TITLE

Study of diversity of Frog in Kathmandu Valley

Submitted By:

Mahima Kumari Malla

Roll No: 20

Class: 11’B’

Batch 2078

Supervised By: Narayan Subedi

Submitted To:

Department of Biology

Global Collegiate School

Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal

May, 2021
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my Principal Baburam Panta as well as
our Supervisor Narayan Subedi who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project
on the topic Study of diversity of frog in Kathmandu Valley which also helped me in doing a lot
of research and I come to know about so many things. I am really thankful to them. Secondly, I
would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finishing this project within
a limited period of time. It helped me to increase my knowledge and skills.

Abstract
Frogs are important in medical research that benefits humans. Frog produce a wide array secretion,
many of which have significant potential to improve human health through their use as
pharmaceutical. A total species of 10 frog species belonging to six families were recorded . Of the
59 amphibian species reported from the country, 56 are of frogs and 8 of these are endemic.
Table of Contents
TITLE.............................................................................................................................................. 1
Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................................... 2
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 2
List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. 4
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Life cycle of Frog ............................................................................................................. 5
1.3 Frogs of Nepal .................................................................................................................. 5
1.4 Objectives of Study .......................................................................................................... 5
1.5 Justification ...................................................................................................................... 6
1.6 Limitation of study........................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER II: MATERIALS AND METHODS............................................................................ 6
2.1 Study area.............................................................................................................................. 6
2.2 Location ................................................................................................................................ 6
2.3 Climate and Biodiversity ...................................................................................................... 6
2.4 Collection of data.................................................................................................................. 7
2.5 Analysis................................................................................................................................. 7
CHAPTER III: RESULT AND DISCUSSION .............................................................................. 7
CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .................................................... 8
4.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 8
4.2 Recommendation .................................................................................................................. 8
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 9
List of Tables

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
A frog is any member of a diverse and largely carnivorous group of short-bodied, tailless
amphibians composing the order Anura (literally without tail in Ancient Greek). The oldest
fossil “proto-frog” appeared in the early Triassic of Madagascar, but molecular clock dating
suggests their origins may extend further back to the Permian, 265 million years ago. Frogs
are widely distributed, ranging from the tropics to subarctic regions, but the greatest
concentration of species diversity is in tropical rainforest. There are about 7300 recorded
species, which account for around 88% of extant amphibian species. They are also one of the
five most diverse vertebrate orders. Warly frog species tend to be called toads, but the
distinction between frogs and toads is informal, not from taxonomy or evolutionary history.
1.2 Life cycle of Frog

The life cycle of a frog consists of three stages: egg, larva and adult. As the frog grows, it
moves through these stages in a process known as metamorphosis. During metamorphosis,
two hormones, prolactin and thyroxine, control the transformation from egg to larva to adult.

1.3 Frogs of Nepal

Frogs have been originated 265 million years ago. With about 50 species, the largest group of
Nepalese amphibians are the frogs and toads (order anura, tailess amphibians), while
salamanders and coecilians are represented by only one species each. Approximately 10% of
Nobel prize in philosophy and medicine have resulted from investigations that use frog.

1.4 Objectives of Study

➢ To identify the different types of frogs.

➢ To know the distribution pattern of frogs.
➢ The general and basic study of frog is important as it points out the fundamental idea
about the animal’s structure etc. The frogs are easily available, the food and its
lifecycle are also easily observed and body structure is related to human beings.
1.5 Justification
Frogs are an integral part of our existence on the planet and have every bit as much right to
existence as do, we. Moreover, if we allow one third of world amphibians to disappear, we
said a bad precedent; perhaps future generation to use our actions to justify allowing another
third of amphibians or third of the bird or reptiles disappear. So, it is our responsibility and
duty to make the necessary sacrifices and changes to save the frogs.

1.6 Limitation of study

➢ Not sufficient time for detail study.

➢ Suitable and sufficient information were not available for the research work.
➢ Based on the secondary data.

CHAPTER II: MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Study area
I choose Kathmandu Valley as the study area of proposal.

2.2 Location
Frogs are found in various places of Kathmandu Valley like Nagarjuna national park,
Phulchowki, bishnumati river, Nagarkoti, Bagmati river etc.

2.3 Climate and Biodiversity

Many frog’s species live in temperate climates that have winters and hibernation during
the cold months is key to their survival. Only six species of frogs are known to survive freezing
temperatures.
2.4 Collection of data
a. Secondary data

It was collected by using different websites, articles, books and W.W.W etc.

2.5 Analysis
Frog is one of the important amphibians that helps in ecological balance. Study shows that
they are important in medical research also frog have been originated 250 million years ago. There
are 50 species of frogs found in Nepal. Among them 10 species are found in Kathmandu Valley.

CHAPTER III: RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Present study shows various families, scientific name and common names are based on this
record, 2018.

Table 1: List of Kathmandu Valley Frogs according to their families, scientific name and
common name in study area.

S. N Common Name Scientific Name Family

1. Southeast Asian toad Duttaphrynus Bufonidae

melanostictus

2. Indus Valley toad Duttaphrynus Bufonidae

Stomaticus

3. Common skittering frog Euphlyctis Dicroglossidae

Cyanophlyctis

4. Indus Valley bullfrog Hoplobatrachus Dicroglossidae

Tigerinus

5. Hill cricket frog Minervarya Dicroglossidae

Syhadrensis
 6. Ornate narrow-mouthed toad Microhylidae
Microhyla sp.

7. Concave -crowned horned toad Megophrys zhangi Megophryidae

8. Assam cascade frog Amolops Ranidae

Formosus

9. Liebig’s frog Nanorana Dicroglossidae

Liebigil

10. Chunam tree frog Polypedates Rhacophoridae

maculatus

In our survey, 10 species of frogs belong to six families were recorded in Kathmandu valley.
Tables of species family of frogs are presented above.

CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4.1 Conclusion
After this study, I have found frogs are very important species in the ecosystem, they are
the integral part of the existence on this planet. The research works shows that the study area is
rich in frog species. Altogether 10 species of frogs belonging to six families based on the survey
of 2018.

4.2 Recommendation
From above study following recommendation are suggested: -

➢ Conservation of frogs should be done.

➢ Application of pesticides should be avoided.
REFERENCES
• Worldwide web (W.W.W), Text book (Authors; Arvind Keshari, Bijay Shankhar Mishra,
Khaga Raj Ghimire and Kamal K. Adhikari.)
• Consultation with teachers and experts