fiùu
,eîu
fyd| fyda krl f,i úksYaph lsÍu
we,Su
ysñlu ms<sn| yeÕSu
ysñlr .ekSu
138 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
uiqrelu
^wka whg ,nd fkd§ ;udu
ysñlr f.k isàu&
wdrCId lsÍu
o~q uq.=re ±Íu" wú ±Íu"

l,flda,dy," újdo" wmydi" fla,dï lSu"
fndre lSu hkd§ wl=i, l¾u isÿùu'
w±yeñ iudchla fyj;a ±yeñ fkdjk iudchla we;s jkafka

wehs hkak o m%Odk iudc .eg¨jls' w±yeñ iudchla hkq foudm-
shkg fkdi,lk" .=rejrekg wlSlre" meúoaokag .re fkdlrk"
ÿis,aj;a iudchls' fujeks iudchla we;s jkafka ukao hkak
plalj;a;s iSykdo iQ;%fhys 7 ú.%y lr we;' ta wkqj (
ÿmam;=kag Okh fkd,eîu
È<s÷lu jeäùu
fidrlu jeäùu
foam< /l .ekSfï ìh
wú wdhqO nyq,ùu
m%dK>d;h
fndre lSu yd fla<dï lSu
jerÈ ldu fiajkh
r¿ jpk yd ysia jpk Ndú;h

fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 139
ñ;Hd oDIaÀh we;sùu
foudmshkag" .=rejrekag" meúoaokag fkdi,lk

w±yeñ iudchla we;sùu'
Wla; ú.%yfhka ÿmam;=kag Okh ,eîug ie,eiaùfuka ±yeñ
iudchla f.dvke.sh yels nj fmkakqï flf¾'
;SrK .ekSfï§ bjy,a lr.; yels fn!oaO b.ekaùuls
fyd|- krl úksYaph ms<sn| ks¾Kdhl' m%Odk ks¾Kdhl ;=kla
b.ekafõ'
1' fÉ;kdj
fï wkqj fÉ;kdj mokï lrf.k ;SrKh fyd| o krl o
hkak ;SrKh flf¾' ksífíêl iQ;%h8 wkqj fÉ;kdj l¾uh jkq
we;ehs nqÿrcdKkajykafia jod< fial' is;ú
= ,a,la fyj;a fÉ;kdjla
uq,alrf.k isÿ lrk l%shdjka l¾u jk w;r is;=ú,a, krl fyda
fyd| fyda úh yelsh' krl is;=ú,s j¾. ;=kls' tkï f,daNh"
oafõYh iy fudayh'9 fyd| is;=ú,s o j¾. ;=klg fnfoa' tkï
wf,daN fÉ;kdj" woafõY fÉ;kdj iy wfuday fÉ;kdj hkqfjks'
fÉ;kdj uq,a ù lh" jpkh iy uki hk ;=kafodßka fyd| l¾u
^l=i,a& iy krl l¾u ^wl=i,a& isÿfõ' ;SrKhla .kq ,nkafka
krl fÉ;kdjlska kï tu ;SrKh krl ;SrKhla jkq we;' .kq
,nk ;SrKh fyd| fÉ;kdjlska .kafka kï th fyd| ;SrKhla
jkq we;'10
2' ;SrKh ksid we;sjk m%;sM,

;SrKh fya;=fldg f.k cks; jk m%;sM, wkqj hï lsis
;SrKhla fyd|h fyda krlh fyda lshd úksYaph lsÍu isÿfõ' ;SrKh
u.ska ;udg ÿlafoa o" wkqkg ÿlafoa o iy ;udg;a wkqkg;a ÿlafoa o
hkak úuid ne,Su isÿúh hq;=h'11 lsishï ;SrKhla ksid ;udg ÿla
we;sfõ kï th ksjerÈ ;SrKhla fkdjkq we;' tfiau ;udg ÿla
f.k fkd§ wka whg ÿla f.k foa kï o tu ;SrKh ksjerÈ fkdfõ'
;udg;a wkqkag;a ÿlaf.k foa kï ;SrKh jvd jerÈ iy.;h'
140 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
3' kqjKe;a;ka $ úfYaI{hkaf.a wkque;sh

kqjKe;a;ka úiska .kakd ,o ;SrKh wkqu; lrkafka
kï tu ;SrKh fyd| f,i o tfia Tjqka úiska wkqu; fkdlrkq
,nkafka kï ;SrKh krl f,i o ks.ukh flf¾'
Wla; ks¾Kdhl ;=k Ndú;h u.ska hï ;SrKhl fyd| krl

úksYaph l< hq;= nj nqÿoyfï b.ekafõ' ld,du iQ;%fhys i|yka
mßÈ my; i|yka l%u oyfhka tlla j;a fyd| - krl" yß- jerÈ
úksYaphg ;kslr m%udKj;a ñkqï o~q fkdfõ'
1' wkqY%jh ^jd¾;d&

2' mdrïmßl úYajdih
3' fmr fufia lshd we;s ksid
4' fmd;mf;a tk ksid
5' ;¾lhg .e<fmk ksid
6' kHdhlg .e<fmk ksid
7' l,amkdjg wkqrEm ksid
8' oDIaáhlg .e<fmk ksid
9' fyd| hehs fmfkk ksid
10' wmf.a wdpd¾hjrhd ksid12

fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 141
12 mßÉfþoh
±yeñ rdcH kdhlhd

rdcH kdhlhl= hkafkka woyia jkafka rfÜ fmdÿ ck;dj"
fmdÿ foam, yd fmdÿ rdcH wdh;k md,khg iïnkaO jk ck;d
ksfhdað;fhls ^ck;d Pkaofhka m;aj&Q ' ckdêm;s" w.ue;s" weu;sjre"
uka;j
S% re hkd§ md¾Yjhka fuys,d rdcH kdhlhka jYfhka ie,fla'
±yeñ rdcH kdhlhl= hkq ljfrl= o@ fuu m%Yk a hg id¾:l ms<; s r
= la
fn!oaO b.ekaùï w;r mj;shs' wod< fn!oaO b.ekaùï fuu wjidk
mßÉfþofha ú.%y fõ'
1' uQ,sl ilaú;s j;a

plalj;a;s iSykdo iQ;%fhys 1 mrudo¾YS Od¾ñl fn!oaO
rdcH kdhlhd ^rcl=& ms<sn| úia;r i|yka fõ' uQ,sl ilaú;s j;a
y;rls'
) Od¾ñlj rg md,kh lsßu'
) ñksia iy wfkl=;a i;a;aj Ôú; iqrCIs; lsÍu'
) wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh we;s lsßu'
) is,aj;a uyK nuqKka f.ka wod< fCIa;%j, ksmqK;d
we;s úfYaI{hkaf.ka Wmfoia ,nd .ekSu'
rdcH kdhlhd ±yefuka fifuka rg md,kh l< hq;=h'
tys,d zO¾uhZ ±k .; hq;=h' thg .re l< hq;=h' th wêm;s jYfhka
142 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
ie,lsh hq;=h' O¾udkql+, mrud¾: we;s lr.; hq;= w;r úúO ;SrK
.ekSfï § O¾uhg wkqj ;SrK .; hq;=h'
;u wUq orejka" ish n, fiakdj o" rdcH ;dka;%slhka o"
n%dyauK .Dym;shka o" .ï okï jeishka o" uyK nuqKka o hkd§
ñksia Ôú; wdrCId lsÍu l< hq;=h' ñksia Ôú; wdrCId fkdjk
rgl jdih lsÍug lsisÿ ñksfila leue;s fkdfjhs' wOd¾ñl ls%hd
isÿ fkdjk whqßka lghq;= lsÍu wjYHhhs'
rgla wd¾Ól jYfhka ^ck;djg w;HdjYH NdKav yd
fiajdjka o wfkl=;a wjYH NdKav yd fiajdjka o ksIamdokh jeä
lsßu u.ska& ÈhqKq l< hq;=h' ÿmam;alu ;=rka l< hq;=h' tys,d È<s÷
ckhdg Okh ,nd § wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg Tjqkj a odhl lr .; hq;h = '
fuf;la imhd fkd.;a Okh imhd .ekSug;a imhd.;a Okh kdia;s
fkdlr uekúka mßyrKh lsßu;a l< hq;=h' wêmßfNdackfhka
yd uomßfNdackfhka bj;aj wrmsßueiafuka Okh mßfNdackh l<
hq;=h'2
is,aj;a uyK nuqKka lrd f.dia rg md,khg úúO .eg¨
úi£ug wjYH wjjdo wkqYdikd kdhlhd úiska ,nd .; hq;=h'
wod< lafIa;%j, by< ±kqu yd l=i,;d we;s úfYaI{hkaf.ka
^úYdrohkaf.ka& Wmfoia ,nd .ekSu o fuu j;g wh;a fõ'3
2' ima; wmßydksh O¾u

wmßydksh hkq fkdmsßySuhs' ima; wmßydksh O¾u hkq
hym;a md,lfhl= ^kdhlhl=& úiska fkdmsßySug .=re fldg.;
hq;= uQ,O¾u y;ls' fuu uQ,O¾u y; wkq.ukh lrñka nqoaO
ld,Sk jÊð rcorejkaf.a rdcH md,kh isÿúh' Tjqkaf.a md,kh
Yla;su;aj iy ia:djrj mj;ajdf.k hdug fuu O¾u y; bjy,a
jQ nj nqÿrcdKkajykafia jod< fial' wmßydksh O¾u y; my;
±lafõ'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 143
1' ks;r /iaùu

md,kh isÿlrf.k hk úg úúO .eg¨ u;= ùu iajNdúlh'
.eg¨ u;= jQ úg tajd úi|d .ekSu ;ksj isÿ fkdl< hq;=h' wod<
msßi /iaù idlÉPd fldg .eg¨ úi£fï l%shdud¾. ;SrKh l<
hq;=h'
2' iu.sfhka /ia ù iu.sfhka úisr hdu yd ;SrK iu.sfhka
l%shd;aul lsßu'
wod< msßi ^kdhlhdo we;=¿j& iu.sfhka /ia úh hq;=h'
iu.sfhka idlÉPd fldg ;SrK .; hq;=h' miqj iu.sfhka úisr
hd hq;=h' .;a ;SrK iu.sfhka l%shd;aul l< hq;=h' .kakd ;SrK
;ks mqoa.,fhl=f.a ;SrK fkdj iduQysl ;SrKh' tfyhska /ia jQ
ieufokdgu ;SrKh l%shd;aul lsßug leue;a;la we;sjk w;r
tfia id¾:lj l%shd;aul lsÍug j.lSula o we;s fõ'
3' fkdt<ô ;SrK l%shd;aul fkdlsßu yd t<ô ;SrK
l%shd;aul lsÍu'
idlÉPd fldg .kakd ,o ;SrK ^kS;s Í;s" m%;sm;a;s& l%shdjg
kexúh hq;=h' fkd.kakd ,o foa l%shdjg fkdkexúh hq;=h' mek jQ
kshu jQ kS;s Í;s ms<sf.k wkq.ukh l< hq;=h' tajd W,a,x>kh
fkdl< hq;=h'
4' jeäysá mqoa., u;hg" iudcfha fuf;la mej; wd iïm%odhg
.re lsÍu'
jeäysá mqoa.,fhda fndfyda w;a±lSï whfj;s' Tjqkaf.a
w;a±lSï wkqj mokï jQ u;hkag tfrys fkdúh hq;=h' fï olajd
wdrCId fldg mej; wd idudÔh j;a ms<sfj;aj,g .re l< h q ; = h '
tajdg mgyeksj l%shd fkdl< hq;=h'
5' ia;%Ska l=, l=ußhka nf,ka weo mqreI jiÕhg fkd.ekSu
újdy fkdjQ l=, l=ußhkag wjYH jQ wdrCIdj ,nd Èh
hq;=h' ia;%Ska nf,ka ;u lduql wjYH;d bgqlr .ekSu i|yd
Ndú; fkdl< hq;=h'
144 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
6' iudcfha mQckSh;ajhg md;% jQ ia:dk wdrlaId fldg f.!rj

lsÍu
wod< m%foaYfhys mj;akd mQckSh ia:dk wdrCId lrñka tajd
+.re lsÍu l< hq;=h' rdcH we;=<; yd msg; tn÷ ia:dk
kv;a;= lsÍug Woõ lsßu'
7' wdOHd;añl jYfhka ÈhqKq W;=uka i|yd wjYH /ljrKh
ie,iSu'4
wd.ñl mQcH mCIhg myiqlï ie,iSu l< hq;=h' Tjqkaj
wdrCId lsÍu l< hq;=h'
by; uQ,O¾u wkq.ukh fkdlrk kdhlhd mßydksh lrd
hhs' Tyqf.a $ wehf.a rdcHfhys meje;au ia:djr fkdjkq we;'
3' oi rdcO¾u
kdhlhl= ^md,lhl=& i;=úh hq;= fY%aIaG .=K O¾u 10 la
oi rdcO¾ufhka b.ekafõ' md,lhl= fj; mej;sh hq;= hhs
±lafjk oi rdcO¾u fn!oaO md,lhl=f.a muKla fkdj iEu hym;a
md,lhl= fj;u mej;sh hq;= .=KO¾ufhda fj;s' oi rdcO¾u my;
i|yka fõ'
) odkh
wd.ñl w¾:hg jvd wd¾Ól o¾Yk w¾:h fuys,d wod<
fõ' rdcH md,khg wod<j odkh hka f kka woyia jka f ka
wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh i|yd;a È<s÷lu ;=rka lsÍu i|yd;a wjYH
jk lghq;= rch úiska iïmdokh l< hq;= njhs' lDIsl¾uh"
fjf<|du" ksIamdokh hkdÈfhys ksr; mqoa.,hka yd wdh;k
i|yd wjYH m% d .a O k ûq o ,a yd wfkl= ; a j;a l ï& myiq l ï
iyk Kh jYfhka fyda mß;Hd. jYfhka fyda ,nd Èh
hq ; = h ' iq ÿ iq l ï ,;a mq o a . ,hka g rdcH fia j fha /ls h d ,nd
Èh hq;=h' §u i|yd zodkhZ ms<sn| .=Khka kdhlhdg ;sìh hq;=h'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 145
) YS,h
kdhlhd ;=< iqpß;h ;sìh hq;=h' lh iy jpk fol
ixjr lr .ekSfï yelshdj kdhlhd ;=< ;sîu wjYHh h' túg
wka whg wdo¾Yfhka kdhl;ajh ,nd foñka wka whj hym;a
ud¾.fha heùug uÕfmkaùu ,nd §ug Yla;sh we;s fõ'
) mß;Hd.h
md,lhd úis k a is h Ôú;h f.jkq ,nka f ka fmdÿ
uyck;djf.a whnÿ j,sks' fmdÿ Okh ish fm!oa.,sl iqL
úyrKhg fkdfhdod whnÿ f.jkakkaf.a ðjk ;;a;ajh
Wiia lsÍu i|yd l%shd lsÍfï yelshdj mß;Hd.h kñka
woyia fõ' ish ld,h" udkisl Yla;sh" YdÍßl Yla;sh"
Okh yd iqj myiqj rg jeishdf.a wNsjDoaêh ;ld lem l< yels
.=Kh mß;Hd.h fõ'
) Rcq nj
úúO m%Yakj,§ hï hï md¾Yjhkag .e;s fkdù ^{d;s"
ys;j;=ka hkd§& whqla;sh" widOdrKh msgq ±l hqla;sh yd
idOdrK;ajh bgqlsÍfï yelshdj kdhlhdg ;sìh hq;=h'
weo ke;sj tla mCIhlg .e;s fkdù hg;a msßfika nyq;rhlf.a
whym;g fya;=jk ;SrK fkdf.k wd;au Yla;sh we;sj wjxlj
;SrK .ekSfï yelshdj ;sìh hq;=h'
) uDÿ nj
±ä kS;s Í;s fkdmkjñka ys;=jlaldr iy lDDrlfuka
f;drj ys;jd§j lghq;= lsÍfï yelshdjla kdhlhdg ;sìh hq;=h'
ksoyig uyck;dj leu;s fj;s' thg ydksjk mßÈ mSvdldÍ fkdùu
úh hq;=h'
) ;fmda .=Kh
;fmda .= K h hkq ;mia .= K hhs ' tkï rdcH md,kh
keue;s ld¾hhg uq,a ;ek foñka wêl f,i ish b÷rka mskùu
isÿ fkdlrk zrdc WIaKhZ fkdue;s .=Kh ñka woyia fõ' rc
iïm;a ú¢ñka muK blaujd b÷rka mskùu isÿ fkdlr bkaøsh
oukfhka hq;= ùuhs' jxl iy wjxl j¾Kkd" n,h yd Okh
146 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
talrdYS ùu hkdÈfhka wyxldr fkdù bkaøsh oukfhka

hqla; mqoa.,fhl= ùu kdhlhd i;= .=Khls'
) wfl%daOh
wka whg ffjr fkdlsÍu wfl%daOhhs' fuh b;d jeo.;a
.=Khls' fl%daOh ksid uki ¥Is; jk w;r túg ksjerÈ
hym;a ;SrK .ekSug fkdyels fõ'
) wúysxidj
oro~q f,i ck;dj fkdfmf<k ys x ikfhka f;drjQ
.=Kh wúysxidjhs' fmdÿ kS;s Í;s W,a,x>Kh lrk mqoa.,hkag
ksis o~qjï fkdÈh hq;= nj ñka woyia fkdfõ' jrÈka uqojd
hymf;ys fhoùu i|yd;a ñksia yd foam< wdrCId lsÍu
i|yd;a ¥Is; idmrdë mqoa.,hkag o~qjï Èh hq;=h'
) laIdka;sh
laIdka;sh hkq bjiSfï .=Khhs' hym;a ksjerÈ md,lhl=
ùu i|yd ukd bjiSu w;HjYHh' fuh mqÿudldr bjiSula
úh hq;=h' tfiau th b;d jákd O¾uhls'
) wúfrdaO;dj
wúfrdaO;dj hkq fkd.efgk iq¿ njhs' úreoaO wdl,amj,ska
f;drj fmdÿ ck;d y~g ukdj ijka § Tjq k a g ldreKs l
ùu md,lhd isÿ l< hq;=h' mriamr úfrdaë woyia" Woyia"
wruqqKq" p¾hd we;s mqoa.,hka iuÕ fkd.eà kdhl;aj
mrud¾: bgqlr .ekSug we;s .=Kh wúfrdaO;djhs'
fuu .=Kdx. ish,a,u ishhg ishhlau cks; lr .ekSu b;d
ÿIalr lghqla;la nj wuq;=fjka i|yka l< hq;= ke;' ÿIalr fohla
id¾:lj l%shdjg kexùu w;súYsIagfõ' yqfola l,ams;hla fia fuu
oi rdcO¾u i,ld neyer lsÍu lsisfia;au wkqu; l< fkdyelsh'
hg;a msßfika Wla; .=Kdx.j,ska nyq;rhla fyda ;sìh hq;=h'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 147
4' i;r w.;sj,ska je<lSfï uQ,O¾uh

i;r w.;s hkq Pkaoh" oafõIh" Nh iy fudayhhs'5
) Pkaoh
Pkaoh hkq tla tla foa iïnkaOfhka mqoa.,hd ;=< we;s
leue;a;hs' ;SrK .ekSfï§ ish mqoa.,sl wdYd" {d;s iïnkaO;d"
,dN m%fhdackh" mCImd;s;ajh hkdÈh u; lghq;= lsÍu ñka
woyia fõ' ksjerÈ ±yeñ kdhl;ajhla i|yd fuhska je<lsh
hq;=h' ish fm!oa.,sl leue;a; fyda ;ud i,lk ;udg wjYH
wka whf.a leue;a ; wkq j fkdj iq ÿ ia i dg iq ÿ iq ;ek Èh
hq ; = h ' ks i s rdcldÍ lghq ; = mejßh hq ; = h ' id¾:lj ls Í ug
fkdyels foa fkdmejÍu l< hq;=h'
) oafõIh
fl%dO
a fhka fyj;a ffjrfhka fm<Su fojk w.;shhs' fuhska
je<lSu ±yeñ kdhl;ajhlg wjYH fõ' fï ms<sn|j fuhg m%:u
ú.%y ù we;'
) Nh
ish ue;s weu;sjreka" fiiq ks,OdÍka" fjk;a md,lhka hkd§
md¾Yjhkaf.ka ;udg ydks isÿfj;ehs hk NS;sh Nh kñka
ye¢kafõ' fï ksid ielh u;= ù fkdfhl=;a widOdrK
lïj,ska wka whg ie,lSug;a Tjqkag lror lsÍug;a
kdhlhd fm<ôh yelsh' fï ksid úúO .eg¨ u;= fjhs' ;ud ;=<
is,aj;alula fkd;sîu;a" ;ud wd;aud¾:fhka jev lsÍu;a
lrk fldgf.k fuu Nh we;s fjhs' Nh keue;s w.;sfhka
ñ§ug is,aj;alu" mrd¾:lduh iy hym;a pß;h fya;= fõ'
) fudayh
fudayh hkq fudavluhs' fudavlu we;sjkqfha kQ.;alu yd
nqoaêySk;ajh ksidh' fudayh ish¨ jerÈ l%shdjkag uq,a jk
wl=i, uQ,hla ksid th w.;shls' fuu w.;sfhka je<lSu
w;HjYHh h' tfia fkdjqKfyd;a kdhlhdg yeß jeroao"
148 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
fyd| fkdfyd|" iqÿiaid kqiqÿiaid" hqla;sh whqla;sh yd

l< hqla; fkdl< hqla; jgyd .ekSug Yla;shla fkdue;s
jkq we;' W.;alu yd nqoaêh fudayh ke;s lsÍug fya;=
jkq we;'
fuu i;r w.;sfhka je<lS lghq;= lrk kdhlhd mqr mCIf-
ha i| fuka ÈhqKqjk nj;a i;r w.;sfhka lghq;= lrk kdhlhd
wj mCIfha i| fuka msßySug m;ajk nj;a nqÿoyfï b.ekafõ'6
5' i;r ix.%y jia;=

±yeñ kdhlfhl= m%h;ak ±ßh hq;af;a ish ck;djf.a
iqnfi; ie,iSughs' ta i|yd wkq.ukh l< hq;= ;j;a uQ,O¾uhla
jkqfha i;r ix.%y jia;= Ndú;hhs'
) odkh
fuh m%:u úia;r úh'
) m%sh jpkh
mreI jpkfhka f;drj wka whf.a leue;a; we;sjk m%sh
jpkh Ndú; lsÍu ñka woyia fõ' md,s;fhda m%sh jpkh weiSug
leue;af;ka isá;s' Tjqyq wm%sh jpkhg wlue;s fj;s' i;H jqjo
wfhda.H ;ek§ Ndú; fkdl< hq;= nj nqÿrcdKka jykafia jrla
jod<y'7
) w¾:p¾hdj
ñka woyia jkafka mrd¾: p¾hdjhs' tkï ;ud fjkqfjka
fkdj wka wh fjkqfjka ish p¾hdj fufyh ùuhs' uydj.a.
md,sfhys i|yka jk zznyqck ys;dh" nyqck iqLdh f,daldkq lïmdh
w;a:dhZZ wod< fõ' ieug fi; msKsi jev lsÍu rc flfkl=f.a
mru j.lSuhs' fmdÿ ck iqjh msKsi lghq;= lsÍug úYsIag udkisl
;;a;ajhla fyj;a wOHd;auhla kdhlhdg ;sìh hq;=h' ta i|yd
fu;a;d" lreKd" uqÈ;d" WfmaCId hk i;r n%yau úyrK kdhlhd
úiska m%.=K l< hq;= fjhs' fu;a;d hkq ;ukag;a wka whg;a iy
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 149
ish¿ i;a;ajhkag;a hym; me;Suhs' lreKd hkq ÿlska mSä; jQ

mqoa.,hkag i;=kag msysg $ Woõ ùuhs' uqÈ;d hkq wka mqoa.,hkaf.a
iem; ±l i;=gqùu yd thg wdYs¾jdo lsÍuhs' WfmaCLdj hkq ÿlska
ÿla fkdù" iem;ska WvÕ= fkdù is; uOHia:j ;nd .ekSuhs'
) iudkd;au;dj
cd;sh" wd.u" NdIdj" l=,h" j¾Kh hkdÈh u; mqoa.,hka
fjkiafldg fkdi,ld ish¨ fokdu iudkhhs is;d l%shd
lsÍu iudkd;au;djfha tla wxYhls' wfkla wxYh jkqfha
wgf,da oyfuka lïmd fkdù ueoy;aj Ôj;a ùuhs' wgf,da
oyu ms<sn| fuhg m%:u úia;r ù we;'
6' mia uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï

m[apiS, m%;smodfjka cks;jk uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï
myls' ±yeñ kdhlhl= mxp ÿIapß;h fyj;a mia mõ lsßu ms<sfkd.
kshs' ta wkqj ^mkais,a wkqj& iEu ñksil=gu uQ,sl whs;sjdislï myla
;sfnk nj ms<sf.k kdhl;ajh fufyh úh hq;=h' tu mia uQ,sl
ñksia whs;sjdislï fufiah'
1' Ôj;a ùu ms<sn| whs;sh ^m%:u YsCId mofhka&'
2' iïm;a wdrCId lsÍu ms<sn| whs;sh ^fojk YsCId mofhka&'
3' ksjerÈ újdy Ôú;hla mj;ajdf.k hdfï whs;sh ^f;jk
YsCId mofhka&'
4' jxpdj,g wiq fkdùfï whs;sh îsõjk YsCId mofhka&'
5' iq r dfjka f;dr ks f rda . S " nq o a ê u;a ûki fyd¢ka
mj;ajdf.k&" iduldó ðú;hla .; lsÍug we;s whs;sh ^miajk
YsCId mofhka&'
uQ,sl ilaú;s j;a" ima; wmßydksh O¾u" oi rdcO¾u"
i;r w.;sj,ska je<lSu" i;r ix.%y jia;= iy mia uQ,sl ñksia
whs;sjdislï hk fn!oaO b.ekaùï j,ska uQ,O¾u .Kkdjla ú.%y
fõ' fïjd wkq.ukh lrk kdhlhd ±yeñ kdhlhl= jkq we;'
150 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
tjeks kdhlhl= ish¨ fokdu úiska w.h lrkq ,efí'

tjeks kdhlhl= YdÍßlj ñh .sho ^fï ðú;fha& tjeks kdhlhl=
weiqre l<" okakd ñksiqkaf.a u;lfhys Tjqka Ôj;ajk f;la Tyq $
weh Ôj;ajkq we;' tjeks kdhlhl= úiska cks; lrk ,o id¾:l
m%;sM, ^ksujqï& ksis f,i jd¾;d .; ùfuka Tyq $ weh wurKSh
jkq we;' Tng tjeks kdhlhl= ùug yelshdj we;s fõjdhs wms b;
is;ska m;uq'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 151
) fuys úfYaIfhka i|yka lrk ;eka yereKq úg Ndú; ish¨ ;%m

s g
s l
.%ka: nqoaO chka;s ixialrKhg wh;a nj i,lkak'
02 mßÉfþoh
kdhl;ajh ms<sn| fn!oaO ixl,amh
wdka;sl igyka
01' §'ks' mdÀl j.a.h" Wÿïnßl iSykdo iQ;%h'

) u'ks' uyd hul j.a." pq,a,iÉpl iQ;%h'
) w'ks' Wrefõ, j.a.h'
02' §'ks' n%yaucd, iQ;%h'

) u'ks' pq,a,y;aÓmfodamu iQ;%h'
) u'ks' uyd;KaydixLh iQ;%h'
) u'ks' lkaorl iQ;%h'
) u'ks' f>daGuqL iQ;%h'
03' ix'ks' wd,jl iQ;%h'

îÉpxyfõ idOq;rx ridkx&
) iq'ks' lrKShfu;a; iQ;%h'
04' iq'ks' lrKShfu;a; iQ;%h'
05' Lq'ks' Oïumo md<s" wmamudo j.af.da'

^WÜGdkjf;da i;suf;da - iqÑlïuiai ksiïuldßfkd
i[a[;iai p OïuÔúfkd - wmamu;a;iai hfidaNsjâV;s&

^WÜGdfkakmamudfoak - i[a[fïk ofïk p
§mx lhsrd: fïOdù - hx ´f>da kdNslSr;s&
06' cd;lÜGl:d" úiaidfNdack cd;lh'

) Lq'ks' Oïumo md<s
^úiaidid mrud[d;s&
07' §'ks' uydj.a." uydf.daúkao iQ;%h'

^h:djdÈ fLd mk fid N.jd ;:dldß" h:dldß ;:djdÈ" b;s
h:djdÈ ;:dldß" h:dldß ;:djdÈ' tjx
152 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
) OïudkqOïumámkakx bñkdmåf.ak iukkd.;x i;a:drx

fkaj w;S;xfia iukqmiaidu k mfk;rys" w[a[;% f;ak
N.jd&
) §'ks' mdidÈl iQ;%h'
) u'ks' iSykdo iQ;%h'
08' Lq'ks' Oïumo md<s" NslaLq j.af.da'

^plaLqkd ixjfrd idOq - idOq fidaf;ak ixjfrd
>dfKk ixjfrd idOq - idOq Ôõydh ixjfrd&
^ldfhak ixjfrd idOq - idOq jdpdh ixjfrd
ukid ixjfrd idOq - idOq iín;a: ixjfrd&
) Lq'ks' Oïumomd<s" fldaO j.af.da
^ldfhak ixjq;d ërd - wf:da jdpdh ixjq;d
ukid ixjq;d ërd - f; fj iqmßixjq;d&
) §'ks' idu[a[M, iQ;%h'
) §'ks' w.a.[a[ iQ;%h'
09' u'ks' uydÿlaLlaLkaO iQ;%h'
10' ix'ks' NslaLqKS ixhq;a;h" fia, iQ;%h'
11' cd;lÜGl:d" irNx. cd;lh'

) ix'ks' jx.Si ixhq;a;h" iqNdis; iQ;%h'
) iq'ks' ux., iQ;%h'
îqNdis;d p hd jdpd&
12' u'ks' wdkkao Noafolr; iQ;%h'
13' wx'ks' p;=lal ksmd;" flaiS iQ;%h'

^w: fLd flis wiaioïuidrÓ fhk N.jd f;kqmixlñ'
Wmixlñ;ajd N.jka;x wNsjdfo;ajd tluka;x ksiSÈ' tluka;x
ksiSkakx fLd flaisx wiaioïuidrÓx N.jd t;ofjdp'
Fjx p Ljdis" flais i[a[f;d wiaioïuidrÓ' l:x mk

Fjx flais" wiaioïux úfkiS;s'
wyx fLd Nkaf; wiaioïux iKafyakms úfkañ" Mrefikams

úfkañ" iKayMrefiakms úfkañ;s'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 153
ifÉ f; flais" wiaioïfuda iKafyakms úkhx k Wfm;s"

Mrefiakms úkhx k Wfma;s" iKayMrefiakms úkhx k Wfm;s" lska;s
kx lfrdaiS;s'

ifÉ fï Nkaf;a wiaioïfuda iKafyakms úkhx k Wfm;s"
Mrefiakms úkhx k Wfm;s" iKayMrefiakms úkhx k Wfm;s"
ykdñ ;x Nkaf;' ;x lsiai fya;= ud fï wdpßhl=,iai wjKafKda
wfydaiS;s'
N.jd mk Nkaf;a wkq;a;frd mqßioïuidrÓ" l:x Nkaf;a N.jd
mqßioïux úfka;S;s'
wyx fLd flais" mqßioïux iKafyakms úfkañ" Mrefiakms úfkañ"
iKayMrefiakms úfkañ" ;;%sox flais" iKayiañx b;s ldhiqpß;x"b;s
ldhiqpß;iai úmdflda' b;s jÖiqpß;x" b;s jÖiqpß;iai úmdfld'b;s
ufkdaiqpß;x" b;s ufkdaiqpß;iai úmdflda' b;s foajd b;s ukqiaid'
;;%sox flais" Mreiiañx" b;s ldhÿÉpß;x" b;s ldhÿÉpß;iai úmdflda'

b;s jÖÿÉpß;x" b;s jÖÿÉpß;x úmdflda' b;s ufkdÿÉpß;x" b;s
ufkdaÿÉpß;iai úmdflda" b;s ksrfhda" b;s ;srÉPdkfhdaks" b;s
fm;a;súifhda'
;;%sox flais" iKayMreiiañx b;s" b;s ldhiqpß;x" b;s ldhiqpß;iai

úmdfld' b;s ldhÿÉpß;x" b;s ldhÿÉpß;iai úmdfld" b;s jÖiqpß;x"
b;s jÖiqpß;iai úmdflda' b;s ÿÉpß;x b;s ÿÉpß;iai úmdflda' b;s ufkdaip q ß;x"
b;s ufkdaiqpß;iai úmdflda' b;s ufkdaÿÉpß;x" b;s ufkdaÿÉpß;iai úmdflda'
b;s foajd b;s ukqiaid" b;s ksrfhda" b;s ;srÉPdkfhdaks" b;s fm;a;súifhda;s'
ifÉ Nkaf;a mqßioïfuda iKafyak úkhx k Wfma;s" Mrefiak úkhx

k Wfma;s" iKayMrefiak úkhx k Wfma;s" lska;s kx N.jd lfrd;S;s'
ifÉ fu flais" mqßioïfuda iKafyak úkhx k Wfma;s" Mrefiak

úkhx k Wfma;s" iKayMrefiak úkhx k Wfma;s" ykdñ kx flaiS;s' k fLd
Nkaf;a N.jd mdKd;smdf;da lmam;s' w: p mk N.jd tajudy' ykdñ ;x flaiS;s'
iÉpx flais" k ;:d.;iai mdKd;smdf;da lmam;s' wms p fid mqßioiaid iKa-
fyak úkhx k Wfma;s" Mrefiak úkhx k Wfma;s" iKayMrefiak úkhx k
Wfma;s" k ;:d.f;da j;a;ínx wkqidis;ínx u[a[;s' kms ú[a`C¥ in%yaupdß
j;a;ínx wkqidis;ínx u[a[ka;s jfOda fyai flais" wßhiai ú k f h a h x k
;:d.f;d j;a;ínx wkqidis;ínx u[a[;s" kms ú[aa`C¥ in%yaupdÍ j;a;ínx
wkqidis;ínx u[a[ka;s'
154 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
fida ys kQk Nkaf;a iqjfpda fyda;s hx k ;:d.f;d j;a;ínx wkqidis;ínx

u[a[;s' kms ú[aa`C¥ in%yaupdÍ j;a;ínx wkqidis;ínx u[a[ka;s'
14' Lq'ks' Wodk md<s" fndaêj.a." f:ar iQ;%h'

^f;ak fLd mk iufhak wdhiaud p idßmq;af;da" wdhiaud p
uydfud.a.,a,dfkd" wdhiaudp uydliaifmda" wdhiaud p uydlÉpdhfkda"
wdhiaud p uydfldÜÀf;d" wdhiaud p uydlmamsfkda" wdhiaud p uydpqkafoda"
wdhiaudp wkqreoafOda" wdhiaud p f¾jf;da" wdhiaud p wdkkafoda" fhak N.jd
f;akqmixlñxiq' woaoid fLd N.jd f;a wdhiaukaf;a ¥rf;daj wd.ÉPkaf;a Èiajdk
NslaLq wdukaf;ais zztaf;a NslaLfõ n%dyauKd wd.ÉPka;s" taf;a NslaLfõ n%dyauKd
wd.ÉPka;sZZ&
) u'ks' uQ,mKaKdil" ´mïuj.a." r:úkS; iQ;%h'

) u'ks' WmßmKaKdil" úNx.j.a." iÉpúNx. iQ;%h
) ix'ks' Od;= ixhqla;h" pxlu iQ;%h'
15' wx'ks' ta;o.a. md<s'
16' §'ks' uydmßksíndK iQ;%h'

i. ^hdjlSj[ap wdkkao" jÊð wNssKay ikaksmd;d ikaksmd; nyq,d
úiaika;s jqoaêfhaj wdkkao" jÊðkx mdálxLd fkd mßydks'
ii. hdjlSj[ap wdkkao" jÊð iu.a.d ikaksm;siaika;s" iu.a.d

jqÜGysiaika;s" iu.a.d jÊðlrKShdks lßiaika;s" jqoaêfhaj
wdkkao" jÊÔkx" mdálxLd fkd mßydks'
iii. hdjlSj[ap wdkkao" jÊÔ wm[a[;a;x k m[a[dfmiaika;s

m[a[;a;x k iuqÉPskaÈiaika;s" h:dm[a[;af;a fmdardfKa
jÊðOïfï iudodh j;a;siaika;s" jqoaêfhaj wdkkao jÊðkx
mdálxLd" fkd mßydks'
iv. hdjlSj[ap wdkkao" jÊÔ fh f; jÊðkx jÊðuy,a,ld"

f; ilalßiaika;s" .relßiaika;s" udfkiaika;s" mQfciaika;s"
f;ai[ap fida;ínx u[a[siaika;s" jqoaêfhaj wdkkao jÊðkx
mdálxLd" fkd mßydks'
v. hdjlSj[ap wdkkao" jÊÔ hd ;d l=,s;aÓfhda l=,l=udßfhda" ;d k Tla

liai mihay jdfiiaika;s" jqoaêfhaj wdkkao jÊÔkx mdálxLd" fkd
mßydks'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 155
vi. hdjlSj[ap wdkkao" jÊð hdks ;dks jÊÔkx jÊðfÉ;shdks wíNka;rdks

fÉj ndysrdks p" ;dks ilalßiaika;s" .relßiaika;s" udfkiaika;s" mQfciaika;s"
f;ai[ap Èkakmqínx" l;mqínx" Oïñlx n,sx fkd mßydfmiaika;s" jqoaêfhajwdk-
kao jÊðkx mdálxLd" fkd mßydks'
vii. hdjlSj[ap wdkkao" jÊÔkx wrykaf;aiq Oïñld rlaLdjrK.=;a;s

iqixúys;d Núiaika;s' lska;s wkd.;d p wrykaf;da úð;x wd.ÉfPhHqx wd.;d p
wrykaf;da úðf;a Mdiqx úyfrhHqka;s" jqoaêfhaj wdkkao jÊÔkx mdálxLd" fkd
mßydks'&
i. ^hdjlSj[ap wdkkao" jÊð wNssKayikaksmd;d ikaksmd; nyq,d

Núiaika;s jqoaêfhaj wdkkao" jÊðkx mdálxLd fkd mßydks'

jqÜGysiaika;s" iu.a.d jÊðlrKShdks lßiaika;s" jqoaêfhaj
wdkkao" jÊÔkx" mdálxLd fkd mßydks'
iii. hdjlSj[ap wdkkao" jÊÔ wm[a[;a;x k m[a[dfmiaika;s m[a[;a;x

k iuqÉPskaÈiaika;s" h:dm[a[;af;a fmdardfKa jÊðOïfï iudodh
j;a;siaika;s" jqoaêfhaj wdkkao jÊðkx mdálxLd" fkd mßydks'
iv. hdjlSj[ap wdkkao" jÊÔ fh f; jÊðkx jÊðuy,a,ld" f;

ilalßiaika;s" .relßiaika;s" udfkiaika;s" mQfciaika;s" f;ai[ap
fida;ínx u[a[siaika;s" jqoaêfhaj wdkkao jÊðkx mdálxLd" fkd
mßydks'&
18' ix'ks' Oïuplalmamj;a;k iQ;%h'

u'ks'" iÉpúNx. iQ;%h
19' u'ks'" rÜGmd, iQ;%h'
20' Lq'ks' Oïumo md<s" mKaä; j.a.

^ksêkxj mj;a;drx - hx miafi jÊc oiaiskx
ks.a.hayjdÈx fïOdúx ;dÈix mKaä;x Nfc
;dÈix Ncudkiai fifhHd fyda;s k mdmsfhd&
21' §'ks'" mdÀl j.a." plalj;a;S iQ;%h'
22' - tu -
156 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
23' ix'ks'" bifhdaiuqoaol iQ;%h'

^hdÈix jmf;a îcx - ;dÈix yrf;a M,x&
24' Lq'ks'" Oïumo md<s" hul j.a.'

ûfkdamqínx.ud Oïud - ufkdafiÜGd ufkdauhd
ukid fÉ mÿÜfGk Ndi;s jd lfrda;s jd
;f;da kx ÿlaLukafõ;S plalx j jyf;da mox&

ukid fÉ mikafkak - Ndi;s jd lfrda;s jd
;f;da kx iqLukafõ;S - Pdhd j wkmdhsks&
25' - tu -
26' wx'ks'" jH.a>mÊc iQ;%h'

^p;a;dfrda fu jH.a>mÊc l=,mq;a;iai ÈÜGOïuiqLdh"
ÈÜGOïuys;dh" iïmrdhys;dh" iïmrdhiqLdh" ixj;a;ka;s&
i. WÜGdk iïmod
ii. wdrlaL iïmod
iii. l,HdK ñ;a;;d
iv. iuÔúl;d
i. ioaOd
ii. iS,
iii. pd.
iv. m[a[d
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 157
03 mßÉfþoh
O¾udkql+, mrud¾:
wdka;sl igyka
01' Lq'ks' Oïumo md<s" mKaä; j.a.'
^k w;a;fya;= k mriai fya;=
k mq;a; ñÉfþ k Okx rÜGx
k bÉfPhH wOïfïk iñoaêu;a;fkd
i iS,jd m[a[jd Oïñflda ishd& 84
02' - tu -
03' wx'ks' jKsÊcd iQ;%h

^m[aÑfï NslaLfõ jKsÊcd wlrKShd
i. i;a:jKsÊcd
ii. i;a;jKsÊcd
iii. uxijKsÊcd
iv. uÊcjKsÊcd
v. úijKsÊcd&
04' u'ks' iÉpúNx. iQ;%h

wx'ks' iïudwdÔj iQ;%h
05' ix'ks' wÜGl ksmd;h" .ym;s j.a.h" uydkdu iQ;%h'

^ls;a;dj;d mk Nkaf;a" Wmdifld iS,jd fyd;S;s' hf;d fLd uydkdu"
Wmdifld mdKd;smd;d máúrf;da fyda;s" wÈkakdodkdd máúrf;da fyda;s" ldfuiq
ñÉPdpdrd máúrf;da fyda;s" uqidjdo máúrf;da fyda;s" iqrdfïrh uÊcmudoÜGd-
kd máúrf;da fyda;s" t;a;dj;d fLd uydkdu" Wmdifld iS,jd fyda;S;s'
ls;a;dj;d mk Nkaf;a" Wmdifld w;a;ys;dh mámkafkda fyda;s" mrys;dh pd;s'
hf;da fLd uydkdu Wmdifld w;a;kd p ioaOdiïmkafkda fyda;s"

mr[ap ioaOdiïmodh iudofma;s' w;a;kd p iS,iïmkafkda fyda;s" mr[ap
iS,iïmodh iudofma;s' w;a;kd p pd. iïmkafkda fyda;s" mr[ap pd. iïmodh
iudofma;s' w;a;kd p NslaLQkx oiaikldfuda fyda;s mr[ap NslaLQkx oiaifka
iudofma;s' w;a;kd p ioaOïux fida;=ldfuda fydOdrKcd;sfldafyda;s" mr[ap
OïuOrKdh iudofma;s' w;a;kd p O;dkx Oïudkx w;a:Qm mßlaÅ fyda;s" mr[ap
w;a:QmmßlaLdh iudofma;s' w;a;kd p w;a:u[a[dh" Oïuu[a[dh" Oïud-
kqOïumámkafkda fyda;s" mr[ap OïudkqOïumám;a;shd iudofma;s' t;a;dj;d
fLd uydkdu Wmdiflda w;a:ys;dh p mámkafkda fyda;s" mrys;dh pd;s'&
158 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
06' u'ks' iÉpúNx. iQ;%h
07' u'ks' uÊ¯u mKaKdil" wïn,ÜÀld rdyqf,dajdo iQ;%h'

^hx lïux fkaj w;a;nHdndOdh ixj;af;hH" mrnHdndOdh
ixj;af;hH" WNhnHdndOdh ixj;af;hH" ;x lïux l=i,x'
hx lïux w;a;nHdndOdh ixj;af;hH" mrnHdndO ixj;af;hH"

WNhnHdndOdh ixj;af;hH" ;x lïux wl=i,x'&
08' cd;l wgqjd .egmoh'

wNsOïudj;dr àld'
09' mmx[apiQokS" u'ks' wÜGl;d

wx'ks' p;=lal ksmd;" mámod j.a.'
10' fk;a;smamlrKÜGl:d'
11' u'ks' iÉpúNx. iQ;%h'

fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 159
04 mßÉfþoh
ñksid ms<sn| hym;a wdl,amh
wdka;sl igyka

01' Lq'ks' Lqoaol mdG" l=udrm[ayd'
^tal kdu lsx @ iífí i;a;d wdydrÜÀ;sld&
02' ukqiauD;sh 1' 88

wOHdmk uOHhkx - hckx hdckx ;:d
odkx m%;s.%yKxffpj - n%dyauKdkdul,amh;a

m%cdkdx rlaIKx odkñcHdOHhkfïj p
úIfhaIaj m%Yla;sYaj laI;%shiH iudi;#

mY=kdx rlaIKx odkñcHdOHhkfïj p
jKslam:x l=iSox p ffjYHiH lDIsfïj p

talfïj;= YøiH - m%N+# l¾u iudÈY;a
taf;aidfïj j¾Kdkx - Y=N%E idOkiQhhd
06' ix'ks' ilalixhq;a;h'
07' wx'ks' ;slksmd;h" NrKavq j.a.h'

^;fhd fu NslaLfj mq.a.,d ikaf;d ixúÊcudkd f,dliañx l;fu
;fhd" mdidKf,aLQmfud mq.a.f,d" mGúf,aLQmfud mq.a.f,d"
Wolf,aLQmfud mq.a.f,d''''&
) wNsO¾umsglh" mq.a.,m[a[;a;s" ;slud;sld
08' wx'ks' p;=lalksmd;h" Pj,d; iQ;%h'

^p;a;dfrd fï NslaLfõ mq.a.,d''' fkj w;a;ys;dh mámkafkd fkd
mrys;dh' mrys;dh mámkafkd fkd w;a;ys;dh' w;a;ys;dh mámkafkd fkd
mrys;dh' w;a;ys;dh p mámkafkd mrys;dh p'&
160 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
) wNsO¾umsglh" mq.a.,m[a[;a;s" p;=lalksoafoi

09' wNsO¾u msglh" mqoa.,m[a[;a;smamlrK" ;sl ud;sld'^wkafOda" talplaLq"
oaúplaLq"''' l;fud p mq.a.f,d wkafOda" bfèlÉpiai mq.a.,iai ;:d rEmx pCLq k
fyd;s" h:drEfmak plaLqkd wkê.;x jd fNda.x wê.õfPhH wê.;x jd fNda.x
Md;slfrhH" ;:drEmumkiai plaLq k fyd;s" h:drEfmk plaLqkd l=i,dl=if,
Oïfï cdfkhH" idjÊcdkjÊfÊ Oïfï cdfkhH" ySkmamKSf;a Oïfï cd-
fkhH" lKayiqlalimamáNdf. Oïfï cdfkhH" whx jqÉp;s mq.a.f,dwkafOda'
l;fud p mq.a.f,d tljlaLq" bfOlÉpiai mq.a.,iai ;:d rEmx plaLq

fyd;s' h:drEfmk plaLqkd wkê.;x jd fNda.x wê.ÉfPhH wê.;x
jd fNda.x Md;slfrhH" ;:drEmumkiai plaLq k fyd;s" h:drEfmk plaLqkd
l=i,dl=if, Oïfï cdfkhH" idjÊcdkjÊfÊ Oïfï cdfkhH' ySkmamKSf;
Oïfï cdfkhH" lKayiqlalimamáNdf. Oïfu cdfkhH" whx jqÉp;s mq.a.f,d
tlplaLq'
l;fud p mq.a.f,d oaùplaLq" bfOlÉpiai mq.a.,iai ;:drEmx plaLq

fyd;s" h:drEfmk plaLqkd wkê.;x jd fNda.x wê.ÉfPhH wê.;x
jd fNda.x Md;slfrhH" ;:drEmumkiai plaLq fyd;s" h:d rEfmk plaLqkd
l=i,dl=if, Oïfï cdfkhH" idjÊcdkjÊfÊ Oïfï cdfkhH ySkmamKsf;
Oïfï cdfkhH" lKayiqlalmmamáNdf. Oïfï cdfkhH' whx jqÉp;s mq.a.f,d
oaùplaLq'
) wx'ks' ;sl ksmd;" oaùplaLq'

^;fhd fu NslaLfj mq.a.,d ikaf;d ixúÊcudkd f,dliañx" l;fu
;fhd wkafOd" tlplaLq" oaúplaLq''''
wkaO[ap tlplaLq[ap
wdrld mßjÊcfha
oaúplaLq mk fifj:
fiÜGx mqßi mq.a.,ka;s'&
10' u'ks' rÜGmd, iQ;%h'

^W!fKd f,dfld w;s;af;d ;Kaydodfid&
11' wx'ks'" p;=lal ksmd;h" ;;shmKaKdil" j,dyl j.a." mGuj,dyl

iQ;%h'
^p;a;dfrdfï NslaLfõ j,dyld" l;fï p;a;dfrda .Êð;d fkd jiais;d"
jiais;d fkda .Êð;d" .Êð;d p jiais;d p fkj .Êð;d fkd jiais;d'
bfï flda NslaLfõ p;a;dfrda j,dyld' tj fïj fLd NslaLfõ p;a;dfrdafï
j,dyl+mud mq.a.,d ikaf;da ixúÊcudkd f,daliañx' l;fï p;a;dfrda'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 161
.Êð;d fkda jiais;d" jiais;d fkda .Êð;d" fkaj .Êð;d fkd jiais;d" .Êð;d
p jiais;d p'
l;[ap NslaLfõ mq.a.f,da .Êð;d fyda;s fkd jiais;d' bO NslaLfõ

tlÉfpda mq.a.f,da Ndis;d fyda;s fkd l;a;d' tjx fLd NslaLfõ mq.a.f,da
.Êð;dfyda;s fkd jiais;d' fihH:dms fid NslaLfõ j,dyfld' .Êð;d fkd
jiais;d' ;:Qmudyx NslaLfõ bux mq.a.,x jodñ'
l:[ap NslaLfõ mq.a.f,da jiais;d fyda;s fkd .Êð;d' bO NslaLfõ

talÉfpd mq.a.f,da' l;a;d fyda;s fkd Ndis;d tjx fLd NslaLfõ mq.a.f,da
jiais;d fyda;s fkd .Êð;d' fihH:dms fid NslaLfõ j,dyfld jiais;d fkd
.Êð;d' ;:Qmudyx NslaLfõ bux mq.a.,x jodñ'
l:[ap NslaLfõ mq.a.f,da fkj .Êð;d fyda;s fkd jiais;d' bO NslaLfõ

talÉfpda mq.a.f,da fkj Ndis;d fyda;s fkd l;a;d' tjx fLd NslaLfõ mq.a.f,da
fkj .Êð;d fyda;s fkd jiais;d' fihH:dms fid NslaLfõ j,dyfld fkj
.Êð;d fyda;s fkd jiais;d' ;:Qmudyx NslaLfõ bux mq.a.,x jodñ'
l:[ap NslaLfõ mq.a.f,da .Êð;d p fyda;s jiais;d p' bO NslaLfõ

talÉfpda mq.a.f,da Ndis;d p fyda;s l;a;d p' tjx fLd NslaLfõ mq.a.f,da
.Êð;d p fyda;s jiais;d p' fihH:dms fid NslaLfõ j,dyfld .Êð;d p jiais;d
p ;:Qmudyx NslaLfõ bux mq.a.,x jodñ'
bfï fLd NslaLfõ p;a;dfrda j,dyl+mud mq.a.,d ikaf;da ixúÊcudkd
f,daliañka;s'
) wNsO¾u msglh" mq.a.,m[a[;a;s" p;=lal ksoafoai
12' wx'ks'" p;=lal ksmd;h" f;jk mKaKdilh" j,dyl j.a.h" n,sjoao

iQ;%h'
^p;a;dfrdfï NslaLfõ n,sjoaod" l;fï p;a;dfrda' i.jpKafvda fkd
mr.jpKafvda" mr.jpKafvda fkd i.jpKafvda" i.jpKafvda p mr.jpKafvda
p" fkj i.jpKafvda fkd mr.jpKafvda' bfï fLd NslaLfõ p;a;dfrda n,sjoaod'
tjfïj fLd NslaLfõ p;a;dfrdafï n,sjoa¥mud mq.a.,d ikaf;d ixúÊcudkd
f,daliañx'
l;fï p;a;dfrda i.jpKafvda fkd mr.jpKafvda" mr.jpKafvda

fkd i.jpKafvda" i.jpKafvda p mr.jpKafvda p" fkj i.jpKafvda fkd
mr.jpKafvda'l:[ap NslaLfõ mq.a.f,da i.jpKafvda fyda;s fkd mr.jpKafvda
bO NslaLfõ talÉfpda mq.a.f,da ilxmßix WífífÊ;d fyda;s fkd mrmßix'
162 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
tjx fLd NslaLfõ mq.a.f,da i.jpKafvda fyda;s fkd mr.jpKafvda

fihH:dms fid NslaLfõ n,sjoafoda i.jpKafvda fkd mr.jpKafvda"
;:Qmudyx NslaLfõ bux mq.a.,x jodñ'
l:[ap NslaLfõ mq.a.f,da mr.jpKafvda fyda;s fkd i.jpKafvda"

bO NslaLfõ talÉfpda mq.a.f,da mrmßix WífífÊ;d fyda;s fkd
ilmßix tjx fLd NslaLfõ mq.a.f,d mr.jpKafvda fyda;s fkd i.jpKafvda'
fihH:dms fid NslaLfõ n,sjoafoda mr.jpKafvdajfkda i.jpKafvda"
l:[ap NslaLfõ mq.a.f,da i.jpKafvdap fyda;s mr.jpKafvda" bO

NslaLfõ talÉfpda mq.a.f,da ilmßi[ap WífífÊ;d fyda;s mrmßi[ap"
tjx fLd NslaLfõ mq.a.f,da i.jpKafvda p fyda;s mr.jpKafvda p
fihH:dms fid NslaLfõ n,sjoafoda i.jpKafvda p mr.jpKafvda p"
l:[ap fLd NslaLfõ mq.a.f,da fkj i.jpKafvda fyda;s fkd

mr.jpKafvda' bO NslaLfõ talÉfpda mq.a.f,da fkj ilmßix
WífífÊ;d fyda;s fkd mrmßix' tjx fLd NslaLfõ mq.a.f,da fkj
i.jpKafvda fyda;s fkd mr.jpKafvda fihH:dms fid NslaLfõ
n,sjoafoda fkj i.jpKafvda fkd mr.jpKafvda" ;:Qmudyx Nsla
Lfõ bux mq.a.,x jodñ' bfï fLd NslaLfõ p;a;dfrda n,sjoa¥mud
mq.a.,d ixf;daixúÊcudkd f,daliañka;s'
) wNsO¾u msglh" mq.a.,m[a[;a;s" p;=lal ksoafoai
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 163
05 mßÉfþoh
hym;a pß;h ( ioa.=Khka
wdka;sl igyka

hx lïux w;a;nHdndOdh ixj;af;hH" mrnHdndOdh

ixj;af;hH" WNhnHdndOdh ixj;af;hH" ;x lïux wl=i,x'&

02' Lq'ks' Oïumo md<s"
Ôïuxpf¾ iqpß;x
kkx ÿÉpß;xpf¾
OïupdÍ iqLxfia;s
wiañx f,dfl mrxysp&
03' - tu -
04' Lq'ks' Oïumo md<sh" iyiai j.a.'

^fhd p jiaii;x Ôfõ
ÿiaiSf,da wiudysf;da
taldyx Ôú;x fifhHd
iS,jka;iai ®dhsfkda 110
fhd fp jiaii;x Ôfõ
wmiaix WohjHhx"
taldyx Ôú;x fifhHd
miaif;da WohjHhx'& 114
05' Lq'ks' LqoaolmdG" fu;a; iQ;%h'
06' - tu - îlaflda" WcQ p" iQcQ p&

^ls;a;dj;d mk Nkaf;a" Wmdifld iS,jd fyd;S;s'
hf;d fLd uydkdu" Wmdifld mdKd;smd;d máúrf;da fyda;s"
wÈkakdodkd máúrf;da fyda;s" ldfuiq ñÉPdpdrd máúrf;da fyda;s"
uqidjdo máúrf;da fyda ; s " iq r dfïrh uÊcmudoÜGdkd máúrf;da
fyda;s" t;a;dj;d fLd uydkdu" Wmdifld iS,jd fyda;S;s'
164 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
08' iq'ks' Wr.j.a." ji, iQ;%h'

^fhd yfõ bKudodh
pqÊcudfkda m,dh;s
k ysf; bKu;aÓ;s
;x c[a[d jif,da b;s
fhd w;a;fya;= mrfya;=

Okfya;= p fhd kfrd
ilaÅmqÜfGda uqidn%E;s
;x c[a[d jif,da b;s'&
09' §'ks' uydj.a." uydf.daúkao iQ;%h'

^h:djd§ fLd mk fid N.jd ;:dldß"
h:dldß ;:djd§" b;s h:djd§
;:dldß h:dldß ;:djd§' tjx OïudkqOïumamámkakx
bñkdmåf.ak iukakd.;x i;a:drx fkj
w;S;xfi iukqmiaidu k mkaf;arys"
w[a[;% f;k N.j;d'
10' Lq'ks' Oïumo md<sh" ksrhj.a.'

^wN+;jd§x ksrhx Wfma;s
fhd jdis l;ajd k lfrdó;s jdy
WfNdams f; fmÉp iud Njka;s
ksySklïud ukqcd mrF:'&
11' cd;lÜG l;d" frdau cd;lh'

12' Lq'ks' Oïumo md<s" nqoaOj.a.'
^Lka;S mrux ;fmda ;sÓlaLd
ksíndkx mrux joka;s nqoaOd'&
) Lq'ks' LqoaolmdfGd" ux., iQ;%h'

^Lka;S p fidjpiai;d&
13' Lq'ks' LqoaolmdfGd" ux., iQ;%h'

^mqÜGiai f,dalOïfïys - Ñ;a;x hiai k lïm;s
wfidalx úrcx fLux -t;x ux.,uq;a;ux'&
14' cd;lÜGl:d" ;;sh Nd.'

fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 165
06 mßÉfþoh
ioa.=Khka
wdka;sl igyka
01' Lq'ks' LqoaolmdG" ux., iQ;%h'

îka;=ÜÁ p l;[aû;d'&
02' úkh msglh" uydj.a. md<s'
03' wx'ks' ÿl ksmd;h'
04' Lq'ks' LqoaolmdG" fu;a; iQ;%h'

îqjfpda piai uqÿ wk;sudks'&

^.drfjda p ksjdf;da p'&
06' Lq'ks' Oïumomd<s" nd,j.a.'

^mq;a;d u;aÓ Okïu;aÓ
b;s ndf,d úy[a[;S
w;a;dys w;a;fkd k;aÓ
l=f;da mq;a;d l=f;da Okx'&
07' wmodk md<sh" fÄud wmodk'
08' iq'ks' Wr.j.a." ji, iQ;%h'

^k cÉpd jif,d fyd;s
k cÉpd fyd;s n%dyaufKd
lïukd jif,d fyd;s
lïukd fyd;s n%dyaufKd'&

^mQcd p mQckShdkx'''''&

^.drfjda p ksjdf;da p '''''&

11' §'ks' isÕd, iQ;%h'
166 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
12' - tu -

^mdKd;smd;d máúrf;da fyda;s" wÈkakdodkdd máúrf;da fyda;s"
ldfuiq ñÉPdpdrd máúrf;da fyda;s" uqidjdo máúrf;da fyda;s"
iqrdfïrh uÊcmudoÜGdkd máúrf;da fyda;s" t;a;dj;d fLd uyd-
kdu'&

fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 167
07 mßÉfþoh
whym;a pß;h ( wioa.;s
wdka;sl igyka
01' u'ks' uQ,mKaKdil" j;a:Qmu iQ;%h'
^l;fï p NslaLfõ Ñ;a;iai Wmlalsf,aid''''
wNsÊ®dúiu f,dafNda Ñ;a;iai Wmlalsf,afid
nHdmdfoda Ñ;a;iai Wmlalsf,afid
fldafOda Ñ;a;iai Wmlalsf,afid
Wmkdfyda Ñ;a;iai Wmlalsf,afid
ulafLd Ñ;a;iai Wmlalsf,afid
m<dfid Ñ;a;iai Wmlalsf,afid
biaid Ñ;a;iai Wmlalsf,afid
uÉPßhx Ñ;a;iai Wmlalsf,afid
udhd Ñ;a;iai Wmlalsf,afid
idfGhH Ñ;a;iai Wmlalsf,afid
:ïfNda Ñ;a;iai Wmlalsf,afid
idrïfNda Ñ;a;iai Wmlalsf,afid
udfkda Ñ;a;iai Wmlalsf,afid
w;sudfkda Ñ;a;iai Wmlalsf,afid
ufod Ñ;a;iai Wmlalsf,afid
mudfod Ñ;a;iai Wmlalsf,afid
02' flf,ia tlaoyiamkaishh'
03' u'ks' pq,a,lïuúNx. iQ;%h" u'ks' uydlïuúNx. iQ;%h'
04' Lq'ks' Oïumomd<s'

îqoaê wiqoaêmÉp;a;x" kd[a[u[af[da úfidaOfh'&
05' Lq'ks' Oïumomd<s'

^w;a;kdj l;x lïux w;a;kd ixls,siai;s'&
06' Lq'ks' Oïumomd<s" iqL j.af.da'

^wdfrda.H mrud ,dNd" ika;=ÜÁ mrux Okx&

îka;=ÜÁ p l;[aû;d&
168 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
) wNsO¾u msglh" mq.a.,m[a[;a;s" ÿl ksoafoaih'

08' u'ks' rÜGmd, iQ;%h'
^W!fKda f,daflda w;s;af;da ;Kaydodfida'&
) Lq'ks' Oïumomd<s'
^k lydmK jiafiak ;s;a;s ldfuiq úÊc;s'&
09' Lq'ks' Oïumomd<s" nd,j.af.da'

^mq;a;d u;aÓ Okïu;aÓ
b;s ndf,d úy[a[;s
w;a;d ys w;a;fkd k;aÓ
l=f;d mq;a;d l=f;d Okx'&
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 169
08 mßÉfþoh
fldamh l<ukdlrKh
wdka;sl igyka

01' wx'ks' i;a;l ksmd;" ÿ;sh mKaKdil" wnHdl;j.af.d" fldaOk
iQ;%h'
î;a;sfï NslaLfõ Oïud im;a;lka;d im;a;lrKd fldaOkx
wd.ÉPka;s b;aÓx jd mqßix jd l;fï i;a;'
bO NslaLfõ" im;af;da im;a;iai tjx bÉP;s" wfyd j;dhx ÿínKafKd

wiaid;s' ;x lsiai fya;= k NslaLfõ" im;af;da im;a;iai jKaKj;dh
kkao;s' fldOfkdhx NslaLfõ mqßimq.a.f,d fldOdysN+f;d
fldOmfrf;d' ls[apdms fid fyd;s iqkydf;d iqú,sf;;d
lmams;fliuiaiq Tod;j;a:jifkd" w: fLd fid ÿínKafKdj fyd;s
fldOdNsN+f;d' whx NslaLfõ" mGfud Oïfud im;a;lfka;d
im;a;lrfKd fldOkx wd.ÉP;s b;aÓx jd mqßix jd'
mqkjmrx NslaLfõ" im;af;d im;a;iai tjx bÉP;s' wfyd j;dhx ÿlaLx

ifhHd;s ;x lsiai fya;= k NslaLfõ" im;af;da im;a;iai iqLfihHdh
kkao;s' fldOfkdhx NslaLfõ" mqßimq.a.f,d fldOdysN+f;d
fldOmfrf;d' ls[apdms fid m,a,fål fi;s f.dKlF:f; málF:f;
mg,slF:f; ldo,sñ.mjrmÉpF:rfK iW;a;rÉPfo WNf;d
f,dys;l=mOdfk" w: fLd fid ÿlaLxfhj fi;s fldOdNsN+f;d' whx
NslaLfõ ÿ;sfhd Oïfud im;a;lalkaf;da" im;a;lrfKda fldaOkx
wd.ÉP;s b;aÓx jd mqßixjd'
mqkpmrx NslaLfõ im;af;da im;a;iai tjx bÉP;s' wfyda j;dhx k

mpqr;af:d wiaid;s ;x lsiai fya;=' k NslaLfõ im;af;da im;a;iai
mpqr;a:dh kkao;s' fldaOfkdahx NslaLfõ mqßimq.a.f,da fldaOdNsN+f;da
fldaOmf¾f;da wk;a:ïms .fy;ajd w;af:dafï .ysf;da;s u[a[;s'
w;a:ïms .fy;ajd wk;af:da fï .fyf;da;s u[a[;s' ;iaisfï Oïud
w[a[u[a[x úmÉpkSld .ys;d §>r;a;x wys;dh ÿlaLdh ixj;a;ka;s'
fldaOdNsN+;iai whx fLd NslaLfõ ;;sfhda Oïfuda im;a;lkaf;da
im;a;lrfKa fldaOkx wd.ÉP;s b;aÓxjd mqßixjd'
170 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
mqkpmrx NslaLfõ im;af;da im;a;iai tjx bÉP;s' wfyda j;dhx k

fNda. jd wiaid;s' ;x lsiai fya;= k NslaLfõ im;af;da im;a;iai
fNda. j;dh kkao;s' fldaOkiai NslaLfõ mqßimq.a.,iai fldaOdNsN+;iai
fldaOmf¾;iai fhamsiai f;a fydka;s' fNda.d WÜGdk úßhdê.;d ndyd
n,mßÑ;d fiaod jlaÅ;a;d Oïñld Oïu,oaod" f;ams rdcdfKda rdcfldaix
mfõfika;s fldaOdNsN+;iai whx NslaLfõ p;=;af:d Oïfuda
im;a;lalkaf;da im;a;lrfKda fldaOkx wd.ÉP;s b;aÓx jd mqßixjd'
mqkpmrx NslaLfõ im;af;da im;a;iai tajx bÉP;s wfyda j;dhx k

hijd wiaid;s' ;x lsiai fya;= k NslaLfõ im;af;da im;a;iai hij;dh
kkao;s' fldaOfkdahx NslaLfõ mqßimq.a.f,da fldaOdNsN+f;da fldaOmf¾f;da'
fhdamsiai fida fyda;s hfida wmamudodê.f;da ;ïydms Oxi;s fldaOdNsN+f;da whx
NslaLfõ m[apfuda Oïfuda im;a;lalkaf;da im;a;lrfKda fldaOkx wd.ÉP;s
b;aÓx jd mqßix jd' mqkpmrx NslaLfõ im;af;da im;a;iai tajx bÉP;s wfyda
j;dhx k ñ;a;jd wiaid;s' ;x lsiai fya;= k NslaLfõ im;af;da im;a;iai
ñ;a;j;dh kkao;s' fldaOfkdahx NslaLfõ mqßimq.a.f,da fldaOdNsN+f;da
fldaOmf¾f;da fhamsiai f;a fydka;s ñ;a;duÉpd [d;sif,days;d f;ams wdrld ;x
mßjÊfcka;s fldaOdNsN+;x whx NslaLfõ PÜfGda Oïfuda im;a;lkaf;da
im;a;lrfKda fldaOkx wd.ÉP;s b;aÓx jd mqßix jd'
mqkpmrx NslaLfõ im;af;da im;a;iai tjx bÉP;s' wfyda j;dhx

ldhiai fNaod mrïurK wmdhx ÿ.a.;sx úksmd;x ksrhka WmamÊfchHd;s ;x lsiai
fya;=' k NslaLfõ im;af;da im;a;iai iq.;s.ufkak kkao;s' fldaOfkdahx
NslaLfõ mqßimq.a.f,da fldaOdNsN+f;da fldaO mf¾f;da ldfhak ÿÉpß;x pr;s'
jdpdh ÿÉpß;x pr;s' ukid ÿÉpß;x pr;s' fida ldfhak ÿÉpß;x
pß;ajd - fm - ldhiai fNaod mrïurKd wmdhka ÿ.a.;sx úksmd;x úkhx
WmmÊc;s fldaOdNsN+f;da whx NslaLfõ i;a;fuda Oïfuda im;a;lalkaf;da
im;a;lrfKda fldaOkx wd.ÉP;s b;aÓx jd mqßix jd' bfï fLd NslL
a fõ i;a;Oïux
im;a;lalka;d im;a;lrKd fldaOkx wd.ÉPka;s b;aÓx jd mqßixjd;s'
02' Lq'ks' Oïumomd<s" fldaOj.af.da'
03' Lq'ks' Oïumomd<s" fldaOj.af.da'

^wlafldafèk ðfk fldaOx
widOqx idOqkd ðfk
ðfk loßhx Odfkak
iÉfÉk w,sljdÈkx'&
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 171
04' Lq'ks' Oïumomd<s" hulj.af.da'

^k ys fõf¾k fõrdks
iïuka;sO l=odpkx
wfõf¾k p iïuka;s
tai Oïfuda ikka;fkd'&
) Lq'ks' Oïumomd<s" hulj.af.da'

^wlafldÉPs ux wjê ux
wðks ux wydis fu
fh ;x Wmkhayka;s
fõrx f;aix k iïu;s'&
05' Lq'ks' Oïumomd<s" mKaä;j.af.da'

^fiaf,da h:d tal>fkd
jdf;ak k iór;S
tjx kskaodmixidiq
k iñ[acka;s mKaä;d'&
06' wx'ks' ;sl ksmd;" NrKavqj.a.'

) wNsO¾u msglh" mq.a.,m[a[;a;s" ;sl ud;sld
07' wx'ks' oil ksmd;" oiOïu iQ;%h'

^lïuiaifldaïys" lïuodhdfoda" lïufhdaks" lïunkaOq"
lïumáirfKd" hxlïux lßiaidñ" l,HdKx jd mdmlx jd" ;iaiodhdfoda"
Núiaidñ'&
08' Lq'ks' Oïumomd<s" hulj.a.'
09' wx'ks' wÜGl ksmd;" mGumKaKdil" fu;a;dj.af.da" fu;a;dksixi

iQ;%h'
^fu;a;dh NslaLfõ fÉf;daúuqla;shd" wdfiaú;dh" Ndú;dh"
nyq,Sl;dh" hdksl;dh" j;a:ql;dh" wkqÜÀ;dh" mßÑ;dh"
iqiudroaOdh" wÜGdksixid mdálåldx l;fï wÜG'
iqLx iqm;s" iqLx mánqÊ®;s" k mdmlx iqmskx miai;s" ukqiaidkx

msfhdafyda;s" wukqiaidkx msfhdafyda;s" foaj;d rlaLka;s" kdiaiw.a.s jd
úix jd" i;a:x jd lu;s' W;a;ßx wmamáúÊ®kaf;d n%yau f,dal+mf.da
fyda;s'
10' u'ks' iSykdoj.af.da" ú;laliKaGdk iQ;%h'

172 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
^bO NslaLfõ NslaLqkd hx ksñ;a;x wd.ïu hx ksñ;a;x ukislfrdf;d

WmamÊcka;s mdmld wl=i,d ú;lald PJÿmixys;dms fodiQmixys;dms fudyQmixys;dms"
f;a k Ns l a L fõ Ns l a L q k d ;ïyd ks ñ ;a ; d w[a [ x ks ñ ;a ; x ukis l d;ínx
l=i¨mixys;x ;iai ;ïyd ksñ;a;d w[a[x ksñ;a;x ukislfrdf;d l=iÆmixys;x
fha mdmld wl=i,d ú;lald Pka¥mixys;dms fodaiQmixys;dms fudyQmixys;dms
f;amyShka;s f;a wíN;a;x .ÉPka;s f;aix mdydkd wÊ®;a;fuj Ñ;a;x ika;Ü s G;s
ikaksiSo;s tfldêfyd;s iudêfh;s' fihH:dms NslaLfõ olafLd m,.Kafvdajd
m,.Kavkaf;ajdisjd iqLqudh wdkshd ´,dßlx wdKsx wNskSyfkhH wNskSyfrhH
wNskSjÊfchH tjfuj fLd NslaLfõ NslaLqfkda hx ksñ;a;x wd.ïu hx ksñ;a;x
ukislfrdaf;da WmamÊcka;s mdmld wl=i,d ú;lald Pka¥mixys;dms fodaim Q ixys;dms
fudayQmixys;dms f;ak NslaLfõ NslaLqkd ;ïyd ksñ;a;d w[a[x ksñ;a;x ukisld
;ínx' l=iÆmixys;x fha mdmld wl=i,d ú;lald Pka¥mixys;dms fodaiQmixys;dms
fudayQmixys;dms f;a myShka;s f;a wíN;a;x .ÉPka;s f;aix mydkd wÊ®;a;fïj
Ñ;a;x ika;sÜG;s ikaksiSo;s tfldê fyda;s iudêh;s'
;ia i fj Ns l a L fõ Ns l a L q f kd ;ïyd ks ñ ;a ; d w[a [ x ks ñ ;a ; x

ukis l frdf;d l= i ¨mixys ; x Wma m Êcka f ;dj mdmld wl= i ,d ú;la l d
PJ¥mixys;dms fodiQmixys;dms fudyQmixys;dms" f;ak NslaLfõ NslaLqkd f;ix
ú;laldkx wd§kfjdWmmßlaÅ;ífnd' b;smsfu ú;lald wl=i,d" b;smsfï
ú;lald idjÊcd" b;smsfï ú;lald ÿla L úmdld;s ' ;ia i f;ix ú;la l dkx
wd§kjx WmmßlaLf;d fh mdmld wl=i,d ú;lald PJ¥mixys;dms fodiqmixys;dms
fudyQmixys;dms" fk myShk;s' f; wíNF:x .ÉPka;s' f;ix mydkd wÊ®;a;fïj
Ñ;a;x ika;sÜG;s ikaksiSo;s tfldÈ fyd;s iudêh;s'
fihH:dms NslaLfõ b;aÓjd mqßfid jd oyfrd hqjd uKavklcd;sfld

wysl=Kfmkjd l=lal=rl=Kfmk jd ukqiail=Kfmk jd lKafGd wdi;af;ak
wÜàfhhH yrdfhhH ð.=fpPhH" tjfuj fLd NslaLfj ;iai fj NslaLqfkd
;ïydms ksñ;a;d w[a[ ksñ;a;x ukislfrdf;d l=i¨mixys;x WmamÊckaf;j
mdmld wl=i,d ú;lald PJÿmixys;dms fodiQmixys;dms fudyqmixys;dms" f;k
NslaLfõ NslaLqkd f;ix ú;laldkx wd§kfjd WmmßlaÅ;ífnd" b;smsfï ú;lald
wl=i,d" b;smsfï ú;lald idjÊcd" b;smsfï ú;lald ÿlalúmdld;s' ;iai f;ix
ú;laldkx wd§kjx WmmßlaLf;d fh mdmld wl=i,d ú;lald PJÿmixys;dms
fodiQmixys;dmsfudyQmixys;dms" f; myShka;s' f; wíN;a:x .ÉPka;s f;ix my-
dkd wÊ®;a;fïj Ñ;a;x ika;sÜG;s ikaksiSo;s tfldÈ fyd;s iudêh;s';iai
fj NslaLfõ NslaLqfkd f;ix ú;laldkx wd§kjx WmmßlaLf;d WmamÊckaf;j
mdmld wl=i,d ú;lald PJ¥mixys;dms fodiQmixys;dms fudyQmixys;dms" f;k
NslaLfõ NslaLqkd f;ix ú;laldkx wi;s wukisldfrd wdmÊð;ífnd ;iai f;ix
ú;laldkx wi;s wu;isldrx wdmÊcf;d fh mdmld wl=i,d ú;lald PJ¥mixys;dms
fodiQmixys;dms fudyQmixys;dms" f; m.Shka;s' f; wíN;a:d .ÉPka;s' f;ix
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 173
mydkd wÊ®;a;fïj Ñ;a;x ika;sÜG;s ikaks§i;s tfldÈ fyd;s iudêh;s'

fihH:dms NslaLfõ plaLqud mqßfid wdmd:.;dkx rEmdkx woiaikldfud wiai"
fid ;Sñf,hH jd w[af[ak jd wmf,dflhH' tjfuj fLd NslaLfj ;iai fj
NslaLqfkd f;iïms ú;laldkx wd§kjx WmmßlaLf;d WmamÊckaf;j mdmld
wl=i,d ú;lald PJ¥mixys;dms fodiQmixys;dmss fudyQmixys;dms" f;k NslaLfõ
NslaLqkd f;ix ú;laldkx wi;s wu;isldrx wdmÊcf;d fh mdmld wl=i,d
ú;lald PJ¥mixys;dms fodiQmixys;dms fudyQmixys;dms f; myShka;s f; wíN;a:x
.ÉPka;s" f;ix mydkd wÊ®;a;fïj Ñ;a;x ika;sÜG;s ikaks§i;s tfldÈ fyd;s
iudêh;s'
;iai fj NslaLfõ NslaLqfkd f;iïms ú;laldkx wi;s wu;isldrx

wdmÊcf;d WmamÊckaf;j mdmld wl=i,d ú;lald PJ¥mixys;dms fodiQmixys;dms
fudyQmixys;dms" f;k NslL
a fõ NslL
a k
q d f;ix ú;laldkx ú;laliåLdriKaGdkx
ukis ld;ínx' ;iai f;ix ú;laldkx ú;laliåLdriKaGdkx ukislfrdf;d
fh mdmld wl=i,d ú;lald PJ¥mixys;dms fodiQmixys;dms fudyQmixys;dms" f;
myShka;s f; wíN;a:x .ÉPka;s' f;ix mydkdc®;a;fïj Ñ;a;x ika;sÜG;s
ikaksiSo;s tfldÈ fyd;s iudêh;s'
fihH:dms NslL
a fõ mqßfid iS>x .ÉfPhH" ;iai tjuiai lskk a q fLd wyx
iS>x .ÉPdñ" hkakkQ dyx ikslx .ÉfPhHka;'s fid ikslx .ÉfPhH' ;iai tjuiai
lskakqfLd wyx ikslx .ÉPdñ" hkakq;dyx ;sÜfGhHka;s' fid ;sÜfGhH' ;iai
tjuiai' lskakq fLd wyx Àf;d" hkakq kdyx ksiSfohHka;s' fid ksiSfohH' ;iai
tjuiai' lskakq fLd wyx ksiskaf;d" hkakQkdyx ksmÊfchHka;s' fid ksmÊfchH'
tjx ys fid NslaLfõ mqßfid T<dßlx T<dßlx bßhdm:x wNsksjÊfc;ajd iqLqux
iqLqux bßhdm:x lmafmhH' tjfuj fLd NslaLfõ ;iai fj NslaLqfkd f;iïms
ú;laldkx wi;s wukhsldrx wdmÊcf;d WmamÊckaf;j mdmld wl=i,d ú;lald
PJ¥mixys;dms fodiQmixys;dms fudyQmixys;dms" f;k NslaLfõ NslaLqkd f;ix
ú;laldkx ú;laliåLdriKaGdkx ukisld;ínx' ;iai f;ix ú;laldkx
ú;laliåLdrKaGdkx ukislfrdf;d fh mdmld wl=i,d ú;lald PJ¥mixys;dms
fodiQmixys;dms fudyQmixys;dms" f; myShka;s f; wíN;a:d .ÉPka;'s f;id myd;d
wÊ®;a;fïj Ñ;a;x ika;sÜG;s ikaksiSo;s tfldÈ fyd;s iudêh;s'
;iai fj NslL
a fõ NslL
a f
q kd f;iïms ú;laldkx ú;laliåLdriKaGdkx
ukis l frdf;d Wma m Êcka f ;j mdmld wl= i ,d ú;la l d PJ¥mixys ; dms
fodiQmixys;dms fudyQmixys;dms" f;k NslaLfõ NslaLqkd okaf; ysoka;udOdh
ðjydh ;d¨x wdyÉp fj;id Ñ;a;x wNsks.a.Kays;ínx wNsksmamSf<;ínx
wNsika;dfm;ínx' ;iai okaf;a Nsoka;udOdh Ôjydh ;d¨x wdyÉp fj;id
Ñ;a;x wNsks.a.Kayf;d wNsksmamS<hf;d wNsika;dmhf;d fh mdmld wl=i,d
ú;lald PJ¥mixys;dms fodiQmixys;dms fudyQmixys;dms" f;myShka;s' f;
wíN;a:x .ÉPka;s' f;ix mydkd wÊ®;a;fïj ú;a;x ika;sÜG;s ikaks§i;s
174 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
tfldÈ fyd;s iudêh;s ' fihH:dms Ns l a L fõ n,jd mq ß fid ÿín,;rx

mqßix iS fi jd .fyFjd nfJO jd .fyFjd wNsks.a.fKyhH wNsksmamSf<hH
wNsika;dfmhH" tjfuj fLd NslaLfõ ;iaifj NslaLqfkd f;iïms ú;laldkx
ú;laliåLdriKaGdkx ukislfrdf;d WmamÊckaf;j mdmld wl=i,d ú;lald
PJ¥mixys;dms fodiQmixys;dms fudyQmixys;dms" f;k NslaLfõ NslaLqkd okaf;
Nsoka;udOdh Ôjydh ;d¨x wdNÉp fj;id Ñ;a;x wNsk. s .
a Kyf;d wNskm
s m
a <
S hf;d
wNsika;dmhf;d fh mdmld wl=i,d ú;lald PJ¥mixys;dms fodiQmixys;dms
fudyQmixys;dms" f; myShka;s' f; wíNF:x .ÉPka;s' f;ix mydkd wÊ®;a;fuj
Ñ;a;x ika;sÜG;s ikaksiSo;s tfldÈ fyd;s iudêh;s'

fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 175
09 mßÉfþoh
kdhl;aj .=Kdx.
wdka;sl igyka
01' wx'ks' wÜGl ksmd;" l=iS;drïNj;a:q iQ;%h" l=iS;j;a:q'

^wÜÀudks NslaLfõ l=iS;j;a:Qks l;udks wÜG
bO NslaLfõ ;iai tjx fyd;s' lïux fLd fu l;a;ínx Núiai;s'
lïux fLd mk fu lfrdka;iai ldfhd ls,ñiai;s yJodyx ksmÊcdó;s' fid
ksÊc;s" k úßhx wdrN;s wmam;a;iai m;a;shd wkê.;iai wê.udh
wiÉPsl;iai iÉPslsßhdh' box NslaLfõ mGux l=iS;j;a:q' mqkpmrx
;iai tjx fyd;s wyx fLd lïux wldisx" lïux fLd mk fu lfrdka;iai ld-
fhd ls,fka;d" yJodyx ksmÊcdó;s' fid ksmÊc;s" k úßhx wdry;s wmam;a;iai
m;a;shd wkê.;iai wê.udh wiÉPsl;iai iÉPslsßhdh' box NslaLfõ ÿ;shx
l=iS;j;a:q'
mqkpmrx ;iai tjx fyd;s u.af.d fu .ka;ífnd Núiai;s" u.a.x fLd

mk fu .ÉPka;iai ldfhd ls,ñiai;s" yJodyx ksmÊcdó;s' fid ksmÊc;s k úßhx
wdrN;s wmam;a;iai m;a;shd wkê.;iai wê.udh wiÉPsl;iai iÉPslsßhdh box
NslaLfõ" ;;shx l=iS;j;a:q'
mqkpmrx ;iai tjx fyd;s wyx fLd u.af.d w.udisx" u.a.x fLd mk
fu .ÉPka;iai ldfhd ls,fka;d" yJodyx ksmÊcdó;s" fid ksmÊc;s" k ùßhx
wdrN;s wmam;a;iai m;a;shd wkê.;iai wê.udh wiÉPsl;iai iÉPslsßhdh' box
NslaLfõ p;=F:x l=iS;F:q'
mqkpmrx NslaLfõ NslaLq .dux jd ks.ux jd msKavdh prkaf;d k ,y;s

ÆLiai jd mKS;iai jd fNdckiai hdjoF:x mdßmQßx' ;iai tjx fyd;s wyx fLd
.dux jd ks.ux jd msKavdh prkaf;d kd,F:x ÆLiai jd mKS;iai jd fNdckiai
hdjoF:x mdßmQßx" ;iai fu ldfhd ls,fk;d" wlïu[af[dayx" ksmÊcdó;s' fid
ksmÊc;s' - fm - wiÉPsl;iai iÉPslsßhdh' box NslaLfõ" m[apux l=iS;j;a:q'
mqkpmrx NslLa fõ NslL

a q .dux jd ks.ux jd msKv
a dh prkaf;d,N;s ÆLiai
jd mKS;iai jd fNdckiai hdjoF:x mdßmQßx' ;iai tjx fyd;s' wyx fLd .dux jd
ks.ux jd msKavdh prkaf;d w,F:x ÆLiai jd mKS;iai jd fNdckiai hdjoF:x
mdßmQßx' ;iai fu ldfhd .refld wlïu[af[d" udidú;x u[af[d" yJodyx
ksmÊcdó;s fid ksmÊc;s - fm - wiÉPsl;iai iÉPslsßhdh' box NslaLfõ cÜGx
l=iS;j;a:q'mqkpmrx NslaLfõ NslaLqfkd Wmamfka;d fyd;s wmamu;a;fld wdndfOd"
176 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
;iai tjx fyd;s' Wmamkafkd fLd fu whx wmamu;a;fld wdndfOd" wFÓlmafmd

ksmÊð;=x yJodyx ksmÊcdó;s' fid ksmÊc;s - fm - wiÉPsl;iai iÉPslß
s hdh'
box NslaLfõ i;a;ux l=iS;j;a:q'
mqkpmrx NslLa fõ NslL

a q .s,dkd jqÜÀf;d fyd;s" wÑrjqÜÀf;d f.,[a[d'
;iai tjx fyd;s' wyx fLd .s,dkd jqÜÀf;d wÑrjqÜÀf;d f.,[a[d" ;iai fu
ldfhd ÿínf,dwlïu[af[d' yJodyx ksmÊcdó;s' fid ksmÊc;s" k úßhx wdrN;s
wmam;a;iai m;a;h
s d wkê.;iai wê.udhs wiÉPsl;iai iÉPslß s hdh' box NslL
a fõ
wÜGux l=iS;j;a:q'
02' Lq'ks' iq;a; ksmd;h" Wr.j.a." fu;a; iQ;%h'

îlaflda" WcQ p" iQcQ p" iqjfpda" piai uqÿ" wk;sudkS"
ika;=iaiflda p iqNfrda p" wmamlsÉfpda p i,a,yqljq;a;S"
ika;skaøsfhda p ksmflda p wmam.ífNda l=f,iq wkkq.soafOda'
kp Lqoaox iudpf¾ ls[aÑ fhak ú[a[Qmf¾ WmjfohHqx"
iqÅfkda jd fLñfkda fydka;= iífí i;a;d Njka;= iqÅ i;a;d'''''''&
03' Lq'ks' Oïumo md<s" NslaLq j.af.da'

^plaLqkd ixjfrd idOq - idOq fidaf;ak ixjfrd
>dfKk ixjfrd idOq - idOq Ôjydh ixjfrd& 360
^ldfhak ixjfrd idOq - idOq jdpdh ixjfrd
ukid ixjfrd idOq - idOq iín;a: ixjfrd& 361
04' Lq'ks' Oïumomd<s" oKavj.a.'

îífí ;ika;s oKaviai
iífí Ndhka;s uÉpqfkda
w;a;dkx Wmux l;ajd
k yfkhH k >d;fha'
iífí ;ika;s oKaviai

iífíix Ôú;x mshx
w;a;dkx Wmux l;ajd
k yfkhH k >d;fha'&

îlaflda" WcQ p" iQcQ p" iqjfpda" piai uqÿ" wk;sudkS" ika;=iaiflda p
iqNfrda p" wmamlsÉfpda p i,a,yqljq;a;S" ika;skaøsfhda p ksmflda p
wmam.ífNda l=f,iq wkkq.soafOda' kp Lqoaox iudpf¾ ls[aÑ fhak
ú[a`C¥mf¾ WmjfohHqx" iqÅfkda jd fLñfkda fydka;= iífí i;a;d
Njka;= iqÅ i;a;d'''''''&
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 177

îlaflda" WcQ p" iQcQ p" iqjfpda" piai uqÿ" wk;sudkS" ika;=iaiflda p
iqNfrda p" wmamlsÉfpda p i,a,yqljq;a;S" ika;skaøsfhda p ksmflda p
wmam.ífNda l=f,iq wkkq.soafOda' kp Lqoaox iudpf¾ ls[aÑ fhak
ú[aa`C¥mf¾ WmjfohHqx" iqÅfkda jd fLñfkda fydka;= iífí i;a;d
Njka;= iqÅ i;a;d'''''''&
07' wx'ks' oil ksmd;" lrcldhj.a." mGu ksrh iQ;%h'

178 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
10 mßÉfþoh
kdhl;aj .=Kdx. iy hq;=lï
wdka;sl igyka
01' cd;lÜGl:d" mGuNd." jKaKqm: cd;lh" msgq 99-103'
02' cd;lÜGl:d" mGuNd." M, cd;lh" msgq 232-233'
03' cd;lÜGl:d" mGuNd." iïfudaoudk cd;lh" msgq 181-183'
04' §'ks' ;D;ShNd." mdÀlj.a." isÕd, iQ;%h'

^m[apys fLd .ym;smq;a; Gdfkays whsrflak fyÜÀudÈid odilïu rd
mÉpQmÜGd;índ' h:dn,x h:dlïuka;ixúOdfkak" N;a;fõ;kdkqmamodfkak"
.s,dkqmÜGdfkak wÉPßhdkxridkx ixúNdf.ak" iufhafjdiai.af.ak" bfuys fLd
.ym;smq;a; m[apys Gdfkays whsrflak fyÜÀudÈid odilïulrd mÉpQmÜÀ;d
m[apys Gdfkays whsrlx wkqlïmka;s' mqínÜGdhsflda p fyd;s" mÉPd ksmd;sf;da
p" Èkakxodhsfkda p" iql;lïulrd p" ls;a;sjkakyrd p" bfuys fLd .ym;smq;a;
m[apys Gdfkays whsrflak fyÜÀudÈid odilïulrd mÉpQmÜÀ;d bfïys m[apys
Gdfkays whsrlx wkqlïmka;s' tjuiai tid fyÜÀudÈid mÉPka;d fyd;s fÄud
wmamáNhd'&
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 179
11 mßÉfþoh
;SrK .ekSu
wdka;sl igyka

01' u'ks' úNx.j.a." iÉpúNx. iQ;%h'
02' - tu -
03' - tu -
04' ix'ks' máÉpiuqmamdo iQ;%h'
05' - tu -
06' §'ks' ÿ;shNd." uydksodk iQ;%h'

^b;s fLd mfka;x wdkkao fõokx máÉp ;Kayd" ;Kayx máÉp mßf-
haikd" mßfhaikx máÉp ,dfNda" ,dNx máÉp úksÉPfhda" úksÉPhx máÉp
PJordf.d" PJord.x máÉp wÊf®didkx" wÊf®didkx máÉp mß.a.fyd" mß.a.yx
máÉp uÉPßhx" uÉPßhx máÉp wdrlafLd" wdrlaLdêlrKx máÉp oKavdodk
iF:dodkl,yú.a.yújdo;=jx ;=jx fmiq[a[uqidjdod wfkafla mdmld wl=i,d
Oïud iïNjka;s'
wdrla L dêlrKx oKa v dodkiF:dodkl,y-ú.a . y-újdo-;= j ka ; = j x -

fmi[a[ - uqidjdod wfkafla mdmld wl=i,d Oïud iïNjka;S;s b;s fLd mfka;x
jq;a;x' ;odkJo bñkdfm;x mßhdfik fjÈ;ínx h:d wdrlaLdêlrKx oKavdodk
- iF:dodk - l,y - ú.a.y - újdo - ;=jka;=jx - fmis[a[ - uqidjdod wfkafla
mdmld wl=i,d Oïud iïNjka;s' wdrlafLda p ys wdkkao kdyúiai iífík iínx
iín:d iínx liaiú lsuysú" iínfida wdrlafÄ wi;s wdrlaLksfrdfOd wms kq
fLd oKavdodk - iF:dodk - l,y - ú.a.y - újdo - ;=jka;=jx - kq fLd oKavd-
dodk - iF:dodk - l,y - ú.a.y - újdo - ;=jka;=jx - fmiq[a[ - uqidjdod
wfkafla mdmld wl=i,d Oïud iïNfjhHqka;s''''''&

07' §'ks' mdÀlj.a." plalj;a;S iq;%h'
^b;s fLd NslaLfõ wOkdkx Ofk wkkqmam§hudfk od<soaÈhx
fjmq,a,u.udis" od<soaÈfh fjmq,a,x .f; wÈkakdodkx
fjmq,a,u.udis' wÈkakdodfka fjmq,a,x .f; iF:x
fjmq,a,u.udis ifF: fjmq,a,x.f; mdKd;smdf;d
180 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
fjmq,a,u.udis' mdKd;smdf; fjmq,a,x .f; uqidjdfod fjmq,a,u.udis

uqidjdfod fjmq,a,x .f; msiqKd jdpd fjmq,a,u.udis msiqKdh jdpdh fjmq,a,x
.;dh ldfuiq ñÉPdpdfrd fjmq,a,u.udis ldfuiq ñÉPdpdfr fjmq,a,x .f;
foaj Oïud fjmq,a,u.uxiq Mreid jdpd iïMmam,dfmd p" oùiq Oïfïiq fjmq,a,x
.f;iq wNsÊ®djHdmdod fjmq,a,u.uxiq" wNsÊ®djHdmdfoiq fjmq,a,x .f;iq
ñÉPdÈÜÀ fjmq,a,u.udis ñÉPdÈÜÀhd fjmq,a,x .;dh ;fhd Oïud fjmq,a,u.
uxiq wOïurdf.d úiuf,dfNd ñÉPdOïfuda ;Siq Oïfïiq fjmq,a,x .f;iq bfu
Oïud fjmq,a,u.uxiq wu;af;hH;d wfma;af;hsH;d widu[a[;d wn%yï[a[;d
kl=f,fcÜGdmpdhs;d bfuiq Oïfuiq fjmq,a,x .f;iq f;ix i;a;dkx wdhq ms
mßydhs" jKafKdms mßydhs f;ix wdhqkd ms mßydhudkdkx jKafKak ms mßy
hudkdkx wâVf;hHjiiai;dhqldkx ukqiaidkx jiiai;dhqld mq;a;d wfyiqx'
08' wx'ks' ksífíêl iQ;%h'

^fÉ;kdyx NslaLfõ lïux jodñ" fÉ;hs;ajd lïux lfrd;s ldfhak
jdpdh ukid'&
09' wx'ks' ;sl ksmd;h'
10' Lq'ks'" Oïumo md<s" hul j.a.'

ukid fÉ mÿÜfGk Ndi;s jd lfrda;s jd
;f;da kx ÿlaLukafõ;S plalx j jyf;da mox&

ukid fÉ mikafkak - Ndi;s jd lfrda;s jd
;f;da kx iqLukafõ;S - Pdhd j wkmdhsks&

hx lïux w;a;nHdndOdh ixj;af;hH" mrnHdndOdh

ixj;af;hH" WNhnHdndOdh ixj;af;hH" ;x lïux wl=i,x'&
12' wx'ks' ld,du iQ;%h'

^t: ;=ïfya ld,dud
ud wkqiaifõk
ud mrïmrdh
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 181
ud b;slsrdh
ud msgliïmodfkak
ud ;lalfya;=
ud khfya;=
ud wdldrmßú;laflak
ud ÈÜÀksÊ®dklaLka;shd
ud Nín rEm;dh
ud iufKda fkd .rE;s'&
182 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
12 mßÉfþoh
±yeñ rdcH kdhlhd
wdka;sl igyka

01' §'ks' mdÀlj.a." plalj;a;s iQ;%h'
02' - tu -
03' - tu -

i. ^hdjlSj[ap wdkkao" jÊð wNssKayikaksmd;d ikaksmd; nyq,d
Núiaika;s jqoaêfhaj wdkkao" jÊðkx mdálxLd fkd mßydks'

jqÜGysiaika;s" iu.a.d jÊðlrKShdks lßiaika;s" jqoaêfhaj wdkkao"
jÊÔkx" mdálxLd fkd mßydks'
iii. hdjlSj[ap wdkkao" jÊÔ wm[a[;a;x k m[a[dfmiaika;s

m[a[;a;x k iuqÉPskaÈiaika;s" h:dm[a[;af;a fmdardfKa
jÊðOïfï iudodh j;a;siaika;s" jqoaêfhaj wdkkao jÊðkx mdálxLd"
fkd mßydks'
iv. hdjlSj[ap wdkkao" jÊÔ fh f; jÊðkx jÊðuy,a,ld" f;

ilalßiaika;s" .relßiaika;s" udfkiaika;s" mQfciaika;s" f;ai[ap
fida;ínx u[a[siaika;s" jqoaêfhaj wdkkao jÊðkx málxLd" fkd
mßydks'
v. hdjlSj[ap wdkkao" jÊÔ hd ;d l=,;

s Ó
a fhda l=,l=udßfhda" ;d k Tlaliai
mihay jdfiiaika;s" jqoaêfhaj wdkkao jÊÔkx málxLd" fkd mßydks'
vi. hdjlSj[ap wdkkao" jÊð hdks ;dks jÊÔkx jÊðfÉ;shdks wíNka;rdks

fÉj ndysrdks p" ;dks ilalßiaika;s" .relßiaika;s" udfkiaika;s"
mQfciaika;s" f;ai[ap Èkakmqínx" l;mqínx" Oïñlx n,sx fkd mßydfmiaika;s"
jqoaêfhaj wdkkao jÊðkx málxLd" fkd mßydks'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 183
vii. hdjlSj[ap wdkkao" jÊÔkx wrykaf;aiq Oïñld rlaLdjrK.=;a;s

iqixúys;d Núiaika;s' lska;s wkd.;d p wrykaf;da úð;x wd.ÉfPhHqx wd.;d p
wrykaf;da úðf;a Mdiqx úyfrhHqka;s" jqoaêfhaj wdkkao jÊÔkx mdálxLd" fkd
05' §'ks' isÕdf,dajdo iQ;%h'

^Pkaod fodaid Nhd fudayd
fhd Oïux w;sj;a;;s
ksySh;s ;iai hfid
ld, mlafÄj pkaÈud'&
06' - tu -
07' u'ks' uÊ¯umKaKdil" .ym;sj.a." wNhrdcl=udr iQ;%h'

^f;k fLd mk iufhk oyfrd l=udfrd ukafoda W;a;dkfihHfld
wNhiai rdcl=udriai wåfla ksiskafkda fyd;s' w: fLd N.jd wNhx
rdcl=udrx t;ofjdp' ;x lsx u[a[is rdcl=udr" iajdhx l=udfrd ;=hayx
jd mudoukajdh Od;shd jd mudoukajdh lÜGx jd lG,x jd uqfÄ wdyfrhH" lska;s
kx lfrhHdiS;s' wdyfrhHiaidyx Nkaf;a' iafõ wyx Nkaf;a k ilal=fKhHx
wdÈflaf;aj wdy;a;=x jdfïk NfF:k iSix m .a . fyFjd ola Å fka k NfF:k
jålå.=,sx lß;ajd if,dys;ums wdyfrhHx' ;x lsiaifya;= w;aÓ fu Nka f ;a
l=udfr wkqlïmd;s' tjfuj fLd rdcl=udr" hx ;:d.f;d jdpx cdkd;s wN+;x
w;ÉPx wk;a:ixys;x" id p mfrix wmamshd wukdmd" k ;:d.f;d jdpx k
Ndi;s' h[ap fLd ;:d.f;d jdpx cdkd;s N+;x ;ÉPx w;a:ixys;x id p mfrix
wmamshd wukdmd" ;;% ld,[aa`C¥ ;:d.f;d fyd;s ;iaid jdpdh fjhHlrKdh' hx
;:d.f;d jdpx cdkd;s wN+;x w;ÉPx w;a:ixys;x id p mfrix mshd ukdmd" k
;x ;:d.f;d jdpx Ndi;s' hïms ;:d.f;d jdpx cdkd;s N+;x ;ÉPx wk;a:ixys;x'
id p mfrix mshd ukdmd" ;ïms ;:d.f;d jdpx k Ndi;s' h[ap fLd ;:d.f;d
jdpx cdkd;s N+;x ;ÉPx w;a:ixys;x' id p mfrix mshd ukdmd" ;;% ld,[aa`C¥
;:d.f;d fyd;s ;iaid jdpdh fjhHdlrKdh' ;x lsiai fy;=' w;aÓ rdcl=udr
;:d.;iai i;af;aiq wkqlïmd;s'

184 O¾ud[S
kdhl;ajh
wdY%s; .%ka: kdudj,sh

1' wßhúu, ysñ" fldiaj;af;a" 1996" Wiia fm< nqoaO O¾uh" iuhj¾Ok"
fld<U'
2' wiaið ysñ" kdrxf.dv" 2009" uyd i;smÜGdk iQ;%h iuÕ oïila mej;=ï
iQ;%h" Woh fmd;a m%ldYlfhda" .fkauq,a,'
3' ´md;" fykr;a" 2009" zksy;udkSluZ" nqÿuÕ" Èjhsk" cqks 07" ms' 04'
4' ´md;" fykr;a" 2009" kdhl;ajh ms<sn| fn!oaO ixl,amh" nqÿuÕ" Èjhsk"
uehs 8" ms' 15'
5' l=udrfiak" wdßh lS¾;s" 2004" ;ryg wNsfhda.hla" fn!oaO ixialD;sl

uOHia:dkh" foysj,'
6' pJoúu, uydkdysñ" f¾reldfka" 2007" flf,ia tlaoyia mkaih

s h" Y%S pJoúu,
O¾umqia;l ixrCIK uKav,h" fmdl=Kqúg'
7' pJoúu, uydkdysñ" f¾reldfka" 2008" mdrñ;d m%lrKh Y%S pJoúu,

O¾umqia;l ixrCIK uKav,h" fmdl=Kqúg'
8' ;s,lr;ak" úu,a" 2003" fn!oaOhdf.a w;afmd; Oïu moh" Woh m%skag¾ia
m%ldYlfhda'
9' Y%S Oïudkkao" lsßkafoa" 2007" ÿla ìh ke;s Ôú;h" fn!oaO ixialD;sl
uOHia:dkh" foysj,'
10' nqoaOrCÅ; ysñ" krmdfka" 2002" zzix> ixúOdkh f.dvke.Su i|yd kd-
hlfhl= jYfhka nqÿrcdKkajykafia bgql< ld¾hNdrhZZ" ksjka u." fn!oaO
l<ukdlrKh" ;sia;=ka jeks l,dmh" msgq 7-19'
11' fïOdkkao ysñ" foajdf,a.u" 2002" zzl<ukdlrKh" kdhl;ajh yd nqÿq rcdKka

jykafiaZZ" ksjka u." fn!oaO l<ukdlrKh" ;sia;=ka jeks l,dmh" msgq
1-6'
12' rKùr" ir;a" 2004" cd;l l;d" jdikd m%ldYlfhda" oxfldgqj'
13' isß r;kd,xldr ysñ" y.a.uqfõ" 2003" ienE ñksialu 1" r;ak fmd;a
m%ldYlfhda" fld<U'
fn!oaO uQ,O¾u 185
14' Y%S rdyq, ysñ" j,afmd," 1997" nqÿka jod< O¾uh" fn!oaO ixialD;sl
uOHia:dkh" foysj,'
15' úfÊnKavdr" pkaÈu" fudrgqj.u" tÉ' tï'" fyÜáwdrÉÑ" O¾ufiak" 2004"

fn!oaO YsIagdpdrh 1" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" fld<U'
16' idrdkkao ysñ" t<u,afoKsfha" 2003" zzudkj iudcfha tal;ajh ms<n

s | fn!oAO
wdl,amZZ" udkj Ydia;% 1" udkj Ydia;% m%ldYk moku" msgq 39-57'
17' fidaNs; ysñ" n,xf.dv" 1991" nqÿ oyñka ms<sìUq jk fm<öï kHdh" weia'
f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U'
18' fidar; ysñ" f.dä.uqfõ" 2008" ux., O¾u úia;rh'
19' isßiquk ysñ" j;jk" 2008" w÷frka t<shg'
20' isÕdf,dajdo iQ;%h" fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh'

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fn!

kdhl;ajh - fn!oaO uQ,O¾u

m%ldYkh ( ud.ë MĀGADHĪ

uyñ;j m[a[dr;k ysñ

l;=jrekaf.a fjk;a lD;s

iuh wOHhkh - 2009 ^uqøKfha&

fï fmd; .ek jpkhla

kdhl;ajh jQ l,S udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh i|yd;a wdh;k

yels;dla ir,j yd ksYaÑ;j wod< uQ,O¾u bÈßm;a lsÍug

fuu .%ka:h ±kg kdhl;aj ;k;=re orK ljfrl=g jqjo

Tng f;rejka irKhs !

kdhl;ajh i|yd my; i|yka wx. ;sìh hq;= nj ú.%y

3' hï mrud¾:hla fyda mrud¾: ^kdhlhdf.a& bIag lr .ekSug

i|yka l< hq;=h' udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh (Human Resource

udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh

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