INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY the study and structure and behavior of inorganic
WHAT IS CHEMISTRY? compounds. Do not contain carbon. Include metals
and minerals. (Fools gold/FeS(pyrite), real gold
Deals with the study of matter
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
“The central science”- basic understanding of
chemistry is essential in the study of all other fields of the study of the structure and behavior of organic
science. compounds or carbon-based compounds. (caffeine,
grapheme, Guanine, DNA), with few exceptions like
The study and further reactivity of elements and carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO)
compounds comprising atoms, molecules and ions.
BIOCHEMISTRY
FOCUS OF CHEMISTRY
COMPOSITION the study of the chemistry of living system.

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
talks about what is present on matter. It also talks
about percentages content of a certain compound. the study of the quality and quantity of components
of substances.
- For water the mass percent hydrogen is 11.11%
and the mass percent oxygen is 88.89% PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
- For carbon monoxide the molecule with a
chemical formula of CO, 42.88 percent the study of the mechanism, rates and energetics of
carbon and 57.12 percent oxygen chemical reactions.
STRUCTURE

* It is important to note that the scope of each

discusses how matter is being formed, shaped and
branch overlaps with that of the rest of the five
oriented.
branches. A chemist may be working in more than
one area at a particular time. For instance, am
PROPERTIES biochemist uses organic chemistry to study digestion
and absorption of nutrients in the body.
describes how matter changes from one state to
another. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Ice changes its state from solid to liquid to gas scientific method is used to answer a logical and
through the use of heat. scientific question. It is a step by step process in
investigation and answering a scientific question
CLASSIFICATION
SCIENTIFIC METHOD STEPS
describes how matter is being classified through their OBSERVE
characteristics.
make observations, the use of the five senses; sight,
olfactory, auditory, taste and touch. This is use to
describe scientific phenomena in the surroundings.

Example: I tend to feel refreshed when I smell

something grassy

QUESTION
BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY
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ask a question or identify a problem. The scientific
method starts when you ask a question about
something that you observe: How, What, When,
Who, Which, Why, or Where?
Example: Why do I feel refreshed when I smell
something grassy?
RESEARCH
search for existing answers and solution, rather than
starting from scratch in putting together a plan for
answering your question, you want to be a savvy
scientist using library and Internet research to help
you find the best way to do things and ensure that
you don’t repeat mistakes from the past. Basically,
you gather related literatures that may help answer
your question or back up your claims.
Example: You opened your browser then searched
“Psychological effect of Grassy Smell” or “relationship
of olfaction to psychology” or “Nostalgic smells” then
cited relevant topics or answers from reliable
sources.
CONSTRUCT A HYPOTHESIS
formulate hypothesis, a hypothesis is an educated
guess about how things work. It is an attempt to
answer your question with an explanation that can
be tested. A good hypothesis allows you to then
make a prediction: "If _____[I do this] _____, then
_____[this]_____ will happen.“ Basically it’s just
cause and effect.
State both your hypothesis and the resulting
prediction you will be testing. Predictions must be
easy to measure.
Example: If I minced a few leaves of grass then smell
it, I will feel that refreshing sensation again.
EXPERIMENT
design and perform an experiment, your experiment
tests whether your prediction is accurate and thus
your hypothesis is supported or not. It is important
for your experiment to be a fair test. You conduct a
fair test by making sure that you change only one
factor at a time while keeping all other conditions the
same. You should also repeat your experiments
several times to make sure that the first results
weren't just an accident.
Example: You asked 10 of your friends to smell your
super special minced weed and asked them if they
felt refreshed. 9 out of 10 said they felt it.
HYPOTHESIZE
accept or reject the hypothesis
Example: Since 9 out of 10 said they felt refreshed.
Accept the hypothesis
DRAW CONCLUSIONS
make conclusion based on hypothesis. Once your
experiment is complete, you collect your
measurements and analyze them to see if they
support your hypothesis or not. Scientists often find
that their predictions were not accurate and their
hypothesis was not supported, and in such cases,
they will communicate the results of their
experiment and then go back and construct a new
hypothesis and prediction based on the information
they learned during their experiment. This starts
much of the process of the scientific method over
again. Even if they find that their hypothesis was
supported, they may want to test it again in a new
way
Example: Based from the observations, analysis and
data. I therefore conclude that when you smell
something grassy, you will feel refreshed.
REPORT
share your result. To complete your science fair
project you will communicate your results to others
in a final report and/or a display board. Professional
scientists do almost exactly the same thing by
publishing their final report in a scientific journal or
by presenting their results on a poster or during a
talk at a scientific meeting. In a science fair, judges
are interested in your findings regardless of whether
or not they support your original hypothesis
Example: If you want to share your findings or
research, you can share it to others for them to
improve or use it as a related literature.
CHAPTER 2: MEASUREMENTS
WHAT IS MEASUREMENT?
Measurement is used to describe matter
quantitatively through the use of measuring
instrument like meter stick, weighing scale, beaker,
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graduated cylinder, ruler, tape measure. Different *The size of the unit you use to measure with will
instrument measures different quantities. depend on the size of the item being measured.

UNITS AND STANDARD Volume

in order for a measurement to be useful, Volume= length x width x height

measurement standard must be used.
amount of space occupied by an object
a standard is an exact quantity that people agree to
use for comparison Mass (kg)

INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS measurement of the matter in an object

in the U.S. we buy milk in gallon, potatoes by the grams(g) and milligrams (mg) are used to measuring
pound, and lumber by the foot objects of small mass.

these are a part of the English system of Density (g/cm3)

measurement.
D= m/v
most other nations use a system of measurement
based on multiple of ten density is the mass per unit of volume of a material
how compact the matter inside an object
this is known as the International System of Units or
SI Time (s)

the metric system is a called a decimal-based system Temperature (k)

because it is based on multiples of ten.
Any measurement given in one metric unit (e.g., 0 degrees K (-271 oC) is the coldest possible
kilogram) can be converted to another metric unit temperature, also known as absolute zero.
(e.g., gram) simply by moving the decimal place
`Using SI Unit

CHAPTER 3: ENERGY AND MATTER
*Every type of quantity measured in SI has a base MATTER
unit and a symbol for that unit
anything that occupies space and has mass.
SI BASE UNIT
BASED/FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES ENERGY
Quantity SI Unit
Length Meter (m) capacity to do work.
Mass Kilogram (kg)
TRANSFORMATION OF ENERGY
Time Second (s)
Temperature Kelvin (K)
energy is not created nor destroyed, but it is
Amount of Substance Mole (mol)
transformed to another form. This usually means that
Luminous Intensity Candela (cd)
energy can be converted into another form. Look at
Electric Current Ampere (A)
the example below.

Length (m) Chemical energy—mechanical energy—heat energy

1m=10dm=1mmcm=1000mm THE STATE OF MATTER

Matter has 3 major state; solid liquid gas. If you have
Metric rulers and meter stick are used to measure observed ice (solid) melted to water (liquid) and
length when it is heated in will evaporate (gas). Below is the
characteristics of the different state of matter.
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The processes by which matter changes are listed
below:
1. Evaporation: Liquid to Gas
2. Deposition: Gas to Solid
3. Melting: Solid to Liquid
4. Freezing: Liquid to Solid
5. Sublimation: Solid to Gas
6. Condensation: Gas to Liquid
The process can be also categorized as
Endothermic(heat is absorbed) and Exothermic
process(heat is released)
1. Solid to liquid- melting; endothermic
2. Liquid to gas- evaporating; endothermic
3. Gas to solid- sublime; exothermic
4. Solid to gas- deposition; endothermic
5. Gas to liquid- condense; exothermic
6. Liquid to solid- freezing; exothermic
THE PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Properties of matter include any traits that can be
measured such as density, color, mass, volume,
length, malleability, melting point, hardness, odor,
temperature, and more.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
can be observed or measured without changing the
composition of matter. Physical properties are used
to observe and describe matter.
Physical properties include: appearance, texture,
color, odor, melting point, boiling point, density,
solubility, polarity, and many others.
The three states of matter are: solid, liquid, and gas.
The melting point and boiling point are related to
changes of the state of matter. All matter may exist in
any of three physical states of matter.
PHYSICAL CHANGES
takes place without any changes in molecular
composition. The same element or compound is
present before and after the change. The same
molecule is present through out the changes.
Physical changes are related to physical properties
since some measurements require that changes be
made
Examples: Tearing the love letter of your ex,
pounding metal to your desired shape, pulverizing
rocks,
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
describes its "potential" to undergo some chemical
change or reaction by virtue of its composition. What
elements, electrons, and bonding are present to give
the potential for chemical change.
Chemical Changes or Reactions
chemical change results in one or more substances of
entirely different composition from the original
substances. The elements and/or compounds at the
start of the reaction are rearranged into new product
compounds or elements.
chemical change alters the composition of the
original matter. Different elements or compounds are
present at the end of the chemical change. The
atoms in compounds are rearranged to make new
and different compounds.
Examples:
1. Burning of paper or wood
2. Digestion of Food
3. Boiling egg
4. Milk going sour
5. Various metabolic reactions that take place
in the cells.
ELEMENTS
it is the most basic form of matter. Examples are
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hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, helium, neon, fluorine and
etc.
COMPOUNDS

it is the composition of both elements and/or ions.

Examples are Carbon dioxide, water, butane,

methane and etc.

MIXTURE

is also subdivided into heterogeneous and

homogenous mixture.

Heterogeneous

composition of two or more substances which gives

two or more phases. Examples are, Halo halo,
pinakbet and gravel and sand.

Homogenous

combination of two or more substances that gives

only one or single phase. Examples are coffee, soda
drinks, alloy juices.